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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Masurian+dialects" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Masurian ethnolect (Masurian: mazurská gádkä; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: mazurski; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Masurisch), according to some <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>; others consider Masurian to be a separate language, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurian people</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Masurian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">mazurská gádkä</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(undated figure of 5,000–15,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>])</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian dialect">Masovian</a><a href="#cite_note-Wieczorkiewicz-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-gwary-2">[2]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Masurian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prusy_historyczne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Prusy_historyczne.png/320px-Prusy_historyczne.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Prusy_historyczne.png/480px-Prusy_historyczne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Prusy_historyczne.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="459"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Historical Prussia – Masuria is captioned as Mazury</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> The dialect belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect_group" title="Masovian dialect group">Masovian dialect group</a> and is located in the part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. It borders the <a href="/wiki/Lubawa_dialect" title="Lubawa dialect">Lubawa dialect</a> to the far southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3da_dialect" title="Ostróda dialect">Ostróda dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warmia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmia dialect">Warmia dialect</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/New_mixed_dialects" title="New mixed dialects">new mixed dialects</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_dialect" title="Suwałki dialect">Suwałki dialect</a> to the east, marginally the <a href="/wiki/Podlachia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Podlachia dialect">Podlachia dialect</a> to the far east, and the <a href="/wiki/Kurpie_dialect" title="Kurpie dialect">Kurpie dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_Mazovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Mazovian dialect">Far Mazovian dialect</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Situation_in_21st_century">1.1 Situation in 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Books_in_Masurian">2 Books in Masurian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Dialect_or_language">3 Dialect or language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Linguistic_features">4 Linguistic features</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Vowels">4.1 Vowels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Slanted_vowels">4.1.1 Slanted vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Nasal_vowels">4.1.2 Nasal vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Prothesis">4.1.3 Prothesis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Consonants">4.2 Consonants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Dialects_of_Masurian">5 Dialects of Masurian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Grammar">6 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Inflectional_cases">6.1 Inflectional cases</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#The_verb_%22to_be%22">6.1.1 The verb "to be"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Present_tense_conjugation">6.2 Present tense conjugation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#-a%C4%8D">6.2.1 -ač</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#-e%C4%8D">6.2.2 -eč</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#-ova%C4%8D">6.2.3 -ovač</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Conditional">6.3 Conditional</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Grammatical_differences_between_Masurian_and_Standard_Polish">6.4 Grammatical differences between Masurian and Standard Polish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Grammatical_constructions_with_sense_verbs">6.5 Grammatical constructions with sense verbs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Writing_system">7 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Vocabulary">8 Vocabulary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Small_dictionary">8.1 Small dictionary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Toponymy">8.2 Toponymy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Names_of_months">8.3 Names of months</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Examples">9 Examples</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Lord's_Prayer">9.1 Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Song">9.2 Song</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Poem">9.3 Poem</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> From the 14th century, some settlers from <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a> started to settle in southern <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a>, which had been devastated by the crusades of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> against the native <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>. According to other sources, people from Masovia did not move to southern Prussia until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, Prussia having become <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> in 1525. The Masurians were mostly of the Protestant faith, in contrast to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Duchy of Masovia</a>, which was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Polish kingdom</a> in 1526. A new dialect developed in Prussia, isolated from the remaining Polish language area. The Masurian dialect group has many <a href="/wiki/Low_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Saxon language">Low Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">Old Prussian</a> words mixed in with Polish-language endings.<a href="#cite_note-Braun-4">[4]</a> Beginning in the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial German</a> officials restricted the usage of languages other than German in Prussia's eastern provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-5">[5]</a> While in 1880 Masurians were still treated as Poles by the German Empire, at the turn of century the German authorities undertook several measures to Germanise and separate them from the Polish nation by creating a separate identity.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prussian plebiscite">East Prussian plebiscite</a> was held on July 11, 1920, according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, in which the Masurians had to decide whether they wanted to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> or remain in German East Prussia; about 98% voted for Germany. By the early 20th century, most Masurians were at least bilingual and could speak Low Saxon and German; in some areas about half of them still spoke Masurian, at least at home. In 1900, according to the German census there were 142,049 Masurians speaking Masurian.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1925, only 40,869 people gave Masurian as their native language, many considering <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> their first language, considering Masurian merely as their domestic <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, By the early 1920s there were also some Masurians who had their separate identity, claiming that Masurians are a nation. Most of them were members of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masurenbund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masurenbund (page does not exist)">Masurenbund</a>. Their main goal was to grant Masurians some minority laws inside Germany, but there were also some separatists. In the early 1930s, support for the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> was high in Masuria, especially in elections in 1932 and 1933. Nazi political rallies were organized in the Masurian dialect during the campaigning.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-5">[5]</a> After 1933 the usage of the Masurian dialect was prohibited by the National Socialist authorities. By 1938 most Masurian place and personal names had been changed to "pure" German substitutes. From 1939 on it was forbidden to hold church services in Masurian. The replacement of Masurian in favor of German was not completed by the time the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> conquered Masurian <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> in January 1945, in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The territory was transferred to Poland according to the postwar <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>. During the wartime fighting and post-war deportations in the subsequent decades, most Masurian-speakers left Masuria for western Germany, especially to post-war <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, where they were quickly assimilated into the German mainstream. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_21st_century">Situation in 21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Situation in 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to some scientists such as Andrzej Sakson, there are about 5,000–10,000 ethnic Masurians left in Poland. According to the Polish census from 2011, there are only 1,376 of them who identify themselves as Masurians. Most Masurians live in Germany now, but due to the German law the ethnicity and nationality are not determined in their census. There is a lack of surveys on the knowledge of the ethnolect both in Poland and Germany. However, the elderly can communicate in Masurian with some fluency. The sole group who speak Masurian on a daily basis are the so-called Russian Masurians, who are the descendants of colonists who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> at the end of the 19th century. They have lived in isolation from the other groups, thus they were neither Germanized nor Polonized, although their speech acquired many Russian loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Nowadays, there are several organizations promoting the dialect. Since 2015, the Sorkwity Masurian Culture Festival started to promote Masurian,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> locals are starting to create folk music,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and some schools are organizing competitions in speaking Masurian.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> People are also starting to promote the ethnolect via <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwi%C4%85zek_Mazurski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Związek Mazurski (page does not exist)">Masurian Union</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Mazurski" class="extiw" title="pl:Związek Mazurski">pl</a>] was founded to promote the Masurian ethnolect and culture.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Meanwhile, some activists have also started a process of linguistical normalization to promote and save the ethnolect.<a href="#cite_note-pomazursku.pl-17">[17]</a> In 2016, the online dictionary Glosbe introduced Masurian to their data.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Books_in_Masurian">Books in Masurian</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books in Masurian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The oldest book written in Masurian probably is Ta Swenta Woyna, written by Jakub Szczepan in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint Exupéry</a> was translated to Masurian.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Dialect_or_language">Dialect or language</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialect or language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Several scientists consider Masurian to be a separate language in its own right;<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> others argue that Masurian is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, or even just a subdialect.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Linguistic_features">Linguistic features</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linguistic features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, including before clitics. Also typical of Masovian dialects is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Mazuration" title="Mazuration">mazuration</a>, however, younger people tend to use a pronunciation that of Standard Polish, and as such, mazuration is quickly fading. The degree of mazuration can also depend on the given phoneme.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The shift of initial ja-, ra- > je-, re- is present but limited to particular words: jek (jak), reno (rano).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Medial -ar- shifts to -er-: rozwer: (rozwarł), w mercu (w marcu), łosiera (ofiara).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Ablaut is often levelled: wietrak (wiatrak).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Often y merges with i: pisk (pysk).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slanted_vowels">Slanted vowels</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Slanted vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Slanted á may be retained as á (more common in the central part), or sometimes merge with a (more common in the east), where historic short a often fronts to [æ] and can cause softening of the preceding consonant: matk’æ. Slanted é may sometimes be retained as é, or may either lower and merge with e or raise and merge with y. Slanted ó is usually retained as ó, but may also either lower and merge with o (in the east) or raise and merge with u (elsewhere).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasal_vowels">Nasal vowels</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nasal vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Medial nasal vowels may raise: dziesiunti (dziesiąty), gorónce (gorące), gynsi (gęsi). Medial and final ę may also lower: bandzie (będzie). na tu łolsztyńsko droga (na tę olsztyńską drogę). Nasal vowels decompose before non-sibilants word-medially. Before sibilants, nasals may decompose (more in the east), or denasalization may occur (more in the west): genś, geś (gęś), vons, wos (wąs). Word-finally and also before l, ł, both nasal vowels denasalize and often raise: wode (wodę), spsieywajo (śpiewają), nie chcu (nie chcą). Soft palatals may also sporadically harden, especially around Reszel, probably due to German influence: peśń (pieśń); or due to a more relaxed pronunciation: wyberam (wybieram).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prothesis">Prothesis</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prothesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Initial i- often has a prothetic j-, and can then sometimes lower: jimię (imię), jenaczyj (inaczej). This happens most commonly in the north east of Szczytno and Mrągowo.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Initial o- typically labializes, as does u- to a lesser extent.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Soft labials decompose: b’jałi, b’źałi (biały), b’h’ijak (bijak) h and ch appear more commonly in the east and ś and ź in the west, j being rare; m’ shifts to mń: ramńona (ramiona); sometimes ᵐń: ᵐniasto; as well as ń: ńód (miód). Hardening of m also occurs, particularly in German loanwords and the instrumental plural ending -ami: ńemeck’i (niemiecki), nasto (miasto), myck’i (czapki), cepamy (cepami).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> św’, ćw’ i dźw’ typically harden: śfat (świat). Soft forms occur more often before front vowels, but not only: śf’at (świat), śf’eće (świecie).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Fricative rz is retained by some speakers; however by the early 20th century it was already rare and present mostly among older speakers, and today is nearly non-existent, with rz generally being pronounced as in Standard Polish.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> ń sometimes hardens, typically in the north, as a result of German influence: drewnana studna (drewniana studnia).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> kie, gie, ki, and gi generally remain soft, but most people often harden k and g before one of the vowels while keeping them soft before the other, and generally k and g are soft before e more than i: k’edy (kiedy), taky (taki). Hard pronunciations are becoming rarer. A few instances of further palatalization can be heard: flakt’i (flaki), okt’eć (łokieć), mat’era (makiera). k and g may also sometimes palatalize before ę, especially in the east: matk’e (matkę), g’enśi (gęsi). k and g may also soften before a in the east, particularly the northeast; in the west it remains hard: k’apa (kapa). This softening mostly concerns jasne a, and is rare for ká, gá. Most residents had this pronunciation through the 20th century. Also in the east, ch may soften before i, e, ę, and a to chś, ś, or szi: ožeśi (orzechy), štaśety (sztachety), l’iśa (licha), ch’ata (chata). In the west, a hard pronunciation is most common.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> cz is most commonly merged with c, but words related to education often have cz, spread through schools. Rarely it may soften to czi or ć. dż is generally realized az dz, but is not a common enough phone to establish statistics. ż and sz show much more fluctuation, due to influence from both Standard Polish as well as German, but also the common presence of the phonemes s, z and ż sz from rz. This confusion with rz can sometimes result in mazuration of rz as well as hypercorrections, which contributes to the loss of mazuration of ż and sz. sz shows more fluctuation than ż. However, mazuration still predominates, with żi being less common and ź being rare.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Fricative rz was very common at the beginning 20th century; by the middle of the 20th century it was still used by some speakers, generally being replaced with ż/sz or rarely r: rec-i (rzeczy).<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> Similarly, the palatal sibilants ś, ź, ć, dź may be realized in many ways. Sometimes they are the same as in Standard Polish. They may also harden to szi, żi, czi, and dżi, or as sz, ż, cz, dż. Most rarely, they may completely depatalize. ś ź show more fluctuation than ć dź. Palatal pronunciations of ś ź are the most common, except in the north-east where szi, żi are more common. ć and dź more commonly harden in the north due to German influence. Elsewhere, soft realizations are more common.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> A few cases of kaszubienie can be found.<a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Dialects_of_Masurian">Dialects of Masurian</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dialects of Masurian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Masurian has three to five dialects:<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>Ostróda dialect (Ostróda, Olsztynek) – Denasalization of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a> ą and ę as o and e – No mazuration – Common á (ɒ, a result from historic long vowels. See <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish#Phonology" title="Old Polish">Old Polish phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish#Phonology" title="Middle Polish">Middle Polish phonology</a> for more. – <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> (ô, û – uo, uu) – Before ł vowels i and y pronounced like u, e.g. buł, zuł (był, żył).</li> <li>West-Masurian dialect (Działdowo, Nidzica, Szczytno) – Irregularly occurring á and labialization – Mni where Polish mi (mniasto, kamnień) – As in Ostróda district appear and have dominant position psi, bzi, (w)zi, f(si) to pchi, bhI etc. – Denasalization of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a> ą and ę as o and e.</li> <li>Center-Masurian dialect (Giżycko, Mrągowo, Pisz, Biała Piska) – The most common intermediate á – The most common archaic ř (in Polish sound as rż) – Frequent labialization – Appear and have dominant position pchi, bhI to psi, bzi etc. – Dominate pronunciation ni instead of mni – niasto, kanień etc. - Soft k, g, ch when is before a for example kia, gia, chia – Polish ą i ę like ón, on, én, en.</li> <li>East-Masurian dialect (Łek, Ôleck) – Polish ś, ć, ź pronounced like sz, cz, ż (for example spacz, bÿcz) – Á almost does not exist – a is frequently pronounced as a vowel intermediate between a and e (ä – mätkiä [ˈmætkʲæ], as in American English trap) – Synchronous pronunciation of soft labials b', p', f', w' change to bj, pj, fj, wj – Ch change to ś (kosianÿ, siätä) – Less frequent é and ó.</li> <li>North-Masurian dialect (Węgorzewo, Gołdap) – in the early 20th century almost disappeared, in the area Węgorzewa known for up to a few percent of the population (in the nineteenth century, more than half), in district of Gołdap 1% (in the nineteenth century, approx. 20%). – Very archaic sound for r – A relatively frequent á.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflectional_cases">Inflectional cases</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inflectional cases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cases<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative </td> <td>ksiát </td> <td>ksiátÿ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive </td> <td>ksiátu/ksiáta </td> <td>ksiátów </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative </td> <td>ksiát|oju, ochiu, oziu </td> <td>ksiátám </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative </td> <td>ksiát, ksíáta </td> <td>ksiátÿ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Instrumental </td> <td>ksiátem </td> <td>ksiát|ani, amni, ami </td></tr> <tr> <td>Locative </td> <td>ksiácie </td> <td>ksiátach </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vocative </td> <td>ksiácie </td> <td>ksiátÿ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='The_verb_"to_be"'>The verb "to be"</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=14" title='Edit section: The verb "to be"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Past tense </th> <th colspan="2">Present tense<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </th> <th>Future tense </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pronouns </th> <th>Masurian </th> <th>Masurian </th> <th>Polish </th> <th>Masurian </th></tr> <tr> <td>Já </td> <td>já buł / ém buł / bułém </td> <td>Em je </td> <td>Ja jestem </td> <td>bénde/béde </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tÿ </td> <td>tÿsź buł / tÿsź buła / esź buł (+a) </td> <td>Tÿś je </td> <td>Ty jesteś </td> <td>béndžes/bédžes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ón/Óna/Óno </td> <td>ón buł, óna buła, óno buło/bÿło </td> <td>Ón/Óna jes </td> <td>On/Ona jest </td> <td>béndže/bédže </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mÿ </td> <td>mÿ bÿli / mÿ bÿlim / mÿ bÿliźwa </td> <td>Em só/Mÿ jest </td> <td>My jesteśmy </td> <td>béndžém/bédžém/bédžewa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wÿ </td> <td>wÿ bÿli / wÿ bÿlisźta / (e)sźta bÿli </td> <td>Wyśta só/Wÿ jeśteśta </td> <td>Wy jesteście </td> <td>bédžeta/béndžeta </td></tr> <tr> <td>Óni/Óne </td> <td>óne/óni bÿli </td> <td>Óni/Óne só </td> <td>Oni/One są </td> <td>bédó/béndo </td></tr></tbody></table> In the singular it is possible to replace u with ÿ for example: (Já) buł/bÿł, tÿsź buł/bÿł, (Ón) buł/bÿł. It is also possible to create the future perfect tense with the structure <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>be.fut + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">inf, for example: (Já) Bénde koménderowač. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_tense_conjugation">Present tense conjugation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Present tense conjugation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-ač">-ač</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: -ač" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The conjugation of regular verbs usually ending in -ač, for example znač (to know). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Já </td> <td>znám </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tÿ </td> <td>znás </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ón/Óna </td> <td>zná </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mÿ </td> <td>znawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wÿ </td> <td>znata </td></tr> <tr> <td>Óni/Óne </td> <td>znajó </td></tr></tbody></table> á will shorten to a if the word has more than one syllable. For example: <ul><li>dumač – to think (dumam, dumas, dumá, dumawa, dumata, dumajó)</li> <li>kupač – to buy (kupam, kupas, kupá, kupawa, kupata, kupajó)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-eč">-eč</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: -eč" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The conjugation of regular verbs usually ending in -eč, for example mÿšléč (to think). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Já </td> <td>mÿšle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tÿ </td> <td>mÿšlis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ón/Óna </td> <td>mÿšli </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mÿ </td> <td>mÿšlim/mÿšliwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wÿ </td> <td>mÿšlita </td></tr> <tr> <td>Óni/Óne </td> <td>mÿšló </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-ovač">-ovač</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: -ovač" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The conjugation of regular verbs usually ending in -owač ", for example "koménderowač" (to give an order to someone). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Já </td> <td>koménderuje </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tÿ </td> <td>koménderujes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ón/Óna </td> <td>koménderuje </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mÿ </td> <td>koménderujém </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wÿ </td> <td>koménderujeta </td></tr> <tr> <td>Óni/Óne </td> <td>koménderujó </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional">Conditional</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conditional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conditional in Masurian<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronouns </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Já </td> <td>verb+bÿ/bÿm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tÿ </td> <td>verb+bÿsź </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ón/Óna </td> <td>verb+bÿ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mÿ </td> <td>verb+bÿ/bÿm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wÿ </td> <td>verb+bÿsźta </td></tr> <tr> <td>Óni/Óne </td> <td>verb+bÿ </td></tr></tbody></table> To create the conditional, as in the majority of Slavic languages, the verb root is taken (i.e. verb endings like ač, eč are not considered and the respective ending is added for the conditional mode. For example, znač (to know) <a href="/wiki/%E2%86%92_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="→ (disambiguation)">→</a> znabÿ (he/she would know). bÿ in Masurian has also one more function, where it can be placed at the beginning of a sentence to make questions, or also to mean "whether"/"or"/"if". For example, Lejduje ni niénso/niéso, bÿ sźwÿnina, bÿ réntozina (I like meat, whether it [is] pork or beef), which in standard Polish: Lubię mięso, czy to wieprzowinę, czy wołowinę. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_differences_between_Masurian_and_Standard_Polish">Grammatical differences between Masurian and Standard Polish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Grammatical differences between Masurian and Standard Polish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Masurian </th> <th>Polish </th></tr> <tr> <td>Formal forms </td> <td>Wÿ/Pan/Pani robziče Matkia mogli </td> <td>Pan/Pani robi Matka mogła </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past tense </td> <td>Niáł </td> <td>Miał </td></tr> <tr> <td>Present tense </td> <td>Mám, Dám Má, Padá Zró </td> <td>Mam, Dam Ma, Pada, Żrą </td></tr> <tr> <td>Present Pasive Participle </td> <td>Zrobziónÿ </td> <td>Zrobiony </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transgressive </td> <td>Robzióncÿ </td> <td>Robiąc </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reflexive Verb </td> <td>Zrobzióno bÿło </td> <td>Zrobiło się </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noun ("ja") </td> <td>Francÿjá, stacÿjá </td> <td>Francja, stacja </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noun ("ka") </td> <td>Matkia, Dékia </td> <td>Matka, Nakrycie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative case (sing.) </td> <td>Gádkie, Zÿcherkie </td> <td>Gadkę, Agrafkę </td></tr> <tr> <td>Instrumental case (pl.) </td> <td>Ludžani / Ludžoma Łapani / Łapóma </td> <td>Ludźmi Łapami </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive (sing.) </td> <td>Zÿčá, Pisaniá </td> <td>Życia, Pisania </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative (pl.) </td> <td>Ludžám Džečám </td> <td>Ludziom Dzieciom </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative (sing.) </td> <td>Psoziu Kónikoziu </td> <td>Psu Konikowi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjective (in genitive, pl.) </td> <td>Dobréch Głupsiéch </td> <td>Dobrych Głupich </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjective (in instrumental, pl.) </td> <td>Dobrém </td> <td>Dobrym </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjective (in genitive, feminine sing.) </td> <td>Mazurski Dobrÿ </td> <td>Mazurskiej Dobrej </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjective (in genitive, masculine sing.) </td> <td>Małégo Ziélgiégo </td> <td>Małego Wielkiego </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjective (superlative form) </td> <td>Náziénksÿ </td> <td>Największy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjective ("ni") </td> <td>Zÿtnÿ Ôstatnÿ </td> <td>Żytni Ostatni </td></tr> <tr> <td>z + s z + z </td> <td>z sobó z zgniłéch </td> <td>ze sobą ze zgniłych </td></tr> <tr> <td>w + w </td> <td>w Francÿji </td> <td>we Francji </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_constructions_with_sense_verbs">Grammatical constructions with sense verbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Grammatical constructions with sense verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Here, the structure is sense verb + object + verb. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Masurian </th> <th>Standard Polish </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Zidżiáł go stojicź </td> <td>Widział, jak stał </td> <td>He saw him standing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pozawcor já słÿsała jéch spsiéwacź kole kosźczioła </td> <td>Przedwczoraj słyszałam ich, jak śpiewali koło kościoła </td> <td>The day before yesterday, I heard them singing near the church </td></tr> <tr> <td>Já wténcas zidżiał go w tÿ jizbzie stojicź </td> <td>Wówczas widziałem go, jak stał w tym pokoju </td> <td>I then saw him, standing in this room </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <a href="#cite_note-pomazursku.pl-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Masurian alphabet </th> <th>IPA (variants after the first are regional) </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>a, A </td> <td>a </td> <td>pask, Nikołajki </td></tr> <tr> <td>á, Á </td> <td>a~ɒ~ɔ </td> <td>wáju </td></tr> <tr> <td>ä, Ä </td> <td>a~ʲa~ʲæ </td> <td>matkä </td></tr> <tr> <td>b, B </td> <td>b </td> <td>bór </td></tr> <tr> <td>c, C </td> <td>t͡s </td> <td>cółno </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch, Ch </td> <td>x </td> <td>chléb </td></tr> <tr> <td>cz, Cz </td> <td>t͡ɕ~t͡ʃ~t͡ʂ </td> <td>spacz </td></tr> <tr> <td>d, D </td> <td>d </td> <td>dóra </td></tr> <tr> <td>dz, Dz </td> <td>d͡z </td> <td>dzáju </td></tr> <tr> <td>dż, Dż </td> <td>d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ~d͡ʐ </td> <td>Dżiałdowo </td></tr> <tr> <td>e, E </td> <td>ɛ </td> <td>psies </td></tr> <tr> <td>é, É </td> <td>e~ɛ~i~ɨ </td> <td>mléko </td></tr> <tr> <td>f, F </td> <td>f~ɸ </td> <td>fejfka </td></tr> <tr> <td>g, G </td> <td>ɡ </td> <td>giesz, gesz </td></tr> <tr> <td>h, H </td> <td>x </td> <td>hut </td></tr> <tr> <td>i, I </td> <td>i~ɪ or used to palatalize the previous consonant </td> <td>migi </td></tr> <tr> <td>j, J </td> <td>j </td> <td>jo </td></tr> <tr> <td>k, K </td> <td>k </td> <td>klémpa </td></tr> <tr> <td>l, L </td> <td>l </td> <td>listkárż </td></tr> <tr> <td>ł, Ł </td> <td>w </td> <td>głupsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>m, M </td> <td>m </td> <td>moznoszcz </td></tr> <tr> <td>n, N </td> <td>n </td> <td>nelkä </td></tr> <tr> <td>ń, Ń </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td>prżińdó </td></tr> <tr> <td>o, O </td> <td>ɔ </td> <td>muchór </td></tr> <tr> <td>ó, Ó </td> <td>o~u~ɔ </td> <td>dómb </td></tr> <tr> <td>ô, Ô </td> <td>wɔ~ɔ </td> <td>ôcziec </td></tr> <tr> <td>p, P </td> <td>p </td> <td>prask </td></tr> <tr> <td>r, R </td> <td>r~ʀ~ʙ </td> <td>rek </td></tr> <tr> <td>rż, Rż </td> <td>ʐ~r̝~r </td> <td>wéngorż </td></tr> <tr> <td>s, S </td> <td>s </td> <td>saniec </td></tr> <tr> <td>sz, Sz </td> <td>ɕ~ʃʲ~ʂ </td> <td>szwam </td></tr> <tr> <td>ś (si), Ś </td> <td>ɕ~ʃ~ç </td> <td>psiwo, Gołdapś </td></tr> <tr> <td>t, T </td> <td>t </td> <td>tlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>u, U </td> <td>u </td> <td>muszi </td></tr> <tr> <td>û, Û </td> <td>wu~u </td> <td>ûlica </td></tr> <tr> <td>w, W </td> <td>v~β </td> <td>wáju </td></tr> <tr> <td>ÿ, Ÿ </td> <td>non-palatalizing i~ɪ, used before s, z, c, n </td> <td>sÿpsie </td></tr> <tr> <td>z, Z </td> <td>z </td> <td>zégáwkä </td></tr> <tr> <td>ż, Ż </td> <td>ʑ~ʒʲ~ʐ </td> <td>kiżlák </td></tr> <tr> <td>ź (zi), Ź </td> <td>ʑ~ʒ~ʝ </td> <td>bzije, gołómbź </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_dictionary">Small dictionary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Small dictionary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Masurian ethnolect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masurian </th> <th>German </th> <th>Polish </th></tr> <tr> <td>abštÿsikant </td> <td>Junggeselle </td> <td>walarek, zalotnik, absztyfikant </td></tr> <tr> <td>aštÿchnÿ </td> <td>hastig </td> <td>porywczy </td></tr> <tr> <td>bach </td> <td>Kind </td> <td>dziecko </td></tr> <tr> <td>best </td> <td>flieder </td> <td>bez </td></tr> <tr> <td>bónowač </td> <td>herumschwirren </td> <td>bzykać </td></tr> <tr> <td>bónÿ </td> <td>Bohnen </td> <td>fasola </td></tr> <tr> <td>brédek </td> <td>Brötchen </td> <td>bułka </td></tr> <tr> <td>buber </td> <td>Saubohne </td> <td>bób </td></tr> <tr> <td>bulwÿ </td> <td>Kartoffeln </td> <td>ziemniaki, kartofle </td></tr> <tr> <td>bursa </td> <td>Geldbörse </td> <td>portfel, portmonetka </td></tr> <tr> <td>cajtunek </td> <td>Zeitung </td> <td>gazeta </td></tr> <tr> <td>cegój </td> <td>warum? </td> <td>dlaczego? </td></tr> <tr> <td>čiskač </td> <td>werfen </td> <td>rzucić </td></tr> <tr> <td>chrachór </td> <td>Taucher </td> <td>nurek </td></tr> <tr> <td>cÿtrona </td> <td>Zitrone </td> <td>cytryna </td></tr> <tr> <td>dek </td> <td>Dach </td> <td>dach </td></tr> <tr> <td>drómel </td> <td>Trommel </td> <td>bęben </td></tr> <tr> <td>drón </td> <td>Drohn </td> <td>truteń </td></tr> <tr> <td>drózdÿ </td> <td>Stare </td> <td>szpaki </td></tr> <tr> <td>durowač </td> <td>bestehen </td> <td>trwać </td></tr> <tr> <td>dÿšlo </td> <td>Deichsel </td> <td>dyszel </td></tr> <tr> <td>érdbera </td> <td>Walderdbeere </td> <td>poziomka </td></tr> <tr> <td>fana </td> <td>Fahne </td> <td>flaga </td></tr> <tr> <td>farÿna </td> <td>Zucker </td> <td>cukier </td></tr> <tr> <td>feler </td> <td>Fehler </td> <td>błąd, feler </td></tr> <tr> <td>fifák </td> <td>schlitzohr </td> <td>nieszczery </td></tr> <tr> <td>flanca </td> <td>Sämling </td> <td>sadzonka </td></tr> <tr> <td>frÿštÿk </td> <td>Frühstück </td> <td>śniadanie </td></tr> <tr> <td>gbur </td> <td>Bauer, Landwirt </td> <td>rolnik, farmer, gospodarz </td></tr> <tr> <td>geš </td> <td>Gans </td> <td>gęś </td></tr> <tr> <td>giérÿ </td> <td>Beine </td> <td>nogi </td></tr> <tr> <td>gréfnÿ </td> <td>flink </td> <td>sprytny </td></tr> <tr> <td>gřniota </td> <td>Gewitter </td> <td>burza z piorunami </td></tr> <tr> <td>háka </td> <td>Hacke </td> <td>motyka </td></tr> <tr> <td>háuptniasto </td> <td>Hauptstadt </td> <td>stolica </td></tr> <tr> <td>hučik </td> <td>Hut </td> <td>kapelusz </td></tr> <tr> <td>huncfot </td> <td>Weiberheld </td> <td>kobieciarz, huncfot </td></tr> <tr> <td>jébel </td> <td>Hobel </td> <td>strug </td></tr> <tr> <td>jegoda </td> <td>Heidelbeere </td> <td>jagoda </td></tr> <tr> <td>káfej </td> <td>Kaffee </td> <td>kawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>káncÿnał </td> <td>Gesangbuch </td> <td>śpiewnik kościelny </td></tr> <tr> <td>kasta </td> <td>Kasten </td> <td>kufer, skrzynia </td></tr> <tr> <td>keksÿ </td> <td>Kekse </td> <td>ciasteczka </td></tr> <tr> <td>klapštula </td> <td>Butterbrot </td> <td>kanapka </td></tr> <tr> <td>kléta </td> <td>Gerücht </td> <td>plotka </td></tr> <tr> <td>kléwer </td> <td>Klee </td> <td>koniczyna </td></tr> <tr> <td>knéfel </td> <td>Knopf </td> <td>guzik </td></tr> <tr> <td>klónkra </td> <td>Holzlöffel </td> <td>drewniana łyżka </td></tr> <tr> <td>kokošiniec </td> <td>Hühnerstall </td> <td>kurnik </td></tr> <tr> <td>košór </td> <td>Feuerhaken </td> <td>pogrzebacz </td></tr> <tr> <td>kówera </td> <td>Umschlag </td> <td>koperta </td></tr> <tr> <td>krakia </td> <td>Krähe </td> <td>wrona </td></tr> <tr> <td>krÿstómbrÿ </td> <td>Stachelbeeren </td> <td>agrest </td></tr> <tr> <td>kukáwkia </td> <td>Kuckuck </td> <td>kukułka </td></tr> <tr> <td>kupač </td> <td>kaufen </td> <td>kupować </td></tr> <tr> <td>kurpsie </td> <td>Latschen </td> <td>chodaki, kapcie, pantofle </td></tr> <tr> <td>łapém </td> <td>offen </td> <td>otwarte </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mazurÿ </td> <td>Masuren (Volk) </td> <td>Mazurzy </td></tr> <tr> <td>méntel </td> <td>Schmetterling </td> <td>motyl </td></tr> <tr> <td>muchor </td> <td>Fliegenpilz </td> <td>muchomor </td></tr> <tr> <td>nicht </td> <td>niemand </td> <td>nikt </td></tr> <tr> <td>niések </td> <td>Sack </td> <td>worek, torba </td></tr> <tr> <td>ôbléta </td> <td>Kleidung </td> <td>odzież </td></tr> <tr> <td>oddazinÿ </td> <td>Hochzeit </td> <td>ślub </td></tr> <tr> <td>piláki </td> <td>Entenküken </td> <td>kaczuszki </td></tr> <tr> <td>pitróla </td> <td>Petroleum </td> <td>nafta </td></tr> <tr> <td>plik </td> <td>Glatze </td> <td>łysina </td></tr> <tr> <td>plómpa </td> <td>Pumpe </td> <td>pompa </td></tr> <tr> <td>plumÿ </td> <td>Pflaumen </td> <td>śliwki </td></tr> <tr> <td>práwÿ </td> <td>Röhrling </td> <td>borowik </td></tr> <tr> <td>prÿnc </td> <td>Prinz </td> <td>książę </td></tr> <tr> <td>psiwo, bir </td> <td>Bier </td> <td>piwo </td></tr> <tr> <td>pupa </td> <td>Puppe </td> <td>lalka </td></tr> <tr> <td>redošč </td> <td>freude </td> <td>radość </td></tr> <tr> <td>régal </td> <td>Wandregal </td> <td>półka </td></tr> <tr> <td>rektór </td> <td>Lehrer </td> <td>nauczyciel, rektor, belfer </td></tr> <tr> <td>scérnÿ </td> <td>echter </td> <td>prawdziwy </td></tr> <tr> <td>scubeł </td> <td>Hecht </td> <td>szczupak </td></tr> <tr> <td>stérač </td> <td>verlieren </td> <td>zgubić </td></tr> <tr> <td>stimač </td> <td>fotografieren </td> <td>fotografować </td></tr> <tr> <td>stréfle </td> <td>Strümpfe </td> <td>pończochy </td></tr> <tr> <td>šurek </td> <td>Knabe </td> <td>chłopczyk </td></tr> <tr> <td>šwam </td> <td>Badeschwamm </td> <td>gąbka </td></tr> <tr> <td>táskia </td> <td>Tasse </td> <td>filiżanka </td></tr> <tr> <td>téja </td> <td>Tee </td> <td>herbata, czaj </td></tr> <tr> <td>tÿna </td> <td>Tonne </td> <td>beczka </td></tr> <tr> <td>topek </td> <td>Töpfchen </td> <td>nocnik </td></tr> <tr> <td>tropki </td> <td>Tropfen </td> <td>krople </td></tr> <tr> <td>waba </td> <td>Wabe </td> <td>włoszczyzna </td></tr> <tr> <td>wálnÿ </td> <td>gross </td> <td>duży </td></tr> <tr> <td>wašlap </td> <td>Geschirrtuch </td> <td>ścierka </td></tr> <tr> <td>wej lo! </td> <td>sieh mal! </td> <td>spójrz tylko! </td></tr> <tr> <td>wéla </td> <td>Welle </td> <td>fala </td></tr> <tr> <td>wérÿ </td> <td>Bett </td> <td>łóżko </td></tr> <tr> <td>zaft </td> <td>Saft </td> <td>sok </td></tr> <tr> <td>za šiła </td> <td>ziemlich viel </td> <td>zbyt wiele </td></tr> <tr> <td>zaûsnik </td> <td>Ohrring </td> <td>kolczyk </td></tr> <tr> <td>zdrednie </td> <td>Gefährlich </td> <td>niebiezpiecznie </td></tr> <tr> <td>zégáwka, zégáwkia </td> <td>Brennesseln </td> <td>pokrzywa </td></tr> <tr> <td>zietř </td> <td>Wind </td> <td>wiatr </td></tr> <tr> <td>zrének </td> <td>Morgen </td> <td>poranek </td></tr> <tr> <td>zÿcher ze jo </td> <td>selbstverständlich </td> <td>oczywiście </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Toponymy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of city names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masurian </th> <th>Modern Polish </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bziáłá </td> <td>Biała </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dżiałdowo, Dżiałdów </td> <td>Działdowo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gołdapś </td> <td>Gołdap </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jánsbork, An(d)zbork </td> <td>Pisz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Léc </td> <td>Giżycko </td></tr> <tr> <td>Łek </td> <td>Ełk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nibork </td> <td>Nidzica </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nikołajki </td> <td>Mikołajki </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ôléck </td> <td>Olecko </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ôlstinek </td> <td>Olsztynek </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ôrżés </td> <td>Orzysz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ôstród </td> <td>Ostróda </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pasÿń/Pasÿmek </td> <td>Pasym </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rastémbork </td> <td>Kętrzyn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rin </td> <td>Ryn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scÿtno </td> <td>Szczytno </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wéngobork </td> <td>Węgorzewo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zielbark </td> <td>Wielbark </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zóndzbork </td> <td>Mrągowo </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_months">Names of months</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Names of months" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nieszióndz (Months)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>German-Latin system </th> <th>Masurian </th></tr> <tr> <td>Januar, Anuar </td> <td>Sticéń </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fébruar </td> <td>Luti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marc </td> <td>Maržec </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aprél, April </td> <td>Ksiecziéń </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mej </td> <td>Maj </td></tr> <tr> <td>Juni </td> <td>Cérziec </td></tr> <tr> <td>Juli </td> <td>Lipsiec, Lÿpsiec </td></tr> <tr> <td>Áugust </td> <td>Sziérżpsiéń </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zeptémber </td> <td>Wrżesziéń </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ôktóber </td> <td>Paźdžiérnik </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nowémber </td> <td>Listopat, Listopad </td></tr> <tr> <td>Décémber </td> <td>Grudnik </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord's_Prayer">Lord's Prayer</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lord's Prayer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Masurian </th> <th>Polish </th> <th>Czech </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd>Ôjce nas, chtórnÿš je w niebzie</dd> <dd>Niech še šwénči Twoje mniano,</dd> <dd>Niech přÿńdže Twoje królestwo</dd> <dd>ji béndže Twoja wola</dd> <dd>Jek w niebzie tozéz ji na žémni.</dd> <dd>Chléba naségo powsedniégo daj náma džišaj.</dd> <dd>Ji ôtpušč náma nase zinÿ,</dd> <dd>Jek ji mÿ ôtpuscawa nasém zinowajcám.</dd> <dd>Ji nie wódž náju na pokusenie</dd> <dd>Lo zbaw’ náju ôt złégo</dd> <dd>Amen</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie,</dd> <dd>święć się imię Twoje,</dd> <dd>przyjdź królestwo Twoje,</dd> <dd>bądź wola Twoja</dd> <dd>jako w niebie tak i na ziemi.</dd> <dd>Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I odpuść nam nasze winy,</dd> <dd>jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom.</dd> <dd>I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie,</dd> <dd>ale zbaw nas ode złego.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích,</dd> <dd>posvěť se jméno Tvé</dd> <dd>Přijď království Tvé.</dd> <dd>Buď vůle Tvá,</dd> <dd>jako v nebi, tak i na zemi.</dd> <dd>Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes</dd></dl> <dl><dd>A odpusť nám naše viny,</dd> <dd>jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům</dd> <dd>a neuveď nás v pokušení,</dd> <dd>ale zbav nás od zlého.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Our Father in heaven,</dd> <dd>hallowed be your name.</dd> <dd>Your kingdom come,</dd> <dd>your will be done,</dd> <dd>on earth, as it is in heaven.</dd> <dd>Give us this day our <a href="/wiki/Epiousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiousios">daily</a>bread,</dd> <dd>and forgive us our debts,</dd> <dd>as we also have forgiven our debtors.</dd> <dd>And lead us not into temptation,</dd> <dd>but deliver us from evil.</dd> <dd>Amen.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song">Song</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Song" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A short Masurian song.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>In Masurian </th> <th>In Polish </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mazurskie Korżénie Skiela mi Mazuri ajw szie naráz wżiéni? Mi só tu wirosłe ôde tržéch koržéni Starégo Prusáka pokój erbowalim Jek ôt Rejchu Niémce robote swó wchalim Ôt Poláków bzierżém, co mi só naperte Take só Mazuri – nigdi nie ûmérte! </td> <td>Mazurskie Korzenie Skąd my Mazurzy się tu nagle wzięliśmy? Wyrośliśmy z trzech korzeni Odziedziczyliśmy spokój Starego Prusa Niczym Niemcy z Rajchu chwalimy sobie pracę Od Polaków bierzemy upór Tacy są Mazurzy – nigdy nie wymarli! </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poem">Poem</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Poem" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Réjza<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> siodám ná koło kiej féin pogodá dumám tédÿ nád zÿciem Mazurá ajw násu ziamiá ôddÿcha w dáli ány rÿchtÿk pozwalá mniá do dumániá nád mójá réjzá přéd siébie chućko jidé ná drogách zÿciá chtóré ûmÿká chtórégo nie zabácé po śmiérci, chtóra z latámi přéniká ... wsÿtko je féin ajw ji téraz jék budzié po tym co přÿjdzié nié ziém...? jédno jé péwné zé ajw jé féin ná mójéj réjzié .. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_the_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of the Polish language">Dialects of the Polish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian language</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wieczorkiewicz-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Wieczorkiewicz_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBronisław_Wieczorkiewicz1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968). Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gwara+warszawska+dawniej+i+dzi%C5%9B&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Bronis%C5%82aw+Wieczorkiewicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMasurian+dialects" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwary-2"><a href="#cite_ref-gwary_2-0">^</a> Halina Karas, Gwary Polskie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6">Dialects and gwary in Poland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414143918/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraś2010" class="citation web cs1">Karaś, Halina (2010). 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&oldid=1255404651">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&oldid=1255404651</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Masurian_dialects&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 November 2024, at 20:01 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurisk_(dialekt)" title="Masurisk (dialekt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Masurisk (dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurische_Sprache" title="Masurische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Masurische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masourien" title="Masourien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masourien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuursch" title="Masuursch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Masuursch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwara_mazurska" title="Gwara mazurska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwara mazurska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мазурский говор польского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мазурский говор польского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Мазурський діалект – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мазурський діалект" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="馬祖爾語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬祖爾語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 20:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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