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data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Circuit+%28administrative+division%29" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_(administrative_division)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>A <b>circuit</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">道</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dào</span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">路</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lù</span></i>) was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_administrative_divisions_of_China_before_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the administrative divisions of China before 1912">historical political division</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and is a historical and modern <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Japan" title="Administrative divisions of Japan">administrative unit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The primary level of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Korea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Administrative divisions of Korea (disambiguation)">administrative division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> and in modern <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> employs the same <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Chinese character</a> as the Chinese and Japanese divisions but, because of its relatively greater importance, is usually translated as <b>province</b> instead. </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Circuit</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China,_742.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/China%2C_742.svg/300px-China%2C_742.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/China%2C_742.svg/450px-China%2C_742.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/China%2C_742.svg/600px-China%2C_742.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The inspection circuits of the Tang dynasty in 742<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Dao (mainly <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:道">道</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">way, path, circuit</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">dào</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄉㄠˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">tao</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Lu (<a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> dynasties)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:路">路</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">lù</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">도</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">道</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">do</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">to</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">道</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">どう</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">dō</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Korea"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Korea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_(administrative_division)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administration of territory in dynastic China</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_administrative_divisions_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–49)">History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–49)</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; font-size:smaller;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">"Circuit" </th></tr> <tr> <th>Period </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Level </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><span lang="zh">道</span></td> <td rowspan="2">dào</td> <td>3rd </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Liao</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></td> <td><span lang="zh">路</span></td> <td>lù </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><span lang="zh">道</span></td> <td rowspan="2">dào</td> <td rowspan="3">2nd </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC (12-28)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC (32-49)</a></td> <td><span lang="zh">行政督察區</span></td> <td>xíngzhèng dūchá qū </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Circuits originated in China during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and were used as a lower-tier administrative division, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of the People's Republic of China">county</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">县</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">縣</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiàn</span></i>, also translated as "districts"). They were used only in the fringes of the empire, which were either inhabited primarily by non-Han Chinese peoples or too geographically isolated from the rest of the Han centers of power. The system fell into disuse after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a>. </p><p>The administrative division was revived in 627 when <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a> made it the highest level administrative division and subdivided China into ten circuits. These were originally meant to be purely geographic and not administrative. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a> added a further five, and slowly the circuits strengthened their own power until they became powerful regional forces that tore the country apart during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> dynasties, circuits (“dao”) were renamed <i>lu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">路</span></span>), both of which mean "road" or "path". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty"><i>Dao</i></a> were revived during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. Circuits were demoted to the second level after the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> established provinces at the very top and remained there for the next several centuries. The Yuan dynasty also had <i>lu</i> (sometimes translated as "route"), but it was simply the Chinese word used for the Mongolian administrative unit, the <i>cölge</i>. The Yuan <i>lu</i> had little to do with the circuits (<i>lu</i>) in the Song and Jin dynasties and were closer in size to prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>, they were overseen by a <span class="nowrap"><i>circuit intendant</i></span> or <span class="nowrap"><i>tao-tai</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%87%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:道臺">道臺</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dàotái</span></i>). The <a href="/wiki/Circuit_intendant_of_Shanghai" title="Circuit intendant of Shanghai">circuit intendant of Shanghai</a> was particularly influential. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Republic of China</a> era, circuits still existed as high-level, though not top-level, administrative divisions such as Qiongya Circuit (now <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> province). After the Nationalists had successfully <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">reunite China</a> in 1928, all circuits were replaced with committees or simply abandoned. In 1932, <i>administrative circuits</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">行政督察區</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xíngzhèng dūchá qū</span></i>) were reintroduced and lasted until 1949. </p><p>In 1949, after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, all of the <i>administrative circuits</i> were converted into <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China"><i>zhuanqu</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">专区</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhuānqū</span></i>) in 1949 and renamed <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China"><i>diqu</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">地区</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dìqū</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'prefecture') in the 1970s. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_(administrative_division)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gokishichido.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gokishichido.svg/180px-Gokishichido.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gokishichido.svg/180px-Gokishichido.svg.png" data-width="180" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gokishichido.svg/270px-Gokishichido.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gokishichido.svg/360px-Gokishichido.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Gokishichidō in the context of modern prefectures. <table style="border: 1px solid #F9F9F9; background: #F9F9F9"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #FFC109; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/Kinai" title="Kinai">Kinai</a> </td> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #FF9D9D; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_(region)" title="Tōkaidō (region)">Tōkaidō</a> </td> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #FFDDBB; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dsand%C5%8D" title="Tōsandō">Tōsandō</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #EAEAEA; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/Hokurikud%C5%8D" title="Hokurikudō">Hokurikudō</a> </td> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #DFDFFF; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/San%27ind%C5%8D" title="San'indō">San'indō</a> </td> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #F5FD95; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="San'yōdō">San'yōdō</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #DCE0C0; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/Nankaid%C5%8D" title="Nankaidō">Nankaidō</a> </td> <td align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #F0E1E1; width: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/Saikaid%C5%8D" title="Saikaidō">Saikaidō</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> (538–710), Japan was organized into five provinces and seven circuits, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gokishichid%C5%8D" title="Gokishichidō">Gokishichidō</a> (5 ki 7 dō), as part of a legal and governmental system borrowed from the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though these units did not survive as administrative structures beyond the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> (1336–1573), they did remain important geographical entities until the 19th century. The seven circuits spread over the islands of <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_(region)" title="Tōkaidō (region)">Tōkaidō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東海道</span></span>) "East Sea Circuit": 15 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan" title="Provinces of Japan">provinces</a> (<i>kuni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankaid%C5%8D" title="Nankaidō">Nankaidō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">南海道</span></span>) "South Sea Circuit": 6 provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saikaid%C5%8D" title="Saikaidō">Saikaidō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">西海道</span></span>) "West Sea Circuit": 8 provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokurikud%C5%8D" title="Hokurikudō">Hokurikudō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北陸道</span></span>) "North Land Circuit": 7 provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%27ind%C5%8D" title="San'indō">San'indō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">山陰道</span></span>) "Shaded-side Circuit": 8 provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="San'yōdō">San'yōdō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">山陽道</span></span>) "Sunny-side Circuit": 8 provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dsand%C5%8D" title="Tōsandō">Tōsandō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東山道</span></span>) "East Mountain Circuit": 13 provinces</li></ul> <p>In the mid-19th century, the northern island of <a href="/wiki/Ezo" title="Ezo">Ezo</a> was settled, and renamed <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaidō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北海道</span></span>, "North Sea Circuit")</span>. It is currently the only <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefecture of Japan</a> named with the <i>dō</i> (circuit) suffix. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Korea">Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_(administrative_division)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Korea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Since the late 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Do_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Do (administrative division)"><i>do</i></a> ("province") has been the primary <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Eight_Provinces_of_Korea" title="Eight Provinces of Korea">Eight Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea#Do_(Province)" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">Subdivisions of South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea#Provinces" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a> for details. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_(administrative_division)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan" title="Provinces of Japan">Provinces of Japan</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_(administrative_division)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Cambridge History of China</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircuit+%28administrative+division%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell2003" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Paul D. (2003). <i>The A to Z of the Mongol World Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. pp. 141, 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7578-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-7578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Mongol+World+Empire&rft.pages=141%2C+188&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7578-4&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircuit+%28administrative+division%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "<i>Goki-shichidō</i>" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA255"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA255">Japan Encyclopedia<i>, p. 255</i></a>, p. 255, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, <i>see</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709">Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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data-title="Circuit (divisió administrativa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_(divisi%C3%B3n_administrativa)" title="Circuito (división administrativa) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circuito (división administrativa)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_(division_administrative)" title="Circuit (division administrative) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circuit (division administrative)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho_(H%C3%A0ng-ch%E1%B9%B3n_kh%C3%AE-va%CC%8Dk)" title="Tho (Hàng-chṳn khî-va̍k) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tho (Hàng-chṳn khî-va̍k)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84_(%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95_%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD)" title="도 (행정 구역) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도 (행정 구역)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB)" title="道 (行政区画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="道 (行政区画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_(divis%C3%A3o_administrativa)" title="Circuito (divisão administrativa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circuito (divisão administrativa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_(political_division)" title="Circuit (political division) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Circuit (political division)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Край (Східна Азія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Край (Східна Азія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93_(%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80)" title="道 (政區) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="道 (政區)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92)" title="道 (行政区划) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="道 (行政区划)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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