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Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Colonial North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Western_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Western_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern Western customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Western_customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Western 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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1no%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_dvan%C3%A1ctidenn%C3%AD" title="Vánoční dvanáctidenní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vánoční dvanáctidenní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%B6lf_Weihnachtstage" title="Zwölf Weihnachtstage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwölf Weihnachtstage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Δωδεκαήμερο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δωδεκαήμερο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doce_d%C3%ADas_de_Navidad" title="Doce días de Navidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doce días de Navidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82_%D6%85%D6%80" title="Սուրբ Ծննդյան տասներկու օր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Ծննդյան տասներկու օր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87na_osmina" title="Božićna osmina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Božićna osmina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Belas_Hari_Natal" title="Dua Belas Hari Natal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dua Belas Hari Natal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodici_Giorni_di_Natale" title="Dodici Giorni di Natale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dodici Giorni di Natale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE12%E6%97%A5" title="クリスマスの12日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスマスの12日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_tolv_juledagane" title="Dei tolv juledagane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei tolv juledagane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Рождественские Святки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рождественские Святки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="The Twelve Days of Christmas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Twelve Days of Christmas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jultolften" title="Jultolften – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jultolften" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious period. For the carol, see <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Days_of_Christmas_(song)" title="The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)">The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Days_of_Christmas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Twelve Days of Christmas (disambiguation)">The Twelve Days of Christmas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period between 25 December and 5 January</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lavender">Twelve Days of Christmas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoration_assisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Adoration_assisi.jpg/240px-Adoration_assisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Adoration_assisi.jpg/360px-Adoration_assisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Adoration_assisi.jpg/480px-Adoration_assisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="813" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the Magi in art">The Adoration of the Magi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> at the Lower Church of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Christians</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies by denomination, culture, and nation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December – 5 January, inclusive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanytide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphanytide">Epiphanytide</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Twelve Days of Christmas</b>, also known as the <b>Twelve Days of Christmastide</b>, are the festive <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> season celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> is the First Day. The Twelve Days are 25 December to 5 January, counting first and last. The <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgy)" title="Octave (liturgy)">Octave</a>, or Eighth Day, is <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Feast of the Circumcision</a>, the day <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was circumcised according to the faith. The evening of the last day is <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> or Epiphany Eve,<sup id="cite_ref-Hatch1978_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatch1978-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the next morning being <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>. </p><p>For Christian denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>, the Twelve Days are identical to <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BCP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Truscott_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truscott-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, however, Christmastide lasts longer, running through the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Feast of the Baptism of the Lord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, the Twelve Days are considered December 26 to January 6,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus including Epiphany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmastide#History" title="Christmastide">Christmastide § History</a></div> <p>In 567, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Tours_567" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Tours 567">Council of Tours</a> "proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> (that is, through the end of 5 January, as Epiphany begins the following day) as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> fasting in preparation for the feast."<sup id="cite_ref-Weiser_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hynes1993_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hynes1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Hill, as well as William J. Federer, states that this was done in order to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendars</a> of its provinces in the east."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Tours not in Roman Empire in 567 (December 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ on the same day,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that there is no distinction between a feast of Christmas and a feast of Epiphany. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> (other than the Armenians), the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholics">Eastern Catholics</a> who follow the same traditions have a twelve-day interval between the two feasts. Christmas and Epiphany are celebrated by these churches on 25 December and 6 January of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which correspond to 7 and 19 January on the Gregorian calendar. The Twelve Days, using the Gregorian calendar, end at sunset on 18 January. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the Eastern Orthodox, both Christmas and Epiphany are among the <a href="/wiki/Great_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feast">Twelve Great Feasts</a> that are only second to <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ware_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ware-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period between Christmas and Epiphany is <a href="/wiki/Fast-free" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast-free">fast-free</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ware_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ware-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period one celebration leads into another. The Nativity of Christ is a three-day celebration: the formal title of the first day (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>) is "The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord, God and Saviour Jesus Christ", and celebrates not only the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> and the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a>; the second day is referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Synaxis" title="Synaxis">Synaxis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>", and commemorates the role of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>; the third day is known as the "Third Day of the Nativity", and is also the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protomartyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Protomartyr">Protomartyr</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>. 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Innocents" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Innocents">Holy Innocents</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Afterfeast" title="Afterfeast">Afterfeast</a> of the Nativity (similar to the Western <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgy)" title="Octave (liturgy)">octave</a>) continues until 31 December (that day is known as the Apodosis or "leave-taking" of the Nativity). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogojavlenie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bogojavlenie.jpg/220px-Bogojavlenie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bogojavlenie.jpg/330px-Bogojavlenie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bogojavlenie.jpg/440px-Bogojavlenie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian icon">Russian icon</a> of the Theophany</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a> following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#6:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Timothy">1 Tim 6:11–16</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#12:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matt 12:15–21</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> after the Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of "The Righteous Ones: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph the Betrothed</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">David the King</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_the_Brother_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Brother of the Lord">James the Brother of the Lord</a>". </p><p>Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision of Christ</a> on 1 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Ware_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ware-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this same day is the feast day of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil the Great">Saint Basil the Great</a>, and so the service celebrated on that day is the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil">Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil</a>. </p><p>On 2 January begins the <a href="/wiki/Forefeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Forefeast">Forefeast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Theophany</a>. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night. This day is known as <a href="/wiki/Paramony" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramony">Paramony</a> (Greek Παραμονή "Eve"), and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve. That morning is the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hours" title="Royal Hours">Royal Hours</a> and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a>, at the conclusion of which is celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Great_Blessing_of_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Blessing of Waters">Great Blessing of Waters</a>, in commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. There are certain parallels between the <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> chanted on Paramony and those of <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, to show that, according to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Orthodox theology</a>, the steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Cross</a>. That night the <a href="/wiki/All-Night_Vigil" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Night Vigil">All-Night Vigil</a> is served for the Feast of the Theophany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_Christianity">Western Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a>, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days,<sup id="cite_ref-CRI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is celebrated by Christians as the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> feast of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of the Lord">Nativity of the Lord</a>. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not Christian. On this see the articles on <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</a></i>. </p><p>26 December is "<a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a>", a feast day in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and its former colonies, it is also the secular holiday of <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>. In some parts of Ireland it is denominated "<a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> (31 December) is the feast of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope St. Sylvester I</a> and is known also as "<a href="/wiki/Silvester" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvester">Silvester</a>". The transition that evening to the new year is an occasion for secular festivities in many nations, and in several languages is known as "St. Sylvester Night" ("<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Notte di San Silvestro</i></span>" in Italian, "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Silvesternacht</i></span>" in German, "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Réveillon de la Saint-Sylvestre</i></span>" in French, and "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סילבסטר</span></span>" in Hebrew). </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (1 January) is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a>, liturgically celebrated on the <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">Octave Day</a> of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Feast of the Circumcision of Christ</a>, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His Birth, inclusively counting the first day and last day. This day, or some day proximate to it, is also celebrated by the Roman Catholics as <a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_Peace" title="World Day of Peace">World Day of Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many nations, e. g., the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Solemnity of Epiphany</a> is transferred to the first Sunday after 1 January, which can occur as early as 2 January. That solemnity, then, together with customary observances associated with it, usually occur within the Twelve Days of Christmas, even if these are considered to end on 5 January rather than 6 January. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> liturgical feasts on the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Feast of St. John, Apostle and Evangelist</a> on 27 December; the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Innocents" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Innocents">Feast of the Holy Innocents</a> on 28 December; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Memorial of St. Thomas Becket, Bishop and Martyr</a> on 29 December; and the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph</a> on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or, if there is no such Sunday, on 30 December. Outside the Octave, but within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are the feasts of Sts. <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> on 2 January and the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Memorial of the Holy Name of Jesus</a> on 3 January. </p><p>Other saints are celebrated at a local level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Antiquity_and_the_Middle_Ages">Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Council of Tours">Second Council of Tours</a> of 567 noted that, in the area for which its bishops were responsible, the days between Christmas and Epiphany were, like the month of August, taken up entirely with saints' days. Monks were therefore in principle not bound to fast on those days.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first three days of the year were to be days of prayer and penance so that faithful Christians would refrain from participating in the idolatrous practices and debauchery associated with the new year celebrations. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Toledo" title="Fourth Council of Toledo">Fourth Council of Toledo</a> (633) ordered a strict fast on those days, on the model of the <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lenten</a> fast.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_in_the_Middle_Ages">England in the Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England in the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Teniers_(II)_-_Twelfth-night_(The_King_Drinks)_-_WGA22083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Twelfth-night_%28The_King_Drinks%29_-_WGA22083.jpg/250px-David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Twelfth-night_%28The_King_Drinks%29_-_WGA22083.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Twelfth-night_%28The_King_Drinks%29_-_WGA22083.jpg/375px-David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Twelfth-night_%28The_King_Drinks%29_-_WGA22083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Twelfth-night_%28The_King_Drinks%29_-_WGA22083.jpg/500px-David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Twelfth-night_%28The_King_Drinks%29_-_WGA22083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><i>Twelfth Night (The King Drinks)</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1634</span>–1640</figcaption></figure> <p>In England in the Middle Ages, this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking, which climaxed on Twelfth Night, the traditional end of the <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas season</a> on 5 January (the last night before Epiphany which started 6 January). <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays, <i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i>. Often a <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a> was chosen to lead the Christmas revels.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of these traditions were adapted from the older <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> customs, including the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> and the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Yuletide" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuletide">Yuletide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also have an echo in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> where traditionally authority is mocked and the principal male lead is played by a woman, while the leading older female character, or 'Dame', is played by a man.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (January 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_North_America">Colonial North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonial North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Twelve Days of Christmas">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The early North American colonists brought their version of the Twelve Days over from England, and adapted them to their new country, adding their own variations over the years. For example, the modern-day Christmas <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> may have originated with these colonials.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A homemade wreath would be fashioned from local greenery, and fruits, if available, were added. Making the wreaths was one of the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>; they would remain hung on each home's front door beginning on Christmas Night (first night of Christmas) through Twelfth Night or Epiphany morning. As was already the tradition in their native England, all decorations would be taken down by Epiphany morning and the remainder of the edibles would be consumed. A special cake, the <a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">king cake</a>, was also baked then for Epiphany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Western_customs">Modern Western customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Western customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_Commonwealth">United Kingdom and Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many in the UK and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations still celebrate some aspects of the Twelve Days of Christmas. <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>, 26 December, is a national holiday in many Commonwealth nations. <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> stories by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, and others, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, hold key elements of the celebrations such as the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum pudding">plum pudding</a>, roasted goose and <a href="/wiki/Wassail" title="Wassail">wassail</a>. These foods are consumed more at the beginning of the Twelve Days in the UK. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> is the last day for decorations to be taken down, and it is held to be bad luck to leave decorations up after this.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to the custom in Elizabethan England, when decorations were left up until <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a>; this is still done in some other Western European countries such as Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TwelfthNightCostumers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TwelfthNightCostumers.jpg/220px-TwelfthNightCostumers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TwelfthNightCostumers.jpg/330px-TwelfthNightCostumers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TwelfthNightCostumers.jpg/440px-TwelfthNightCostumers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Twelfth Night costumers in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> is a federal holiday which holds additional religious significance for Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Sirvaitis2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirvaitis2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditions of the Twelve Days of Christmas have been nearly forgotten in the United States. Contributing factors include the popularity of the stories of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> in nineteenth-century America, with their emphasis on generous giving; introduction of secular traditions in the 19th and 20th centuries, e. g., the American <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>; and increase in the popularity of secular <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> parties. Presently, the commercial practice treats the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Solemnity of Christmas</a>, 25 December, the first day of Christmas, as the last day of the "Christmas" marketing season, as the numerous "after-<a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> sales" that commence on 26 December demonstrate. The commercial calendar has encouraged an erroneous assumption that the Twelve Days <i>end</i> on Christmas Day and must therefore begin on 14 December.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many American Christians still celebrate the traditional <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> seasons of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> and Christmas, especially <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopalians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Nazarenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, the designation of the "Twelve Days of Christmas" is used liturgically in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church in the US</a>, having its own <a href="/wiki/Invitatory" title="Invitatory">invitatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Morning_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Prayer (Anglican)">Matins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BCP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them, with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year. They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Solemnity of Epiphany</a>. Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day, singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Days_of_Christmas_(song)" title="The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)">The Twelve Days of Christmas</a></i>, and lighting a <a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">yule log</a> on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights. For some, the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts. Some households exchange gifts on the first (25 December) and last (5 January) days of the Twelve Days. As in former times, the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">decorations</a> are removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hatch1978-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hatch1978_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHatch1978" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Jane M. (1978). <i>The American Book of Days</i>. Wilson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824205935" title="Special:BookSources/9780824205935"><bdi>9780824205935</bdi></a>. <q>January 5th: Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve. Twelfth Night, the last evening of the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas, has been observed with festive celebration ever since the Middle Ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Book+of+Days&rft.pub=Wilson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780824205935&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2014" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, J. Neil (1 September 2014). <i>Days, Weeks, and Seasons</i>. Church Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-874-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-874-9"><bdi>978-0-89869-874-9</bdi></a>. <q>There are, in fact, twelve days between Christmas Day and the eve of the Epiphany on January 5.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days%2C+Weeks%2C+and+Seasons&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-874-9&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=J.+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratcher2014" class="citation web cs1">Bratcher, Dennis (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crivoice.org/cyxmas.html">"The Christmas Season"</a>. Christian Resource Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Twelve Days of Christmas ... in most of the Western Church are the twelve days from Christmas until the beginning of Epiphany (January 6th; the 12 days count from December 25th until January 5th). In some traditions, the first day of Christmas begins on the evening of December 25th with the following day considered the First Day of Christmas (December 26th). In these traditions, the twelve days begin December 26[th] and include Epiphany on January 6[th].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christmas+Season&rft.pub=Christian+Resource+Institute&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.aulast=Bratcher&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crivoice.org%2Fcyxmas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BCP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BCP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/book_of_common_prayer.pdf">"The Book of Common Prayer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Church Publishing Incorporated. January 2007. p. 43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>. <q><i>On the Twelve Days of Christmas</i> Alleluia. Unto us a child is born: O come, let us adore Him. Alleluia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Church+Publishing+Incorporated&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Fbook_of_common_prayer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truscott-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Truscott_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruscott" class="citation book cs1">Truscott, Jeffrey A. <i>Worship</i>. Armour Publishing. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814305419" title="Special:BookSources/9789814305419"><bdi>9789814305419</bdi></a>. <q>As with the Easter cycle, churches today celebrate the Christmas cycle in different ways. Practically all Protestants observe Christmas itself, with services on 25 December or the evening before. Anglicans, Lutherans and other churches that use the ecumenical <i>Revised Common Lectionary</i> will likely observe the four Sundays of Advent, maintaining the ancient emphasis on the eschatological (First Sunday), ascetic (Second and Third Sundays), and scriptural/historical (Fourth Sunday). Besides Christmas Eve/Day, they will observe a 12-day <i>season</i> of Christmas from 25 December to 5 January.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Armour+Publishing&rft.isbn=9789814305419&rft.aulast=Truscott&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dolr.org/article/christs-baptism-ends-christmas-season">"Christ's baptism ends the Christmas season"</a>. Catholic Diocese of Little Rock. 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christ%27s+baptism+ends+the+Christmas+season&rft.pub=Catholic+Diocese+of+Little+Rock&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolr.org%2Farticle%2Fchrists-baptism-ends-christmas-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/Info/GNLY.pdf">"Bl. Pope Paul VI, <i>Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year</i>, #33 (14 February 1969)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bl.+Pope+Paul+VI%2C+Universal+Norms+on+the+Liturgical+Year%2C+%2333+%2814+February+1969%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgyoffice.org.uk%2FCalendar%2FInfo%2FGNLY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn,_Bonnie_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Bonnie J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41834121"><i>The Oxford companion to the year</i></a>. Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-214231-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-214231-3"><bdi>0-19-214231-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41834121">41834121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+the+year&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41834121&rft.isbn=0-19-214231-3&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+Bonnie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F41834121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiser-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weiser_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFr._Francis_X._Weiser" class="citation web cs1">Fr. Francis X. Weiser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7399">"Feast of the Nativity"</a>. Catholic Culture. <q>The Council of Tours (567) proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of Advent fasting in preparation for the feast. The Council of Braga (563) forbade fasting on Christmas Day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feast+of+the+Nativity&rft.pub=Catholic+Culture&rft.au=Fr.+Francis+X.+Weiser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D7399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2003" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Adam (19 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/dec/20/highereducation.news">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tis the season"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Around the year 400 the feasts of St Stephen, John the Evangelist and the Holy Innocents were added on succeeding days, and in 567 the Council of Tours ratified the enduring 12-day cycle between the nativity and the epiphany.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Tis+the+season&rft.date=2003-12-19&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2003%2Fdec%2F20%2Fhighereducation.news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hynes1993-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hynes1993_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynes1993" class="citation book cs1">Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). <i>Companion to the Calendar</i>. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568540115" title="Special:BookSources/9781568540115"><bdi>9781568540115</bdi></a>. <q>In the year 567 the church council of Tours called the 13 days between December 25 and January 6 a festival season.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Calendar&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Liturgy+Training+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781568540115&rft.aulast=Hynes&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm">"Christmas"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Second Council of Tours (can. xi, xvii) proclaims, in 566 or 567, the sanctity of the "twelve days" from Christmas to Epiphany, and the duty of Advent fast; ...and that of Braga (563) forbids fasting on Christmas Day. Popular merry-making, however, so increased that the "Laws of King Cnut", fabricated c. 1110, order a fast from Christmas to Epiphany.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03724b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunson-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bunson_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2007" class="citation web cs1">Bunson, Matthew (21 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/vexperts/showmessage_print.asp?number=518618&language=en">"Origins of Christmas and Easter holidays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Word_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Word Television Network">Eternal Word Television Network</a> (EWTN)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Council of Tours (567) decreed the 12 days from Christmas to Epiphany to be sacred and especially joyous, thus setting the stage for the celebration of the Lord's birth...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Christmas+and+Easter+holidays&rft.pub=Eternal+Word+Television+Network+%28EWTN%29&rft.date=2007-10-21&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fvexperts%2Fshowmessage_print.asp%3Fnumber%3D518618%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2003-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2003_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2003" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (2003). <i>Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year</i>. Quest Books. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835608107" title="Special:BookSources/9780835608107"><bdi>9780835608107</bdi></a>. <q>This arrangement became an administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east. While the Romans could roughly match the months in the two systems, the four cardinal points of the solar year--the two equinoxes and solstices--still fell on different dates. By the time of the first century, the calendar date of the winter solstice in Egypt and Palestine was eleven to twelve days later than the date in Rome. As a result the Incarnation came to be celebrated on different days in different parts of the Empire. The Western Church, in its desire to be universal, eventually took them both--one became Christmas, one Epiphany--with a resulting twelve days in between. Over time this hiatus became invested with specific Christian meaning. The Church gradually filled these days with saints, some connected to the birth narratives in Gospels (Holy Innocents' Day, December 28, in honor of the infants slaughtered by Herod; St. John the Evangelist, "the Beloved," December 27; St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr, December 26; the Holy Family, December 31; the Virgin Mary, January 1). In 567, the Council of Tours declared the twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany to become one unified festal cycle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holidays+and+Holy+Nights%3A+Celebrating+Twelve+Seasonal+Festivals+of+the+Christian+Year&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780835608107&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederer2014" class="citation web cs1">Federer, William J. (6 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanminute.com/index.php?">"On the 12th Day of Christmas"</a>. American Minute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>In 567 AD, the Council of Tours ended a dispute. Western Europe celebrated Christmas, 25 December, as the holiest day of the season... but Eastern Europe celebrated Epiphany, 6 January, recalling the Wise Men's visit and Jesus' baptism. It could not be decided which day was holier, so the Council made all 12 days from 25 December to 6 January "holy days" or "holidays," These became known as "The Twelve Days of Christmas."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+12th+Day+of+Christmas&rft.pub=American+Minute&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft.aulast=Federer&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanminute.com%2Findex.php%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a>, William Federer (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225225359/http://www.itbn.org/index/detail/lib/Networks/sublib/TBN/ec/FyODhvcTrKC2NHhNkBx1leF42RiSVq_v#ooid=FyODhvcTrKC2NHhNkBx1leF42RiSVq_v"><i>Praise the Lord</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a>. Event occurs at 01:15:14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itbn.org/index/detail/lib/Networks/sublib/TBN/ec/FyODhvcTrKC2NHhNkBx1leF42RiSVq_v#ooid=FyODhvcTrKC2NHhNkBx1leF42RiSVq_v">the original</a> on 25 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Western Europe celebrated Christmas December 25 as the holiest day. Eastern Europe celebrated January 6 the Epiphany, the visit of the Wise Men, as the holiest day... and so they had this council and they decided to make all twelve days from December 25 to January 6 the Twelve Days of Christmas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Praise+the+Lord&rft.pub=Trinity+Broadcasting+Network&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itbn.org%2Findex%2Fdetail%2Flib%2FNetworks%2Fsublib%2FTBN%2Fec%2FFyODhvcTrKC2NHhNkBx1leF42RiSVq_v%23ooid%3DFyODhvcTrKC2NHhNkBx1leF42RiSVq_v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2010" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joseph F (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDO5bcaMvUIC&q=%22Armenian+Christians%22+Kelly&pg=PT27"><i>Joseph F. Kelly, </i>The Feast of Christmas<i> (Liturgical Press 2010 ISBN 978-0-81463932-0)</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814639320" title="Special:BookSources/9780814639320"><bdi>9780814639320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+F.+Kelly%2C+The+Feast+of+Christmas+%28Liturgical+Press+2010+ISBN+978-0-81463932-0%29&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780814639320&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDO5bcaMvUIC%26q%3D%2522Armenian%2BChristians%2522%2BKelly%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ware-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ware_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ware_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ware_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/history_timothy_ware_2.htm">"Excerpts from the Orthodox Church by Bishop Kallistos Ware"</a>. <i>www.fatheralexander.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fatheralexander.org&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+the+Orthodox+Church+by+Bishop+Kallistos+Ware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatheralexander.org%2Fbooklets%2Fenglish%2Fhistory_timothy_ware_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/war-and-peace/world-day-of-peace">"World Day of Peace | USCCB"</a>. <i>www.usccb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usccb.org&rft.atitle=World+Day+of+Peace+%26%23124%3B+USCCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fissues-and-action%2Fhuman-life-and-dignity%2Fwar-and-peace%2Fworld-day-of-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_HardouinPhilippe_LabbéGabriel_Cossart1714" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean Hardouin; Philippe Labbé; Gabriel Cossart (1714). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PI9EAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA380">"Christmas"</a>. <i>Acta Conciliorum et Epistolae Decretales</i> (in Latin). Typographia Regia, Paris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>De Decembri usque ad natale Domini, omni die ieiunent. Et quia inter natale Domini et epiphania omni die festivitates sunt, itemque prandebunt. Excipitur triduum illud, quo ad calcandam gentilium consuetudinem, patres nostri statuerunt privatas in Kalendariis Ianuarii fieri litanias, ut in ecclesiis psallatur, et hora octava in ipsis Kalendis Circumcisionis missa Deo propitio celebretur. (Translation: "In December until Christmas, they are to fast each day. Since between Christmas and Epiphany there are feasts on each day, they shall have a full meal, except during the three-day period on which, in order to tread Gentile customs down, our fathers established that private litanies for the <a href="/wiki/Calends" title="Calends">Calends</a> of January be chanted in the churches, and that on the Calends itself <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Circumcision</a> be celebrated at the eighth hour for God's favour.")</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acta+Conciliorum+et+Epistolae+Decretales&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.date=1714&rft.au=Jean+Hardouin&rft.au=Philippe+Labb%C3%A9&rft.au=Gabriel+Cossart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPI9EAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabadie" class="citation journal cs1">Labadie, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1110&context=obsculta">"The Octave Day of Christmas: Historical Development and Modern Liturgical Practice"</a>. <i>Obsculta</i>. <b>7</b> (1, art. 8): 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obsculta&rft.atitle=The+Octave+Day+of+Christmas%3A+Historical+Development+and+Modern+Liturgical+Practice&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%2C+art.+8&rft.pages=89&rft.aulast=Labadie&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.csbsju.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1110%26context%3Dobsculta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRxGerTUktoC&q=Toledo&pg=PA19">Adolf Adam, <i>The Liturgical Year</i> (Liturgical Press 1990</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81466047-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81466047-8">978-0-81466047-8</a>), p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, James</a> (1922). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58734-083-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58734-083-6"><bdi>1-58734-083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Bough&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=1-58734-083-6&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/145.html">Bartleby.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCount1997" class="citation book cs1">Count, Earl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/4000yearsofchris00coun"><i>4,000 Years of Christmas</i></a>. Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56975-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56975-087-4"><bdi>1-56975-087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=4%2C000+Years+of+Christmas&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56975-087-4&rft.aulast=Count&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F4000yearsofchris00coun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>, 27 December 1852: a report of holiday events mentions 'a splendid wreath' as being among the prizes won.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1953 a correspondence in the letter pages of <i>The Times</i> discussed whether Christmas wreaths were an alien importation or a version of the native evergreen 'bunch'/'bough'/'garland'/'wassail bush' traditionally displayed in England at Christmas. One correspondent described those she had seen placed on doors in country districts as either a plain bunch, a shape like a torque or open circle, and occasionally a more elaborate shape like a bell or interlaced circles. She felt the use of the words 'Christmas wreath' had 'funereal associations' for English people who would prefer to describe it as a 'garland'. An advertisement in <i>The Times</i> of Friday, 26 December 1862; pg. 1; Issue 24439; col A, however, refers to an entertainment at Crystal Palace featuring 'Extraordinary decorations, wreaths of evergreens ...', and in 1896 the special Christmas edition of <i>The Girl's Own Paper</i> was titled 'Our Christmas Wreath':The Times Saturday, 19 December 1896; pg. 4; Issue 35078; col C. There is a custom of decorating graves at Christmas with somber wreaths of evergreen, which is still observed in parts of England, and this may have militated against the circle being the accepted shape for door decorations until the re-establishment of the tradition from America in the mid-to-late 20th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/epiphany">"Epiphany in United Kingdom"</a>. <i>timeanddate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Epiphany+in+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fholidays%2Fuk%2Fepiphany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirvaitis2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sirvaitis2010_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirvaitis2010" class="citation book cs1">Sirvaitis, Karen (1 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanamerican0000sirv/page/52"><i>The European American Experience</i></a>. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanamerican0000sirv/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761340881" title="Special:BookSources/9780761340881"><bdi>9780761340881</bdi></a>. <q>Christmas is a major holiday for Christians, although some non-Christians in the United States also mark the day as a holiday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+American+Experience&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.isbn=9780761340881&rft.aulast=Sirvaitis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanamerican0000sirv%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HumorMatters.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humormatters.com/holidays/12%20Days%20Of%20Xmas.htm">Twelve Days of Christmas</a> (reprint of a magazine article). Retrieved 3 January 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm">"Christmas"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03724b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span> Primarily subhead <i>Popular Merrymaking</i> under <i>Liturgy and Custom</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/overviews/seasons/christmas/christmas_days.cfm">"The Twelve Days of Christmas"</a>. <i>Catholic Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Twelve+Days+of+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Fliturgicalyear%2Foverviews%2Fseasons%2Fchristmas%2Fchristmas_days.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span> Primarily subhead <i>12 Days of Christmas</i> under <i>Catholic and Culture</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowler, Gerald (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00gerr"><i>The World Encyclopedia of Christmas</i></a>. Toronto: M&S. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1531-1"><bdi>978-0-7710-1531-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44154451">44154451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Christmas&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=M%26S&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44154451&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-1531-1&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencyclopedi00gerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaulkinsJennie_Miller_Helderman2002" class="citation book cs1">Caulkins, Mary; Jennie Miller Helderman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christmastrivia20000held"><i>Christmas Trivia: 200 Fun & Fascinating Facts About Christmas</i></a>. New York: Gramercy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-22070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-22070-2"><bdi>978-0-517-22070-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49627774">49627774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+Trivia%3A+200+Fun+%26+Fascinating+Facts+About+Christmas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gramercy&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49627774&rft.isbn=978-0-517-22070-2&rft.aulast=Caulkins&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Jennie+Miller+Helderman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristmastrivia20000held&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsClint_Hansen2003" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Ace; Clint Hansen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindgre00coll"><i>Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24880-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24880-4"><bdi>978-0-310-24880-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52311813">52311813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+Behind+the+Great+Traditions+of+Christmas&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52311813&rft.isbn=978-0-310-24880-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Ace&rft.au=Clint+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriesbehindgre00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Martin Marix (2002). <i>The Twelve Days of Christmas</i>. White Plains, New York: Peter Pauper Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88088-776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88088-776-2"><bdi>978-0-88088-776-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57044650">57044650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Days+of+Christmas&rft.place=White+Plains%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Pauper+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57044650&rft.isbn=978-0-88088-776-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Martin+Marix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2005" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Robin Headlam (2005). <i>Shakespeare's Humanism</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82438-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82438-5"><bdi>978-0-521-82438-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62132881">62132881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Humanism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62132881&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82438-5&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Robin+Headlam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoh2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoh, John L. Jr. (2001). <i>The Twelve Days of Christmas: A Carol Catechism</i>. Vancouver: Suite 101 eBooks. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0011YH0JI">B0011YH0JI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Days+of+Christmas%3A+A+Carol+Catechism&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Suite+101+eBooks&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0011YH0JI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Hoh&rft.aufirst=John+L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Days+of+Christmas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christmastide" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christmastide">Christmastide</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days of Christmas</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> 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