CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Civilian casualty ratio - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"80a254a8-242f-45f7-bb09-8332244527cc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Civilian_casualty_ratio","wgTitle":"Civilian casualty ratio","wgCurRevisionId":1276147527,"wgRevisionId":1276147527,"wgArticleId":29720951,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Articles that may contain original research from February 2025","All articles that may contain original research","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016","Ratios","War","War on terror","Civilian casualties"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Civilian_casualty_ratio","wgRelevantArticleId":29720951,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5124739","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Civilian casualty ratio - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Civilian_casualty_ratio rootpage-Civilian_casualty_ratio skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Civilian+casualty+ratio" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Civilian+casualty+ratio" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Civilian+casualty+ratio" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Civilian+casualty+ratio" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Global_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Global estimates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_estimates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global estimates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myth_of_the_90%_of_casualties_are_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_of_the_90%_of_casualties_are_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Myth of the 90% of casualties are civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_of_the_90%_of_casualties_are_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Comparison of conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 World wars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World wars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_war_and_post-Soviet_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_war_and_post-Soviet_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cold war and post-Soviet wars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cold_war_and_post-Soviet_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cold war and post-Soviet wars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cold_war_and_post-Soviet_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnian_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Bosnian war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_in_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_in_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 NATO in Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_in_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechen_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechen_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Chechen wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechen_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab-Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab-Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Arab-Israeli conflict </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arab-Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arab-Israeli conflict subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arab-Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1982_Lebanon_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982_Lebanon_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1982 Lebanon War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982_Lebanon_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2000–2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008–09_Gaza_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008–09_Gaza_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 2008–09 Gaza War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008–09_Gaza_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Gaza_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Gaza_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2014 Gaza war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Gaza_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023–2025_Israel–Hamas_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023–2025_Israel–Hamas_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 2023–2025 Israel–Hamas war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023–2025_Israel–Hamas_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Iraq war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Other conflicts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_conflicts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other conflicts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 War in Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Drone strikes in Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lankan_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lankan_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sri Lankan civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lankan_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican_Revolution_(1910–20)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican_Revolution_(1910–20)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Mexican Revolution (1910–20) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican_Revolution_(1910–20)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_insurgency_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_insurgency_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Kurdish insurgency in Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_insurgency_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Civilian casualty ratio</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" > 3 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نسبة الضحايا المدنيين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسبة الضحايا المدنيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procento_de_civilaj_viktimoj" title="Procento de civilaj viktimoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Procento de civilaj viktimoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יחס הנפגעים בין בלתי מעורבים לחמושים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחס הנפגעים בין בלתי מעורבים לחמושים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5124739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Civilian_casualty_ratio" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Civilian_casualty_ratio" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Civilian_casualty_ratio" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&oldid=1276147527" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Civilian_casualty_ratio&id=1276147527&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCivilian_casualty_ratio">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCivilian_casualty_ratio">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Civilian_casualty_ratio&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5124739" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measure of armed conflicts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2025) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflicts</a>, the civilian casualty ratio (also civilian death ratio, civilian-combatant ratio, etc.) is the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a> to <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatant</a> <a href="/wiki/Casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties">casualties</a>, or total casualties. The measurement can apply either to casualties inflicted by or to a particular <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a>, casualties inflicted in one aspect or arena of a conflict or to casualties in the conflict as a whole. Casualties usually refer to both dead and injured. In some calculations, deaths resulting from <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemics">epidemics</a> are included. Global estimates of the civilian casualty ratio vary. In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> estimated that between 30–65% of conflict casualties were civilians,<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a> (UCDP) indicated, in 2002, that 30–60% of fatalities from conflicts were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a> In 2017, the UCDP indicated that, for <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a>, civilians constituted 49–66% of all known fatalities. <a href="/wiki/William_Eckhardt_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Eckhardt (law)">William Eckhardt</a> found that, when averaged across a century, the civilian casualty ratio remained at about 50% for each of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Eckhardt1989-3">[3]</a> It is frequently claimed that 90% of casualties are civilians, but research has shown that to be a myth.<a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> at civilians constituted 60–67% of casualties,<a href="#cite_note-sadowski_p134-5">[5]</a> but some sources give a higher estimate. In the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the civilian ratio is estimated at 46<a href="#cite_note-Khorram-Manesh-Burkle-Goniewicz-Robinson-2021-6">[6]</a>–67%.<a href="#cite_note-shenon-7">[7]</a> Two studies found civilian ratio was 40% in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">Bosnian war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-4">[4]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, civilians constituted ~70% of Israelis killed by Palestinians and ~60% of Palestinians killed by Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-Ocha_report-8">[8]</a> Civilians constituted ~75% and ~65% of all Palestinians killed in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Gaza_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Gaza war">2008 war</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Gaza war">2014 war</a>, respectively. In the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">2023–2025 war</a>, civilians have constituted 68% of those killed by <a href="/wiki/October_7_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas attacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-France24-20231215-9">[9]</a> and ~80% of those killed by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AOAV_28Oct-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayoub-Chemaitelly-Abu-Raddad-2024-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-AOAV20240802-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_estimates">Global estimates</h2></div> Globally, the civilian casualty ratio often hovers around 50%. It is sometimes stated that 90% of victims of modern wars are civilians,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but that is a myth.<a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-4">[4]</a> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/William_Eckhardt_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Eckhardt (law)">William Eckhardt</a> studied casualties of conflicts from 1700 to 1987 and found that "the civilian percentage share of war-related deaths remained at about 50% from century to century."<a href="#cite_note-Eckhardt1989-3">[3]</a> He noted the civilian casualty ratio remained consisted despite the fact that number of deaths from wars increased four times faster than the increase in world population, when comparing the 18th century to the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Eckhardt1989-3">[3]</a> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> estimated that between 30–65% of conflict casualties were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005" title="Human Security Report 2005">2005 Human Security Report</a> noted that the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a> (UCDP) indicated, in 2002, that 30–60% of fatalities from conflicts were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a> The "Cities and Armed Conflict Events (CACE)" database of the UCDP provides death counts for all urban conflicts between 1989 and 2017. According to the CACE, in urban conflicts (defined as all cities with a population > 100,000<a href="#cite_note-CACE-14">[14]</a>): 28.9% of deaths are civilians, 29.5% are combatants, and 41.628% are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-AOAV20240802-12">[12]</a> If excluding unknowns, then civilian casualties make up 49.5% of all fatalities in warfare in cities. If the data is limited to cities with population >750,000,<a href="#cite_note-CACE-14">[14]</a> then 29.8% of deaths are civilians, 15.3% are combatants, and 54.9% are unknown. If excluding unknowns, then civilian casualties make up 66.1% of all fatalities in warfare in large cities.<a href="#cite_note-AOAV20240802-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myth_of_the_90%_of_casualties_are_civilians">Myth of the 90% of casualties are civilians</h3></div> During the 1990s, an argument arose that civilian casualty ratio had dramatically increased. The argument stated that, as of 1900, civilians constituted 10% of all casualties, but by the 1990s, civilians constituted 90% of all casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Seybolt2013-15">[15]</a> This figure has been widely doubted, and research has found little to no evidence that 90% of casualties are civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Seybolt2013-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005" title="Human Security Report 2005">2005 Human Security Report</a> called it a "myth" and instead suggested that 30–60% of fatalities from conflicts in 2002 were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> estimated in 1999, that between 30–65% of conflict casualties were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a> There are two original sources for the myth of 90% of casualties being civilians. The first source – Christa Ahlström and Kjell-Åke Nordquist’s 1991 Casualties of Conflict<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> – stated that "nine out of ten victims (dead and uprooted) of war and armed  conflict today are civilians".<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a> Some readers misconstrued it as 90% of fatalities being civilians. In fact, the same report counted only fatalities for the year of 1989 and in that case found only 67% of fatalities were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a> The second source was Ruth Sivard's World Military and Social Expenditures,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> also published in 1991. Sivard did indeed say that 90% of deaths in conflicts, during the year 1990, were civilian. But Sivard included famine-related deaths, which are typically not counted in civilian casualty ratios.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a> Sivard was also criticized for not stating her sources, and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005" title="Human Security Report 2005">Human Security Report 2005</a> noted there was insufficient global data on deaths caused by war-related famine.<a href="#cite_note-HSR2005-2">[2]</a> Nevertheless, these claims were erroneously picked up by Graca Machel's "The Machel Review 1996–2000: A Critical Analysis of Progress Made and Obstacles Encountered in Increasing Protection for War-Affected Children" written for the <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_conflicts">Comparison of conflicts</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Civilian casualty percentages given by a study in <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Public_Health" title="Frontiers in Public Health">Frontiers in Public Health</a><a href="#cite_note-Khorram-Manesh-Burkle-Goniewicz-Robinson-2021-6">[6]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Conflict </th> <th>Start year </th> <th>End year<a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> </th> <th>Total deaths </th> <th>% civilians </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean war">Korean war</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>2,238,172 </td> <td>74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam war">Vietnam war</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>1,353,000 </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (including <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a>) </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>232,541 </td> <td>88% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>140,000 </td> <td>56% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> </td> <td>157,052 </td> <td>28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq war</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-20">[c]</a> </td> <td>308,212 </td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against ISIS</a> (in Syria) </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>179,424 </td> <td>28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russia-Ukraine war</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-22">[e]</a> </td> <td>13,496 </td> <td>26% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_wars">World wars</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">World War I casualties</a></div> Some 7 million combatants on both sides are estimated to have died during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, along with an estimated 10 million non-combatants, including 6.6 million civilians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The civilian casualty ratio in this estimate would be about 59%. Boris Urlanis notes a lack of data on civilian losses in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, but estimates 8.6 million military killed and dead and 6 million civilians killed and dead in the other warring countries.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> The civilian casualty ratio in this estimate would be about 42%. Most of the civilian fatalities were due to famine, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> rather than combat action. The relatively low ratio of civilian casualties in this war is due to the fact that the front lines on the main battlefront, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Front (WWI)">Western Front</a>, were static for most of the war, so that civilians were able to avoid the combat zones. Germany suffered 300-750,000 civilian dead during and after the war due to famine caused by the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Allied blockade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> suffered civilian casualties in the millions in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and invasion of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-neiberg_pp68-70-24">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> suffered up to 1.5 million civilians dead in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a></div> According to most sources, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was the most lethal war in world history, with some 70 million killed in six years. According to some, the civilian to combatant fatality ratio in World War II lies somewhere between 3:2 and 2:1, or from 60% to 67%.<a href="#cite_note-sadowski_p134-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> According to others, the ratio is at least 3:1 and potentially higher.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> The high ratio of civilian casualties in this war was due in part to the increasing effectiveness and lethality of strategic weapons which were used to target enemy industrial or population centers, and <a href="/wiki/Famines" class="mw-redirect" title="Famines">famines</a> caused by economic disruption. An estimated 2.1–3 million Indians died in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> during World War II. A substantial number of civilians in this war were also deliberately killed by <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> as a result of genocide such as the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-neiberg_pp68-70-24">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_war_and_post-Soviet_wars">Cold war and post-Soviet wars</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3></div> The median total estimated Korean civilian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> is 2,730,000. The total estimated North Korean combatant deaths is 213,000 and the estimated Chinese combatant deaths is over 400,000. In addition to this the Republic of Korea combatant deaths is around 134,000 dead and the combatant deaths for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> side is around 49,000 dead and missing (40,000 dead, 9,000 missing). The estimated total Korean war military dead is around 793,000 deaths. The civilian-combatant death ratio in the war is approximately 3:1 or 75%. One source estimates that 20% of the total population of North Korea perished in the war.<a href="#cite_note-deane_p149-28">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3></div> The Vietnamese government has estimated the number of Vietnamese civilians killed in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> at two million, and the number of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">NVA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> killed at 1.1 million—estimates which approximate those of a number of other sources.<a href="#cite_note-shenon-7">[7]</a> This would give a civilian-combatant fatality ratio of approximately 2:1, or 67%. These figures do not include civilians killed in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. However, the lowest estimate of 411,000<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> civilians killed during the war (including civilians killed in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>) would give a civilian-combatant fatality ratio of approximately 1:3, or 25%. Using the lowest estimate of Vietnamese military deaths, 400,000, the ratio is about 1:1. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnian_war">Bosnian war</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931995_Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1995 Bosnian war">1991–1995 Bosnian war</a>, one study estimated 97,207 were killed, of which 39,648 (41%) were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-4">[4]</a> That study did acknowledge that it likely underestimated the civilian count and overestimated the soldier count.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-4">[4]</a> The Demographic Unit of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Capture-recapture_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture-recapture method">capture-recapture method</a> to estimate war-related deaths at 104,723, of which 42,106 (40%) were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_in_Yugoslavia">NATO in Yugoslavia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_during_Operation_Allied_Force" title="Civilian casualties during Operation Allied Force">Civilian casualties during Operation Allied Force</a></div> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> with a bombing campaign against Yugoslav forces, who were conducting a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. The bombing lasted about 2½ months, until forcing the withdrawal of the Yugoslav army from Kosovo. Estimates for the number of casualties caused by the bombing vary widely depending on the source. NATO unofficially claimed a toll of 5,000 enemy combatants killed by the bombardment; the Yugoslav government, on the other hand, gave a figure of 638 of its security forces killed in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-larson_p71-30">[25]</a> Estimates for the civilian toll are similarly disparate. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> counted approximately 500 civilians killed by the bombing; the Yugoslav government estimated between 1,200 and 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-larson_p65-31">[26]</a> If the NATO figures are to be believed, the bombings achieved a civilian to combatant kill ratio of about 1:10, on the Yugoslav government's figures, conversely, the ratio would be between 4:1 and 10:1. If the most conservative estimates from the sources cited above are used, the ratio was around 1:1. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechen_wars">Chechen wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Casualties of the Second Chechen War">Casualties of the Second Chechen War</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, 4,000 separatist fighters and 40,000 civilians are estimated to have died, giving a civilian-combatant ratio of 10:1. The numbers for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> are 3,000 fighters and 13,000 civilians, for a ratio of 4.3:1. The combined ratio for both wars is 7.6:1. Casualty numbers for the conflict are notoriously unreliable. The estimates of the civilian casualties during the First Chechen war range from 20,000 to 100,000, with remaining numbers being similarly unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> The tactics employed by Russian forces in both wars were heavily criticized by human rights groups, which accused them of indiscriminate bombing and shelling of civilian areas and other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-hrw1996-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab-Israeli_conflict">Arab-Israeli conflict</h2></div> Civilian casualty ratios have been a contention issue in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, civilians constituted ~70% of Israelis killed by Palestinians and ~60% of Palestinians killed by Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-Ocha_report-8">[8]</a> Civilians constituted ~75% and ~65% of all Palestinians killed in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Gaza_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Gaza war">2008 Gaza war</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Gaza war">2014 Gaza war</a>, respectively. In the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, civilians have constituted 68% of those killed by <a href="/wiki/October_7_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas attacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-France24-20231215-9">[9]</a> and ~80% of those killed by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AOAV_28Oct-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayoub-Chemaitelly-Abu-Raddad-2024-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-AOAV20240802-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1982_Lebanon_War">1982 Lebanon War</h3></div> In 1982, <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israel invaded Lebanon</a> with the stated aim of driving the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">PLO</a> away from its northern borders.<a href="#cite_note-Sorenson-35">[30]</a> The war culminated in a seven-week-long Israeli naval, air and artillery bombardment of Lebanon's capital, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, where the PLO had retreated. The bombardment eventually came to an end with an internationally brokered settlement in which the PLO forces were given safe passage to evacuate the country.<a href="#cite_note-hartley_pp91-92-36">[31]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a>, by the end of the first week of the war alone, some 10,000 people, including 2,000 combatants, had been killed, and 16,000 wounded—a civilian-combatant fatality ratio of 4:1.<a href="#cite_note-layoun_p134-37">[32]</a> Lebanese government sources later estimated that by the end of the siege of Beirut, a total of about 18,000 had been killed, an estimated 85% of whom were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_1982_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon-39">[34]</a> This gives a civilian to military casualty ratio of about 6:1. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Gabriel" title="Richard A. Gabriel">Richard A. Gabriel</a> between 1,000 and 3,000 civilians were killed in the southern campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-40">[35]</a> He states that an additional 4,000 to 5,000 civilians died from all actions of all sides during the siege of Beirut,<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-40">[35]</a> and that some 2,000 Syrian soldiers were killed during the Lebanon campaign and a further 2,400 PLO guerillas were also killed.<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-40">[35]</a> Of these, 1,000 PLO guerrillas were killed during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-40">[35]</a> According to Gabriel the ratio of civilian deaths to combatants during the siege was about 6 to 1 but this ratio includes civilian deaths from all actions of all sides.<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-40">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2007">2000–2007</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (UNOCHA) estimated 4,228 Palestinians and 1,024 Israelis were killed between 2000 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Ocha_report-8">[8]</a> It quoted <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a> estimating that of the Israelis killed by Palestinians, 31% were members of the IDF, while 69% were civilians. For the Palestinians killed by Israelis, 41% were combatants while 59% were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Ocha_report-8">[8]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>B'Tselem estimate of % civilians killed by both sides 2000–2007<a href="#cite_note-Ocha_report-8">[8]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Civilians </th> <th>Civilian to combatant ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td>Israelis killed by Palestinians </td> <td>1,204 </td> <td>69% </td> <td>2.2 : 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palestinians killed by Israelis </td> <td>4,228 </td> <td>59% </td> <td>1.4 : 1 </td></tr></tbody></table> During this period various other claims were made regarding Palestinian civilian to combatants killed by Israel. <a href="/wiki/Amos_Harel" title="Amos Harel">Amos Harel</a> wrote that the civilian to combatant casualty ratio of Israeli airstrikes (not including ground operations) was 1:1 in 2003, but by 2007 it had improved to 1:30.<a href="#cite_note-Harel_pinpoint-41">[36]</a> Meanwhile, the Israeli intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> claimed that of the Palestinians killed between 2006–2007 period in the Gaza Strip (not including the West Bank), only 20% were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-HzBR-42">[37]</a> The Ha'aretz criticized the Shin Bet as underestimating the civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-HzBR-42">[37]</a> B'Tselem data of Palestinians killed by Israel in the Gaza Strip (not including the West Bank) Jan 1, 2006 to Dec 31, 2007, shows 821 killed, of which 405 were combatants (49%), 346 non-combatants (42%) and the rest with unknown status.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> Yagil Levy, an Israeli sociologist writing in <a href="/wiki/Ha%27aretz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'aretz">Ha'aretz</a> at the end of 2023, analysed civilian casualty rates in five Israeli aerial operations: <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Defense">Pillar of Defense</a> (~1 week in November 2012); <a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_the_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian of the Walls">Guardian of the Walls</a> (~10 days in May 2021); <a href="/wiki/Operation_Breaking_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Breaking Dawn">Breaking Dawn</a> (3 days, August 2022); <a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield and Arrow">Shield and Arrow</a> (5 days in May 2023); and the first two months of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel-Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel-Hamas war">2023 Israel-Hamas war</a>, based on reports of the <a href="/wiki/Meir_Amit_Intelligence_and_Terrorism_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center">Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center</a>. He calculated civilian fatality rates for these as follows: 40%, 40%, 42%, 33% and 61%.<a href="#cite_note-h080-44">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008–09_Gaza_War">2008–09 Gaza War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Casualties of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Casualties of the Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></div> Human rights organizations and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> estimated Palestinian casualties of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a> as "1,400 Palestinians killed, including more than 1,000 civilians",<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> though Israel disagreed. The total Israeli casualties were 13, including 3 non-combatants and 10 combatants (4 Israeli soldiers were killed in <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> incidents). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Palestinian Centre for Human Rights">PCHR</a><a href="#cite_note-rights-group-names-1417-gaza-war-dead-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pchr_english_list-47">[42]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a><a href="#cite_note-BtsFatals_update-48">[43]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Mezan</a><a href="#cite_note-mezan-49">[44]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Health_Ministry" title="Gaza Health Ministry">GHM</a><a href="#cite_note-OCHAFeb5-51">[46]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total (non-combatants + combatants) </th> <td>1,417 </td> <td>1,391 </td> <td>1,409 </td> <td>1,166 </td> <td>1,440***** </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Non-combatants </th> <th colspan="2">Total unarmed civilians and police </th> <td>1181 </td> <td>1025 </td> <td>1,172 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Police not participating in hostilities </th> <td>255** </td> <td>248*** </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Unarmed civilians </th> <th>Total unarmed civilians </th> <td>926 </td> <td>777 </td> <td> </td> <td>295 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Women </th> <td>116 </td> <td>110 </td> <td>111 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>114 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Children </th> <td>313 </td> <td>344 </td> <td>342 </td> <td>89 </td> <td>431 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Combatants </th> <td>236 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>237****** </td> <td>709**** </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Unknown </th> <td> </td> <td>32 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">% combatants </th> <td>17% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>17% </td> <td>61% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Name of every casualty published? </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<a href="#cite_note-UNReport_casualties-52">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<a href="#cite_note-UNReport_casualties-52">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<a href="#cite_note-UNReport_casualties-52">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Notes </th> <td>**PCHR deems the 255 police officers killed in Israel's surprise attack as not taking part in hostilities, therefore non-combatants <a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> </td> <td>***248 police were killed inside police stations and not known to be taking part in combat. B'Tselem categorizes any police officer killed in combat under "combatants".<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> </td> <td>******13 of the combatants were children<a href="#cite_note-mezan-49">[44]</a> </td> <td>****The IDF considers police officers to be combatants </td> <td>*****Does not include indirect deaths (e.g. Palestinians who died due to denial of healthcare resulting from the war).<a href="#cite_note-OCHAFeb5-51">[46]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Based on the above, most sources estimate 20% of Palestinians killed were combatants, and 75% of Israelis killed were combatants.<a href="#cite_note-BtsFatals_update-48">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Gaza_war">2014 Gaza war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_strikes_and_Palestinian_casualties_in_the_2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a></div> Reports of casualties in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel-Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel-Gaza conflict">2014 Israel-Gaza conflict</a> have been made available by a variety of sources. Most media accounts have used figures provided by the government in Gaza or non-governmental organizations.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> Differing methodologies have resulted in varied reports of both the overall death toll and the civilian casualty ratio.<a href="#cite_note-BBCdisputeCasualties-58">[53]</a> According to the main estimates between 2,125<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a> and 2,310<a href="#cite_note-Ma'an2015Jan-60">[55]</a> Gazans were killed and between 10,626<a href="#cite_note-Ma'an2015Jan-60">[55]</a> and 10,895<a href="#cite_note-PCHR-61">[56]</a> were wounded (including 3,374 children, of whom over 1,000 were left permanently disabled<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]). 66 Israeli soldiers, 5 Israeli civilians (including one child)<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> and one Thai civilian were killed<a href="#cite_note-OCHA-64">[59]</a> and 469 IDF soldiers and 261 Israeli civilians were injured.<a href="#cite_note-OPE-Israeli-wounded-65">[60]</a> The Gaza Health Ministry, UN and some human rights groups reported that 69–75% of the Palestinian casualties were civilians;<a href="#cite_note-OCHA-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-jihad121-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-PCHR-61">[56]</a> Israeli officials estimated that around 50% of those killed were civilians.,<a href="#cite_note-yahooDisputeCasulaties-67">[62]</a> giving Israeli forces a ratio between 1:1 and 3:1 during the conflict. In March 2015, OCHA reported that 2,220 Palestinians had been killed in the conflict, of whom 1,492 were civilians (551 children and 299 women), 605 militants and 123 of unknown status, giving Israeli forces a ratio of 3:1.<a href="#cite_note-OCHA2015-68">[63]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Source</th> <th rowspan="2">Total killed</th> <th colspan="4">Civilians</th> <th rowspan="2">Combatants</th> <th rowspan="2">Unknown</th> <th rowspan="2">Percent civilians (among known)</th> <th>Last updated</th> <th>Methodology </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>Children </th> <th>Adult women </th> <th>Elderly </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Health_Ministry" title="Gaza Health Ministry">Gaza Health Ministry</a> </td> <td>2,145<a href="#cite_note-IMEMC20140827-69">[64]</a></td> <td>≈1,501 </td> <td>578<a href="#cite_note-IMEMC20140827-69">[64]</a> </td> <td>263<a href="#cite_note-IMEMC20140827-69">[64]</a> </td> <td>102<a href="#cite_note-IMEMC20140827-69">[64]</a></td> <td>≈644</td> <td>—</td> <td>~70%<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a></td> <td>27 August, 2014</td> <td>Incomplete count </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a> </td> <td>2,203<a href="#cite_note-BTselem2014-71">[66]</a> </td> <td>1,371 </td> <td>527<a href="#cite_note-72">[f]</a> </td> <td>247<a href="#cite_note-73">[g]</a> </td> <td>112<a href="#cite_note-74">[h]</a> </td> <td>785 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>64% </td> <td> </td> <td>A detailed list containing the name, age, gender of every person killed, including the circumstances in which they were killed and who killed them (when known).<a href="#cite_note-BTselem2014-71">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">UN HRC</a></td> <td>2,251<a href="#cite_note-HRC_REPORT-75">[67]</a></td> <td>1,462 </td> <td>551 </td> <td>299 </td> <td></td> <td>789</td> <td>—</td> <td>65%</td> <td>22 June 2015</td> <td>Fatalities compiled from media reports and then cross-checked with Palestinian, Israeli and international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-HRC_REPORT-75">[67]</a> Data released by Gaza Health Ministry, the IDF and Hamas are all consulted.<a href="#cite_note-HRC_REPORT-75">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">OCHA</a> </td> <td>2,220<a href="#cite_note-OCHA2015-68">[63]</a> </td> <td>1,492 </td> <td>551 </td> <td>299 </td> <td> </td> <td>605 </td> <td>123 </td> <td>71% </td> <td>March 2015 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Israeli MFA</a></td> <td>2,125<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a></td> <td>761<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>936<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a></td> <td>428<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a></td> <td>36%<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a></td> <td>14 June 2015<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a></td> <td>Uses its own intelligence reports as well as Palestinian sources and media reports to determine combatant deaths.<a href="#cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahooDisputeCasulaties-67">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Palestinian Centre for Human Rights">Palestinian Centre for Human Rights</a> </td> <td>2,216<a href="#cite_note-ReliefWeb20150604-76">[68]</a> </td> <td>1,543<a href="#cite_note-ReliefWeb20150604-76">[68]</a> </td> <td>556<a href="#cite_note-ReliefWeb20150604-76">[68]</a> </td> <td>293<a href="#cite_note-ReliefWeb20150604-76">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>673 </td> <td> </td> <td>69% </td> <td>3 June 2015 </td> <td>Includes information collected via interviews with eyewitnesses of the event and family of the victim<a href="#cite_note-ReliefWeb20150604-76">[68]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023–2025_Israel–Hamas_war">2023–2025 Israel–Hamas war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war">Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Event </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Source </th> <th>Total killed </th> <th>Civilians </th> <th>Civilians % </th> <th>Civilian ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/October_7_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attack</a> </td> <td>December 13, 2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> </td> <td>1,195 </td> <td>895 </td> <td>68.2% </td> <td>2.1:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 24, 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bituah_Leumi" title="Bituah Leumi">Israeli social security agency</a><a href="#cite_note-France24-20231215-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>1,139 </td> <td>766 </td> <td>67.3% </td> <td>2.1:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color: gray;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip">Israeli bombing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">invasion</a> </td> <td>October 26, 2023 </td> <td>Paper in <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Public_Health" title="Frontiers in Public Health">Frontiers in Public Health</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayoub-Chemaitelly-Abu-Raddad-2024-11">[11]</a> </td> <td>7,028 </td> <td>6,135 </td> <td>87.3% </td> <td>6.9:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 5, 2023 </td> <td>Field survey by <a href="/wiki/Euro-Med_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Med Monitor">Euro-Med Monitor</a><a href="#cite_note-Monitor_2023_z733-78">[70]</a> </td> <td>21,022 </td> <td>19,660 </td> <td>93.5% </td> <td>14:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 3, 2024 </td> <td>Professor Adam Gaffney of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">HMS</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[i]</a> </td> <td>36,906 </td> <td>29906 </td> <td>~80% </td> <td>4:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 2, 2024 </td> <td>Professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spagat" title="Michael Spagat">Michael Spagat</a><a href="#cite_note-AOAV20240802-12">[12]</a> </td> <td>39,145 </td> <td> </td> <td>~80% </td> <td>4:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 4, 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> </td> <td>~41,000 </td> <td>~24,000 </td> <td>58.5% </td> <td>1.4:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 6, 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armed_Conflict_Location_and_Event_Data" title="Armed Conflict Location and Event Data">Armed Conflict Location and Event Data</a><a href="#cite_note-ACLED_8500-82">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[j]</a> </td> <td>~41,000 </td> <td>~32500 </td> <td>79.3% </td> <td>3.8:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 28, 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Action_on_Armed_Violence" title="Action on Armed Violence">Action on Armed Violence</a><a href="#cite_note-AOAV_28Oct-10">[10]</a> </td> <td>40,717 </td> <td>32,829 </td> <td>80.6% </td> <td>4.2:1 </td></tr></tbody></table> The casualty counts from the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> vary. It is estimated that of the nearly 1,200 people killed on October 7, 68% were civilians giving a casualty ratio of 2.1:1. Israel's bombing and invasion of Gaza Strip has killed over 70,000 Palestinians, and is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> Women and children are estimated to be 60–70%<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a> of the casualties. After adding civilian adult men, most sources estimate that 80% of all Palestinians killed in Gaza Strip are civilians, giving a civilian casualty ratio of 4:1. The IDF claims the civilian casualty ratio is 1.4:1, without providing any evidence, though some observer say the IDF counts all <a href="/wiki/Military-age_male" title="Military-age male">military-age male</a> fatalities as combatants.<a href="#cite_note-ga2-86">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> For mathematical inconsistencies<a href="#cite_note-ACLED_8500-82">[73]</a> in the IDF data, and further criticism, see <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#idfclaims" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war">Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war – Israeli military claims</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iraq_war">Iraq war</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties of the Iraq War</a></div> According to a 2010 assessment by John Sloboda of <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Body Count">Iraq Body Count</a>, a United Kingdom-based organization, American and Coalition forces (including Iraqi government forces) had killed at least 28,736 combatants as well as 13,807 civilians in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, indicating a civilian to combatant casualty ratio inflicted by coalition forces of 1:2.<a href="#cite_note-katz-88">[78]</a> However, overall, figures by the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Body Count">Iraq Body Count</a> from 20 March 2003 to 14 March 2013 indicate that of 174,000 casualties only 39,900 were combatants, resulting in a civilian casualty rate of 77%. Most civilians were killed by anti-government insurgents and unidentified third parties.<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> The global coalition's <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a>, from 2014, had led to as many as 50,000 ISIL combatant casualties by the end of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Airwars" title="Airwars">Airwars</a> calculated that 8,200–13,275 civilians were killed in Coalition airstrikes, mainly up to the end of 2017, with especially high casualty rates during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Battle of Mosul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> investigation found that in the Battle of Mosul, of the >9,000 fatalities, between 42% and 60% were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-b789-92">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_conflicts">Other conflicts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs" title="Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs">Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, as of January 2015 roughly 92,000 people had been killed in the Afghanistan war, of which over 26,000 were civilians, for a civilian to combatant ratio of 1:2.5.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drone_attacks_in_Pakistan#Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone attacks in Pakistan">Drone attacks in Pakistan § Civilian casualties</a></div> The civilian casualty ratio for <a href="/wiki/Drone_attacks_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone attacks in Pakistan">U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan</a> conducted during 2004 and 2018 as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> is notoriously difficult to quantify. In 2010, the U.S. itself put the number of civilians killed from drone strikes in the last two years at no more than 20 to 30, a total that is far too low according to a spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Innocent_Victims_in_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict">CIVIC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchy_10dec2010-94">[84]</a> At the other extreme, Daniel L. Byman of the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> suggested in 2009 that drone strikes may kill "10 or so civilians" for every militant killed, which would represent a civilian to combatant casualty ratio of 10:1. Byman argues that civilian killings constitute a humanitarian tragedy and create dangerous political problems, including damage to the legitimacy of the Pakistani government and alienation of the Pakistani populace from America.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> An ongoing study by the <a href="/wiki/New_America_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="New America Foundation">New America Foundation</a> finds non-militant casualty rates started high but declined steeply over time, from about 60% (3 out of 5) in 2004–2007 to less than 2% (1 out of 50) in 2012. In 2011, the study put the overall non-militant casualty rate since 2004 at 15–16%, or a 1:5 ratio, out of a total of between 1,908 and 3,225 people killed in Pakistan by drone strikes since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lankan_civil_war">Sri Lankan civil war</h3></div> The civilian to combatant ratio in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a> was likely worse than 1:1.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2010-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_Revolution_(1910–20)">Mexican Revolution (1910–20)</h3></div> Although it is estimated that over 1 million people died in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, most died from disease and hunger as an indirect result of the war. Combat deaths are generally agreed to have totaled about 250,000. According to Eckhardt, these included 125,000 civilian deaths and 125,000 combatant deaths, creating a civilian-combatant death ratio of 1:1 among combat deaths.<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdish_insurgency_in_Turkey">Kurdish insurgency in Turkey</h3></div> The casualty figures for the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_insurgency_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish insurgency in Turkey">Kurdish insurgency in Turkey</a> between the years 2000 and 2016, show 13–18% of those killed were civilians. The data did not distinguish between civilians killed by Turkish forces vs those killed by PKK militants.<a href="#cite_note-BesawRitterTezcur2023-99">[89]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Deaths during the Turkey–PKK conflict, 2000–2016<a href="#cite_note-BesawRitterTezcur2023-99">[89]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Turkish security forces </th> <th>PKK militants </th> <th>Civilians </th> <th>Civilians % </th> <th>Combatant:Civilian ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td>UCDP </td> <td>5,790 </td> <td>1,573 </td> <td>3,465 </td> <td>752 </td> <td>13% </td> <td>6.7:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>KIVE </td> <td>6,187 </td> <td>2,007 </td> <td>3,088 </td> <td>1,092 </td> <td>18% </td> <td>4.7:1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-combatant_casualty_value" title="Non-combatant casualty value">Non-combatant casualty value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_recording" title="Casualty recording">Casualty recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_damage" title="Collateral damage">Collateral damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth generation warfare">Fourth generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_exchange_ratio" title="Loss exchange ratio">Loss exchange ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">Just war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The study was published in 2021, so some of the conflicts were still ongoing at the time the data was published. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The study was published in 2021, so some of the conflicts were still ongoing at the time the data was published. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The study was published in 2021, so some of the conflicts were still ongoing at the time the data was published. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The study was published in 2021, so some of the conflicts were still ongoing at the time the data was published. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The study was published in 2021, so some of the conflicts were still ongoing at the time the data was published. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> B'Tselem reported fatalities of 180 children 0-5 years old and 347 children 6-17 years old. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Women over 18 and under 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> B'Tselem includes men and women over 60 in the "elderly" category </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Gaffney estimates 7,000 of the 14,000 men killed are combatants </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The report quotes this source<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israeli-strikes-kill-more-than-270-as-lebanon-sees-deadliest-day-of-conflict-since-2006">[1]</a>, which says "Israel’s offensive has killed over 41,000 Palestinians, according to the Gaza Health Ministry, which does not differentiate between civilians and fighters. It says women and children make up a little over half of those killed. Israel says it has killed over 17,000 militants, without providing evidence." ACLED then writes: "Israel claims to have killed around 17,000 gunmen...However, more detailed IDF reports on the killing of militants containing specifics on timeframes, locations, or operations, recorded by ACLED, account for approximately 8,500 fatalities." 41,000-8500=32,500 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Greenhill2011-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhill2011_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill2011" class="citation cs2">Greenhill, Kelly M. (2011-01-15), Andreas, Peter; Greenhill, Kelly M. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7591/9780801458309-008/html">"6. Counting the Cost: the politics of numbers in armed conflict"</a>, Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict, Cornell University Press, pp. 129–132, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801458309-008">10.7591/9780801458309-008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5830-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5830-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-5830-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-12-30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex%2C+Drugs%2C+and+Body+Counts%3A+The+Politics+of+Numbers+in+Global+Crime+and+Conflict&rft.atitle=6.+Counting+the+Cost%3A+the+politics+of+numbers+in+armed+conflict&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801458309-008&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5830-9&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=Kelly+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801458309-008%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSR2005-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSR2005_2-8">i</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005" title="Human Security Report 2005">Human Security Report 2005</a>, page 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckhardt1989-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eckhardt1989_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckhardt1989_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckhardt1989_3-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/20/1/89.full.pdf">Eckhardt, W. "Civilian deaths in wartime." Security Dialogue 20(1): 89-98.</a> Also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/20/1/89.extract">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts2010-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2010_4-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00396338.2010.494880">"Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?", Survival, London, vol. 52, no. 3, June–July 2010, pp. 115–35.</a> Print edition ISSN 0039-6338. Online ISSN 1468-2699. </li> <li id="cite_note-sadowski_p134-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sadowski_p134_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sadowski_p134_5-1">b</a> Sadowski, p. 134. See the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a> article for a detailed breakdown of casualties. </li> <li id="cite_note-Khorram-Manesh-Burkle-Goniewicz-Robinson-2021-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khorram-Manesh-Burkle-Goniewicz-Robinson-2021_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khorram-Manesh-Burkle-Goniewicz-Robinson-2021_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhorram-ManeshBurkleGoniewiczRobinson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Khorram-Manesh, Amir; Burkle, Frederick M.; Goniewicz, Krzysztof; Robinson, Yohan (2021-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8581199">"Estimating the Number of Civilian Casualties in Modern Armed Conflicts–A Systematic Review"</a>. Frontiers in Public Health. 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2021.765261">10.3389/fpubh.2021.765261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-2565">2296-2565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8581199">8581199</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34778192">34778192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+Number+of+Civilian+Casualties+in+Modern+Armed+Conflicts%E2%80%93A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8581199%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2296-2565&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34778192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpubh.2021.765261&rft.aulast=Khorram-Manesh&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft.au=Burkle%2C+Frederick+M.&rft.au=Goniewicz%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Yohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8581199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shenon-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shenon_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shenon_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtual.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/232/2322414020.pdf">"20 Years After Victory"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Philip Shenon, clipping from the Vietnam Center and Archive website. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocha_report-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ocha_report_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ocha_report_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ocha_report_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ocha_report_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ocha_report_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801005739/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/israeli-palestinian-fatalities-2000-key-trends-august-2007">"Israeli-Palestinian Fatalities Since 2000 - Key Trends"</a>. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2007-08-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/content/israeli-palestinian-fatalities-2000-key-trends-august-2007">the original</a> on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2023-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Israeli-Palestinian+Fatalities+Since+2000+-+Key+Trends&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fcontent%2Fisraeli-palestinian-fatalities-2000-key-trends-august-2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-France24-20231215-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-France24-20231215_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-France24-20231215_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-France24-20231215_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths">"Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Israel+social+security+data+reveals+true+picture+of+Oct+7+deaths&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOAV_28Oct-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV_28Oct_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV_28Oct_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV_28Oct_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerill2024" class="citation web cs1">Cockerill, Matthew Ghobrial (2024-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aoav.org.uk/2024/casualties-in-gaza-israels-claims-of-50-combatant-deaths-dont-add-up-at-least-74-of-the-dead-are-civilians/">"Civilian casualties in Gaza: Israel's claims don't add up"</a>. AOAV. Retrieved 2024-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AOAV&rft.atitle=Civilian+casualties+in+Gaza%3A+Israel%27s+claims+don%27t+add+up&rft.date=2024-10-28&rft.aulast=Cockerill&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Ghobrial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoav.org.uk%2F2024%2Fcasualties-in-gaza-israels-claims-of-50-combatant-deaths-dont-add-up-at-least-74-of-the-dead-are-civilians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayoub-Chemaitelly-Abu-Raddad-2024-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayoub-Chemaitelly-Abu-Raddad-2024_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayoub-Chemaitelly-Abu-Raddad-2024_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayoub-Chemaitelly-Abu-Raddad-2024_11-2">c</a> Ayoub, H. H., Chemaitelly, H., & Abu-Raddad, L. J. (2024). Comparative analysis and evolution of civilian versus combatant mortality ratios in Israel-Gaza conflicts, 2008-2023. Frontiers in public health, 12, 1359189. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1359189 </li> <li id="cite_note-AOAV20240802-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV20240802_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV20240802_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV20240802_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV20240802_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOAV20240802_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverton2024" class="citation web cs1">Overton, Iain (2024-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aoav.org.uk/2024/netanyahu-got-it-wrong-before-the-us-congress-idfs-clean-performance-in-gaza-is-a-lie/">"Netanyahu got it wrong before the US Congress: IDF's clean performance in Gaza is a lie"</a>. AOAV. Retrieved 2024-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AOAV&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+got+it+wrong+before+the+US+Congress%3A+IDF%27s+clean+performance+in+Gaza+is+a+lie&rft.date=2024-08-02&rft.aulast=Overton&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoav.org.uk%2F2024%2Fnetanyahu-got-it-wrong-before-the-us-congress-idfs-clean-performance-in-gaza-is-a-lie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/graca/a51-306_en.pdf">"The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children", Report of the expert of the Secretary-General, 26 Aug 1996, p. 9.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CACE-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CACE_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CACE_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/cace/CACE_codebook.pdf">"Codebook: Cities and Armed Conflict Events (CACE)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Codebook%3A+Cities+and+Armed+Conflict+Events+%28CACE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucdp.uu.se%2Fdownloads%2Fcace%2FCACE_codebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seybolt2013-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seybolt2013_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seybolt2013_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeybolt2013" class="citation cs2">Seybolt, Taylor B. (2013-06-12), Seybolt, Taylor B.; Aronson, Jay D.; Fischhoff, Baruch (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/7463/chapter-abstract/152370967?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Significant Numbers: Civilian Casualties and Strategic Peacebuilding"</a>, Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict, Oxford University Press, p. 15, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199977307.003.0002">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977307.003.0002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997730-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997730-7"><bdi>978-0-19-997730-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-12-30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Counting+Civilian+Casualties%3A+An+Introduction+to+Recording+and+Estimating+Nonmilitary+Deaths+in+Conflict&rft.atitle=Significant+Numbers%3A+Civilian+Casualties+and+Strategic+Peacebuilding&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199977307.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997730-7&rft.aulast=Seybolt&rft.aufirst=Taylor+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F7463%2Fchapter-abstract%2F152370967%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Ahlstrom, C. and K.-A. Nordquist (1991). Casualties of conflict: report for the world campaign for the protection of victims of war. Uppsala, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Sivard, R. L. (1991). World Military and Social Expenditures 1991. Washington DC, World Priorities, Inc. Vol. 14, pp 22-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Urlanis, Boris, War and Population, pp. 209 and 268, rounded off. </li> <li id="cite_note-neiberg_pp68-70-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neiberg_pp68-70_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neiberg_pp68-70_24-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Neiberg" title="Michael S. Neiberg">Neiberg, Michael S.</a> (2002): Warfare in World History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLQ9N1f7HnAC&dq=%22civilian+casualties%22+%22world+war+i%22&pg=PA68">pp. 68-70</a>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22954-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22954-8">978-0-415-22954-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Urlanis, Boris, War and Population, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1351474/second-world-war-civilian-military-fatalities-per-country/">"WWII: share of civilian and military deaths by country 1939-1945"</a>. Statista. Retrieved 2024-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=WWII%3A+share+of+civilian+and+military+deaths+by+country+1939-1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1351474%2Fsecond-world-war-civilian-military-fatalities-per-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-worldwide-deaths-world-war">"Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II"</a>. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. Retrieved 2024-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=Research+Starters%3A+Worldwide+Deaths+in+World+War+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fstudents-teachers%2Fstudent-resources%2Fresearch-starters%2Fresearch-starters-worldwide-deaths-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deane_p149-28"><a href="#cite_ref-deane_p149_28-0">^</a> Deane, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF">"Table 6.1A - Vietnam Democide Estimates Sources and Calculations"</a>. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2014-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+6.1A+-+Vietnam+Democide+Estimates+Sources+and+Calculations&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.TAB6.1A.GIF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-larson_p71-30"><a href="#cite_ref-larson_p71_30-0">^</a> Larson, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-larson_p65-31"><a href="#cite_ref-larson_p65_31-0">^</a> Larson, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Zuercher" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph Zuercher">Zürcher, Christoph</a> (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0DTtKEktdEC">The post-Soviet wars: rebellion, ethnic conflict, and nationhood in the Caucasus</a>. NYU Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814797099" title="Special:BookSources/9780814797099"><bdi>9780814797099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+post-Soviet+wars%3A+rebellion%2C+ethnic+conflict%2C+and+nationhood+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2007-11&rft.isbn=9780814797099&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0DTtKEktdEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw1996-33"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw1996_33-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1996/WR96/Helsinki-16.htm">"Russian Federation - Human Rights Developments"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/webeurcountries/RUSSIAN+Federation?OpenDocument">Russian Federation 2001 Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114184928/http://www.web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/webeurcountries/RUSSIAN%2BFEDERATION?OpenDocument">Archived</a> November 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorenson-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Sorenson_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Sorenson, David S. (2010). Global Security Watch--Lebanon: A Reference Handbook. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36578-2"><bdi>978-0-313-36578-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Security+Watch--Lebanon%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36578-2&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hartley_pp91-92-36"><a href="#cite_ref-hartley_pp91-92_36-0">^</a> Hartley et al., pp. 91-92. </li> <li id="cite_note-layoun_p134-37"><a href="#cite_ref-layoun_p134_37-0">^</a> Layoun et al, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Washington Post, November 16, 1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_1982_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon-39"><a href="#cite_ref-The_1982_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the casualties". Race & Class. 24 (4): 340–343. 1983-04-01. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030639688302400404">10.1177/030639688302400404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220910633">220910633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=The+1982+Israeli+invasion+of+Lebanon%3A+the+casualties&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E343&rft.date=1983-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030639688302400404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220910633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_40-4">e</a> Gabriel, Richard, A, Operation Peace for Galilee, The Israeli-PLO War in Lebanon, New York: Hill & Wang. 1984, p. 164, 165, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-7454-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-7454-0">0-8090-7454-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harel_pinpoint-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Harel_pinpoint_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/pinpoint-attacks-on-gaza-more-precise-1.236163">"Pinpoint attacks on Gaza more precise"</a>. Amos Harel, Haaretz, 30 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-HzBR-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HzBR_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HzBR_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarak_Ravid2008" class="citation news cs1">Barak Ravid (14 January 2008). "Haaretz probe: Shin Bet count of Gaza civilian deaths is too low". Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Haaretz+probe%3A+Shin+Bet+count+of+Gaza+civilian+deaths+is+too+low&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft.au=Barak+Ravid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistics.btselem.org/en/stats/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-incident?regionSensor=%5B%22b40f813%22%5D&dateSensor=%221136102400000%2C1199163599000%22&section=participation&tab=charts">"Fatalities: Before Cast Lead [Explanation]"</a>. B'Tselem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%27Tselem&rft.atitle=Fatalities%3A+Before+Cast+Lead+%5BExplanation%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.btselem.org%2Fen%2Fstats%2Fbefore-cast-lead%2Fby-date-of-incident%3FregionSensor%3D%255B%2522b40f813%2522%255D%26dateSensor%3D%25221136102400000%252C1199163599000%2522%26section%3Dparticipation%26tab%3Dcharts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h080-44"><a href="#cite_ref-h080_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2023" class="citation web cs1">Levy, Yagil (9 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-09/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-israeli-army-has-dropped-the-restraint-in-gaza-and-data-shows-unprecedented-killing/0000018c-4cca-db23-ad9f-6cdae8ad0000">"The Israeli Army Has Dropped the Restraint in Gaza, and the Data Shows Unprecedented Killing"</a>. Haaretz.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240229162951/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-09/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-israeli-army-has-dropped-the-restraint-in-gaza-and-data-shows-unprecedented-killing/0000018c-4cca-db23-ad9f-6cdae8ad0000#selection-953.354-953.424">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=The+Israeli+Army+Has+Dropped+the+Restraint+in+Gaza%2C+and+the+Data+Shows+Unprecedented+Killing&rft.date=2023-12-09&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Yagil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2023-12-09%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fthe-israeli-army-has-dropped-the-restraint-in-gaza-and-data-shows-unprecedented-killing%2F0000018c-4cca-db23-ad9f-6cdae8ad0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Norman G. (2018). Gaza: an inquest into its martyrdom. Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520295711" title="Special:BookSources/9780520295711"><bdi>9780520295711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaza%3A+an+inquest+into+its+martyrdom&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780520295711&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rights-group-names-1417-gaza-war-dead-46"><a href="#cite_ref-rights-group-names-1417-gaza-war-dead_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172812/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/19/rights-group-names-1417-gaza-war-dead-1/">"Rights group names 1,417 Gaza war dead"</a>. The Washington Times. Associated Press. March 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/19/rights-group-names-1417-gaza-war-dead-1/">the original</a> on January 5, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Rights+group+names+1%2C417+Gaza+war+dead&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fmar%2F19%2Frights-group-names-1417-gaza-war-dead-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pchr_english_list-47"><a href="#cite_ref-pchr_english_list_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111825/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1073:confirmed-figures-reveal-the-true-extent-of-the-destructioninflicted-upon-the-gaza-strip-israels-offensive-resulted-in-1417-dead-including-926-civilians-255-police-officers-and-236-fighters&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194">"Confirmed figures reveal the true extent of the destruction inflicted upon the Gaza Strip"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Center_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Center for Human Rights">Palestinian Center for Human Rights</a>. March 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1073:confirmed-figures-reveal-the-true-extent-of-the-destructioninflicted-upon-the-gaza-strip-israels-offensive-resulted-in-1417-dead-including-926-civilians-255-police-officers-and-236-fighters&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194">the original</a> on September 3, 2014. Retrieved 23 Jul 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmed+figures+reveal+the+true+extent+of+the+destruction+inflicted+upon+the+Gaza+Strip&rft.pub=Palestinian+Center+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pchrgaza.org%2Fportal%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1073%3Aconfirmed-figures-reveal-the-true-extent-of-the-destructioninflicted-upon-the-gaza-strip-israels-offensive-resulted-in-1417-dead-including-926-civilians-255-police-officers-and-236-fighters%26catid%3D36%3Apchrpressreleases%26Itemid%3D194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BtsFatals_update-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BtsFatals_update_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BtsFatals_update_48-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/during-cast-lead/by-date-of-event">Fatalities during Operation Cast Lead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703194738/http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/during-cast-lead/by-date-of-event">Archived</a> July 3, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, B'Tselem </li> <li id="cite_note-mezan-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mezan_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mezan_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hlrn.org/img/violation/Al%20Mezan%20Cast%20Lead%20Offensive%20in%20Numbers.pdf">"Cast Lead Offensive in Numbers"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Centre_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mezan Centre for Human Rights">Al Mezan Centre for Human Rights</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cast+Lead+Offensive+in+Numbers&rft.pub=Al+Mezan+Centre+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hlrn.org%2Fimg%2Fviolation%2FAl%2520Mezan%2520Cast%2520Lead%2520Offensive%2520in%2520Numbers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125200625/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull">"IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. March 28, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull">the original</a> on January 25, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=IDF+releases+Cast+Lead+casualty+numbers&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1237727552054%26pagename%3DJPArticle%252FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988">. Also see note 23 below for citation of the official summary of the Final Report on the IDF's own internet news site. </li> <li id="cite_note-OCHAFeb5-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCHAFeb5_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCHAFeb5_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/85255db800470aa485255d8b004e349a/50a7789ce959e0c285257554006d3e56?OpenDocument">"FIELD UPDATE ON GAZA FROM THE HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR: 3–5 February 2009, 1700 hours"</a>. United Nations <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (OCHA). February 5, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929093104/https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/85255db800470aa485255d8b004e349a/50a7789ce959e0c285257554006d3e56?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved 2009-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIELD+UPDATE+ON+GAZA+FROM+THE+HUMANITARIAN+COORDINATOR%3A+3%E2%80%935+February+2009%2C+1700+hours&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs+%28OCHA%29&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2F85255db800470aa485255d8b004e349a%2F50a7789ce959e0c285257554006d3e56%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNReport_casualties-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNReport_casualties_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNReport_casualties_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNReport_casualties_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNReport_casualties_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNReport_casualties_52-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2009/09/15/UNFFMGCReport.pdf">"Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict"</a> (PDF). London: United Nations Human Rights Council. pp. 90–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007095811/http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2009/09/15/UNFFMGCReport.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+United+Nations+Fact+Finding+Mission+on+the+Gaza+Conflict&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.guardian.co.uk%2Fsys-files%2FGuardian%2Fdocuments%2F2009%2F09%2F15%2FUNFFMGCReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "The Mission notes, however, that the Israeli Government has not published a list of victims or other data supporting its assertions."<a href="#cite_note-UNReport_casualties-52">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The report notes that TAWTHEQ, published by the Gaza government, provided "lists of all the persons killed in the military operations, with their names, sex, age, address, occupation, and place and date of the fatal attack" and disaggregated data.<a href="#cite_note-UNReport_casualties-52">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331074357/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/44-2009.html">PCHR Contests Distortion of Gaza Strip Death Toll</a>, PCHR, March 2006, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/during-cast-lead/by-date-of-death/gaza/palestinian-police-officers-killed-inside-police-stations/by-month">"Palestinian police officers who were killed inside police stations in the Gaza Strip, during Operation Cast Lead"</a>. www.btselem.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.btselem.org&rft.atitle=Palestinian+police+officers+who+were+killed+inside+police+stations+in+the+Gaza+Strip%2C+during+Operation+Cast+Lead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fstatistics%2Ffatalities%2Fduring-cast-lead%2Fby-date-of-death%2Fgaza%2Fpalestinian-police-officers-killed-inside-police-stations%2Fby-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2014" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (4 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/reporters-grapple-with-politics-erratic-sources-in-reporting-israeligaza-death-toll/2014/08/04/c02ab282-1c10-11e4-ae54-0cfe1f974f8a_story.html">"Reporters grapple with politics, erratic sources in reporting Israeli/Gaza death toll"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Reporters+grapple+with+politics%2C+erratic+sources+in+reporting+Israeli%2FGaza+death+toll&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Freporters-grapple-with-politics-erratic-sources-in-reporting-israeligaza-death-toll%2F2014%2F08%2F04%2Fc02ab282-1c10-11e4-ae54-0cfe1f974f8a_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCdisputeCasualties-58"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCdisputeCasualties_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuben2014" class="citation news cs1">Reuben, Anthony (11 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28688179">"Caution needed with Gaza casualty figures"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Caution+needed+with+Gaza+casualty+figures&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft.aulast=Reuben&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-28688179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA-report-fatalities-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA-report-fatalities_59-7">h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/PalestinianFatalities.pdf">Annex: Palestinian Fatality Figures in the 2014 Gaza Conflict</a> from report <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/2014GazaConflictFullReport.pdf">The 2014 Gaza Conflict: Factual and Legal Aspects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, 14 June 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ma'an2015Jan-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ma'an2015Jan_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ma'an2015Jan_60-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=751290">'Ministry: Death toll from Gaza offensive topped 2,310,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111023729/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=751290">Archived</a> 2015-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an_News_Agency" title="Ma'an News Agency">Ma'an News Agency</a> 3 January 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-PCHR-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCHR_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCHR_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626164255/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10491:statistics-victims-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-since-08-july-2014&catid=145:in-focus">"Statistics: Victims of the Israeli Offensive on Gaza since 8 July 2014"</a>. Pchrgaza.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10491:statistics-victims-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-since-08-july-2014&catid=145:in-focus">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+Victims+of+the+Israeli+Offensive+on+Gaza+since+8+July+2014&rft.pub=Pchrgaza.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pchrgaza.org%2Fportal%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D10491%3Astatistics-victims-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-since-08-july-2014%26catid%3D145%3Ain-focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dci-palestine.org/sites/default/files/operationprotectiveedge.awarwagedonchildren.160415.pdf">Operation Protective Edge: A war waged on Gaza's children,</a> <a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense for Children International">Defence for Children International-Palestine</a>, Ramallah, 16 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28904028">Israeli child 'killed by rocket fired from Gaza'</a>, BBC </li> <li id="cite_note-OCHA-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCHA_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCHA_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913014525/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf">"Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Emergency"</a> (PDF). 4 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupied+Palestinian+Territory%3A+Gaza+Emergency&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fdocuments%2Focha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPE-Israeli-wounded-65"><a href="#cite_ref-OPE-Israeli-wounded_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman2014" class="citation news cs1">Hartman, Ben (28 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/50-days-of-Israels-Gaza-operation-Protective-Edge-by-the-numbers-372574">"50 days of Israel's Gaza operation, Protective Edge – by the numbers"</a>. Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=50+days+of+Israel%27s+Gaza+operation%2C+Protective+Edge+%E2%80%93+by+the+numbers&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOperation-Protective-Edge%2F50-days-of-Israels-Gaza-operation-Protective-Edge-by-the-numbers-372574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jihad121-66"><a href="#cite_ref-jihad121_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-jihad-121-of-our-fighters-killed-in-gaza/">"Islamic Jihad: 121 of our fighters killed in Gaza"</a>. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 30 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Islamic+Jihad%3A+121+of+our+fighters+killed+in+Gaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fislamic-jihad-121-of-our-fighters-killed-in-gaza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahooDisputeCasulaties-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yahooDisputeCasulaties_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yahooDisputeCasulaties_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaubAlHou2014" class="citation news cs1">Laub, Karin; AlHou, Yousur (8 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-dispute-over-civilian-vs-combatant-deaths-181755421.html">"In Gaza, dispute over civilian vs combatant deaths"</a>. Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Gaza%2C+dispute+over+civilian+vs+combatant+deaths&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft.aulast=Laub&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft.au=AlHou%2C+Yousur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fgaza-dispute-over-civilian-vs-combatant-deaths-181755421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCHA2015-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCHA2015_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCHA2015_68-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/annual_humanitarian_overview_2014_english_final.pdf">Fragmented Lives: Humanitarian Overview, 2014</a> <a href="/wiki/OCHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHA">OCHA</a> March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-IMEMC20140827-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMEMC20140827_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMEMC20140827_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMEMC20140827_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMEMC20140827_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannoura2014" class="citation web cs1">Bannoura, Saed (2014-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imemc.org/article/68969/">"Ministry of Health: "2145 Palestinians, Including 578 Children, Killed In Israel's Aggression""</a>. Retrieved 2024-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Health%3A+%222145+Palestinians%2C+Including+578+Children%2C+Killed+In+Israel%27s+Aggression%22&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.aulast=Bannoura&rft.aufirst=Saed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimemc.org%2Farticle%2F68969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/2014/12/14/Hamas-flies-drone-over-Gaza-during-anniversary-parade-">"Hamas flexes muscles with Gaza drone flight"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Hamas+flexes+muscles+with+Gaza+drone+flight&rft.date=2014-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2F2014%2F12%2F14%2FHamas-flies-drone-over-Gaza-during-anniversary-parade-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTselem2014-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTselem2014_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTselem2014_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/2014_gaza_conflict/en/">"50 Days: More than 500 Children - Facts and figures on fatalities in Gaza, Summer 2014"</a>. www.btselem.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20241214095909/https://www.btselem.org/2014_gaza_conflict/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.btselem.org&rft.atitle=50+Days%3A+More+than+500+Children+-+Facts+and+figures+on+fatalities+in+Gaza%2C+Summer+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2F2014_gaza_conflict%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRC_REPORT-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRC_REPORT_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRC_REPORT_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRC_REPORT_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc">"Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+detailed+findings+of+the+Commission+of+Inquiry+on+the+2014+Gaza+Conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FCoIGaza%2FA_HRC_CRP_4.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReliefWeb20150604-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReliefWeb20150604_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReliefWeb20150604_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReliefWeb20150604_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReliefWeb20150604_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReliefWeb20150604_76-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/annual-report-2014">"Annual Report 2014 - occupied Palestinian territory | ReliefWeb"</a>. reliefweb.int. 2015-06-04. Retrieved 2024-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reliefweb.int&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+2014+-+occupied+Palestinian+territory+%7C+ReliefWeb&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Foccupied-palestinian-territory%2Fannual-report-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/17/october-7-crimes-against-humanity-war-crimes-hamas-led-groups">"October 7 Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes by Hamas-led Groups | Human Rights Watch"</a>. 2024-07-17. Retrieved 2025-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=October+7+Crimes+Against+Humanity%2C+War+Crimes+by+Hamas-led+Groups+%7C+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2024%2F07%2F17%2Foctober-7-crimes-against-humanity-war-crimes-hamas-led-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monitor_2023_z733-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Monitor_2023_z733_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6004/Contrary-to-Israeli-claims,-9-out-of-10-of-those-killed-in-Gaza-are-civilians%E2%80%8B">"Contrary to Israeli claims, 9 out of 10 of those killed in Gaza are civilians"</a>. Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euro-Med+Human+Rights+Monitor&rft.atitle=Contrary+to+Israeli+claims%2C+9+out+of+10+of+those+killed+in+Gaza+are+civilians&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuromedmonitor.org%2Fen%2Farticle%2F6004%2FContrary-to-Israeli-claims%2C-9-out-of-10-of-those-killed-in-Gaza-are-civilians%25E2%2580%258B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffney2024" class="citation news cs1">Gaffney, Adam (2024-05-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/gaza-death-toll-evidence/">"Don't Believe the Conspiracies About the Gaza Death Toll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a>. Retrieved 2024-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Believe+the+Conspiracies+About+the+Gaza+Death+Toll&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Gaffney&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fgaza-death-toll-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid" class="citation web cs1">Magid, Jacob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-lashes-foreign-press-for-false-reporting-regarding-gaza-humanitarian-situation/">"Netanyahu lashes foreign press for 'false' reporting regarding Gaza humanitarian situation"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2024-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+lashes+foreign+press+for+%27false%27+reporting+regarding+Gaza+humanitarian+situation&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Fnetanyahu-lashes-foreign-press-for-false-reporting-regarding-gaza-humanitarian-situation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLED_8500-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACLED_8500_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACLED_8500_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehvarKhdour2024" class="citation web cs1">Mehvar, Dr Ameneh; Khdour, Nasser (2024-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acleddata.com/2024/10/06/after-a-year-of-war-hamas-is-militarily-weakened-but-far-from-eliminated/">"After a year of war, Hamas is militarily weakened — but far from 'eliminated'"</a>. ACLED. Retrieved 2024-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACLED&rft.atitle=After+a+year+of+war%2C+Hamas+is+militarily+weakened+%E2%80%94+but+far+from+%27eliminated%27&rft.date=2024-10-06&rft.aulast=Mehvar&rft.aufirst=Dr+Ameneh&rft.au=Khdour%2C+Nasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facleddata.com%2F2024%2F10%2F06%2Fafter-a-year-of-war-hamas-is-militarily-weakened-but-far-from-eliminated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamaluddineAbukmailAlyCampbell2025" class="citation journal cs1">Jamaluddine, Zeina; Abukmail, Hanan; Aly, Sarah; Campbell, Oona M R; Checchi, Francesco (2025-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20250125151419/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)02678-3/fulltext">"Traumatic injury mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: a capture–recapture analysis"</a>. The Lancet. 405 (10477): 469–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2902678-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)02678-3/fulltext">the original</a> on 2025-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Traumatic+injury+mortality+in+the+Gaza+Strip+from+Oct+7%2C+2023%2C+to+June+30%2C+2024%3A+a+capture%E2%80%93recapture+analysis&rft.volume=405&rft.issue=10477&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=2025-02-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2902678-3&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft.aulast=Jamaluddine&rft.aufirst=Zeina&rft.au=Abukmail%2C+Hanan&rft.au=Aly%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Oona+M+R&rft.au=Checchi%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2824%2902678-3%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory_Moench2024" class="citation news cs1">Mallory Moench (8 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo">"Nearly 70% of Gaza war dead verified by UN are women and children"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nearly+70%25+of+Gaza+war+dead+verified+by+UN+are+women+and+children&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.au=Mallory+Moench&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcn5wel11pgdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ga2-86"><a href="#cite_ref-ga2_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Lynch_and_Sarah_Parkinson" class="citation news cs1">Marc Lynch and Sarah Parkinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodauthority.org/news/gaza-casualty-data/">"A closer look at the Gaza casualty data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_Cage_(blog)" title="The Monkey Cage (blog)">Good Authority</a>. <q>"The Israel Defense Forces claims a 2:1 kill ratio...it's a very specific political choice to label all Palestinian men between 18 and 59 "military-age men" (as Israeli spokesperson Eylon Levy, among others, has done). This equates the constructed category of "potential combatants" with viable targets, and functionally assumes Palestinian men's culpability based on demographics alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+closer+look+at+the+Gaza+casualty+data&rft.au=Marc+Lynch+and+Sarah+Parkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoodauthority.org%2Fnews%2Fgaza-casualty-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Al Taher, Nada (March 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2024/03/26/genocide-convention-report-israel-gaza/">"Israeli campaign in Gaza meets genocide definition, says UN official". The National</a> "Israel failed to prove that the remaining 30 percent, i.e. adult males, were active Hamas combatants – a necessary condition for them to be lawfully targeted," the report read. Israel assigned all adult men "active fighter status by default" in December last year when it said it had killed more than 7,000 "terrorists", although men comprised less than 5,000 of the casualties at the time. </li> <li id="cite_note-katz-88"><a href="#cite_ref-katz_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2010" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Yaakov (2010-10-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?ID=193196&R=R1">"Analysis: Lies, leaks, death tolls & statistics"</a>. The Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Lies%2C+leaks%2C+death+tolls+%26+statistics&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FArticle.aspx%3FID%3D193196%26R%3DR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/ten-years/">"The War in Iraq: 10 years and counting"</a>. Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 13 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraq+Body+Count&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Iraq%3A+10+years+and+counting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqbodycount.org%2Fanalysis%2Fnumbers%2Ften-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/09/politics/isis-dead-us-military/">"Military: 50,000 ISIS fighters killed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military%3A+50%2C000+ISIS+fighters+killed&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F12%2F09%2Fpolitics%2Fisis-dead-us-military%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511004312/https://airwars.org/conflict/coalition-in-iraq-and-syria/">"US-led Coalition in Iraq & Syria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airwars.org/conflict/coalition-in-iraq-and-syria/">the original</a> on 2024-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US-led+Coalition+in+Iraq+%26+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairwars.org%2Fconflict%2Fcoalition-in-iraq-and-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b789-92"><a href="#cite_ref-b789_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinnantMichaelAbdul-ZahraGeorge2017" class="citation web cs1">Hinnant, Lori; Michael, Maggie; Abdul-Zahra, Qassim; George, Susannah (21 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-only-on-ap-islamic-state-group-bbea7094fb954838a2fdc11278d65460">"Mosul is a graveyard: Final IS battle kills 9,000 civilians"</a>. AP News. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Mosul+is+a+graveyard%3A+Final+IS+battle+kills+9%2C000+civilians&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft.aulast=Hinnant&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft.au=Michael%2C+Maggie&rft.au=Abdul-Zahra%2C+Qassim&rft.au=George%2C+Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmiddle-east-only-on-ap-islamic-state-group-bbea7094fb954838a2fdc11278d65460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-civilians">"Afghan Civilians | Costs of War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010655/http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-civilians">Archived</a> 2013-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcclatchy_10dec2010-94"><a href="#cite_ref-mcclatchy_10dec2010_94-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/12/10/105104/pakistanis-protest-civilian-deaths.html">"Pakistanis protest civilian deaths in U.S. drone attacks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212135429/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/12/10/105104/pakistanis-protest-civilian-deaths.html">Archived</a> 2010-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Saeed Shah, mcclatchy.com, 2010-12-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Daniel L. Byman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2009/07/14-targeted-killings-byman">Do Targeted Killings Work?</a>, Brookings 14-07-2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones">"The Year of the Drone: An Analysis of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan, 2004-2012"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830213657/http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones">Archived</a> August 30, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New America Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-24. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm">Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls</a>. Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2010-11-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/missmill/mxrev.htm">Missing Millions: The human cost of the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1930</a>. Hist.umn.edu. Retrieved 2010-11-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-BesawRitterTezcur2023-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BesawRitterTezcur2023_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BesawRitterTezcur2023_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesawRitterTezcür2023" class="citation journal cs1">Besaw, Clayton; Ritter, Kellan; Tezcür, Güneş Murat (2023-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/3/3/ksad050/7282426#418991694">"Beyond Collateral Damage: The Politics of Civilian Victimization in a Civil War"</a>. Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (3): ksad050. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisagsq%2Fksad050">10.1093/isagsq/ksad050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2634-3797">2634-3797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Beyond+Collateral+Damage%3A+The+Politics+of+Civilian+Victimization+in+a+Civil+War&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=ksad050&rft.date=2023-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisagsq%2Fksad050&rft.issn=2634-3797&rft.aulast=Besaw&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft.au=Ritter%2C+Kellan&rft.au=Tezc%C3%BCr%2C+G%C3%BCne%C5%9F+Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisagsq%2Farticle%2F3%2F3%2Fksad050%2F7282426%23418991694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Anstrom, Jan; Duyvesteyn, Isabelle (2004): Rethinking the Nature of War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzj7GaVlGugC&dq=conventional+war+definition&pg=PA72">pp. 72-80</a>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35461-5">978-0-415-35461-5</a>.</li> <li>Deane, Hugh (1999): The Korean War: 1945-1953, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMJpnYmKNQsC&dq=%22korean+war%22+casualties+20%25+population&pg=PA149">p. 149</a>, China Books & Periodicals, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2644-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2644-1">978-0-8351-2644-1</a>.</li> <li>Hartley, Cathy et al (2004): Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FpOkNTYjMsC&dq=1982+lebanon+war+%22civilian+casualties%22&pg=PA91">p. 91</a>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-261-9">978-1-85743-261-9</a>.</li> <li>Larson, Eric V. (2007): Misfortunes of War: Press and Public Reactions to Civilian Deaths in Wartime, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ObdTmQksYC&dq=%22operation+allied+force%22+casualties&pg=PA63">pp. 65, 71</a>, RAND Corp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3897-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3897-5">978-0-8330-3897-5</a>.</li> <li>Layoun, Mary N. et al (2001): Wedded to the Land? Gender, Boundaries, & Nationalism in Crisis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYidUIGpUDcC&dq=1982+lebanon+war+%22civilian+casualties%22&pg=PA134">p. 134</a>, Duke University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2545-1">978-0-8223-2545-1</a>.</li> <li>Mattar, Philip: (2005): Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&dq=1982+lebanon+war+%22civilian+casualties%22&pg=PA47">p. 47</a>, Facts on File, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5764-1">978-0-8160-5764-1</a>.</li> <li>Sadowski, Yahya M. (1998): The Myth of Global Chaos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHJRCC4Ddx4C&dq=%22world+war+II%22+%22civilian+casualties%22&pg=PA134">p. 134</a>, Brookings Institution Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7664-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7664-2">978-0-8157-7664-2</a>.</li> <li>Snow, Donald M. (1996): Uncivil Wars: International Security and the New Internal Conflicts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtwR78q8oKQC&dq=unconventional+war+definition&pg=PA65">pp. 64-66</a>, Lynne Rienner Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-655-5">978-1-55587-655-5</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumasVedel-Petersen1923" class="citation book cs1">Dumas, Samuel; Vedel-Petersen, K. O. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lossesoflifecaus00samu#page/115/mode/1up">"Chapter VII: The mortality of the civilian population"</a>. In Westergaard, Harald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lossesoflifecaus00samu">Losses of Life Caused by War</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VII%3A+The+mortality+of+the+civilian+population&rft.btitle=Losses+of+Life+Caused+by+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Vedel-Petersen%2C+K.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flossesoflifecaus00samu%23page%2F115%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+casualty+ratio" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&oldid=1276147527">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&oldid=1276147527</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ratios" title="Category:Ratios">Ratios</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">War on terror</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civilian_casualties" title="Category:Civilian casualties">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2020">Articles with dead external links from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from February 2025">Articles that may contain original research from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2016" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 04:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualty_ratio&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Civilian casualty ratio</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 3 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-8546f6c9bd-ld8h2","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.898","walltime":"1.028","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6965,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":122387,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5794,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":261628,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 894.174 1 -total"," 54.79% 489.945 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.11% 117.251 24 Template:Cite_web"," 12.59% 112.537 2 Template:Citation"," 8.46% 75.686 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.41% 57.310 10 Template:ISBN"," 6.01% 53.774 1 Template:Pp-extended"," 5.77% 51.550 1 Template:Original_research"," 5.56% 49.713 10 Template:Cite_news"," 5.24% 46.825 1 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.488","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8095610,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-nk2bt","timestamp":"20250218035110","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Civilian casualty ratio","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civilian_casualty_ratio","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5124739","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5124739","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-11-23T18:31:47Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T04:23:08Z","headline":"ratio of civilian casualties to combatant casualties, or total casualties"}</script> </body> </html>