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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penny dreadful" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groschenroman" title="Groschenroman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Groschenroman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Penny dreadful" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%81" title="پنی مخوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنی مخوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Penny dreadful" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penny dreadful" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadfuls&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny dreadfuls">Penny dreadfuls</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sensational Victorian weekly story papers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Penny dreadful (disambiguation)">Penny dreadful (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennydreadful.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pennydreadful.png/250px-Pennydreadful.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pennydreadful.png/375px-Pennydreadful.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pennydreadful.png/500px-Pennydreadful.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption><i>Black Bess; or, The Knight of the Road</i>. A romanticized tale of <a href="/wiki/Dick_Turpin" title="Dick Turpin">Dick Turpin</a> – a popular subject in fiction. Circa 1860</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Penny dreadfuls</b> were cheap popular <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serial literature</a> produced during the 19th century in the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term is roughly interchangeable with <b>penny horrible</b>, <b>penny awful</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>penny blood</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term typically referred to a story published in weekly parts of 8 to 16 pages, each costing one <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">penny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject matter of these stories was typically sensational, focusing on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities. First published in the 1830s, penny dreadfuls featured characters such as <a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Turpin" title="Dick Turpin">Dick Turpin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-heeled Jack</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> called penny dreadfuls "a 19th-century British publishing phenomenon". By the 1850s, there were up to a hundred publishers of penny-fiction, and in the 1860s and 1870s more than a million boys' periodicals were sold per week.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flanders_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games".<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term "penny dreadful" was originally used in reference to a specific type of literature circulating in mid-<a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian Britain</a>, it came to encompass a variety of publications that featured cheap sensational fiction, such as <a href="/wiki/Story_paper" title="Story paper">story papers</a> and booklet "libraries". The penny dreadfuls were printed on cheap <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">wood pulp</a> paper and were aimed at young <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> men.<sup id="cite_ref-James_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of penny dreadfuls was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature, especially the <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">half-penny</a> periodicals published by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Alfred Harmsworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-springhall2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springhall2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crime <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadsides</a> were commonly sold at <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public executions</a> in the United Kingdom in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were often produced by printers who specialised in them. They were typically illustrated by a crude picture of the crime, a portrait of the criminal, or a generic <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> of a hanging taking place. There would be a written account of the crime and of the trial and often the criminal's confession of guilt. A <a href="/wiki/Doggerel" title="Doggerel">doggerel</a> verse warning others to not follow the executed person's example, to avoid their fate, was another common feature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian-era</a> Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rates. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>, people began to spend more money on entertainment, contributing to the popularisation of the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>. Improvements in printing resulted in <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tatler" title="Tatler">Tatler</a></i>, and England's more fully recognizing the singular concept of reading as a form of leisure; it was, of itself, a new industry. Other significant changes included an increased capacity for travel via the invention of tracks, engines, and the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> distribution (the first public railway, <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a>, opened in 1825). These changes created both a market for cheap popular literature and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale. The first <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">penny</a> serials were published in 1836 to meet this demand.<sup id="cite_ref-TurnerES_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurnerES-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1830 and 1850 there were up to 100 publishers of penny-fiction, in addition to many magazines which embraced the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Flanders_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The serials were priced to be affordable to working-class readers and were considerably cheaper than the serialised novels of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, which cost a <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shilling</a> [twelve pennies] per part.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject_matter">Subject matter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subject matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg/170px-Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg/255px-Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg/340px-Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Cover of a <i><a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a></i> publication (1845)</figcaption></figure> <p>The stories were reprints, or sometimes rewrites, of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> thrillers such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk" title="The Monk">The Monk</a></i>, as well as new stories about famous criminals. The first ever penny blood, published in 1836, was called <i>Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads, &c</i>. The story continued over 60 issues, each eight pages of tightly-packed text with one half-page illustration.<sup id="cite_ref-“Flanders”_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“Flanders”-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most famous of these penny part-stories were <i><a href="/wiki/The_String_of_Pearls" title="The String of Pearls">The String of Pearls: A Domestic Romance</a></i> (introducing <a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a>, "the Demon Barber of <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_London" title="The Mysteries of London">The Mysteries of London</a></i> (inspired by the French serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Paris" title="The Mysteries of Paris">The Mysteries of Paris</a></i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a></i> (1845–47). <i>Varney</i> is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis Varney and introduced many of the <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> present in <a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">vampire fiction</a> recognizable to modern audiences—it was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Highwayman" title="Highwayman">Highwaymen</a> were popular heroes; <i>Black Bess or the Knight of the Road</i>, outlining the largely imaginary exploits of real-life English highwayman <a href="/wiki/Dick_Turpin" title="Dick Turpin">Dick Turpin</a>, continued for 254 episodes and was well over 2,000 pages long. Turpin was not executed until page 2,207. Some lurid stories purported to be based on fact: <i><a href="/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-Heeled Jack</a></i> was what would now be called an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">urban myth</a>. The first 'sighting' of him was in 1837, and he was described as having a terrifying and frightful appearance, with diabolical physiognomy, clawed hands and eyes that 'resembled red balls of fire'. He was mainly sighted in London but popped up elsewhere and seems to have been a source of frightened fascination for several decades. At the height of Spring-Heeled Jack hysteria, several women reported being attacked by a clawed monster of a man breathing blue flames. The last 'sighting' was in Liverpool in 1904. </p><p>In 1838, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> featured in a series of penny dreadfuls titled <i>Robin Hood and Little John: or, The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest</i>, which sparked the beginning of the mass circulation of Robin Hood stories.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other serials were thinly-disguised <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarisms</a> of popular contemporary literature. The publisher <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(publisher)" title="Edward Lloyd (publisher)">Edward Lloyd</a>, for instance, published numerous hugely successful penny serials derived from the works of Charles Dickens, such as <i>Oliver Twiss</i> and <i>Nickelas Nicklebery</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TurnerES_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurnerES-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweeney_Todd_murdering_a_victim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sweeney_Todd_murdering_a_victim.png/170px-Sweeney_Todd_murdering_a_victim.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sweeney_Todd_murdering_a_victim.png/255px-Sweeney_Todd_murdering_a_victim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sweeney_Todd_murdering_a_victim.png/340px-Sweeney_Todd_murdering_a_victim.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a> murdering a victim in <i><a href="/wiki/The_String_of_Pearls" title="The String of Pearls">The String of Pearls</a></i> (1846–47)</figcaption></figure> <p>The illustration which featured at the start of each issue was an integral part of the dreadfuls' appeal, often acting as a teaser for future installments. As one reader said, "You see's an engraving of a man hung up, burning over a fire, and some [would] go mad if they couldn't learn… all about him." One publisher's rallying cry to his illustrators was "more blood – much more blood!"<sup id="cite_ref-“Flanders”_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“Flanders”-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working class boys who could not afford a penny each week often formed clubs that would share the cost, passing the flimsy booklets from reader to reader. Other enterprising youngsters would collect several consecutive parts then rent the volume out to friends. In 1866, <i><a href="/wiki/Boys_of_England" title="Boys of England">Boys of England</a></i> was introduced as a new type of publication, an eight-page magazine that featured serial stories as well as articles and shorts of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous competitors quickly followed, including <i>Boys' Leisure Hour</i>, <i>Boys' Standard</i>, <i>Young Men of Great Britain</i> (a short lived companion to <i>Boys of England</i>). As the price and quality of other types of fiction works were the same,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> these also fell under the general definition of penny dreadfuls. </p><p>Appearing in the 1860s, American <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novels</a> were edited and rewritten for a British audience. These appeared in booklet form, such as the <i>Boy's First Rate Pocket Library</i>. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Reade" title="Frank Reade">Frank Reade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deadwood_Dick" title="Deadwood Dick">Deadwood Dick</a> were all popular with the penny dreadful audience. </p><p>The penny dreadfuls were influential since they were, in the words of one commentator, "the most alluring and low-priced form of escapist reading available to ordinary youth, until the advent in the early 1890s of future newspaper magnate <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Alfred Harmsworth</a>'s price-cutting 'halfpenny dreadfuller'".<sup id="cite_ref-springhall1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springhall1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the serial novels were overdramatic and sensational but generally harmless. If anything, the penny dreadfuls, although not the most enlightening or inspiring of literary selections, resulted in increasingly literate youth in the Industrial period. The wide circulation of this sensationalist literature, however, contributed to an ever-greater fear of crime in mid-Victorian Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-casey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_(1896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg/200px-Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg/300px-Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg/400px-Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chips" title="Illustrated Chips">Illustrated Chips</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Comics_anthology" title="Comics anthology">comic magazine</a> in 1896. Published by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Alfred Harmsworth</a>, it cost just a <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">half-penny</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The popularity of penny dreadfuls among British children was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature. Leading the challenge were popular periodicals published by Alfred Harmsworth. Priced at one <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">half-penny</a>, Harmsworth's story papers were cheaper and, at least initially, were more respectable than the competition. Harmsworth claimed to be motivated by a wish to challenge the pernicious influence of penny dreadfuls. According to an editorial in the first number of <i><a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_Marvel" title="Halfpenny Marvel">The Half-penny Marvel</a></i> in 1893: </p> <blockquote><p>It is almost a daily occurrence with magistrates to have before them boys who, having read a number of 'dreadfuls', followed the examples set forth in such publications, robbed their employers, bought revolvers with the proceeds, and finished by running away from home, and installing themselves in the back streets as 'highwaymen'. This and many other evils the 'penny dreadful' is responsible for. It makes thieves of the coming generation, and so helps fill our gaols.<sup id="cite_ref-springhall2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springhall2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>The Half-penny Marvel</i> was soon followed by other Harmsworth half-penny periodicals, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Union_Jack_(magazine)" title="Union Jack (magazine)">The Union Jack</a></i>. At first the stories were high-minded moral tales, reportedly based on true experiences, but it was not long before these papers started using the same kind of material as the publications they competed against. From 1896, the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chips" title="Illustrated Chips">Illustrated Chips</a></i> featured the long-running <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tramp" title="Tramp">tramps</a> Weary Willie and Tired Tim, with a young <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> among its readers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_(book)" title="Winnie-the-Pooh (book)">Winnie-the-Pooh</a></i>, once said, "Harmsworth killed the penny dreadful by the simple process of producing the 'ha'penny dreadfuller'".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of the Harmsworth/<a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Press" title="Amalgamated Press">Amalgamated Press</a> papers began to improve throughout the early 20th century, however. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, papers such as <i>Union Jack</i> dominated the market in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The penny dreadfuls were also challenged by book series such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Penny_Library_of_Famous_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Penny Library of Famous Books (page does not exist)">The Penny Library of Famous Books</a> launched in 1896 by <a href="/wiki/George_Newnes" title="George Newnes">George Newnes</a> which he characterized as "penny delightfuls" intended to counter the pernicious effects of the penny dreadfuls,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and such as the Penny Popular Novels launched in 1896 by <a href="/wiki/W._T._Stead" title="W. T. Stead">W. T. Stead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jack4.jpg/220px-Jack4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jack4.jpg/330px-Jack4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jack4.jpg/440px-Jack4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for an 1886 penny dreadful of <i><a href="/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-heeled Jack</a></i>, "the terror of London"</figcaption></figure> <p>Two popular characters to come out of the penny dreadfuls were Jack Harkaway, introduced in the <i><a href="/wiki/Boys_of_England" title="Boys of England">Boys of England</a></i> in 1871, and <a href="/wiki/Sexton_Blake" title="Sexton Blake">Sexton Blake</a>, who began in <i>the Half-penny Marvel</i> in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, the <i>Union Jack</i> became "Sexton Blake's own paper", and he appeared in every issue thereafter, up until the paper's demise in 1933. In total, Blake appeared in roughly 4,000 adventures, right up into the 1970s. Harkaway was also popular in America and had many imitators. </p><p>The fictional <a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a>, the subject of both a successful musical by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> and a feature film by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>, first appeared in an 1846/1847 penny dreadful titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_String_of_Pearls" title="The String of Pearls">The String of Pearls: A Romance</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Malcolm_Rymer" title="James Malcolm Rymer">James Malcolm Rymer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Peckett_Prest" title="Thomas Peckett Prest">Thomas Peckett Prest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The penny dreadfuls inspired the <a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a> that began to emerge in the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing penny dreadfuls as "a 19th-century British publishing phenomenon", the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> adds, their "very disposability (the booklets' bargain cover price meant they were printed on exceptionally flimsy paper) has made surviving examples a rarity, despite their immense popularity at the time."<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapbook" title="Chapbook">Chapbook</a> – Short inexpensive booklet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_comic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British comic">History of the British comic</a> – Comics originating in the United Kingdom<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a> – Fiction magazines made from 1896 to the 1950s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_paper" title="Story paper">Story paper</a> – Type of magazine for young people (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a> – Comics or graphic novels created in Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-back" title="Yellow-back">Yellow-back</a> – Cheap novel published in Britain in the 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubok" title="Lubok">Lubok</a> - Russian variation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimmer" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=31">"Horribles and terribles"</a>. Language Log<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horribles+and+terribles&rft.pub=Language+Log&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many people use the term "penny blood" interchangeably with "penny dreadful". Sally Powell distinguishes between these terms, however, and designates "penny bloods" as cheap sensational literature written largely for working-class adults. Powell, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2016" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Hephzibah (1 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160502-the-shocking-tale-of-the-penny-dreadful">"The shocking tale of the penny dreadful"</a>. BBC Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+shocking+tale+of+the+penny+dreadful&rft.pub=BBC+Culture&rft.date=2016-05-01&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Hephzibah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20160502-the-shocking-tale-of-the-penny-dreadful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/penny-dreadfuls-victorian-equivalent-video-games-kate-summerscale-wicked-boy">"Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Penny+dreadfuls%3A+the+Victorian+equivalent+of+video+games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fapr%2F30%2Fpenny-dreadfuls-victorian-equivalent-video-games-kate-summerscale-wicked-boy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flanders-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flanders_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flanders_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flanders, Judith (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/penny-dreadfuls">“Penny dreadfuls”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618162441/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/penny-dreadfuls">Archived</a> 18 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. British Library. Retrieved 6 February 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1974" class="citation book cs1">James, Louis (1974). <i>Fiction for the Working Man, 1830–50</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin University Books. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-060037-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-060037-X"><bdi>0-14-060037-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiction+for+the+Working+Man%2C+1830%E2%80%9350&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Penguin+University+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-14-060037-X&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springhall2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-springhall2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-springhall2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringhall1998" class="citation book cs1">Springhall, John (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youthpopularcult00john/page/75"><i>Youth, Popular Culture and Moral Panics</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youthpopularcult00john/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21394-7"><bdi>978-0-312-21394-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38206817">38206817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth%2C+Popular+Culture+and+Moral+Panics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38206817&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21394-7&rft.aulast=Springhall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyouthpopularcult00john%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://broadsides.law.harvard.edu/">"Dying Speeches and Bloody Murders: Crime Broadsides Collected by Harvard Law School Library"</a>. Harvard University Law School Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dying+Speeches+and+Bloody+Murders%3A+Crime+Broadsides+Collected+by+Harvard+Law+School+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Law+School+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbroadsides.law.harvard.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TurnerES-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TurnerES_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TurnerES_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sackville_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Sackville Turner">Turner, E. S.</a> (1975). <i>Boys Will be Boys</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-004116-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-004116-8"><bdi>0-14-004116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boys+Will+be+Boys&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-14-004116-8&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanders2011" class="citation book cs1">Flanders, Judith (2011). <i>The Invention of Murder: How the Victorians Revelled in Death and Detection and Created Modern Crime</i>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04853-0"><bdi>978-1-250-04853-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Murder%3A+How+the+Victorians+Revelled+in+Death+and+Detection+and+Created+Modern+Crime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-250-04853-0&rft.aulast=Flanders&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dickens.ucsc.edu/resources/faq/by-the-word.html">"Was Dickens Really Paid By The Word?"</a>. The University of Santa Cruz. Retrieved 27 September 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-“Flanders”-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-“Flanders”_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-“Flanders”_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flanders, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/penny-dreadfuls">“Penny dreadfuls”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618162441/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/penny-dreadfuls">Archived</a> 18 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. British Library. Retrieved 11 March 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/penny/">"Penny Dreadful: From True Crime to Fiction > <i>Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KQED-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KQED-TV">KQED-TV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030221101922/http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/penny/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penny+Dreadful%3A+From+True+Crime+to+Fiction+%3E+Sweeney+Todd%2C+The+Demon+Barber+of+Fleet+Street+in+Concert&rft.pub=KQED-TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkqed%2Fdemonbarber%2Fpenny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-cronin/did-vampires-not-have-fan_b_8415636.html">"Did Vampires Not Have Fangs in Movies Until the 1950s?"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 September 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York</i>. Routledge. 2014. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swordsmen+of+the+Screen%3A+From+Douglas+Fairbanks+to+Michael+York&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2019" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (25 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/25/oliver-twiss-twist-charles-dickens-rip-off-edward-lloyd">"Oliver Twiss and Martin Guzzlewit – the fan fiction that ripped off Dickens"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Oliver+Twiss+and+Martin+Guzzlewit+%E2%80%93+the+fan+fiction+that+ripped+off+Dickens&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fjun%2F25%2Foliver-twiss-twist-charles-dickens-rip-off-edward-lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Banham, "England and America Against the World": Empire and the USE in Edwin J. Brett's <i>Boys of England</i>, 1866-99, <i>Victorian Periodicals Review</i>, 40:2, 2007, pp.151-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10549458"><i>Boys of England</i></a>. Nineteenth Century Collections Online: British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture. 1867<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boys+of+England&rft.series=Nineteenth+Century+Collections+Online%3A+British+Theatre%2C+Music%2C+and+Literature%3A+High+and+Popular+Culture&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F10549458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springhall1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-springhall1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringhall,_John1994" class="citation journal cs1">Springhall, John (1994). "Disseminating Impure Literature': The 'Penny Dreadful' Publishing Business Since 1860". <i>Economic Historical Review</i>. <b>47</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Disseminating+Impure+Literature%27%3A+The+%27Penny+Dreadful%27+Publishing+Business+Since+1860&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Springhall%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casey-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casey_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey,_Christopher2011" class="citation journal cs1">Casey, Christopher (Winter 2011). "Common Misperceptions: The Press and Victorian Views of Crime". <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>. <b>41</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Common+Misperceptions%3A+The+Press+and+Victorian+Views+of+Crime&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Casey%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2017" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Chris (2017). <i>The British Superhero</i>. University Press of Mississippi. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Superhero&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth2012" class="citation book cs1">Knuth, Rebecca (2012). <i>Children's Literature and British Identity: Imagining a People and a Nation</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature+and+British+Identity%3A+Imagining+a+People+and+a+Nation&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editorials in early issues of papers such as the <i>Union Jack </i>or <i>Boys' Friend</i> make frequent references to "the blood and thunders", but as time went on the mentions disappeared. Letters sent in by parents or teachers were frequently printed, praising the papers for putting the "trash" out of business.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gx4dsz/entire_text/">Penny Library of Famous Books</a>, oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishinghistory.com/penny-popular-novels-masterpiece-library-review-of-reviews.html">Penny Popular Novels (The Masterpiece Library) ("Review of Reviews" Office) - Book Series List</a>, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner (1975)</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrest" class="citation web cs1">Prest, James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_String_of_Pearls">"The String of Pearls"</a> – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+String+of+Pearls&rft.aulast=Prest&rft.aufirst=James+Malcolm+Rymer+and+Thomas+Peckett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_String_of_Pearls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culture24.org.uk/art/painting-and-drawing/art23449">"A Century Of Comic Capers For Kids At Dewsbury Museum"</a>. Culture 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Century+Of+Comic+Capers+For+Kids+At+Dewsbury+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture24.org.uk%2Fart%2Fpainting-and-drawing%2Fart23449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason Baumann, Susan and Douglas Dillon (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/blog/2014/05/22/penny-dreadfuls">“The True Delights of Penny Dreadfuls”</a>. The New York Public Library.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglo1977" class="citation book cs1">Anglo, Michael (1977). <i>Penny Dreadfuls and Other Victorian Horrors</i>. London: Jupiter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904041-59-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-904041-59-X"><bdi>0-904041-59-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penny+Dreadfuls+and+Other+Victorian+Horrors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jupiter&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-904041-59-X&rft.aulast=Anglo&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1983" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Kevin (1983). <i>Penny Dreadfuls and comics : English periodicals for children from Victorian times to the present day</i>. London: Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905209-47-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-905209-47-8"><bdi>0-905209-47-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penny+Dreadfuls+and+comics+%3A+English+periodicals+for+children+from+Victorian+times+to+the+present+day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bethnal+Green+Museum+of+Childhood&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-905209-47-8&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Casey, Christopher (2010). "Common Misperceptions: The Press and Victorian Views of Crime". <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>. <b>41</b> (3 - Winter 2011). Cambridge: MIT Press: 367–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJINH_a_00106">10.1162/JINH_a_00106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21141651">21141651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20046373">20046373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Common+Misperceptions%3A+The+Press+and+Victorian+Views+of+Crime&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3+-+Winter+2011&rft.pages=367-391&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20046373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21141651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJINH_a_00106&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterton1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton, G. K.</a> (1901). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Defendant#A_DEFENCE_OF_PENNY_DREADFULS"><i>A Defence of Penny Dreadfuls</i></a>. London: The Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Defence+of+Penny+Dreadfuls&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Daily+News&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Chesterton&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Defendant%23A_DEFENCE_OF_PENNY_DREADFULS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmer2023" class="citation book cs1">Dittmer, Nicole C. (2023). <i>Penny Bloods: Gothic Tales of Dangerous Women</i>. London: British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712354189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0712354189"><bdi>978-0712354189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penny+Bloods%3A+Gothic+Tales+of+Dangerous+Women&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0712354189&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=Nicole+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmer2023" class="citation book cs1">Dittmer, Nicole C. and Sophie Raine (2023). <i>Penny Dreadfuls and the Gothic: Investigations of Pernicious Tales of Terror</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786839701" title="Special:BookSources/9781786839701"><bdi>9781786839701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penny+Dreadfuls+and+the+Gothic%3A+Investigations+of+Pernicious+Tales+of+Terror&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781786839701&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=Nicole+C.+and+Sophie+Raine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaining1975" class="citation book cs1">Haining, Peter (1975). <i>The Penny dreadful: or, Strange, horrid and sensational tales!</i>. London: Victor Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-01779-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-01779-1"><bdi>0-575-01779-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penny+dreadful%3A+or%2C+Strange%2C+horrid+and+sensational+tales%21&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-575-01779-1&rft.aulast=Haining&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1963" class="citation book cs1">James, Louis (1963). <i>Fiction for the working man 1830–50</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-060037-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-060037-7"><bdi>978-0-14-060037-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiction+for+the+working+man+1830%E2%80%9350&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-14-060037-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell,_Sally2004" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Sally (2004). "Black Markets and Cadaverous Pies: The Corpse, Urban Trade and Industrial Consumption in the Penny Blood". In Maunder, Andrew; Moore, Grace (eds.). <i>Victorian Crime Madness and Sensation</i>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4060-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4060-4"><bdi>0-7546-4060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Markets+and+Cadaverous+Pies%3A+The+Corpse%2C+Urban+Trade+and+Industrial+Consumption+in+the+Penny+Blood&rft.btitle=Victorian+Crime+Madness+and+Sensation&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7546-4060-4&rft.au=Powell%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penny_dreadful&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/penny_dreadful" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/penny dreadful">penny dreadful</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penny_dreadfuls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Penny dreadfuls">Penny dreadfuls</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackbessorknigh01vile">Black Bess or, The knight of the road. A tale of the good old times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/pu_penny.html">British Library collection of images from penny dreadfuls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017030725/http://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/pu_penny.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie_Léger-St-Jean" class="citation web cs1">Marie Léger-St-Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528190724/http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/pop/index.php">"Price One Penny: Cheap Literature, 1837–1860"</a>. University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/pop/index.php">the original</a> on 28 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Price+One+Penny%3A+Cheap+Literature%2C+1837%E2%80%931860&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.au=Marie+L%C3%A9ger-St-Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.cam.ac.uk%2Fpop%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenny+dreadful" class="Z3988"></span> (Bibliographic database of early Victorian penny fiction)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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