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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_world_to_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_world_to_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient world to Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_world_to_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flammability_and_heat_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flammability_and_heat_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flammability and heat response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flammability_and_heat_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monosaccharides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monosaccharides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Monosaccharides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monosaccharides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disaccharides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaccharides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Disaccharides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaccharides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sugar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sugar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugarcane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugarcane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sugarcane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugarcane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar_beet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_beet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sugar beet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_beet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Refining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_and_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_and_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Forms and uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_and_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms and uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_and_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crystal_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Crystal size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Shapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_sugars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_sugars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Brown sugars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_sugars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_sugars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_sugars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Liquid sugars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_sugars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sweeteners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sweeteners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Other sweeteners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sweeteners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_and_flavor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_and_flavor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Nutrition and flavor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_flavor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar_industry_funding_and_health_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_industry_funding_and_health_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sugar industry funding and health information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_industry_funding_and_health_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obesity_and_metabolic_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obesity_and_metabolic_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Obesity and metabolic syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obesity_and_metabolic_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Cognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tooth_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tooth_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Tooth decay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tooth_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Nutritional displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recommended_dietary_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommended_dietary_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Recommended dietary intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommended_dietary_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Measurements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sugar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikers" title="Suikers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suikers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucker" title="Zucker – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zucker" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%B3%E1%88%AD" title="ስኳር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስኳር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swe%C4%A1e" title="Sweġe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sweġe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1" title="سكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucre" title="Zucre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zucre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%9F%DC%AA" title="ܫܟܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܟܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Շաքար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շաքար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahari" title="Zahari – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Zahari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="চেনি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চেনি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azucre" title="Azucre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Azucre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirat%C3%A3" title="Eiratã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eiratã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99k%C9%99r" title="Şəkər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəkər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شکر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شکر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="চিনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thn%CC%82g" title="Thn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шәкәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шәкәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цукар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цукар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цукар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цукар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चीनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugga" title="Zugga – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zugga" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šećer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukr" title="Sukr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sukr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sucre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Сахăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сахăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukal" title="Asukal – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Asukal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukr" title="Cukr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cukr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuga" title="Shuga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shuga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwgr" title="Siwgr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siwgr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukker" title="Sukker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sukker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucker" title="Zucker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zucker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sh%C4%AF%C4%AFh_%C5%82ikan" title="Áshįįh łikan – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Áshįįh łikan" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhkrud" title="Suhkrud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suhkrud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Ζάχαρη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζάχαρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Ламбо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ламбо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%BAcar" title="Azúcar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azúcar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukero" title="Sukero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sukero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7uca" title="Açuca – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Açuca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azukre" title="Azukre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azukre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chini" title="Chini – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chini" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukur" title="Sukur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sukur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sucre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBker" title="Sûker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%BAcra" title="Siúcra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siúcra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B9car" title="Siùcar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siùcar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azucre" title="Azucre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Azucre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шекар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шекар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2ng" title="Thòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95" title="설탕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="설탕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukari" title="Sukari – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sukari" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Շաքար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շաքար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शर्करा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शर्करा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87eri" title="Šećeri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šećeri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukro" title="Sukro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sukro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83n%C3%BA_od%E1%BA%B9ne" title="Ńnú odẹne – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ńnú odẹne" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucro" title="Sucro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sucro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B1%E1%91%B2%E1%92%83" title="ᓱᑲᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓱᑲᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avu" title="Avu – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Avu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%80" title="Сæкæр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæкæр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushukela" title="Ushukela – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ushukela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykur" title="Sykur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="סוכר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಕ್ಕರೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಕ್ಕರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შაქარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაქარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%88" title="کھنٛڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کھنٛڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Қант – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қант" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugra" title="Sugra – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sugra" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isukari" title="Isukari – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isukari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isukari" title="Isukari – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Isukari" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukari" title="Sukari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sukari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik_(materyo)" title="Sik (materyo) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sik (materyo)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk" title="Souk – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Souk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eekir" title="Şekir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şekir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharum_(alimentum)" title="Saccharum (alimentum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saccharum (alimentum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukurs" title="Cukurs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cukurs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrus" title="Cukrus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cukrus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3kker" title="Sókker – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sókker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suk%C3%A1li" title="Sukáli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sukáli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucar" title="Zucar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Zucar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakta" title="sakta – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sakta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuqer" title="Zuqer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zuqer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukor" title="Cukor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cukor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चिनी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चिनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шеќер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шеќер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siramamy" title="Siramamy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siramamy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0" title="പഞ്ചസാര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചസാര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0" title="साखर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साखर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჭაფურია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭაფურია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1" title="سكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gulo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2ng" title="Tòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Захар" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Чихэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чихэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သကြား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သကြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxtillan_chiyancaca" title="Caxtillan chiyancaca – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Caxtillan chiyancaca" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovu" title="Dovu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dovu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelsuiker" title="Tafelsuiker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tafelsuiker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चिनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चिनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E7%B3%96" title="砂糖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="砂糖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шекар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шекар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukker" title="Sukker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sukker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukker" title="Sukker – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sukker" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chucre" title="Chucre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chucre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sucre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF" title="ଚିନି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚିନି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qand" title="Qand – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qand" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਖੰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شکر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شکر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucker" title="Zucker – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zucker" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukier_spo%C5%BCywczy" title="Cukier spożywczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cukier spożywczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%BAcar" title="Açúcar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Açúcar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zah%C4%83r" title="Zahăr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zahăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сахар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саахар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саахар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शर्करा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्करा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱤᱱᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱤᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succar" title="Succar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Succar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheqeri" title="Sheqeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sheqeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B9ccaru" title="Zùccaru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zùccaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92" title="සීනි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සීනි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sugar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%8A" title="کنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukor_(sladidlo)" title="Cukor (sladidlo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cukor (sladidlo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sladkor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonkor" title="Sonkor – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sonkor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شەکر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەکر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шећер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шећер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šećer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokerit" title="Sokerit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sokerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socker" title="Socker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukal" title="Asukal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asukal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="சீனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шикәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шикәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0" title="పంచదార – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంచదార" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="น้ำตาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำตาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Қанд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қанд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9%27keemahpe" title="Vé'keemahpe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vé'keemahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeker" title="Şeker – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şeker" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Цукор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цукор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%91%D8%B1" title="شکّر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شکّر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%90%D9%83%DB%95%D8%B1" title="شېكەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شېكەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangz" title="Dangz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dangz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9caro" title="Sùcaro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sùcaro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahar_(produkt)" title="Sahar (produkt) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sahar (produkt)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_(th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9m)" title="Đường (thực phẩm) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường (thực phẩm)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souke" title="Souke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Souke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suukala" title="Suukala – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Suukala" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyker" title="Suyker – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Suyker" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukar" title="Sukar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sukar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" title="食糖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="食糖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="צוקער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צוקער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C3%BAg%C3%A0" title="Ṣúgà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ṣúgà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="糖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokros" title="Sokros – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sokros" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="糖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukl%C3%A8" title="Suklè – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Suklè" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99nd" title="Qənd – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Qənd" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11002#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
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For common table sugar, see <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sugar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sugar (disambiguation)">Sugar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg/220px-Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg/330px-Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg/440px-Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Sugars (clockwise from top-left): <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">white refined</a>, unrefined, <a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">brown</a>, unprocessed cane </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sugar</b> is the generic name for <a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">sweet-tasting</a>, soluble <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>. Compound sugars, also called <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharides</a> or double sugars, are molecules made of two <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">bonded</a> monosaccharides; common examples are <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> (glucose + fructose), <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> (glucose + galactose), and <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a> (two molecules of glucose). <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White sugar</a> is a refined form of sucrose. In the body, compound sugars are <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolysed">hydrolysed</a> into simple sugars. </p><p>Longer chains of monosaccharides (>2) are not regarded as sugars and are called <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>. <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> is a glucose polymer found in plants, the most abundant source of energy in <a href="/wiki/Human_food" title="Human food">human food</a>. Some other chemical substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">sugar alcohols</a>, may have a sweet taste but are not classified as sugar. </p><p>Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants. <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> and fruits are abundant natural sources of simple sugars. Sucrose is especially concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>, making them ideal for efficient commercial <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extraction</a> to make refined sugar. In 2016, the combined world production of those two crops was about two billion <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>. Maltose may be produced by <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malting</a> grain. Lactose is the only sugar that cannot be extracted from plants. It can only be found in milk, including human breast milk, and in some <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>. A cheap source of sugar is <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>, industrially produced by converting <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a> into sugars, such as maltose, fructose and glucose. </p><p>Sucrose is used in prepared foods (e.g., cookies and cakes), is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added</a> to commercially available <a href="/wiki/Ultra-processed_food" title="Ultra-processed food">ultra-processed food</a> and beverages, and is sometimes used as a sweetener for foods (e.g., toast and cereal) and beverages (e.g., coffee and tea). The average person consumes about 24 kilograms (53 pounds) of sugar each year. North and South Americans consume up to 50 kg (110 lb), and Africans consume under 20 kg (44 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">free sugar</a> consumption grew in the latter part of the 20th century, researchers began to examine whether a diet high in free sugar, especially refined sugar, was damaging to <a href="/wiki/Human_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Human health">human health</a>. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> strongly recommended that adults and children reduce their intake of free sugars to less than 10% of their total <a href="/wiki/Energy_homeostasis" title="Energy homeostasis">energy intake</a> and encouraged a reduction to below 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2015p4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2015p4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, high sugar consumption damages human health more than it provides nutritional benefit and is associated with a risk of cardiometabolic and other health detriments.<sup id="cite_ref-huang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of <i>sugar</i> reflects the commodity's spread. From <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">śarkarā</i></span></i>, meaning "ground or candied sugar", came <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <i><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">shakar</i></span></i> and Arabic <i>sukkar</i>. The Arabic word was borrowed in Medieval Latin as <i>succarum</i>, whence came the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">French</a> <i>sucre</i> and the English <i>sugar</i>. Sugar was introduced into Europe by the Arabs in Sicily and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word <i><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a></i>, a coarse <a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">brown sugar</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> sap or <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> juice, has a similar etymological origin: Portuguese <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">jágara</i></span></i> from the Malayalam <i><span title="Malayalam-language text"><i lang="ml-Latn">cakkarā</i></span></i>, which is from the Sanskrit <i><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">śarkarā</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History of sugar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_world_to_Renaissance">Ancient world to Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient world to Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/250px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/330px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/500px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">Sugar cane</a> plantation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sugar has been produced in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moxham2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moxham2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for thousands of years. Sugarcane cultivation spread from there into China via the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> and caravan routes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not plentiful or cheap in early times, and in most parts of the world, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> was more often used for sweetening.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, people chewed raw sugarcane to extract its sweetness. Even after refined sugarcane became more widely available during the European colonial era,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">palm sugar</a> was preferred in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and other sugar producing parts of southeast Asia, and along with <a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">coconut sugar</a>, is still used locally to make desserts today.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugarcane is native of tropical areas such as the Indian subcontinent (South Asia) and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Moxham2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moxham2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiple_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiple-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different species seem to have originated from different locations; <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_barberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharum barberi">Saccharum barberi</a></i> originated in India, and <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_edule" title="Saccharum edule">S. edule</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">S. officinarum</a></i> came from <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiple_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiple-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharpe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharpe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest historical references to sugarcane is in Chinese manuscripts dating to the 8th century BCE, which state that the use of sugarcane originated in India.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the tradition of Indian medicine (<a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">āyurveda</a>), sugarcane is known by the name <i>Ikṣu</i>, and sugarcane juice is known as <i>Phāṇita</i>. Its varieties, synonyms and characteristics are defined in <a href="/wiki/Nighantu" title="Nighantu">nighaṇṭus</a> such as the Bhāvaprakāśa (1.6.23, group of sugarcanes).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">sugarcane juice</a> into granulated crystals that were easier to store and transport. At around 350 AD, Indian figure out a way to create crystalized sugar from the sugarcane juice. It was then considered as 'sweet spice' and Indian trader started trading suagr outside India.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> attested to the method in his 1st century CE medical treatise <i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a kind of coalesced honey called sakcharon [i.e. sugar] found in reeds in India and <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Eudaimon Arabia</a> similar in consistency to salt and brittle enough to be broken between the teeth like salt,</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pedanius Dioscorides, Materia Medica, Book II<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the local Indian language, these crystals were called <i>khanda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: खण्ड, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Khaṇḍa</i></span>), which is the source of the word <i>candy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian sailors, who carried <a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">clarified butter</a> and sugar as supplies, introduced knowledge of sugar along the various <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a> they travelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Adas_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adas-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling Buddhist monks took sugar <a href="/wiki/Crystallization_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallization methods">crystallization methods</a> to China.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieschnick1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieschnick1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> (r. 606–647) in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, Indian envoys in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a> taught methods of cultivating sugarcane after <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> (r. 626–649) made known his interest in sugar. China established its first sugarcane plantations in the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-sen_38_40_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen_38_40-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, to obtain technology for sugar refining.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieschnick11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieschnick11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trionfi_di_Cibele_e_Juno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trionfi_di_Cibele_e_Juno.jpg/220px-Trionfi_di_Cibele_e_Juno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trionfi_di_Cibele_e_Juno.jpg/330px-Trionfi_di_Cibele_e_Juno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trionfi_di_Cibele_e_Juno.jpg/440px-Trionfi_di_Cibele_e_Juno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Two elaborate sugar <i><a href="/wiki/Trionfo" title="Trionfo">triomfi</a></i> of goddesses for a dinner given by the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Castlemaine" title="Earl of Castlemaine">Earl of Castlemaine</a>, British ambassador in Rome, 1687</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a>, admiral of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, knew of sugar during the year 325 BC because of his participation in <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great#Sources" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">the campaign of India</a> led by Alexander (<i><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_Alexandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabasis Alexandri">Anabasis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a>, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> also described sugar in his 1st century CE <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>: "<i>Sugar is made in Arabia as well, but Indian sugar is better. It is a kind of honey found in cane, white as gum, and it crunches between the teeth. It comes in lumps the size of a hazelnut. Sugar is used only for medical purposes.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-faas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> brought sugar back to Europe after their campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, where they encountered caravans carrying "sweet salt". Early in the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> acquired some villages near <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and set up estates to produce sugar for export to Europe. It supplemented the use of honey, which had previously been the only available sweetener.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponting_2000_481_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponting_2000_481-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crusade chronicler <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, writing in the late 12th century, described sugar as "very necessary for the use and health of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> was the chief sugar refining and distribution center in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a drastic change in the mid-15th century, when <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> were settled from Europe and sugar introduced there.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manning-2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this an "all-consuming passion for sugar ... swept through society" as it became far more easily available, though initially still very expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1492, Madeira was producing over 1,400,000 kilograms (3,000,000 lb) of sugar annually.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, one of the centers of distribution, became known for candied fruit, while Venice specialized in pastries, sweets (candies), and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">sugar sculptures</a>. Sugar was considered to have "valuable medicinal properties" as a "warm" food under prevailing categories, being "helpful to the stomach, to cure cold diseases, and sooth lung complaints".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A feast given in <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> in 1457 by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_IV,_Count_of_Foix" title="Gaston IV, Count of Foix">Gaston de Foix</a>, which is "probably the best and most complete account we have of a late medieval banquet" includes the first mention of sugar sculptures, as the final food brought in was "a heraldic menagerie sculpted in sugar: lions, stags, monkeys ... each holding in paw or beak the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian king</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recorded grand feasts in the decades following included similar pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally the sculptures seem to have been eaten in the meal, but later they become merely table decorations, the most elaborate called <i><a href="/wiki/Trionfo" title="Trionfo">trionfi</a></i>. Several significant sculptors are known to have produced them; in some cases their preliminary drawings survive. Early ones were in brown sugar, partly <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> in molds, with the final touches carved. They continued to be used until at least the Coronation Banquet for <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII of the United Kingdom</a> in 1903; among other sculptures every guest was given a sugar crown to take away.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg/200px-Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg/300px-Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg/400px-Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sugar cane; demand for sugar contributed to creating <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial systems</a> in areas where cultivation of sugar cane was profitable.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/200px-Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/300px-Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/400px-Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Hacienda La Fortuna.</i> A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico, painted by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Oller" title="Francisco Oller">Francisco Oller</a> in 1885, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div><p>In August 1492, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> collected sugar cane samples in <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, and introduced it to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cuttings were planted and the first sugar-cane harvest in <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> took place in 1501. Many sugar mills had been constructed in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Jamaica">Jamaica</a> by the 1520s.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese took sugar cane to Brazil. By 1540, there were 800 cane-sugar mills in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_Island" title="Santa Catarina Island">Santa Catarina Island</a> and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Demarara" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarara">Demarara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a>. It took until 1600 for Brazilian sugar production to exceed that of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>, which was the main center of sugar production in sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning-2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andreas_Sigismund_Marggaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggaf.jpg/147px-Andreas_Sigismund_Marggaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggaf.jpg/221px-Andreas_Sigismund_Marggaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggaf.jpg/294px-Andreas_Sigismund_Marggaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achard_Franz_Karl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Achard_Franz_Karl.jpg/157px-Achard_Franz_Karl.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Achard_Franz_Karl.jpg/236px-Achard_Franz_Karl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Achard_Franz_Karl.jpg/314px-Achard_Franz_Karl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">German chemists <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Karl_Achard" title="Franz Karl Achard">Franz Karl Achard</a> (right) both laid the foundation of the modern sugar industry.</div></div></div></div> <p>Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the early 19th century, when it became more widely available, due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">beet sugar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and later in <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beet sugar was a German invention, since, in 1747, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> announced the discovery of sugar in beets and devised a method using alcohol to extract it.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marggraf's student, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Karl_Achard" title="Franz Karl Achard">Franz Karl Achard</a>, devised an economical industrial method to extract the sugar in its pure form in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achard first produced beet sugar in 1783 in <a href="/wiki/Kaulsdorf_(Berlin)" title="Kaulsdorf (Berlin)">Kaulsdorf</a>, and in 1801, the world's first beet sugar production facility was established in <a href="/wiki/Konary,_Wo%C5%82%C3%B3w_County" title="Konary, Wołów County">Cunern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> (then part of Prussia, now <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of Marggraf and Achard were the starting point for the sugar industry in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the modern sugar industry in general, since sugar was no longer a luxury product and a product almost only produced in warmer climates.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar became highly popular and by the 19th century, was found in every household. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient resulted in major economic and social changes.<sup id="cite_ref-mintz_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mintz-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand drove, in part, the colonization of tropical islands and areas where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and sugar manufacturing facilities could be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-mintz_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mintz-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World consumption increased more than 100 times from 1850 to 2000, led by Britain, where it increased from about 2 pounds per head per year in 1650 to 90 pounds by the early 20th century. In the late 18th century Britain consumed about half the sugar which reached Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After slavery was <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a>, the demand for workers in European colonies in the Caribbean was filled by <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured laborers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britain1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britain1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of enslaved or indentured laborers were brought to various European colonies in the Americas, Africa and Asia (as a result of demand in Europe for among other commodities, sugar), influencing the ethnic mixture of numerous nations around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar also led to some industrialization of areas where sugar cane was grown. For example, in the 1790s Lieutenant J. Paterson, of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British parliament</a> the idea that sugar cane could grow in <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British India</a>, where it had started, with many advantages and at less expense than in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. As a result, sugar factories were established in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> in eastern India.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, sugar-beet production increased in continental Europe because of the difficulty of importing sugar when shipping was subject to <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>. By 1880 the sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe. It was also cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> and other parts of England, although the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the late nineteenth century, sugar was purchased in <a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">loaves</a>, which had to be cut using implements called <a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">sugar nips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, granulated sugar was more usually sold in bags. <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cube" title="Sugar cube">Sugar cubes</a> were produced in the nineteenth century. The first inventor of a process to produce sugar in cube form was <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Christof_Rad" title="Jakob Christof Rad">Jakob Christof Rad</a>, director of a sugar refinery in <a href="/wiki/Da%C4%8Dice" title="Dačice">Dačice</a>. In 1841, he produced the first sugar cube in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-history_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began sugar-cube production after being granted a five-year patent for the process on 23 January 1843. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tate" title="Henry Tate">Henry Tate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a> was another early manufacturer of sugar cubes at his refineries in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and London. Tate purchased a patent for sugar-cube manufacture from German <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Langen" title="Eugen Langen">Eugen Langen</a>, who in 1872 had invented a different method of processing of sugar cubes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar was rationed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, though it was said that "No previous war in history has been fought so largely on sugar and so little on alcohol",<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more sharply during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rationing led to the development and use of various <a href="/wiki/Artificial_sweeteners" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial sweeteners">artificial sweeteners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Saccharose2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/345px-Saccharose2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="345" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/518px-Saccharose2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/690px-Saccharose2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a>: a disaccharide of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Scientifically, <i>sugar</i> loosely refers to a number of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharides</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>. Monosaccharides are also called "simple sugars", the most important being glucose. Most monosaccharides have a formula that conforms to <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">n</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2n</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">n</sub></span></span></span> with n between 3 and 7 (<a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> being an exception). <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">molecular formula</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span>. The names of typical sugars end with -<i>ose</i>, as in "glucose" and "<a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>". Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> soluble in water. The <a href="/wiki/Open-chain_compound" title="Open-chain compound">acyclic</a> mono- and disaccharides contain either <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehyde</a> groups or <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a> groups. These <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbon-oxygen</a> double bonds (C=O) are the reactive centers. All <a href="/wiki/Saccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharide">saccharides</a> with more than one ring in their structure result from two or more monosaccharides joined by <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bonds</a> with the resultant loss of a molecule of water (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) per bond.<sup id="cite_ref-Pigman_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pigman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a> in a closed-chain form can form glycosidic bonds with other monosaccharides, creating disaccharides (such as <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>). <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">Enzymes</a> must hydrolyze or otherwise break these glycosidic bonds before such compounds become <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a>. After digestion and absorption the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Many <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">pentoses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">hexoses</a> can form <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">ring structures</a>. In these closed-chain forms, the aldehyde or ketone group remains non-free, so many of the reactions typical of these groups cannot occur. Glucose in solution exists mostly in the ring form at <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">equilibrium</a>, with less than 0.1% of the molecules in the open-chain form.<sup id="cite_ref-Pigman_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pigman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_polymers">Natural polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Natural polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">Biopolymers</a> of sugars are common in nature. Through photosynthesis, plants produce <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate">glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</a> (G3P), a phosphated 3-carbon sugar that is used by the cell to make monosaccharides such as glucose (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span>) or (as in cane and beet) sucrose (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">22</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sub></span></span></span>). Monosaccharides may be further converted into <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides#Structural_polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">structural polysaccharides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> construction or into energy reserves in the form of <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides#Storage_polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">storage polysaccharides</a> such as starch or <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">inulin</a>. Starch, consisting of two different polymers of glucose, is a readily degradable form of chemical <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">energy</a> stored by <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, and can be converted to other types of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Pigman_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pigman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another polymer of glucose is cellulose, which is a linear chain composed of several hundred or thousand glucose units. It is used by plants as a structural component in their cell walls. Humans can digest cellulose only to a very limited extent, though <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> can do so with the help of <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> bacteria in their gut.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> are built up of the monosaccharides <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, respectively. Deoxyribose has the formula <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> and ribose the formula <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flammability_and_heat_response">Flammability and heat response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flammability and heat response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/220px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/330px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/440px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Magnification of grains of refined <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, the most common <a href="/wiki/Free_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Free sugar">free sugar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because sugars burn easily when exposed to flame, the handling of sugars risks <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">dust explosion</a>. The risk of explosion is higher when the sugar has been milled to superfine texture, such as for use in <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2008_Georgia_sugar_refinery_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion">2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion</a>, which killed 14 people and injured 36, and destroyed most of the refinery, was caused by the ignition of sugar dust.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its culinary use, exposing sugar to heat causes <a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">caramelization</a>. As the process occurs, <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Diacetyl" title="Diacetyl">diacetyl</a> are released, producing the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a> flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monosaccharides">Monosaccharides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monosaccharides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fructose, galactose, and glucose are all simple sugars, monosaccharides, with the general formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. They have five hydroxyl groups (−OH) and a carbonyl group (C=O) and are cyclic when dissolved in water. They each exist as several <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a> with dextro- and laevo-rotatory forms that cause polarized light to diverge to the right or the left.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></b>, or fruit sugar, occurs naturally in fruits, some root vegetables, cane sugar and honey and is the sweetest of the sugars. It is one of the components of sucrose or table sugar. It is used as a <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose syrup</a>, which is manufactured from hydrolyzed corn starch that has been processed to yield <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>, with enzymes then added to convert part of the glucose into fructose.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></b> generally does not occur in the free state but is a constituent with glucose of the disaccharide <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> or milk sugar. It is less sweet than glucose. It is a component of the antigens found on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> that determine <a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system" title="ABO blood group system">blood groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_and_Johnson_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_and_Johnson-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></b> occurs naturally in fruits and plant juices and is the primary product of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> is converted into glucose during digestion, and glucose is the form of sugar that is transported around the bodies of animals in the bloodstream. Although in principle there are two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a> of glucose (mirror images one of the other), naturally occurring glucose is D-glucose. This is also called <b>dextrose</b>, or <i>grape sugar</i> because drying grape juice produces crystals of dextrose that can be <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieved</a> from the other components.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glucose syrup is a liquid form of glucose that is widely used in the manufacture of foodstuffs. It can be manufactured from starch by <a href="/wiki/Enzymatic_hydrolysis" title="Enzymatic hydrolysis">enzymatic hydrolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>, which is produced commercially by breaking down <a href="/wiki/Maize_starch" class="mw-redirect" title="Maize starch">maize starch</a>, is one common source of purified dextrose.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, dextrose is naturally present in many unprocessed, <a href="/wiki/Whole_food" title="Whole food">whole foods</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and fruits such as grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaccharides">Disaccharides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disaccharides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub></span>. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></b> is the naturally occurring sugar found in milk. A molecule of lactose is formed by the combination of a molecule of galactose with a molecule of glucose. It is broken down when consumed into its constituent parts by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Lactase" title="Lactase">lactase</a> during digestion. Children have this enzyme but some adults no longer form it and they are unable to digest lactose.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></b> is formed during the germination of certain grains, the most notable being <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, which is converted into <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>, the source of the sugar's name. A molecule of maltose is formed by the combination of two molecules of glucose. It is less sweet than glucose, fructose or sucrose.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is formed in the body during the digestion of starch by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a> and is itself broken down during digestion by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Maltase" title="Maltase">maltase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></b> is found in the stems of sugarcane and roots of sugar beet. It also occurs naturally alongside fructose and glucose in other plants, in particular fruits and some roots such as carrots. The different proportions of sugars found in these foods determines the range of sweetness experienced when eating them.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A molecule of sucrose is formed by the combination of a molecule of glucose with a molecule of fructose. After being eaten, sucrose is split into its constituent parts during digestion by a number of enzymes known as <a href="/wiki/Sucrase" title="Sucrase">sucrases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sugar contents of common fruits and vegetables are presented in Table 1. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Table 1. Sugar content of selected common plant foods (g/100g)<sup id="cite_ref-www.nal.usda.gov_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nal.usda.gov-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Food item </th> <th>Total<br />carbohydrate<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">A</a></sup><br />including<br /><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> </th> <th>Total<br />sugars </th> <th>Free<br />fructose </th> <th>Free<br />glucose </th> <th>Sucrose </th> <th>Fructose/<br />(Fructose+Glucose)<br />ratio<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">B</a></sup> </th> <th>Sucrose<br />as a % of<br />total sugars </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Fruits</i></th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a></td> <td>13.8</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>0.67</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></td> <td>11.1</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></td> <td>22.8</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">Fig</a>, dried</td> <td>63.9</td> <td>47.9</td> <td>22.9</td> <td>24.8</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.48</td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">Grapes</a></td> <td>18.1</td> <td>15.5</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.53</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navel_orange" title="Navel orange">Navel orange</a></td> <td>12.5</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>2.25</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>0.51</td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peach</a></td> <td>9.5</td> <td>8.4</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></td> <td>15.5</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>0.67</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapple</a></td> <td>13.1</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>0.52</td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></td> <td>11.4</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></td> <td>7.68</td> <td>4.89</td> <td>2.441</td> <td>1.99</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>0.55</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Vegetables</i></th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">Beet</a>, red</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carrot</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">Corn, sweet</a></td> <td>19.0</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Red pepper</a>, sweet</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.55</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion" title="Sweet onion">Onion, sweet</a></td> <td>7.6</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potato</a></td> <td>20.1</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></td> <td>27.9</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>tr</td> <td>tr</td> <td>tr</td> <td>na</td> <td>tr </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">Sugar cane</a></td> <td></td> <td>13–18</td> <td>0.2–1.0</td> <td>0.2–1.0</td> <td>11–16</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>high </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></td> <td></td> <td>17–18</td> <td>0.1–0.5</td> <td>0.1–0.5</td> <td>16–17</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>high </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^A</a></b></span> The carbohydrate figure is calculated in the USDA database and does not always correspond to the sum of the sugars, the starch, and the dietary fiber.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (September 2023)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^B</a></b></span> The fructose to fructose plus glucose ratio is calculated by including the fructose and glucose coming from the sucrose.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars</a></div> <p>Due to rising demand, sugar production in general increased some 14% over the period 2009 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-usda17_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda17-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest importers were China, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-usda17_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda17-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar">Sugar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sugar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022–2023 world production of sugar was 186 million tonnes, and in 2023–2024 an estimated 194 million tonnes — a surplus of 5 million tonnes, according to <a href="/wiki/Ragus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragus">Ragus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sugarcane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:15em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Sugarcane production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%; text-align:center;"><small>Millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>724.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>439.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>103.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>92.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>1,922.1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat-sc22_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-sc22-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sugar cane accounted for around 21% of the global crop production over the 2000–2021 period. The Americas was the leading region in the production of sugar cane (52% of the world total).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global production of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> in 2022 was 1.9 billion tonnes, with Brazil producing 38% of the world total and India 23% (table). </p><p>Sugarcane is any of several species, or their hybrids, of giant grasses in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum" title="Saccharum">Saccharum</a></i> in the family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>. They have been cultivated in tropical climates in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over centuries for the sucrose found in their stems.<sup id="cite_ref-Moxham2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moxham2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Raw_Sugar,_Main_Producers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/World_Production_Of_Raw_Sugar%2C_Main_Producers.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Raw_Sugar%2C_Main_Producers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/World_Production_Of_Raw_Sugar%2C_Main_Producers.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Raw_Sugar%2C_Main_Producers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/World_Production_Of_Raw_Sugar%2C_Main_Producers.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Raw_Sugar%2C_Main_Producers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>World production of raw sugar, main producers<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sugar cane requires a frost-free climate with sufficient rainfall during the growing season to make full use of the plant's substantial growth potential. The crop is harvested mechanically or by hand, chopped into lengths and conveyed rapidly to the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar mill">processing plant</a> (commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar mill">sugar mill</a>) where it is either milled and the juice extracted with water or extracted by diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-skil2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skil2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The juice is clarified with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">lime</a> and heated to destroy <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>. The resulting thin syrup is concentrated in a series of evaporators, after which further water is removed. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">supersaturated</a> solution is seeded with sugar crystals, facilitating crystal formation and drying.<sup id="cite_ref-skil2_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skil2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a> is a by-product of the process and the fiber from the stems, known as <a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-skil2_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skil2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is burned to provide energy for the sugar extraction process. The crystals of raw sugar have a sticky brown coating and either can be used as they are, can be bleached by <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, or can be treated in a <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">carbonatation</a> process to produce a whiter product.<sup id="cite_ref-skil2_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skil2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2,500 litres (660 US gal) of irrigation water is needed for every one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of sugar produced.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_beet">Sugar beet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sugar beet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:15em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Sugar beet production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%; text-align:center;"><small>Millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>48.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>31.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>29.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>28.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>260</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat-sc22_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-sc22-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, global production of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a> was 260 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by Russia with 18.8% of the world total (table). </p><p>Sugar beet became a major source of sugar in the 19th century when methods for extracting the sugar became available. It is a <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial plant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivated variety</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_vulgaris" title="Beta vulgaris">Beta vulgaris</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a>, the tuberous root of which contains a high proportion of sucrose. It is cultivated as a root crop in temperate regions with adequate rainfall and requires a fertile soil. The crop is harvested mechanically in the autumn and the crown of leaves and excess soil removed. The roots do not deteriorate rapidly and may be left in the field for some weeks before being transported to the processing plant where the crop is washed and sliced, and the sugar extracted by diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-skil_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skil-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milk_of_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk of lime">Milk of lime</a> is added to the raw juice with <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">calcium carbonate</a>. After water is evaporated by boiling the syrup under a vacuum, the syrup is cooled and seeded with sugar crystals. The <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">white sugar</a> that crystallizes can be separated in a centrifuge and dried, requiring no further refining.<sup id="cite_ref-skil_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skil-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refining">Refining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Refining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Sugar refinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White sugar</a></div> <p>Refined sugar is made from raw sugar that has undergone a <a href="/wiki/Refining" title="Refining">refining</a> process to remove the <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agrifinasi_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agrifinasi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kompas_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kompas-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raw sugar is sucrose which is extracted from sugarcane or <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>. While raw sugar can be consumed, the refining process removes unwanted tastes and results in refined sugar or white sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-western_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-western-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tebu_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tebu-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sugar may be transported in bulk to the country where it will be used and the refining process often takes place there. The first stage is known as affination and involves immersing the sugar crystals in a concentrated syrup that softens and removes the sticky brown coating without dissolving them. The crystals are then separated from the liquor and dissolved in water. The resulting syrup is treated either by a <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">carbonatation</a> or by a phosphatation process. Both involve the precipitation of a fine solid in the syrup and when this is filtered out, many of the impurities are removed at the same time. Removal of color is achieved by using either a granular <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin" title="Ion-exchange resin">ion-exchange resin</a>. The sugar syrup is concentrated by boiling and then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals, causing the sugar to crystallize out. The liquor is spun off in a centrifuge and the white crystals are dried in hot air and ready to be packaged or used. The surplus liquor is made into refiners' molasses.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Uniform_Methods_of_Sugar_Analysis" title="International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis">International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis</a> sets standards for the measurement of the purity of refined sugar, known as ICUMSA numbers; lower numbers indicate a higher level of purity in the refined sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Refined sugar is widely used for industrial needs for higher quality. Refined sugar is purer (ICUMSA below 300) than raw sugar (ICUMSA over 1,500).<sup id="cite_ref-tebu_2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tebu_2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of purity associated with the colors of sugar, expressed by standard number <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Uniform_Methods_of_Sugar_Analysis" title="International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis">ICUMSA</a>, the smaller ICUMSA numbers indicate the higher purity of sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-tebu_2_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tebu_2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_and_uses">Forms and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Forms and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_size">Crystal size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Crystal size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered sugar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Misri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Misri.JPG/258px-Misri.JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Misri.JPG/387px-Misri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Misri.JPG/516px-Misri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Misri crystals</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/126px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/189px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/252px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a> coloured with green dye</div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse-grain_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coarse-grain sugar">Coarse-grain sugar</a>, also known as sanding sugar, composed of reflective crystals with grain size of about 1 to 3 mm, similar to <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen salt">kitchen salt</a>. Used atop baked products and candies, it will not dissolve when subjected to heat and moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-TSA_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSA-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Granulated sugar (about 0.6 mm crystals), also known as table sugar or regular sugar, is used at the table, to sprinkle on foods and to sweeten hot drinks (coffee and tea), and in home baking to add sweetness and texture to baked products (cookies and cakes) and desserts (pudding and ice cream). It is also used as a preservative to prevent micro-organisms from growing and perishable food from spoiling, as in candied fruits, jams, and <a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">marmalades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Milled sugars such as <a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">powdered sugar</a> (icing sugar) are ground to a fine powder. They are used for dusting foods and in baking and confectionery.<sup id="cite_ref-BS_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSA_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSA-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Screened sugars such as <a href="/wiki/Caster_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caster sugar">caster sugar</a> are crystalline products separated according to the size of the grains. They are used for decorative table sugars, for blending in dry mixes and in baking and confectionery.<sup id="cite_ref-BS_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shapes">Shapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Shapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lump sugar" redirects here. For the South Korean film, see <a href="/wiki/Lump_Sugar" title="Lump Sugar">Lump Sugar</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg/250px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg/330px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg/500px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5349" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption>Sugar cubes</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cube_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cube sugar">Cube sugar</a> (sometimes called sugar lumps) are white or brown granulated sugars lightly steamed and pressed together in block shape. They are used to sweeten drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-BS_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a> was the usual <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">cone</a>-form in which refined sugar was produced and sold until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_sugars">Brown sugars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Brown sugars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown sugar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_sugar_examples.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brown_sugar_examples.JPG/220px-Brown_sugar_examples.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brown_sugar_examples.JPG/330px-Brown_sugar_examples.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brown_sugar_examples.JPG/440px-Brown_sugar_examples.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3479" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>Brown sugar examples: Muscovado (top), dark brown (left), light brown (right)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown sugars</a> are granulated sugars, either containing residual molasses, or with the grains deliberately coated with molasses to produce a light- or dark-colored sugar such as <a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">muscovado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbinado" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbinado">turbinado</a>. They are used in baked goods, confectionery, and <a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">toffees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BS_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their darkness is due to the amount of molasses they contain. They may be classified based on their darkness or country of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-TSA_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSA-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_sugars">Liquid sugars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Liquid sugars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runny_hunny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/170px-Runny_hunny.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/255px-Runny_hunny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/340px-Runny_hunny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A jar of <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Honey_dipper" title="Honey dipper">dipper</a> and a <a href="/wiki/American_biscuit" class="mw-redirect" title="American biscuit">biscuit</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a> are thick, viscous liquids consisting primarily of a solution of sugar in water. They are used in the food processing of a wide range of products including beverages, <a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">hard candy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">jams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BS_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a>, commonly known as invert syrup or invert sugar, is a mixture of two simple sugars—glucose and fructose—that is made by heating granulated sugar in water. It is used in breads, cakes, and beverages for adjusting sweetness, aiding moisture retention and avoiding crystallization of sugars.<sup id="cite_ref-BS_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">treacle</a> are obtained by removing sugar from sugarcane or sugar beet juice, as a byproduct of sugar production. They may be blended with the above-mentioned syrups to enhance sweetness and used in a range of baked goods and confectionery including toffees and <a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">licorice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BS_102-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">fruit sugars</a> are converted into alcohol by a <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> process. If the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> formed by pressing the fruit has a low sugar content, additional sugar may be added to raise the alcohol content of the wine in a process called <a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">chaptalization</a>. In the production of sweet wines, fermentation may be halted before it has run its full course, leaving behind some <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">residual sugar</a> that gives the wine its sweet taste.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_665-666_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_665-666-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sweeteners">Other sweeteners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other sweeteners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></div> <ul><li>Low-calorie sweeteners are often made of <a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">maltodextrin</a> with added sweeteners. Maltodextrin is an easily digestible synthetic <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> consisting of short chains of three or more glucose molecules and is made by the partial <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of starch.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly, maltodextrin is not classified as sugar as it contains more than two glucose molecules, although its structure is similar to <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a>, a molecule composed of two joined glucose molecules.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">Polyols</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">sugar alcohols</a> and are used in chewing gums where a sweet flavor is required that lasts for a prolonged time in the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Union1990_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Union1990-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worldwide sugar provides 10% of the daily calories (based on a 2000 kcal diet).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1750, the average Briton got 72 calories a day from sugar. In 1913, this had risen to 395. In 2015, sugar still provided around 14% of the calories in British diets.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one source, per capita consumption of sugar in 2016 was highest in the United States, followed by Germany and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_and_flavor">Nutrition and flavor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nutrition and flavor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Sugar (sucrose), brown (with molasses)</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,576 kJ (377 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">97.33 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">96.21 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.008 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.007 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.082 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.026 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 85 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 1.91 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 22 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 133 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 39 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.18 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.77 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328062217/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6318">Full link to USDA database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Sugar (sucrose), granulated</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,619 kJ (387 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">99.98 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">99.91 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.019 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.01 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.03 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306035148/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6319">Full link to USDA database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brown and white granulated sugar are 97% to nearly 100% carbohydrates, respectively, with less than 2% water, and no dietary fiber, protein or fat (table). Brown sugar contains a moderate amount of iron (15% of the <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a> in a 100 gram amount, see table), but a typical serving of 4 grams (one teaspoon), would provide 15 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and a negligible amount of iron or any other nutrient.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because brown sugar contains 5–10% <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> reintroduced during processing, its value to some consumers is a richer flavor than white sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High sugar consumption damages human health more than it provides nutritional benefit, and in particular is associated with a risk of cardiometabolic health detriments.<sup id="cite_ref-huang_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_industry_funding_and_health_information">Sugar industry funding and health information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sugar industry funding and health information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing#Influence_on_health_information_and_guidelines" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing § Influence on health information and guidelines</a></div> <p>Sugar refiners and manufacturers of sugary foods and drinks have sought to influence medical research and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> recommendations,<sup id="cite_ref-conflict_2017_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conflict_2017-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sweet_policies_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweet_policies-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with substantial and largely clandestine spending documented from the 1960s to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-jama2016_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jama2016-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kearns_caries_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearns_caries-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-selling_souls_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selling_souls-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sponsorship_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sponsorship-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of research on the health effects of sugary food and drink differ significantly, depending on whether the researcher has financial ties to the food and drink industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Schillinger_bias_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schillinger_bias-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-financial_Bes-Rasttrollo_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financial_Bes-Rasttrollo-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_linked_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_linked-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 medical review concluded that "unhealthy commodity industries should have no role in the formation of national or international NCD [<a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">non-communicable disease</a>] policy".<sup id="cite_ref-profits_pandemics_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profits_pandemics-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar efforts to steer coverage of sugar-related health information have been made in popular media, including news media and social media.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_cocacola_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_cocacola-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_sweettalk_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_sweettalk-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time_soda_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time_soda-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obesity_and_metabolic_syndrome">Obesity and metabolic syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Obesity and metabolic syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diet_and_obesity#Sugar_consumption" title="Diet and obesity">Diet and obesity § Sugar consumption</a></div> <p>A 2003 technical report by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) provides evidence that high intake of sugary drinks (including <a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">fruit juice</a>) increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> by adding to overall <a href="/wiki/Energy_intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy intake">energy intake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2003_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2003-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By itself, sugar is doubtfully a factor causing obesity and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a> showed that excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increased the risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">type 2 diabetes</a> and metabolic syndrome – including weight gain<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and obesity – in adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sugar consumption does not directly cause cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Australia_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRUK_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRUK-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Council_Australia" title="Cancer Council Australia">Cancer Council Australia</a> have stated that "there is no evidence that consuming sugar makes cancer cells grow faster or cause cancer".<sup id="cite_ref-Australia_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an indirect relationship between sugar consumption and obesity-related cancers through increased risk of excess body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-CRUK_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRUK-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Australia_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research" title="American Institute for Cancer Research">American Institute for Cancer Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Cancer_Research_Fund" title="World Cancer Research Fund">World Cancer Research Fund</a> recommend that people limit sugar consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a popular misconception that cancer can be treated by reducing sugar and carbohydrate intake to supposedly "starve" tumours. In reality, the health of people with cancer is best served by maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mis_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mis-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognition">Cognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite some studies suggesting that sugar consumption causes hyperactivity, the quality of evidence is low<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is generally accepted within the scientific community that the notion of children's 'sugar rush' is a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> found that sugar consumption does not improve <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, but can lower alertness and increase fatigue within an hour of consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One review of low-quality studies of children consuming high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">energy drinks</a> showed association with higher rates of unhealthy behaviors, including smoking and excessive alcohol use, and with hyperactivity and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, although such effects could not be specifically attributed to sugar over other components of those drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tooth_decay">Tooth decay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tooth decay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHO, <a href="/wiki/Action_on_Sugar" title="Action on Sugar">Action on Sugar</a> and the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) consider free sugars an essential dietary factor in the development of dental caries.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2017_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2017-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WHO have stated that "dental caries can be prevented by avoiding dietary free sugars".<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2017_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2017-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review of human studies showed that the incidence of caries is lower when sugar intake is less than 10% of total energy consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sugar-sweetened_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar-sweetened beverage">Sugar-sweetened beverage</a> consumption is associated with an increased risk of tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_displacement">Nutritional displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nutritional displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Empty_calories" title="Empty calories">empty calories</a>" argument states that a diet high in <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added</a> (or 'free') sugars will reduce consumption of foods that contain <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This nutrient displacement occurs if sugar makes up more than 25% of daily energy intake,<sup id="cite_ref-dietary_reference_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dietary_reference-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a proportion associated with poor diet quality and risk of obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-2015_WHO_guidelines_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015_WHO_guidelines-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Displacement may occur at lower levels of consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-dietary_reference_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dietary_reference-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommended_dietary_intake">Recommended dietary intake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Recommended dietary intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHO recommends that both adults and children reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake, and suggests a reduction to below 5%. "Free sugars" include monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods, and sugars found in fruit juice and concentrates, as well as in honey and syrups. According to the WHO, "[t]hese recommendations were based on the totality of available evidence reviewed regarding the relationship between free sugars intake and body weight (low and moderate quality evidence) and dental caries (very low and moderate quality evidence)."<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2015p4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2015p4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 May 2016, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> announced changes to the Nutrition Facts panel displayed on all foods, to be effective by July 2018. New to the panel is a requirement to list "added sugars" by weight and as a percent of Daily Value (DV). For vitamins and minerals, the intent of DVs is to indicate how much should be consumed. For added sugars, the guidance is that 100% DV should not be exceeded. 100% DV is defined as 50 grams. For a person consuming 2000 calories a day, 50 grams is equal to 200 calories and thus 10% of total calories—the same guidance as the WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To put this in context, most 12-US-fluid-ounce (355 ml) cans of soda contain 39 grams of sugar. In the United States, a government survey on food consumption in 2013–2014 reported that, for men and women aged 20 and older, the average total sugar intakes—naturally occurring in foods and added—were, respectively, 125 and 99 g/day.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements">Measurements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various culinary sugars have different densities due to differences in particle size and inclusion of moisture. The "Engineering Resources – Bulk Density Chart" published in <i>Powder and Bulk</i> gives values for bulk densities:<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Beet sugar 0.80 g/mL</li> <li>Dextrose sugar 0.62 g/mL ( = 620 kg/m^3)</li> <li>Granulated sugar 0.70 g/mL</li> <li>Powdered sugar 0.56 g/mL</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="History"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacturers of sugary products, such as soft drinks and candy, and the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Research Foundation</a> have been accused of trying to influence consumers and medical associations in the 1960s and 1970s by creating doubt about the potential health hazards of sucrose overconsumption, while promoting <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> as the main dietary risk factor in <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jama2016_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jama2016-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the criticism led to recommendations that diet <a href="/wiki/Policymaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Policymaker">policymakers</a> emphasize the need for high-quality research that accounts for multiple <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> on development of cardiovascular diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-jama2016_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jama2016-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, no sugar was white; anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a> writes that white likely became understood as the ideal after groups who associated the color white with purity transferred their value to sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, sugar frequently appears in religious observances. For ritual purity, such sugar cannot be white.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_brownsugar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown sugar crystals"><img alt="Brown sugar crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/270px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/405px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/540px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brown sugar crystals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Whole date sugar"><img alt="Whole date sugar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG/277px-Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG/416px-Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG/554px-Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Whole <a href="/wiki/Date_palm#Fruit" title="Date palm">date</a> sugar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Whole cane sugar (grey), vacuum-dried"><img alt="Whole cane sugar (grey), vacuum-dried" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG/260px-Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG/390px-Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG/520px-Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Whole <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">cane</a> sugar (grey), <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_drying" title="Vacuum drying">vacuum-dried</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Whole cane sugar (brown), vacuum-dried"><img alt="Whole cane sugar (brown), vacuum-dried" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG/262px-Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG/393px-Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG/524px-Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Whole cane sugar (brown), vacuum-dried</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raw crystals of unrefined, unbleached sugar"><img alt="raw sugar closeup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/219px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/329px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/439px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raw crystals of unrefined, unbleached sugar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">List of unrefined sweeteners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_sugar" title="Rare sugar">Rare sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonated drinks">Carbonated drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Sugar plantations in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycomics" title="Glycomics">Glycomics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/ca8861en/Sugar.pdf">"OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020–2029 – Sugar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417223937/http://www.fao.org/3/ca8861en/Sugar.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD-FAO+Agricultural+Outlook+2020%E2%80%932029+%E2%80%93+Sugar&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fca8861en%2FSugar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_2015p4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2015p4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2015p4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149782/9789241549028_eng.pdf">"Guideline: Sugar intake for adults and children"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704002426/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149782/9789241549028_eng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guideline%3A+Sugar+intake+for+adults+and+children&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F149782%2F9789241549028_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huang-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huang_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huang_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuangChenChenLi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen B, Li J, Yuan X, et al. (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10074550">"Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>381</b>: e071609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj-2022-071609">10.1136/bmj-2022-071609</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10074550">10074550</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37019448">37019448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Dietary+sugar+consumption+and+health%3A+umbrella+review&rft.volume=381&rft.pages=e071609&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10074550%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37019448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj-2022-071609&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Chen%2C+Z&rft.au=Chen%2C+B&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Yuan%2C+X&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+W&rft.au=Dai%2C+T&rft.au=Chen%2C+H&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+R&rft.au=Wang%2C+P&rft.au=Guo%2C+J&rft.au=Dong%2C+Q&rft.au=Liu%2C+C&rft.au=Wei%2C+Q&rft.au=Cao%2C+D&rft.au=Liu%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10074550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Sugar">"Sugar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Sugar&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DSugar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001000114/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/jaggery">"Jaggery"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/jaggery">the original</a> on 1 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jaggery&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fjaggery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moxham2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moxham2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moxham2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moxham2002_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Moxham2002" class="citation book cs1">Roy Moxham (7 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVWItAEACAAJ"><i>The Great Hedge of India: The Search for the Living Barrier that Divided a People</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0976-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0976-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-0976-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Hedge+of+India%3A+The+Search+for+the+Living+Barrier+that+Divided+a+People&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0976-2&rft.au=Roy+Moxham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVWItAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_4AAwAAQBAJ"><i>When Asia was the World</i></a>. Da Capo Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81556-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81556-0"><bdi>978-0-306-81556-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Asia+was+the+World&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81556-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_4AAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEteraf-OskoueiNajafi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Eteraf-Oskouei, Tahereh; Najafi, Moslem (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758027">"Traditional and Modern Uses of Natural Honey in Human Diseases: A Review"</a>. <i>Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences</i>. <b>16</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">731–</span>742. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758027">3758027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23997898">23997898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Traditional+and+Modern+Uses+of+Natural+Honey+in+Human+Diseases%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E731-%3C%2Fspan%3E742&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23997898&rft.aulast=Eteraf-Oskouei&rft.aufirst=Tahereh&rft.au=Najafi%2C+Moslem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr2qnK_QOuAC&dq=palm+sugar+southeast+history&pg=PA1162"><i>The Cambridge World History of Food</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 1162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521402156" title="Special:BookSources/9780521402156"><bdi>9780521402156</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr2qnK_QOuAC&dq=palm+sugar+southeast+history&pg=PA1162">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Food&rft.pages=1162&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521402156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVr2qnK_QOuAC%26dq%3Dpalm%2Bsugar%2Bsoutheast%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA1162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=palm+sugar+southeast+history&pg=PA1257"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia from Angor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. 2004. p. 1257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576077702" title="Special:BookSources/9781576077702"><bdi>9781576077702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505134019/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=palm+sugar+southeast+history&pg=PA1257">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+from+Angor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=1257&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576077702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26dq%3Dpalm%2Bsugar%2Bsoutheast%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA1257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cUOEAAAQBAJ&dq=palm+sugar+southeast+history&pg=PA645"><i>Cooking Through History: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Food with Menus and Recipes</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. 2 December 2020. p. 645. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610694568" title="Special:BookSources/9781610694568"><bdi>9781610694568</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=_cUOEAAAQBAJ&dq=palm+sugar+southeast+history&pg=PA645">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooking+Through+History%3A+A+Worldwide+Encyclopedia+of+Food+with+Menus+and+Recipes&rft.pages=645&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.isbn=9781610694568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cUOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpalm%2Bsugar%2Bsoutheast%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiple-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiple_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiple_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKipleKriemhild_Conee_Ornelas" class="citation book cs1">Kiple, Kenneth F. & Kriemhild Conee Ornelas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/sugar.htm"><i>World history of Food – Sugar</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123183317/http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/sugar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+history+of+Food+%E2%80%93+Sugar&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Kiple&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+F.&rft.au=Kriemhild+Conee+Ornelas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fbooks%2Fkiple%2Fsugar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharpe-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharpe_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharpe,_Peter1998" class="citation web cs1">Sharpe, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710203319/http://www.ethnoleaflets.com//leaflets/sugar.htm">"Sugar Cane: Past and Present"</a>. <i>Illinois: Southern Illinois University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnoleaflets.com//leaflets/sugar.htm">the original</a> on 10 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illinois%3A+Southern+Illinois+University&rft.atitle=Sugar+Cane%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnoleaflets.com%2F%2Fleaflets%2Fsugar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gr1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolph1873" class="citation book cs1">Rolph, George (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutsu00rolprich"><i>Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution</i></a>. San Francisco: J.J. Newbegin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+about+sugar%3A+its+history%2C+growth%2C+manufacture+and+distribution&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=J.J.+Newbegin&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rolph&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomethingaboutsu00rolprich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurthy2016" class="citation book cs1">Murthy, K.R. Srikantha (2016). <i>Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamiśra, Vol. I</i>. Krishnadas Ayurveda Series 45 (reprint 2016 ed.). Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. pp. <span class="nowrap">490–</span>494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-218-0000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-218-0000-6"><bdi>978-81-218-0000-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bh%C4%81vaprak%C4%81%C5%9Ba+of+Bh%C4%81vami%C5%9Bra%2C+Vol.+I&rft.series=Krishnadas+Ayurveda+Series+45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E494&rft.edition=reprint+2016&rft.pub=Chowkhamba+Krishnadas+Academy%2C+Varanasi&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-218-0000-6&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=K.R.+Srikantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sugarhistory.net/who-made-sugar/history-of-sugar/">"History of Sugar - From Early Sugarcane Cultivation"</a>. <i>www.sugarhistory.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sugarhistory.net&rft.atitle=History+of+Sugar+-+From+Early+Sugarcane+Cultivation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sugarhistory.net%2Fwho-made-sugar%2Fhistory-of-sugar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from Book Two of Dioscorides' <i>Materia Medica</i>. The book is downloadable from links at the Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/de-materia-medica"><i>de materia medica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=de+materia+medica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fde-materia-medica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106015828/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag%26environ/Sugarcane.pdf">"Sugarcane: Saccharum Officinarum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAID, Govt of United States. 2006. p. 7.1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag&environ/Sugarcane.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sugarcane%3A+Saccharum+Officinarum&rft.pages=7.1&rft.pub=USAID%2C+Govt+of+United+States&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Flocations%2Flatin_america_caribbean%2Fenvironment%2Fdocs%2Fag%26environ%2FSugarcane.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adas-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adas_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdas2001" class="citation book cs1">Adas, Michael (2001). <i>Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-832-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-832-0"><bdi>1-56639-832-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricultural+and+Pastoral+Societies+in+Ancient+and+Classical+History&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56639-832-0&rft.aulast=Adas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieschnick1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kieschnick1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKieschnick2003" class="citation book cs1">Kieschnick, John (6 April 2003). <i>The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09676-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09676-7"><bdi>0-691-09676-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Buddhism+on+Chinese+Material+Culture&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003-04-06&rft.isbn=0-691-09676-7&rft.aulast=Kieschnick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen_38_40-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen_38_40_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen2003" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Tansen (1 January 2003). <i>Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400</i>. Honolulu (T.H.): University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2593-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2593-4"><bdi>0-8248-2593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%2C+Diplomacy%2C+and+Trade%3A+The+Realignment+of+Sino-Indian+Relations%2C+600%E2%80%931400&rft.place=Honolulu+%28T.H.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=0-8248-2593-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Tansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieschnick11-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kieschnick11_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKieschnick2003" class="citation book cs1">Kieschnick, John (6 April 2003). <i>The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09676-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09676-7"><bdi>0-691-09676-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Buddhism+on+Chinese+Material+Culture&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003-04-06&rft.isbn=0-691-09676-7&rft.aulast=Kieschnick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Meyer, Histoire du sucre, ed. Desjonquières, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anabasis Alexandri, translated by E.J. Chinnock (1893)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faas-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faas_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaasWhiteside2005" class="citation book cs1">Faas, P.; Whiteside, S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC&pg=PA149"><i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23347-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23347-5"><bdi>978-0-226-23347-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+Roman+Table%3A+Food+and+Feasting+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-23347-5&rft.aulast=Faas&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Whiteside%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXGlAr17oekC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ponting_2000_481-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ponting_2000_481_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPonting2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Ponting" title="Clive Ponting">Ponting, Clive</a> (2000) [2000]. <i>World history: a new perspective</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6834-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6834-6"><bdi>978-0-7011-6834-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+history%3A+a+new+perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-6834-6&rft.aulast=Ponting&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber2004" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Malcolm (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Kkm7cgT_xkC&pg=PA14"><i>The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050–1320</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17415-2"><bdi>978-0-415-17415-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+two+cities%3A+medieval+Europe%2C+1050%E2%80%931320&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17415-2&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Kkm7cgT_xkC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning-2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning-2006_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning-2006_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManning2006" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Patrick (2006). "Slavery & Slave Trade in West Africa 1450-1930". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745696019"><i>Themes in West Africa's history</i></a>. Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku. Athens: Ohio University. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4566-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4566-2"><bdi>978-0-8214-4566-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745696019">745696019</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031183147/https://www.worldcat.org/title/themes-in-west-africas-history/oclc/745696019">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery+%26+Slave+Trade+in+West+Africa+1450-1930&rft.btitle=Themes+in+West+Africa%27s+history&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Ohio+University&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F745696019&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4566-2&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F745696019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankopan, 200. "By the time Columbus set sail, Madeira alone was producing more than 3 million pounds in weight of sugar per year—albeit at the cost of what one scholar has described as early modern 'ecocide,' as forests were cleared and non-native animal species like rabbits and rats multiplied in such numbers that they were seen as a form of divine punishment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 194–195, 195 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 133–134, 195–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbreu_y_Galindo1977" class="citation book cs1">Abreu y Galindo, J. de (1977). A. Cioranescu (ed.). <i>Historia de la conquista de las siete islas de Canarias</i>. Tenerife: Goya ediciones.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+conquista+de+las+siete+islas+de+Canarias&rft.place=Tenerife&rft.pub=Goya+ediciones&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Abreu+y+Galindo&rft.aufirst=J.+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duke-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duke_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Benítez_Rojo1996" class="citation book cs1">Antonio Benítez Rojo (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTYWZnlz0akC&q=Mofongo+origin&pg=PA97"><i>The Repeating: The Caribbean and the Postmodern Perspective</i></a>. James E. Maraniss (translation). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUFIC&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Sugar+from+Beet&rft.date=2001-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eufic.org%2Fde%2Ffood-today%2Farticle%2Fthe-origins-of-sugar-from-beet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarggraf1747" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marggraf (1747). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231160304/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJQDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA79">"Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées"</a> [Chemical experiments made with the intention of extracting real sugar from diverse plants that grow in our lands]. <i>Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin</i> (in French). pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>90. 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Vol. 32. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>168. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zhOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA163">the original</a> on 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9+d%27extraction+du+sucre+de+bette&rft.btitle=Annales+de+Chimie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=1799&rft.au=Achard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zhOAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolff1953" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, G. (1953). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.atitle=Festveranstaltung+zum+100j%C3%A4hrigen+Bestehen+des+Berliner+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Zuckerindustrie&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.tu-berlin.de%2F~zuckerinstitut%2Fmuseum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Larousse_Gastronomique" title="Larousse Gastronomique">Larousse Gastronomique</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">Éditions Larousse</a>. 13 October 2009. p. 1152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780600620426" title="Special:BookSources/9780600620426"><bdi>9780600620426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larousse+Gastronomique&rft.pages=1152&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Larousse&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.isbn=9780600620426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andreas-Sigismund-Marggraf">"Andreas Sigismund Marggraf | German chemist"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329175917/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andreas-Sigismund-Marggraf">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Andreas+Sigismund+Marggraf+%7C+German+chemist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAndreas-Sigismund-Marggraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mintz-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mintz_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mintz_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMintz1986" class="citation book cs1">Mintz, Sidney (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sweetnesspowerpl00mint"><i>Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009233-2"><bdi>978-0-14-009233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweetness+and+Power%3A+The+Place+of+Sugar+in+Modern+History&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-14-009233-2&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsweetnesspowerpl00mint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtter2020" class="citation book cs1">Otter, Chris (2020). <i>Diet for a large planet</i>. USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-69710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-69710-9"><bdi>978-0-226-69710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diet+for+a+large+planet&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-226-69710-9&rft.aulast=Otter&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britain1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britain1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm">"Forced Labour"</a>. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7746-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7746-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-7746-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indentured+labor%2C+Caribbean+sugar%3A+Chinese+and+Indian+migrants+to+the+British+West+Indies%2C+1838%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7746-9&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Walton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVertovik(Robin_Cohen,_ed.)1995" class="citation book cs1">Vertovik, Steven; (Robin Cohen, ed.) 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/57">57–68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44405-7"><bdi>978-0-521-44405-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+survey+of+world+migration&rft.pages=57-68&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44405-7&rft.aulast=Vertovik&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=%28Robin+Cohen%2C+ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgesurveyo00robi%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaurence1994" class="citation book cs1">Laurence, K (1994). <i>A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875–1917</i>. 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The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212175352/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+indentured+labourers&rft.pub=The+National+Archives%2C+Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Frecords%2Fresearch-guides%2Findian-indentured-labour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142340/http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships/sugar-concerns">"Early Sugar Industry of Bihar – Bihargatha"</a>. <i>Bihargatha.in</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bihargatha.in&rft.atitle=Early+Sugar+Industry+of+Bihar+%E2%80%93+Bihargatha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bihargatha.in%2Fearly-agriculture-based-enterprenureships%2Fsugar-concerns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosma2013" class="citation book cs1">Bosma, Ulbe (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZuyAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia: Industrial Production, 1770–2010</i></a>. Studies in Comparative World History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-43530-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-43530-8"><bdi>978-1-107-43530-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sugar+Plantation+in+India+and+Indonesia%3A+Industrial+Production%2C+1770%E2%80%932010&rft.series=Studies+in+Comparative+World+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-43530-8&rft.aulast=Bosma&rft.aufirst=Ulbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZuyAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sucrose.com/lhist.html">"How Sugar is Made – the History"</a>. <i>SKIL: Sugar Knowledge International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021020062627/http://www.sucrose.com/lhist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SKIL%3A+Sugar+Knowledge+International&rft.atitle=How+Sugar+is+Made+%E2%80%93+the+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sucrose.com%2Flhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730135449/http://www.thesugargirls.com/a-visit-to-the-tate-lyle-archive/">"A Visit to the Tate & Lyle Archive"</a>. The Sugar Girls blog. 10 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Visit+to+the+Tate+%26+Lyle+Archive&rft.pub=The+Sugar+Girls+blog&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesugargirls.com%2Fa-visit-to-the-tate-lyle-archive%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dacice.cz/en/">"Dačice"</a>. Město Dačice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101743/https://www.dacice.cz/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Da%C4%8Dice&rft.pub=M%C4%9Bsto+Da%C4%8Dice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dacice.cz%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrettCalvi2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Duncan; Calvi, Nuala (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sugargirlstaleso0000barr/page/"><i>The Sugar Girls</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Sweet&rft.pub=Science+History+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-pursuit-of-sweet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/5/newsid_2737000/2737731.stm">"1953: Sweet rationing ends in Britain"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 5 February 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225083426/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/5/newsid_2737000/2737731.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=1953%3A+Sweet+rationing+ends+in+Britain&rft.date=1953-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F5%2Fnewsid_2737000%2F2737731.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2017" class="citation news cs1">Nilsson, Jeff (5 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/05/stomach-americas-wartime-sugar-ration-75-years-ago/">"Could You Stomach America's Wartime Sugar Ration? 75 Years Ago"</a>. <i>Saturday Evening Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029031055/https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/05/stomach-americas-wartime-sugar-ration-75-years-ago/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Merck. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/091191028X" title="Special:BookSources/091191028X"><bdi>091191028X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merck+Index%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Chemicals%2C+Drugs%2C+and+Biologicals&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Merck&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=091191028X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span>, 8205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, William P. (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmsoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120"><i>The Science of Sugar Confectionery</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78262-609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78262-609-1"><bdi>978-1-78262-609-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Sugar+Confectionery&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.isbn=978-1-78262-609-1&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmsoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csb.gov/csb-releases-new-safety-video-inferno-dust-explosion-at-imperial-sugar/">"CSB Releases New Safety Video, "Inferno: Dust Explosion at Imperial Sugar"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Chemical_Safety_and_Hazard_Investigation_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board">U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board</a></i>. Washington, D.C. 7 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424011424/https://www.csb.gov/csb-releases-new-safety-video-inferno-dust-explosion-at-imperial-sugar/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Chemical+Safety+and+Hazard+Investigation+Board&rft.atitle=CSB+Releases+New+Safety+Video%2C+%22Inferno%3A+Dust+Explosion+at+Imperial+Sugar%22&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csb.gov%2Fcsb-releases-new-safety-video-inferno-dust-explosion-at-imperial-sugar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWooKimHwangLee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, K. S.; Kim, H. Y.; Hwang, I. G.; Lee, S. H.; Jeong, H. S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500512">"Characteristics of the Thermal Degradation of Glucose and Maltose Solutions"</a>. <i>Prev Nutr Food Sci</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">102–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3746%2Fpnf.2015.20.2.102">10.3746/pnf.2015.20.2.102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500512">4500512</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26175997">26175997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prev+Nutr+Food+Sci&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+the+Thermal+Degradation+of+Glucose+and+Maltose+Solutions&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4500512%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26175997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3746%2Fpnf.2015.20.2.102&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Kim%2C+H.+Y.&rft.au=Hwang%2C+I.+G.&rft.au=Lee%2C+S.+H.&rft.au=Jeong%2C+H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4500512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manual-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBussRobertson,_Jean1976" class="citation book cs1">Buss, David; Robertson, Jean (1976). <i>Manual of Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food</i>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Nutrition%3B+Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Fisheries+and+Food&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKretchmerClaire_B._Hollenbeck1991" class="citation book cs1">Kretchmer, Norman; Claire B. Hollenbeck (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFUYelP6ht0C"><i>Sugars and Sweeteners</i></a>. CRC Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8835-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8835-4"><bdi>978-0-8493-8835-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugars+and+Sweeteners&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8835-4&rft.aulast=Kretchmer&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Claire+B.+Hollenbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFUYelP6ht0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven_and_Johnson-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raven_and_Johnson_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRavenGeorge_B._Johnson1995" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Peter H. & George B. Johnson (1995). Carol J. Mills (ed.). <i>Understanding Biology</i> (3rd ed.). WM C. Brown. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-22213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-22213-8"><bdi>978-0-697-22213-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Biology&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=WM+C.+Brown&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-697-22213-8&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=George+B.+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeller1918" class="citation journal cs1">Teller, George L. (January 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ">"Sugars Other Than Cane or Beet"</a>. <i>The American Food Journal</i>: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074234/https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Food+Journal&rft.atitle=Sugars+Other+Than+Cane+or+Beet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1918-01&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkynnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchenck,_Fred_W." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schenck, Fred W. "Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a12_457.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a12_457.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glucose+and+Glucose-Containing+Syrups&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a12_457.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.au=Schenck%2C+Fred+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1857">"Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"</a>. <i>AccessData, US Food and Drug Administration</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906163303/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1857">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AccessData%2C+US+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations+Title+21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcdrh%2Fcfdocs%2Fcfcfr%2FCFRSearch.cfm%3Ffr%3D184.1857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIreland2010" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, Robert (25 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uK5Gkzs-DfQC&q=dextrose+naturally&pg=PT280"><i>A Dictionary of Dentistry</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158502-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158502-9"><bdi>978-0-19-158502-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Dentistry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-158502-9&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuK5Gkzs-DfQC%26q%3Ddextrose%2Bnaturally%26pg%3DPT280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327315">Lactase</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360586">Maltase</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/571354">Sucrase</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.nal.usda.gov-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.nal.usda.gov_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/">link to FoodData Central (USDA)</a> and then search for the particular food, and click on "SR Legacy Foods".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usda17-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usda17_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usda17_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/Sugar.pdf">"Sugar: World Markets and Trade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123144029/https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/Sugar.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sugar%3A+World+Markets+and+Trade&rft.pub=Foreign+Agricultural+Service%2C+US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.fas.usda.gov%2Fpsdonline%2Fcirculars%2FSugar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastick2024" class="citation web cs1">Eastick, Ben (4 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ragus.co.uk/global-sugar-market-report-april-2024">"Global sugar market report April 2024"</a>. <i>Ragus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcb4477en">10.4060/cb4477en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6"><bdi>978-92-5-134332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240163091">240163091</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103083611/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4477en/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=India+Drought+2016+May+Lead+29%E2%80%9335%25+Drop+In+Sugar+Output+For+2016%E2%80%9317+Season%3A+Report&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Findia-drought-2016-may-lead-29-35-drop-sugar-output-2016-17-season-report-2358604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202202007/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/safety/environmental_safety/184.sugar_beet.html">"Biennial beet"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rafinasi+Vs+Gula+Kristal+Putih&rft.pub=Kompas+Gramedia&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbisniskeuangan.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2011%2F07%2F29%2F02442655%2FRafinasi.Vs.Gula.Kristal.Putih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-western-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-western_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221031555/http://westernsugar.com/pdf/Refining%20and%20Processing%20Sugar.pdf">"Refining and Processing Sugar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Sugar Association. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refining+and+Processing+Sugar&rft.pub=The+Sugar+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesternsugar.com%2Fpdf%2FRefining%2520and%2520Processing%2520Sugar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tebu-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tebu_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPakpahan,_AgusSupriono,_Agus2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pakpahan, Agus; Supriono, Agus, eds. (2005). "Bagaimana Gula Dimurnikan – Proses Dasar". <i>Ketika Tebu Mulai Berbunga</i> (in Indonesian). 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Sugar Nutrition UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805014855/http://www.sugarnutrition.org.uk/types-and-uses.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115932/http://faostat.fao.org/site/368/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=368#ancor">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006". <i>Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr</i>. <b>50</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">228–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408391003626223">10.1080/10408391003626223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301013">20301013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205689533">205689533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Food+Sci+Nutr&rft.atitle=Intake+of+added+sugars+and+selected+nutrients+in+the+United+States%2C+National+Health+and+Nutrition+Examination+Survey+%28NHANES%29+2003%E2%80%932006&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205689533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20301013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408391003626223&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=BP&rft.au=Olsho%2C+L&rft.au=Hadden%2C+L&rft.au=Connor%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dietary_reference-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dietary_reference_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dietary_reference_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanel_on_MacronutrientsPanel_on_the_Definition_of_Dietary_FiberSubcommittee_on_Upper_Reference_Levels_of_NutrientsSubcommittee_on_Interpretation_and_Uses_of_Dietary_Reference_Intakes2005" class="citation book cs1">Panel on Macronutrients; Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber; Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients; Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes; the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes; Food and Nutrition Board; <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering_and_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine</a>; <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309085250"><i>Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08525-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08525-0"><bdi>978-0-309-08525-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Although there were insufficient data to set a UL [Tolerable Upper Intake Levels] for added sugars, a maximal intake level of 25 percent or less of energy is suggested to prevent the displacement of foods that are major sources of essential micronutrients</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+reference+intakes+for+energy%2C+carbohydrate%2C+fiber%2C+fat%2C+fatty+acids%2C+cholesterol%2C+protein%2C+and+amino+acids&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08525-0&rft.au=Panel+on+Macronutrients&rft.au=Panel+on+the+Definition+of+Dietary+Fiber&rft.au=Subcommittee+on+Upper+Reference+Levels+of+Nutrients&rft.au=Subcommittee+on+Interpretation+and+Uses+of+Dietary+Reference+Intakes&rft.au=the+Standing+Committee+on+the+Scientific+Evaluation+of+Dietary+Reference+Intakes&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine+of+the+National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering+and+Medicine&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780309085250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015_WHO_guidelines-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2015_WHO_guidelines_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2015" class="citation report cs1">World Health Organization (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149782/9789241549028_eng.pdf">Guideline. Sugars intake for adults and children</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Geneva: WHO Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154902-8"><bdi>978-92-4-154902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Guideline.+Sugars+intake+for+adults+and+children.&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=WHO+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154902-8&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F149782%2F9789241549028_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNutrition2021" class="citation web cs1">Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (22 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/labelingnutrition/ucm385663.htm">"Labeling & Nutrition – Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label"</a>. <i>www.fda.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101031958/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm385663.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fda.gov&rft.atitle=Labeling+%26+Nutrition+%E2%80%93+Changes+to+the+Nutrition+Facts+Label&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft.aulast=Nutrition&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Food+Safety+and+Applied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fguidanceregulation%2Fguidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation%2Flabelingnutrition%2Fucm385663.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/1314/Table_1_NIN_GEN_13.pdf">What We Eat In America, NHANES 2013–2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224042515/https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/1314/Table_1_NIN_GEN_13.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021027094329/http://www.powderandbulk.com/resources/bulk_density/material_bulk_density_chart_s.htm">"Engineering Resources – Bulk Density Chart"</a>. <i>Powder and Bulk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powderandbulk.com/resources/bulk_density/material_bulk_density_chart_s.htm">the original</a> on 27 October 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Powder+and+Bulk&rft.atitle=Engineering+Resources+%E2%80%93+Bulk+Density+Chart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powderandbulk.com%2Fresources%2Fbulk_density%2Fmaterial_bulk_density_chart_s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMintz2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Mintz, Sidney</a> (2015). "Foreword". In <a href="/wiki/Darra_Goldstein" title="Darra Goldstein">Goldstein, Darra</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6"><bdi>978-0-19-931339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931339-6&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</i></a>, FAO, FAO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett,_DuncanCalvi,_Nuala2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Duncan; Calvi, Nuala (2012). <a href="/wiki/The_Sugar_Girls" title="The Sugar Girls"><i>The Sugar Girls</i></a>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-744847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-744847-0"><bdi>978-0-00-744847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sugar+Girls&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-00-744847-0&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Duncan&rft.au=Calvi%2C+Nuala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sugar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sugar">"Sugar" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sugar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Frankopan" title="Peter Frankopan">Frankopan, Peter</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silk_Roads:_A_New_History_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Silk Roads: A New History of the World">The Silk Roads: A New History of the World</a></i>, 2016, Bloomsbury, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408839997" title="Special:BookSources/9781408839997">9781408839997</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaulo,_Aurora_A.2005" class="citation web cs1">Saulo, Aurora A. (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FST-16.pdf">"Sugars and Sweeteners in Foods"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/College_of_Tropical_Agriculture_and_Human_Resources" title="College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources">College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sugars+and+Sweeteners+in+Foods&rft.pub=College+of+Tropical+Agriculture+and+Human+Resources&rft.date=2005-03&rft.au=Saulo%2C+Aurora+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctahr.hawaii.edu%2Foc%2Ffreepubs%2Fpdf%2FFST-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Strong" title="Roy Strong">Strong, Roy</a> (2002), <i>Feast: A History of Grand Eating</i>, Jonathan Cape, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0224061380" title="Special:BookSources/0224061380">0224061380</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sugars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sugars">Sugars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sugar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sugar">sugar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-does-sugar-in-our-diet-affect-our-health/">Sugar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sugar" title="Template:Sugar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sugar" title="Template talk:Sugar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_as_food_commodity410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugar</a> as food commodity</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars and sugar products</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">Reducing sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">Honeydew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">Malt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syrups" title="List of syrups">List of syrups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">Barley malt syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice_syrup" title="Brown rice syrup">Brown rice syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maesil-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesil-cheong">Maesil-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwa-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogwa-cheong">Mogwa-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuja-cheong">Yuja-cheong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuame" title="Mizuame">Mizuame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">Pine honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's cane syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_syrup" title="Table syrup">Table syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">Treacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yac%C3%B3n_syrup" title="Yacón syrup">Yacón syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancaca" title="Chancaca">Chancaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalline_fructose" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline fructose">Crystalline fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">Gelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula melaka">Gula melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri">Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_sugar" title="Molasses sugar">Molasses sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">Muscovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_sugar" title="Nib sugar">Nib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Reserve" title="Plantation Reserve">Plantation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserving_sugar" title="Preserving sugar">Preserving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucanat" title="Sucanat">Sucanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterscotch" title="Butterscotch">Butterscotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasanbon" title="Wasanbon">Wasanbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">Maple sugar foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery#Sugar_confectionery" title="Confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">Unrefined sweeteners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">Boilery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation#Sugar" title="Plantation">Plantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa-grande" title="Casa-grande">Casa-grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_bush" title="Sugar bush">Sugar bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mill" title="Sugarcane mill">Sugarcane mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">Engenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batey_(sugar_workers%27_town)" title="Batey (sugar workers' town)">Batey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafra_(agriculture)" title="Zafra (agriculture)">Zafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_mills_in_Queensland" title="List of sugar mills in Queensland">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar" title="Bundaberg Sugar">Bundaberg Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar Sugar">Wilmar Sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Kenya" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_India" title="Sugar industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Rwanda" title="Sugar industry of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sugar industry of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa#Sugarcane" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illovo_Sugar" title="Illovo Sugar">Illovo Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongaat_Hulett" title="Tongaat Hulett">Tongaat Hulett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Tanzania" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Uganda" title="Sugar industry of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_mills_in_Fiji" title="Sugar mills in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">Colonial molasses trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Sugar_House" title="Leith Sugar House">Leith Sugar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Duties_Acts_1846" title="Sugar Duties Acts 1846">Sugar Duties Acts 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways" title="Taiwan Sugar Railways">Taiwan Sugar Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">Sugar shack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_packet" title="Sugar packet">Sugar packet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucrology">Sucrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_people" title="Sugar people">Sugar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_tit" title="Sugar tit">Sugar tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">Sugar sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle_mining" title="Treacle mining">Treacle mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Australian Aboriginal sweet foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_syrup" title="Flavored syrup">Flavored syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar addiction">Sugar addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">Residual sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">Sweetened beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">Sweetener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasse" title="Vinasse">Vinasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lustig" title="Robert Lustig">Robert Lustig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yudkin" title="John Yudkin">John Yudkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure,_White_and_Deadly" title="Pure, White and Deadly">Pure, White and Deadly</a></i> (1972)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar" title="Category:Sugar">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar_production" title="Category:Sugar production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_carbohydrates184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commodities_and_commoditization162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commodity" title="Template:Commodity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commodity" title="Template talk:Commodity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commodity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commodity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commodities_and_commoditization162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commoditization" title="Commoditization">commoditization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soft_commodity" title="Soft commodity">Soft commodities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaxseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed">Flaxseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">Frozen orange juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Animals &<br /><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">Ambergris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">Bristle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civet_(perfumery)" title="Civet (perfumery)">Civet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_cattle" title="Feeder cattle">Feeder cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Hog" title="Lean Hog">Lean Hog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Live cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">Hide (skin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_industry" title="Pet industry">Pet industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_bellies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork bellies">Pork bellies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pork_bellies#Futures" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork bellies">Pork belly futures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Whalebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_top" title="Wool top">Wool tops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hard commodities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">Compressed hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Crude oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">Heating oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Industrial metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">Aluminium alloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Precious metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">Commodity market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">Futures contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">Futures exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commodities_exchanges" title="List of commodities exchanges">List of commodities exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_futures_exchanges" title="List of futures exchanges">List of futures exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Exchange_Act" title="Commodity Exchange Act">Commodity Exchange Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commoditization" title="Commoditization">Commoditization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification_of_nature" title="Commodification of nature">Commodification of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification_of_water" title="Commodification of water">Commodification of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_status_of_animals" title="Commodity status of animals">Commodity status of animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">Fictitious commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Economic value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">Exchange value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a>/<a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traded_commodities" title="List of traded commodities">List of traded commodities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_science69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_science" title="Template:Food science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_science" title="Template talk:Food science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_science69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">Food science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_food" title="Human food">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_rating_systems" title="Nutritional rating systems">Nutritional rating systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">Glycemic index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_index" title="Insulin index">Insulin index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satiety_value" title="Satiety value">Satiety value</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_nutrition" title="Clinical nutrition">Clinical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processing_aid" title="Processing aid">Processing aids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_psychology" title="Food psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_analysis" title="Sensory analysis">Sensory analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_testing" title="Discrimination testing">Discrimination testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_rheology" title="Food rheology">Rheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Technology</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_chemistry18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_chemistry" title="Template:Food chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_chemistry" title="Template talk:Food chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_chemistry18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">"Minerals" (Chemical elements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_preservation282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_preservation" title="Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_preservation" title="Template talk:Food preservation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_preservation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_preservation282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopreservation" title="Biopreservation">Biopreservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">Cold chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdle_technology" title="Hurdle technology">Hurdle technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">Jellying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascalization" title="Pascalization">Pascalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/17px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/26px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/34px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_preservation" title="Category:Food preservation">Category: Food preservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Food manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster (page does not exist)">1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/17px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/26px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/34px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/13px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety" title="Category:Food safety">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_foods152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_foods" title="Template:Artificial foods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_foods" title="Template talk:Artificial foods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_foods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial foods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_foods152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Artificial foods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="/wiki/Fat_substitute" title="Fat substitute">fat substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olestra" title="Olestra">Olestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial protein substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alitame" title="Alitame">Alitame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advantame" title="Advantame">Advantame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame-acesulfame_salt" title="Aspartame-acesulfame salt">Aspartame-acesulfame salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrelame" title="Carrelame">Carrelame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcin" title="Dulcin">Dulcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucin" title="Glucin">Glucin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_starch_hydrolysates" title="Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates">Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugduname" title="Lugduname">Lugduname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neohesperidin_dihydrochalcone" title="Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone">Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotame" title="Neotame">Neotame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural food substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_analogue" title="Cheese analogue">Cheese analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Coffee substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_substitutes" title="Egg substitutes">Egg substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat substitute">Meat substitutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bacon_substitutes" title="List of bacon substitutes">bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllodulcin" title="Phyllodulcin">Phyllodulcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_(drink_mix)" title="Tang (drink mix)">Tang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">List of food additives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">Food desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_swamp" title="Food swamp">Food swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nutrition_guides" title="List of nutrition guides">List of nutrition guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Food_Protection" title="International Association for Food Protection">International Association for Food Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agriculture_and_Food_Research_Organization" title="National Agriculture and Food Research Organization">National Agriculture and Food Research Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Food_and_Drug_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Food and Drug Authority">National Food and Drug Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Appetite_stimulants_(A15)100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appetite_stimulants" title="Template:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appetite_stimulants" title="Template talk:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appetite_stimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appetite_stimulants_(A15)100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appetite_stimulant" title="Appetite stimulant">Appetite stimulants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A15" title="ATC code A15">A15</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">Exogenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">Omega-3 fatty acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)" title="Endogeny (biology)">Endogenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH/Corticotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">Agouti-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol/Hydrocortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone">Melanin-concentrating hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">Orexin/Hypocretin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11002#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11002#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11002#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067990-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cooking (Sugar)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129663">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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