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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citizenship_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Citizenship Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albany_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albany_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Albany Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albany_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birmingham_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birmingham_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Birmingham campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birmingham_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_on_Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_on_Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>March on Washington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_on_Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Augustine_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Augustine_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>St. Augustine protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Augustine_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selma_Voting_Rights_Movement_and_the_march_to_Montgomery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selma_Voting_Rights_Movement_and_the_march_to_Montgomery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Selma Voting Rights Movement and the march to Montgomery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selma_Voting_Rights_Movement_and_the_march_to_Montgomery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grenada_Freedom_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenada_Freedom_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Grenada Freedom Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenada_Freedom_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jackson_conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jackson_conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Jackson conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jackson_conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago_Freedom_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago_Freedom_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Chicago Freedom Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago_Freedom_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_People's_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_People's_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Poor People's Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_People's_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968–1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968–1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1968–1997</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968–1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1997 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationships with other organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_de_Liderazgo_Cristiano_del_Sur" title="Conferencia de Liderazgo Cristiano del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conferencia de Liderazgo Cristiano del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudkristana_Estrokonferenco" title="Sudkristana Estrokonferenco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sudkristana Estrokonferenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_du_leadership_chr%C3%A9tien_du_Sud" title="Conférence du leadership chrétien du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conférence du leadership chrétien du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%80%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="남부기독교지도회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남부기독교지도회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התאחדות ההנהגה הדרומית-נוצרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התאחדות ההנהגה הדרומית-נוצרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietin%C4%97_krik%C5%A1%C4%8Dioni%C5%B3_vadovyb%C4%97s_asociacija" title="Pietinė krikščionių vadovybės asociacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietinė krikščionių vadovybės asociacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferencja_Przyw%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w_Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84skich_Po%C5%82udnia" title="Konferencja Przywódców Chrześcijańskich Południa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konferencja Przywódców Chrześcijańskich Południa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_da_Lideran%C3%A7a_Crist%C3%A3_do_Sul" title="Conferência da Liderança Cristã do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conferência da Liderança Cristã do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Конференция южного христианского руководства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конференция южного христианского руководства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="南方基督教领袖会议 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南方基督教领袖会议" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q605130#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference_logo.svg/220px-Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference_logo.svg/330px-Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference_logo.svg/440px-Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">SCLC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">January 10, 1957<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1957-01-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President/CEO</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeMark_Liggins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeMark Liggins (page does not exist)">DeMark Liggins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data">17 affiliates; 57 chapters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">60</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalsclc.org">www<wbr />.nationalsclc<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Southern Christian Leadership Conference</b> (<b>SCLC</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> organization based in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. SCLC is closely associated with its first president, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, who had a large role in the American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 10, 1957, following the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> victory against the white establishment and consultations with <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a>, and others, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> invited about 60 black ministers and leaders to <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Georgia)">Ebenezer Church</a> in Atlanta. Prior to this, Rustin, in New York City, conceived the idea of initiating such an effort and first sought <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">C. K. Steele</a> to make the call and take the lead role. Steele declined, but told Rustin he would be glad to work right beside him if he sought King in Montgomery for the role. Their goal was to form an organization to coordinate and support <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. In addition to King, Rustin, Baker, and Steele, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> of Birmingham, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> of Mobile, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> of Montgomery, all played key roles in this meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group continued this initial meeting on January 11, calling it (in keeping with the recent bus segregation issue) a <b>Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration</b> when they held a press conference that day. The press conference allowed them to introduce their efforts: </p> <ul><li>communicating what they had included in telegrams sent that day to applicable members of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">executive branch</a> of the U.S. government (<a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Vice President Nixon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Attorney General Brownell</a>)</li> <li>sharing an outline of their overall position regarding the restrictions against the "elementary democratic rights [<i>of America's</i>] Negro minority"</li> <li>and providing a short list of concerns they wished to raise with "white Southerners of goodwill".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On February 15, a follow-up meeting was held in New Orleans, at the New Zion Baptist Church at the corner of Third and LaSalle streets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of this meeting came a new organization with King as its president. Shortening the name used for their January meetings, the group briefly called their organization <b>Negro Leaders Conference on Nonviolent Integration</b>, then <b>Southern Negro Leaders Conference</b> and the <b>Southern Leadership Conference</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King served as president, Steele as first vice president, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">A.L. Davis</a> as second vice president, <a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a> as secretary, <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a> as assistant secretary, Abernathy as treasurer, and Shuttlesworth as historian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its third meeting, in August 1957, the group settled on Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as its name, expanding its focus beyond buses to ending all forms of segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small office was established in the Prince Hall Masonic Temple Building on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> as SCLC's first—and for a long time only—staff member.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SCLC was governed by an elected board, and established as an organization of affiliates, most of which were either individual churches or community organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a> (ACMHR). This organizational form differed from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE) who recruited individuals and formed them into local chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization also drew inspiration from the crusades of evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, who befriended King after he appeared at a Graham crusade in New York City in 1957. Despite tactical differences, which arose from Graham's willingness to continue affiliating himself with segregationists, the SCLC and the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a> had similar ambitions and Graham would privately advise the SCLC.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its early years, SCLC struggled to gain footholds in black churches and communities across the South. Social activism in favor of racial equality faced fierce repression from the police, <a href="/wiki/White_Citizens%27_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="White Citizens' Council">White Citizens' Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Only a few churches had the courage to defy the white-dominated status-quo by affiliating with SCLC, and those that did risked economic retaliation against pastors and other church leaders, arson, and bombings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SCLC's advocacy of boycotts and other forms of nonviolent protest was controversial among both whites and blacks. Many black community leaders believed that segregation should be challenged in the courts and that direct action excited white resistance, hostility, and violence. Traditionally, leadership in black communities came from the educated elite—ministers, professionals, teachers, etc.—who spoke for and on behalf of the laborers, maids, farmhands, and <a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a> who made up the bulk of the black population. Many of these traditional leaders were uneasy about involving ordinary blacks in mass activity such as boycotts and marches.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SCLC's belief that churches should be involved in political activism against social ills was also deeply controversial. Many ministers and religious leaders—both black and white—thought that the role of the church was to focus on the spiritual needs of the congregation and perform charitable works to aid the needy. To some of them, the social-political activity of King and SCLC amounted to dangerous radicalism which they strongly opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SCLC and King were also sometimes criticized for lack of militancy by younger activists in groups such as <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) and CORE who were participating in <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship_Schools">Citizenship Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Citizenship Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally started in 1954 by <a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Islands" title="Sea Islands">Sea Islands</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, the Citizenship Schools focused on teaching adults to read so they could pass the voter-registration <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a>, fill out driver's license exams, use mail-order forms, and open checking accounts. Under the auspices of the Highlander Folk School (now <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Research and Education Center</a>) the program was expanded across the South. The <a href="/wiki/Johns_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Johns Island, South Carolina">Johns Island</a> Citizenship School was housed at <a href="/wiki/The_Progressive_Club" title="The Progressive Club">The Progressive Club</a>, listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scdah_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scdah-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Septima Clark's autobiography, <i>Echo In My Soul</i> (page 225), the Highlander Folk School was closed because it engaged in commercial activities in violation its charter; Highlander Folk School was chartered by the State of Tennessee as a non-profit corporation without stockholders or owners. However, in 1961, the Highlander staff reincorporated as the Highlander Research and Education Center and moved to <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>. Under the innocuous cover of adult-literacy classes, the schools secretly taught democracy and civil rights, community leadership and organizing, practical politics, and the strategies and tactics of resistance and struggle, and in so doing built the human foundations of the mass community struggles to come. </p><p>Eventually, close to 69,000 teachers, most of them unpaid volunteers and many with little formal education taught Citizenship Schools throughout the South.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>'s adult leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray</a>, and hundreds of other local leaders in black communities across the South attended and taught citizenship schools.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the leadership of Clark, the citizenship school project trained over 10,000 citizenship schoolteachers who led citizenship schools throughout the South, representing a popular education effort on a massive scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne,_Charles_1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne,_Charles_1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of these 10,000 teachers, citizenship schools reached and taught more than 25,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Charron,_Katherine_Mellen_2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charron,_Katherine_Mellen_2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1968, over 700,000 African Americans became registered voters thanks to Clark's dedication to the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-Nagin_2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-Nagin_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the SCLC acquiring the already-established Citizenship Schools program, as its director, Clark became the first woman allowed a position on the SCLC board, despite continued resistance from the other (exclusively male) SCLC leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a>, who had joined Highlander the previous year to work with the Citizenship Schools, also joined the SCLC staff. The SCLC staff of citizenship schools were overwhelmingly women, as a result of the daily experience gained by becoming a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-Charron,_Katherine_Mellen_2009_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charron,_Katherine_Mellen_2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Clark would struggle against relentless sexism and male supremacy during her time on the SCLC, much as <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> had, with particularly harsh sexism emanating from <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne,_Charles_1997_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne,_Charles_1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> also objected to a woman being allowed to participate in SCLC decision making and leadership, as Clark said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I can remember Reverend Abernathy asking many times, why was Septima Clark on the Executive Board of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference? And Dr. King would always say, 'She was the one who proposed this citizenship education which is bringing to us not only money but a lot of people who will register and vote.' And he asked that many times. It was hard for him to see a woman on that executive body."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Clark attested that deliberate and widespread discrimination and even overt suppression of women was "one of the greatest weaknesses of the civil rights movement."<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-Nagin_2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-Nagin_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albany_Movement">Albany Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Albany Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></div> <p>In 1961 and 1962, SCLC joined SNCC in the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a>, a broad protest against segregation in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a>. It is generally considered the organization's first major nonviolent campaign. At the time, it was considered by many to be unsuccessful: despite large demonstrations and many arrests, few changes were won, and the protests drew little national attention. Yet, despite the lack of immediate gains, much of the success of the subsequent Birmingham Campaign can be attributed to lessons learned in Albany.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birmingham_campaign">Birmingham campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birmingham campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a></div> <p>By contrast, the 1963 SCLC <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, was an unqualified success. The campaign focused on a single goal—the desegregation of Birmingham's downtown merchants—rather than total desegregation, as in Albany. The brutal response of local police, led by Public Safety Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Bull_Connor" title="Bull Connor">"Bull" Connor</a>, stood in stark contrast to the nonviolent civil disobedience of the activists. </p><p>After his arrest in April, King wrote the "<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>" in response to a group of clergy who had criticized the Birmingham campaign, writing that it was "directed and led in part by outsiders" and that the demonstrations were "unwise and untimely."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letter, King explained that, as president of SCLC, he had been asked to come to Birmingham by the local members: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. ... Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties here.<sup id="cite_ref-Birmingham_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmingham-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>King also addressed the question of "timeliness": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of the basic points in your statement is that the action that I and my associates have taken in Birmingham is untimely. ... Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct-action campaign that was "well timed" in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years now I have heard the word "Wait!" It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost always meant "Never." We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that "justice too long delayed is justice denied." We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God-given rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Birmingham_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmingham-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The most dramatic moments of the Birmingham campaign came on May 2, when, under the direction and leadership of <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, who would soon officially become SCLC's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education, more than 1,000 Black children left school to join the demonstrations; hundreds were arrested. The following day, 2,500 more students joined and were met by <a href="/wiki/Bull_Connor" title="Bull Connor">Bull Connor</a> with police dogs and high-pressure fire hoses. That evening, television news programs reported to the nation and the world scenes of fire hoses knocking down schoolchildren and dogs attacking individual demonstrators. Public outrage led the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> administration to intervene more forcefully and a settlement was announced on May 10, under which the downtown businesses would desegregate and eliminate discriminatory hiring practices, and the city would release the jailed protesters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_on_Washington">March on Washington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: March on Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg/220px-March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg/330px-March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg/440px-March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> at the March on Washington</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Birmingham Campaign, SCLC called for massive protests in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>, to push for new civil rights legislation that would outlaw segregation nationwide. <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> issued similar calls for a March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. On July 2, 1963, King, Randolph, and Rustin met with <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer Jr.</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">SNCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a> of the NAACP, and <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban League">Urban League</a> to plan a united march on August 28. </p><p>The media and political establishment viewed the march with great fear and trepidation over the possibility that protesters would run riot in the streets of the capital. But despite their fears, the March on Washington was a huge success, with no violence, and an estimated number of participants ranging from 200,000 to 300,000. It was also a logistical triumph—more than 2,000 buses, 21 special trains, 10 chartered aircraft, and uncounted autos converged on the city in the morning and departed without difficulty by nightfall. </p><p>The crowning moment of the march was King's famous "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech in which he articulated the hopes and aspirations of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and rooted it in two cherished gospels—the Old Testament and the unfulfilled promise of the American creed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Augustine_protests">St. Augustine protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: St. Augustine protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></div> <p>When civil rights activists protesting segregation in St. Augustine, Florida were met with arrests and Ku Klux Klan violence, the local SCLC affiliate appealed to King for assistance in the spring of 1964. SCLC sent staff to help organize and lead demonstrations and mobilized support for St. Augustine in the North. Hundreds were arrested on sit-ins and marches opposing segregation, so many that the jails were filled, and the overflow prisoners had to be held in outdoor stockades. Among the northern supporters who endured arrest and incarceration were Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, the mother of the governor of Massachusetts and Mrs. John Burgess, wife of the Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nightly marches to the Old Slave Market were attacked by white mobs, and when blacks attempted to integrate "white-only" beaches they were assaulted by police who beat them with clubs. On June 11, King and other SCLC leaders were arrested for trying to lunch at the Monson Motel restaurant, and when an integrated group of young protesters tried to use the motel swimming pool the owner poured acid into the water. TV and newspaper stories of the struggle for justice in St. Augustine helped build public support for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a><sup id="cite_ref-cra64_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was then being debated in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selma_Voting_Rights_Movement_and_the_march_to_Montgomery">Selma Voting Rights Movement and the march to Montgomery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selma Voting Rights Movement and the march to Montgomery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></div> <p>When voter registration and civil rights activity in <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a> were blocked by an illegal injunction,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a> (DCVL) asked SCLC for assistance. King, SCLC, and DCVL chose Selma as the site for a major campaign around voting rights that would demand national voting rights legislation in the same way that the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham</a> and St. Augustine campaigns won passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cra64_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cooperation with SNCC who had been organizing in Selma since early 1963, the Voting Rights Campaign commenced with a rally in <a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a> on January 2, 1965, in defiance of the injunction. SCLC and SNCC organizers recruited and trained blacks to attempt to register to vote at the courthouse, where many of them were abused and arrested by <a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Alabama" title="Dallas County, Alabama">Dallas County</a> Sheriff Jim Clark — a staunch segregationist. Black voter applicants were subjected to economic retaliation by the <a href="/wiki/White_Citizens%27_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="White Citizens' Council">White Citizens' Council</a>, and threatened with physical violence by the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Officials used the discriminatory <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy test</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to keep blacks off the voter rolls. </p><p>Nonviolent mass marches demanded the right to vote and the jails filled up with arrested protesters, many of them students. On February 1, King and Abernathy were arrested. Voter registration efforts and protest marches spread to the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a> counties — <a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Alabama" title="Perry County, Alabama">Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilcox_County,_Alabama" title="Wilcox County, Alabama">Wilcox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marengo_County,_Alabama" title="Marengo County, Alabama">Marengo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Alabama" title="Greene County, Alabama">Greene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Alabama" title="Hale County, Alabama">Hale</a>. On February 18, an Alabama State Trooper shot and killed <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a> during a voting rights protest in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Alabama" title="Marion, Alabama">Marion</a>, county seat of Perry County. In response, James Bevel, who was directing SCLC's Selma actions, called for <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">a march from Selma to Montgomery</a>, and on March 7 close to 600 protesters attempted the march to present their grievances to Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a>. Led by Reverend <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> of SCLC and <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> of SNCC, the marchers were attacked by State Troopers, deputy sheriffs, and mounted possemen who used tear-gas, horses, clubs, and bullwhips to drive them back to Brown Chapel. News coverage of this brutal assault on nonviolent demonstrators protesting for the right to vote — which became known as "Bloody Sunday" — horrified the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King, Bevel, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a> and others called on clergy and people of conscience to support the black citizens of Selma. Thousands of religious leaders and ordinary Americans came to demand voting rights for all. One of them was <a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a>, a white <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist">Unitarian Universalist</a> minister, who was savagely beaten to death on the street by Klansmen who severely injured two other ministers in the same attack. </p><p>After more protests, arrests, and legal maneuvering, Federal Judge <a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank M. Johnson</a> ordered Alabama to allow the march to Montgomery. It began on March 21 and arrived in Montgomery on the 24th. On the 25th, an estimated 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protesters marched to the steps of the Alabama capitol in support of voting rights where King spoke.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within five months, Congress and President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> responded to the enormous public pressure generated by the Selma Voting Rights Movement by enacting into law the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenada_Freedom_Movement">Grenada Freedom Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grenada Freedom Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">Meredith Mississippi March Against Fear</a> passed through <a href="/wiki/Grenada,_Mississippi" title="Grenada, Mississippi">Grenada, Mississippi</a> on June 15, 1966, it sparked months of civil rights activity on the part of Grenada blacks. They formed the Grenada County Freedom Movement (GCFM) as an SCLC affiliate, and within days 1,300 blacks registered to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a><sup id="cite_ref-cra64_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra64-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had outlawed segregation of public facilities, the law had not been applied in Grenada which still maintained rigid segregation. After black students were arrested for trying to sit downstairs in the "white" section of the movie theater, SCLC and the GCFM demanded that all forms of segregation be eliminated, and called for a boycott of white merchants. Over the summer, the number of protests increased and many demonstrators and SCLC organizers were arrested as police enforced the old <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> social order. In July and August, large mobs of white segregationists mobilized by the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">KKK</a> violently attacked nonviolent marchers and news reporters with rocks, bottles, baseball bats and steel pipes. </p><p>When the new school year began in September, SCLC and the GCFM encouraged more than 450 black students to register at the formerly white schools under a court desegregation order. This was by far the largest school integration attempt in Mississippi since the <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> ruling in 1954. The all-white school board resisted fiercely, whites threatened black parents with economic retaliation if they did not withdraw their children, and by the first day of school the number of black children registered in the white schools had dropped to approximately 250. On the first day of class, September 12, a furious white mob organized by the Klan attacked the black children and their parents with clubs, chains, whips, and pipes as they walked to school, injuring many and hospitalizing several with broken bones. Police and Mississippi State Troopers made no effort to halt or deter the mob violence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the following days, white mobs continued to attack the black children until public pressure and a Federal court order finally forced Mississippi lawmen to intervene. By the end of the first week, many black parents had withdrawn their children from the white schools out of fear for their safety, but approximately 150 black students continued to attend, still the largest school integration in state history at that point in time. </p><p>Inside the schools, blacks were harassed by white teachers, threatened and attacked by white students, and many blacks were expelled on flimsy pretexts by school officials. By mid-October, the number of blacks attending the white schools had dropped to roughly 70. When school officials refused to meet with a delegation of black parents, black students began boycotting both the white and black schools in protest. Many children, parents, GCFM activists, and SCLC organizers were arrested for protesting the school situation. By the end of October, almost all of the 2600 black students in Grenada County were boycotting school. The boycott was not ended until early November when SCLC attorneys won a Federal court order that the school system treat everyone equal regardless of race and meet with black parents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jackson_conference">Jackson conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jackson conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Johnson_(activist)" title="Allen Johnson (activist)">Allen Johnson</a> hosted the Tenth Annual Southern Christian Leadership Conference at the Masonic Temple in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-king_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theme of the conference was human rights - the continuing struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-king_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in attendance, among others, included: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_W._Harris" title="Curtis W. Harris">Curtis W. Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Fauntroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter E. Fauntroy">Walter E. Fauntroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Robinson" title="Cleveland Robinson">Cleveland Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Williams_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Daniel Williams King">Alfred Daniel Williams King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-king_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago_Freedom_Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chicago Freedom Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poor_People's_Campaign"><span id="Poor_People.27s_Campaign"></span>Poor People's Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poor People's Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1968–1997"><span id="1968.E2.80.931997"></span>1968–1997</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1968–1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) instructed its program "<a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a>" to "neutralize" what the FBI called "black nationalist hate groups" and other dissident groups.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial targets included Martin Luther King Jr. and others associated with the SCLC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in 1968, leadership was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>, who presided until 1977. Abernathy was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> who was SCLC president until 1997. In 1997, MLK's son, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a>, became the president of SCLC. In 2004, for less than a year, it was <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>. After him, the president was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a>, and in 2009, Howard W. Creecy Jr. Next were Isaac Newton Farris Jr. and <a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a>, who took office in 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="#Leadership"><span title="The other section does not have Farris nor Vivian, and shows Steele twice. (September 2020)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1997_to_present">1997 to present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1997 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> was unanimously elected to head the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, replacing <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a>. Under King's leadership, the SCLC held hearings on police brutality, organized a rally for the 37th anniversary of the "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" <a href="/wiki/Public_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Public speech">speech</a> and launched a successful campaign to change the Georgia <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)">state flag</a>, which previously featured a large <a href="/wiki/Confederate_battle_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate battle flag">Confederate cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT0804_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT0804-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within only a few months of taking the position, however, King was being criticized by the Conference board for alleged inactivity. He was accused of failing to answer correspondence from the board and take up issues important to the organization. The board also felt he failed to demonstrate against national issues the SCLC previously would have protested, like the disenfranchisement of black voters in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount</a> or time limits on welfare recipients implemented by then-<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT0726_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0726-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King was further criticized for failing to join the battle against <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, allegedly because he feels uncomfortable talking about <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT0804_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT0804-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also hired Lamell J. McMorris, an executive director who, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, "rubbed board members the wrong way."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT0726_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0726-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Christian Leadership Conference suspended King from the presidency in June 2001, concerned that he was letting the organization drift into inaction. In a June 25 letter to King, the group's national chairman at the time, Claud Young, wrote, "You have consistently been insubordinate and displayed inappropriate, obstinate behavior in the (negligent) carrying out of your duties as president of SCLC."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT0726_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0726-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King was reinstated only one week later after promising to take a more active role. Young said of the suspension, "I felt we had to use a <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">two-by-four</a> to get his attention. Well, it got his attention all right."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT0726_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0726-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he was reinstated, King prepared a four-year plan outlining a stronger direction for the organization, agreeing to dismiss McMorris and announcing plans to present a strong challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> in an August convention in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT0726_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0726-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also planned to concentrate on racial profiling, prisoners' rights, and closing the digital divide between whites and blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT0804_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT0804-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, King also suggested in a statement that the group needed a different approach than it had used in the past, stating, "We must not allow our lust for 'temporal gratification' to blind us from making difficult decisions to effect future generations."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT0726_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0726-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martin Luther King III resigned in 2004, upon which <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> was elected to replace him. Shuttlesworth resigned the same year that he was appointed, complaining that "deceit, mistrust, and a lack of spiritual discipline and truth have eaten at the core of this once-hallowed organization".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a> who served until October 2009. </p><p>On October 30, 2009, Elder <a href="/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a>, King's youngest child, was elected SCLC's new president, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bush_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Bush III (page does not exist)">James Bush III</a> taking office in February 2010 as Acting President/CEO until Bernice King took office. However, on January 21, 2011, fifteen months after her election, Bernice King declined the position of president. In a written statement, she said that her decision came "after numerous attempts to connect with the official board leaders on how to move forward under my leadership, unfortunately, our visions did not align."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best-known member of the SCLC was <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, who was president and chaired the organization until he was assassinated on April 4, 1968. Other prominent members of the organization have included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._O._Simpkins_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="C. O. Simpkins Sr.">C. O. Simpkins Sr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Fauntroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter E. Fauntroy">Walter E. Fauntroy</a>, Claud Young, <a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_W._Harris" title="Curtis W. Harris">Curtis W. Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Presidents</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:08-15-1964_20069_Martin_Luther_King_(4086739403)_greyBack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/08-15-1964_20069_Martin_Luther_King_%284086739403%29_greyBack.jpg/80px-08-15-1964_20069_Martin_Luther_King_%284086739403%29_greyBack.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/08-15-1964_20069_Martin_Luther_King_%284086739403%29_greyBack.jpg/120px-08-15-1964_20069_Martin_Luther_King_%284086739403%29_greyBack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/08-15-1964_20069_Martin_Luther_King_%284086739403%29_greyBack.jpg/160px-08-15-1964_20069_Martin_Luther_King_%284086739403%29_greyBack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="865" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> </td> <td>1957–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Abernathy_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ralph_Abernathy_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg/80px-Ralph_Abernathy_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ralph_Abernathy_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg/120px-Ralph_Abernathy_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ralph_Abernathy_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg/160px-Ralph_Abernathy_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="362" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> </td> <td>1968–1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lowery_2000_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Joseph_Lowery_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Joseph_Lowery_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Joseph_Lowery_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Joseph_Lowery_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Joseph_Lowery_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Joseph_Lowery_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="689" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> </td> <td>1977–1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_III_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Martin_Luther_King_III_1998.jpg/80px-Martin_Luther_King_III_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Martin_Luther_King_III_1998.jpg/120px-Martin_Luther_King_III_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Martin_Luther_King_III_1998.jpg/160px-Martin_Luther_King_III_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2135" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> </td> <td>1997–2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fred_Shuttlesworth_(49070846811).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fred_Shuttlesworth_%2849070846811%29.jpg/80px-Fred_Shuttlesworth_%2849070846811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fred_Shuttlesworth_%2849070846811%29.jpg/120px-Fred_Shuttlesworth_%2849070846811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fred_Shuttlesworth_%2849070846811%29.jpg/160px-Fred_Shuttlesworth_%2849070846811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="324" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> </td> <td>2004–2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg/80px-Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg/120px-Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg/160px-Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a> </td> <td>2004–2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <td>Howard W. Creecy Jr. </td> <td>2009–2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg/80px-Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg/120px-Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg/160px-Charles_Steel_Jr._-_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2012–2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>[[]] </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeMark_Liggins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeMark Liggins (page does not exist)">DeMark Liggins</a> </td> <td>2024– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_other_organizations">Relationships with other organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationships with other organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its dedication to direct-action protests, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, and mobilizing mass participation in boycotts and marches, SCLC was considered more "radical" than the older NAACP, which favored lawsuits, legislative lobbying, and education campaigns conducted by professionals. At the same time, it was generally considered less radical than <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE) or the youth-led <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To a certain extent during the period 1960–1964, SCLC had a mentoring relationship with SNCC before SNCC began moving away from nonviolence and integration in the late 1960s. Over time, SCLC and SNCC took different strategic paths, with SCLC focusing on large-scale campaigns such as <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma</a> to win national legislation, and SNCC focusing on community-organizing to build political power on the local level. In many communities, there was tension between SCLC and SNCC because SCLC's base was the minister-led Black churches, and SNCC was trying to build rival community organizations led by the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SCLC also had its own youth volunteer initiative, the <a href="/wiki/SCOPE_Project" title="SCOPE Project">SCOPE Project</a> (Summer Community Organization on Political Education), which placed about 500 young people, mostly white students from nearly 100 colleges and universities, who registered about 49,000 voters in 120 counties in 6 southern states in 1965–66.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuck2003_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuck2003-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1979, the head of the SCLC, Joseph Lowery, met with the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) and endorsed <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> self-determination and urged the PLO to "consider" recognizing <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s right to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_273_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_273-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKing_Research_&_Education_Institute_at_Stanford_Univ." class="citation web cs1">King Research & Education Institute at Stanford Univ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227005540/http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/enc_SCLC.htm">"Southern Christian Leadership Conference"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Christian+Leadership+Conference&rft.au=King+Research+%26+Education+Institute+at+Stanford+Univ.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FKing%2Fabout_king%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenc_SCLC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch1988" class="citation book cs1">Branch, Taylor (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame00bran_0"><i>Parting the Waters</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671687427" title="Special:BookSources/9780671687427"><bdi>9780671687427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parting+the+Waters&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780671687427&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartingwatersame00bran_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/statement-south-and-nation-issued-southern-negro-leaders-conference">"A Statement to the South and Nation," Issued by the Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration</a>" (1957-01-11). Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project. Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilrightstrail.com/attraction/new-zion-baptist-church/">"New Zion Baptist Church"</a>. <i>US Civil Rights Trail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Orleans+Historical&rft.atitle=New+Zion+Baptist+Church&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneworleanshistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F1374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis57.htm">"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- History & Timeline, 1957"</a>. <i>www.crmvet.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 2, 1957. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Tribune&rft.atitle=Conference+Called+by+King+to+Air+Rights+Progress&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1957-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F109071662%2Fconference-called-by-king-to-air-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/name-changed-southern-christian-leadership-conference-third-meeting-king-announces">"Name changed to Southern Christian Leadership Conference at third meeting; King announces "Crusade for Citizenship"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>King Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University#Research_centers_and_institutes" title="Stanford University">Stanford University | Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crmvet.org&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Movement+History+%26+Timeline%2C+1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis57.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Randall (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/796572">"Martin Luther King's Constitution: A Legal History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"</a>. <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>98</b> (6): 999–1067. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F796572">10.2307/796572</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-0094">0044-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/796572">796572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King%27s+Constitution%3A+A+Legal+History+of+the+Montgomery+Bus+Boycott&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=999-1067&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0044-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F796572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F796572&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F796572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairclough1986" class="citation journal cs1">Fairclough, Adam (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274690">"Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Quest for Nonviolent Social Change"</a>. <i>Phylon</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F274690">10.2307/274690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8906">0031-8906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274690">274690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+and+the+Quest+for+Nonviolent+Social+Change&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0031-8906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F274690&rft.aulast=Fairclough&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/sncc">"SNCC | HISTORY"</a>. <i>www.history.com</i>. August 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history.com&rft.atitle=SNCC+%7C+HISTORY&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2F.amp%2Ftopics%2Fblack-history%2Fsncc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scdah-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scdah_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/S10817710183/index.htm">"The Progressive Club, Charleston County (3377 River Rd., Johns Island)"</a>. <i>National Register Properties in South Carolina</i>. South Carolina Department of Archives and History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+Properties+in+South+Carolina&rft.atitle=The+Progressive+Club%2C+Charleston+County+%283377+River+Rd.%2C+Johns+Island%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregister.sc.gov%2Fcharleston%2FS10817710183%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Payne, Charles</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ivegotlightoffre00payn"><i>I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520085152" title="Special:BookSources/9780520085152"><bdi>9780520085152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%27ve+Got+the+Light+of+Freedom%3A+The+Organizing+Tradition+and+the+Mississippi+Freedom+Struggle&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780520085152&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fivegotlightoffre00payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis54.htm#1954ccs">Citizenship Schools</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne,_Charles_1997-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne,_Charles_1997_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne,_Charles_1997_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Charles. <i><a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Got_the_Light_of_Freedom:_The_Organizing_Tradition_and_the_Mississippi_Freedom_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle">I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle</a>.</i> University of California, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charron,_Katherine_Mellen_2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charron,_Katherine_Mellen_2009_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charron,_Katherine_Mellen_2009_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charron, Katherine Mellen (2009). Freedom's Teacher: The Life of Septima Clark. The University of North Carolina Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-Nagin_2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Nagin_2006_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Nagin_2006_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown-Nagin, Tomiko 2006. The Transformation of a Social Movement into Law? the SCLC and NAACP's campaigns for civil rights reconsidered in the light of the educational activism of Septima Clark. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown-Nagin, Tomiko (2006). The Transformation of a Social Movement into Law? the SCLC and NAACP's campaigns for civil rights reconsidered in the light of the educational activism of Septima Clark. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/playback.html?base_file=G-0017&duration=01:26:08">"Interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 30, 1976"</a>. Documenting the American South.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961albany">Albany GA, Movement</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.C.J._Carpenter1963" class="citation web cs1">C.C.J. Carpenter; et al. (April 12, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216045015/http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/popular_requests/frequentdocs/clergy.pdf">"Statement by Alabama Clergymen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/popular_requests/frequentdocs/clergy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(.PDF)</span> on February 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+Alabama+Clergymen&rft.pub=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Papers+Project&rft.date=1963-04-12&rft.au=C.C.J.+Carpenter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FKing%2Fpopular_requests%2Ffrequentdocs%2Fclergy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birmingham-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birmingham_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birmingham_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1963" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (April 16, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092809/http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/popular_requests/frequentdocs/birmingham.pdf">"Letter from Birmingham Jail"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/popular_requests/frequentdocs/birmingham.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(.PDF)</span> on March 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Birmingham+Jail&rft.pub=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Papers+Project&rft.date=1963-04-16&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FKing%2Fpopular_requests%2Ffrequentdocs%2Fbirmingham.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim63b.htm#1963mow">March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060311100813/http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/saint_augustine.htm">St. Augustine Movement</a> King Research and Education Institute (Stanford Univ)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cra64-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cra64_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cra64_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cra64_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finduslaw.com/civil-rights-act-1964-cra-title-vii-equal-employment-opportunities-42-us-code-chapter-21">"Civil Rights Act of 1964 - CRA - Title VII - Equal Employment Opportunities - 42 US Code Chapter 21 | findUSlaw"</a>. <i>finduslaw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finduslaw.com&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964+-+CRA+-+Title+VII+-+Equal+Employment+Opportunities+-+42+US+Code+Chapter+21+%7C+findUSlaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinduslaw.com%2Fcivil-rights-act-1964-cra-title-vii-equal-employment-opportunities-42-us-code-chapter-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/info/staug.htm">St. Augustine Movement 1963–1964</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964selmainj">The Selma Injunction</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/disc/selma.htm#ala65proj">SCLC's "Alabama Project"</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/info/lithome.htm">Are You "Qualified" to Vote? The Alabama "Literacy Test"</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122214150/http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/selma_montgomery.htm">"Selma to Montgomery March"</a>. King Research & Education Institute at Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/selma_montgomery.htm">the original</a> on January 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selma+to+Montgomery+March&rft.pub=King+Research+%26+Education+Institute+at+Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FKing%2Fabout_king%2Fencyclopedia%2Fselma_montgomery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrow1986" class="citation book cs1">Garrow, David (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bearingcross00davi"><i>Bearing the Cross</i></a>. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-04794-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-04794-7"><bdi>0-688-04794-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bearing+the+Cross&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-688-04794-7&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbearingcross00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing_Research_&_Education_Institute_at_Stanford_University" class="citation web cs1">King Research & Education Institute at Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318012725/http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/speeches/Our_God_is_marching_on.html">"Our God Is Marching On!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/speeches/Our_God_is_marching_on.html">the original</a> on March 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+God+Is+Marching+On%21&rft.au=King+Research+%26+Education+Institute+at+Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FKing%2Fpublications%2Fspeeches%2FOur_God_is_marching_on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crmvet.org/info/grenada.htm">"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Grenada Mississippi—Chronology of a Movement"</a>. <i>www.crmvet.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crmvet.org&rft.atitle=Veterans+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement+--+Grenada+Mississippi%E2%80%94Chronology+of+a+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Finfo%2Fgrenada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/u/ulsmanuscripts/pdf/31735061655571.pdf">"Negroes Beaten in Grenada School Integration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Negroes+Beaten+in+Grenada+School+Integration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.pitt.edu%2Fu%2Fulsmanuscripts%2Fpdf%2F31735061655571.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-king_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926015755/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/program-sclcs-tenth-annual-convention">"Program from the SCLC's Tenth Annual Convention"</a>. The King Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/program-sclcs-tenth-annual-convention">the original</a> on September 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Program+from+the+SCLC%27s+Tenth+Annual+Convention&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Farchive%2Fdocument%2Fprogram-sclcs-tenth-annual-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/actions/actions_cointelpro.html">"COINTELPRO" A Huey P. Newton Story</a>, Public Broadcasting System website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/COINTELPRO">"COINTELPRO"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. October 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=COINTELPRO&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCOINTELPRO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT0804-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT0804_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT0804_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT0804_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Gettleman" title="Jeffrey Gettleman">Gettleman, Jeffrey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-04-mn-30468-story.html">"M.L. King III: Father's path hard to follow."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, August 5, 2001. Retrieved on September 14, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT0726-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT0726_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT0726_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT0726_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT0726_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT0726_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT0726_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Firestone, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06EFDC173DF935A15754C0A9679C8B63">"A civil rights group suspends, then reinstates, its president."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 26, 2001. Retrieved on August 28, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43758-2004Nov11.html">"President of Beleaguered Civil Rights Group Resigns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. November 12, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=President+of+Beleaguered+Civil+Rights+Group+Resigns&rft.date=2004-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA43758-2004Nov11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124130105/http://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta/bernice-king-declines-sclc-811426.html">"Bernice King Declines SCLC Presidency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a></i>. January 21, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta/bernice-king-declines-sclc-811426.html">the original</a> on January 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Bernice+King+Declines+SCLC+Presidency&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Fatlanta%2Fbernice-king-declines-sclc-811426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalsclc.org/about/national-staff/">"National Staff"</a>. <i>The All-New National SCLC</i>. March 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+All-New+National+SCLC&rft.atitle=National+Staff&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalsclc.org%2Fabout%2Fnational-staff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversityStanfordCalifornia_943052017" class="citation web cs1">University, © Stanford; Stanford; California 94305 (June 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/student-nonviolent-coordinating-committee-sncc">"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)"</a>. <i>The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.atitle=Student+Nonviolent+Coordinating+Committee+%28SNCC%29&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=%C2%A9+Stanford&rft.au=Stanford&rft.au=California+94305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fstudent-nonviolent-coordinating-committee-sncc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crmvet.org/">"Civil Rights Movement Archive - CORE, NAACP, SCLC, SNCC"</a>. <i>www.crmvet.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crmvet.org&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Movement+Archive+-+CORE%2C+NAACP%2C+SCLC%2C+SNCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuck2003-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuck2003_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_G._N._Tuck2001" class="citation book cs1">Stephen G. N. Tuck (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2y674_8pGXkC"><i>Beyond Atlanta: The Struggle for Racial Equality in Georgia, 1940-1980</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2528-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2528-6"><bdi>978-0-8203-2528-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Atlanta%3A+The+Struggle+for+Racial+Equality+in+Georgia%2C+1940-1980&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2528-6&rft.au=Stephen+G.+N.+Tuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2y674_8pGXkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_273-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_273_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/273"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a>. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/273">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguiarGates,_Henry_Louis1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aguiar, Marian; Gates, Henry Louis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi">"Southern Christian Leadership Conference"</a>. <i>Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience</i>. New York: Basic Civitas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1"><bdi>0-465-00071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Christian+Leadership+Conference&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+the+encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-00071-1&rft.aulast=Aguiar&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooksey2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cooksey, Elizabeth B. (December 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112917/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2743&sug=y">"Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)"</a>. <i>The new Georgia encyclopedia</i>. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54400935">54400935</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2743&sug=y">the original</a> on October 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Christian+Leadership+Conference+%28SCLC%29&rft.btitle=The+new+Georgia+encyclopedia&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=Georgia+Humanities+Council&rft.date=2004-12-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54400935&rft.aulast=Cooksey&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Fnge%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-2743%26sug%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fairclough, Adam. "The Preachers and the People: The Origins and Early Years of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1955-1959." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> (1986): 403–440. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2209569">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Fairclough, Adam. <i>To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr.</i> (University of Georgia Press, 2001)</li> <li>Garrow, David. <i>Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference</i> (1986); Pulitzer Prize</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarableMullings,_Leith2002" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning; Mullings, Leith (2002). <i>Freedom: A Photographic History of the African American Struggle</i>. London: Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-4270-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-4270-2"><bdi>0-7148-4270-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%3A+A+Photographic+History+of+the+African+American+Struggle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7148-4270-2&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft.au=Mullings%2C+Leith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peake, Thomas R. <i>Keeping the dream alive: A history of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference from King to the nineteen-eighties</i> (P. Lang, 1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1987" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Juan (1987). <i>Eyes on The Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81412-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81412-1"><bdi>0-670-81412-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyes+on+The+Prize%3A+America%27s+Civil+Rights+Years%2C+1954%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-670-81412-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Christian+Leadership+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div><p>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalsclc.org">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/90wfs">Southern Christian Leadership Conference records, 1864 (<i>sic</i>)–2012</a> at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Books Library, <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm#docssclc">SCLC Documents</a> Online collection of original SCLC documents ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onevotesncc.org/profile/sclc/">"SCLC," One Person, One Vote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031175949/http://onevotesncc.org/profile/sclc/">Archived</a> October 31, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</a>, Emory University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/90wfs">Southern Christian Leadership Conference records, 1864-2012</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCLC_presidents" title="Template:SCLC presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCLC_presidents" title="Template talk:SCLC presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCLC_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCLC presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">Presidents</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1957–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> (1968–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> (1977–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (1997–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a> (2004–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Howard W. Creecy Jr. (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a> (2012–2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">DeMark Liggins (2024–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Template:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Template talk:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Speeches,_writings,_movements,_and_protests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Speeches, writings, movements, and protests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>" (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>" (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>" (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom" title="Stride Toward Freedom">Stride Toward Freedom</a></i> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Man%3F_(King_essay)" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Man? (King essay)">What Is Man?</a>" (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Strength_to_Love" title="Strength to Love">Strength to Love</a></i> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>" (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a></i> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Conscience_for_Change" title="Conscience for Change">Conscience for Change</a></i> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here:_Chaos_or_Community%3F" title="Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?">Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?</a></i> (1967)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Movements<br />and protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a> (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a> (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">Mississippi March Against Fear</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnam_War_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Vietnam War movement">Anti-Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam#April_15,_1967_Anti-Vietnam_war_demonstrations" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">War movement</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dexter_King" title="Dexter King">Dexter King</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta Williams King</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Christine King Farris</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Albert_King" title="James Albert King">James Albert King</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alveda_King" title="Alveda King">Alveda King</a> (niece)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> (mentor, colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> (strategist / colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (protégé)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a> (mentor)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> (advisor)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Walker</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> (colleague)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (colleague)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Assassination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">Lorraine Motel</a> (now National Civil Rights Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-assassination_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="King-assassination riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kershaw" title="Jack Kershaw">Jack Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> (HSCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Records_Collection_Act" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act">Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyd_Jowers" title="Loyd Jowers">Loyd Jowers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyd_Jowers_trial" title="Loyd Jowers trial">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/King:_A_Filmed_Record..._Montgomery_to_Memphis" title="King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis">King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis</a></i> (1970 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Friend,_Martin" title="Our Friend, Martin">Our Friend, Martin</a></i> (1999 animated)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boycott_(2001_film)" title="Boycott (2001 film)"><i>Boycott</i></a> (2001 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness:_From_the_Balcony_of_Room_306" title="The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306">The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306</a></i> (2008 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a></i> (2014 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)"><i>All the Way</i></a> (2016 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/King_in_the_Wilderness" title="King in the Wilderness">King in the Wilderness</a></i> (2018 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/MLK/FBI" title="MLK/FBI">MLK/FBI</a></i> (2020 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rustin_(film)" title="Rustin (film)">Rustin</a></i> (2023 film)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King_(miniseries)" title="King (miniseries)"><i>King</i></a> (1978 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_First_Store" title="The First Store">The First Store</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a></i>, 1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"Great X-Pectations" (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Different_World" title="A Different World">A Different World</a></i>, 1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Promised_Land_(New_York_Undercover)" title="The Promised Land (New York Undercover)">"The Promised Land"</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Undercover" title="New York Undercover">New York Undercover</a></i>, 1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Selma,_Lord,_Selma" title="Selma, Lord, Selma">Selma, Lord, Selma</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_King_(The_Boondocks)" title="Return of the King (The Boondocks)">"Return of the King"</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Boondocks_(TV_series)" title="The Boondocks (TV series)">The Boondocks</a></i>, 2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Man:_The_Brotherhood_of_MLK" title="Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK">Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK</a></i> (2011 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a></i> (<i>MLK/X</i>, 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_(play)" title="The Meeting (play)">The Meeting</a></i> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountaintop" title="The Mountaintop">The Mountaintop</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_Dream_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Dream (opera)">I Dream</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">All the Way</a></i> (2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_and_the_Montgomery_Story" title="Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story">Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story</a></i> (1957 comic book)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">Abraham, Martin and John</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Dion_DiMucci" title="Dion DiMucci">Dion</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Princess_(album)#Track_listing" title="The Yellow Princess (album)">March! For Martin Luther King</a>" (<a href="/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)" title="John Fahey (musician)">John Fahey</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Just_a_Collection_of_Antiques_and_Curios#Track_listing" title="Just a Collection of Antiques and Curios">Martin Luther King's Dream</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Strawbs" title="Strawbs">Strawbs</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Happy Birthday (Stevie Wonder song)">Happy Birthday</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Pride_(In_the_Name_of_Love)" title="Pride (In the Name of Love)">Pride (In the Name of Love)</a>" (<a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/MLK_(song)" title="MLK (song)">MLK</a>" (U2)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/King_Holiday" title="King Holiday">King Holiday</a>" (<a href="/wiki/King_Dream_Chorus_and_Holiday_Crew" class="mw-redirect" title="King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew">King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (<a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/New_Moon_Shine" title="New Moon Shine">Shed a Little Light</a>" (<a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Up_to_the_Mountain_(MLK_Song)" title="Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)">Up to the Mountain</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Patti_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Patti Griffin">Patti Griffin</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"Never Alone Martin" (<a href="/wiki/Jason_Upton" title="Jason Upton">Jason Upton</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"Symphony of Brotherhood" (<a href="/wiki/Miri_Ben-Ari" title="Miri Ben-Ari">Miri Ben-Ari</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schwantner:_New_Morning_for_the_World;_Nicolas_Flagello:_The_Passion_of_Martin_Luther_King" title="Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King">Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King</a></i> (1995 album)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_Dream_(Common_song)" title="A Dream (Common song)">A Dream</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Common_(rapper)" title="Common (rapper)">Common</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glory_(Common_and_John_Legend_song)" title="Glory (Common and John Legend song)">"Glory"</a> (Common and <a href="/wiki/John_Legend" title="John Legend">John Legend</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.,_Inc._v._CBS,_Inc." title="Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.">Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passage_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day">passage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_Center_(Atlanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The King Center (Atlanta)">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._authorship_issues" title="Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues">Authorship issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93King_suicide_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–King suicide letter">FBI–King suicide letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(U.S._Capitol)" title="Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Alston)" title="Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (Alston)">Oval Office bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_King" title="Homage to King"><i>Homage to King</i> sculpture, Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Moving_Forward" title="Hope Moving Forward"><i>Hope Moving Forward</i> statue, Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_House_Black_History_Museum" title="Safe House Black History Museum">Safe House Black History Museum</a></li> <li>Statues of Martin Luther King Jr. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Atlanta)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Atlanta)">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Embrace" title="The Embrace">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Houston)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial_(Jersey_City)" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Jersey City)">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Milwaukee)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Mexico_City)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Mexico City)">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Newark)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Newark)">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Pueblo,_Colorado)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Pueblo, Colorado)">Pueblo, Colorado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena_Gardens#Public_art" title="Yerba Buena Gardens">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial_(Compton)" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)">Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial"><i>Landmark for Peace Memorial</i>, Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_(sculpture)" title="The Dream (sculpture)"><i>The Dream</i> sculpture, Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial_Library" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library" title="Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin_Luther_King" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King">Paris park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.">Eponymous streets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_in_the_King_Years" title="America in the King Years">America in the King Years</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Jackson%E2%80%93King_Day" title="Lee–Jackson–King Day">Lee–Jackson–King Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605130#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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