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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Regulation of output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antidiuretic_hormone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antidiuretic_hormone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Antidiuretic hormone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antidiuretic_hormone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aldosterone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aldosterone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Aldosterone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aldosterone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_weight_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_weight_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effect on weight loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_weight_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermetabolisme" title="Watermetabolisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Watermetabolisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="توازن السوائل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توازن السوائل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibri_de_l%C3%ADquids" title="Equilibri de líquids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equilibri de líquids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6skebalance" title="Væskebalance – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Væskebalance" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovol%C3%A4mie#Isovolämie,_Normovolämie" title="Hypovolämie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypovolämie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ισορροπία υγρών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισορροπία υγρών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_de_l%C3%ADquidos" title="Equilibrio de líquidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equilibrio de líquidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تعادل سیال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعادل سیال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keseimbangan_cairan_tubuh" title="Keseimbangan cairan tubuh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keseimbangan cairan tubuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="משק המים בגוף האדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משק המים בגוף האדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folyad%C3%A9kh%C3%A1ztart%C3%A1s" title="Folyadékháztartás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Folyadékháztartás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilans_wodny_(fizjologia)" title="Bilans wodny (fizjologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bilans wodny (fizjologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Гидробаланс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидробаланс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestetasapaino" title="Nestetasapaino – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nestetasapaino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4tskebalans" title="Vätskebalans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vätskebalans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Water_balance" title="Water balance">Water balance</a>.</div> <p><b>Fluid balance</b> is an aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> in which the amount of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> in the organism needs to be controlled, via <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, such that the <a href="/wiki/Concentrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrations">concentrations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>) in the various <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">body fluids</a> are kept <a href="/wiki/Reference_range" title="Reference range">within healthy ranges</a>. The core principle of fluid balance is that the amount of water lost from the body must equal the amount of water taken in; for example, in humans, the output (via <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spitting" title="Spitting">expectoration</a>) must equal the input (via <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">eating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drinking" title="Drinking">drinking</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">parenteral</a> intake). <b>Euvolemia</b> is the state of normal body fluid volume, including <a href="/wiki/Blood_volume" title="Blood volume">blood volume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a> volume, and <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">intracellular fluid</a> volume; <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypervolemia" title="Hypervolemia">hypervolemia</a> are imbalances. Water is necessary for all life on Earth. Humans can survive for 4 to 6 weeks without food but only for a few days without water. </p><p>Profuse sweating can increase the need for electrolyte replacement. <a href="/wiki/Water-electrolyte_imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-electrolyte imbalance">Water-electrolyte imbalance</a> produces headache and fatigue if mild; <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">illness</a> if moderate, and sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> if severe. For example, <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">water intoxication</a> (which results in <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a>), the process of consuming too much water too quickly, can be fatal. Deficits to <a href="/wiki/Body_water" title="Body water">body water</a> result in <a href="/wiki/Volume_contraction" title="Volume contraction">volume contraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> is a threat to both <a href="/wiki/Body_water" title="Body water">body water</a> volume and electrolyte levels, which is why diseases that cause diarrhea are great threats to fluid balance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_consumption">Water consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Water consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water" title="Daily consumption of drinking water">Daily consumption of drinking water</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The recommended daily amount of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> for humans varies.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_WHO2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_WHO2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depends on activity, age, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, and environment. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Adequate Intake</a> for total water, based on median intakes, is 4.0 litres (141 imp fl oz; 135 US fl oz) per day for males older than 18, and 3.0 litres (106 imp fl oz; 101 US fl oz) per day for females over 18; it assumes about 80% from drink and 20% from food.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> recommends 2.0 litres (70 imp fl oz; 68 US fl oz) of total water per day for women and 2.5 litres (88 imp fl oz; 85 US fl oz) per day for men.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_efsa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_efsa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common advice to drink 8 glasses (1,900 mL or 64 US fl oz) of plain water per day is not scientific; thirst is a better guide for how much water to drink than is a specific, fixed amount.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_ajpregu.physiology.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_ajpregu.physiology.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans aged 21 and older, on average, drink 1,043 mL (36.7 imp fl oz; 35.3 US fl oz) of drinking water a day, and 95% drink less than 2,958 mL (104.1 imp fl oz; 100.0 US fl oz) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_EPA2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_EPA2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exercise and heat exposure cause loss of water and therefore may induce thirst and greater water intake.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_iom_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_iom-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active people in hot climates may need 6.0 litres (211 imp fl oz; 203 US fl oz) of water, or more, per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_iom_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_iom-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How much drinking water contributes to the intake of mineral nutrients is unclear. <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">Inorganic</a> minerals generally enter surface water and groundwater via <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> and through the ground. Water treatment also adds some minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water generated by the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of nutrients provides a significant part of the daily water needs for some <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> animals, but provides only a small fraction of a human's necessary intake. There are trace elements in almost all potable water; some of these affect metabolism, such as sodium, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, which are common in small amounts in most water. Other elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, while beneficial in low concentrations, can cause dental and other problems at high levels. </p> Fluid balance is important to health. Profuse sweating can increase the need to replace <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> (salts). <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">Water intoxication</a> (the consumption of too much water too quickly) causes <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a>, which can cause death in minutes or hours.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water makes up about 60% of the body weight in men and 55% of weight in women.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A baby is about 70% to 80%; old people are about 45% water.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_illness">Effects of illness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of illness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a person is ill, fluid may also be lost through <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>. An individual is at an increased risk of dehydration in these instances, as the kidneys will find it more difficult to match fluid loss by reducing urine output (the kidneys must produce at least some urine in order to excrete metabolic waste.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oral_rehydration_therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oral rehydration therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a></div> <p>Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), is type of fluid replacement used as a treatment for dehydration. In an acute hospital setting, fluid balance is monitored carefully. This provides information on the patient's state of hydration, kidney function and cardiovascular function.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>If fluid loss is greater than fluid gain (for example if the patient vomits and has diarrhea), the patient is said to be in <i>negative fluid balance</i>. In this case, fluid is often given <a href="/wiki/Intravenously" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenously">intravenously</a> to compensate for the loss.</li> <li>On the other hand, a <i>positive fluid balance</i> (where fluid gain is greater than fluid loss) might suggest a problem with either the kidney or cardiovascular system.</li></ul> <p>If blood pressure is low (<a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>), the filtration rate in the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a> will lessen, causing less fluid reabsorption and thus less urine output.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An accurate measure of fluid balance is therefore an important diagnostic tool, and allows for prompt intervention to correct the imbalance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routes_of_fluid_loss_and_gain">Routes of fluid loss and gain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Routes of fluid loss and gain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluid can leave the body in many ways. Fluid can enter the body as preformed water, <a href="/wiki/Ingested" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingested">ingested</a> <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drinking" title="Drinking">drink</a> and to a lesser extent as metabolic water which is produced as a by-product of aerobic respiration (<a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>) and dehydration synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Input">Input</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Input"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A constant supply is needed to replenish the fluids lost through normal physiological activities, such as respiration, <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">sweating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>. Water generated from the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of nutrients provides a significant proportion of the daily water requirements for some <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> animals, but provides only a small fraction of a human's necessary intake.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the normal resting state, input of water through ingested fluids is approximately 1200 ml/day, from ingested foods 1000 ml/day and from <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">aerobic respiration</a> 300 ml/day, totaling 2500 ml/day.<sup id="cite_ref-boron829_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron829-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulation_of_input">Regulation of input</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation of input"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></div> <p>Input of water is regulated mainly through ingested fluids, which, in turn, depends on <a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">thirst</a>. An insufficiency of water results in an increased osmolarity in the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a>. This is sensed by <a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">osmoreceptors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Organum_vasculosum_of_the_lamina_terminalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis">organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis</a>, which trigger thirst. Thirst can to some degree be voluntarily resisted, as during <a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid restriction">fluid restriction</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The human <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> will normally adjust to varying levels of water intake. The kidneys will require time to adjust to the new water intake level. This can cause someone who drinks a lot of water to become <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydrated</a> more easily than someone who routinely drinks less.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Output">Output</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The majority of fluid output occurs via the <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, approximately 1500 ml/day (approx 1.59 qt/day) in the normal adult resting state.<sup id="cite_ref-boron829_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron829-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some fluid is lost through <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a> (part of the body's temperature control mechanism) and as water vapor in <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhaled air</a>. These are termed "insensible fluid losses" as they cannot be easily measured. Some sources say insensible losses account for 500 to 650 ml/day (0.5 to 0.6 qt.) of water in adults,<sup id="cite_ref-boron829_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron829-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other sources put the minimum value at 800 ml (0.8 qt.).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In children, one calculation used for insensible fluid loss is 400 ml/m<sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Body_surface_area" title="Body surface area">body surface area</a>.</li> <li>In addition, an adult loses approximately 100 ml/day of fluid through <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boron829_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron829-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For females, an additional 50 ml/day is lost through vaginal secretions.</li></ul> <p>These outputs are in balance with the input of ~2500 ml/day.<sup id="cite_ref-boron829_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron829-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulation_of_output">Regulation of output</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regulation of output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body's <a href="/wiki/Homeostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic">homeostatic</a> control mechanisms, which maintain a constant internal environment, ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained. The anti-diuretic hormones <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a> (ADH) and <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> play a major role in this. </p> <ul><li>If the body is becoming fluid-<i>deficient</i>, there will be an increase in the secretion of these hormones, causing fluid to be retained by the kidneys and urine output to be reduced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Conversely, if fluid levels are <i>excessive</i>, secretion of these hormones is suppressed, resulting in less retention of fluid by the kidneys and a subsequent increase in the volume of urine produced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Antidiuretic_hormone">Antidiuretic hormone</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antidiuretic hormone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antidiuretic_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiuretic hormone">Antidiuretic hormone</a></div> <p>If the body is becoming fluid-<i>deficient</i>, this will be sensed by <a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmoreceptors">osmoreceptors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_organ_of_lamina_terminalis" title="Vascular organ of lamina terminalis">vascular organ of lamina terminalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subfornical_organ" title="Subfornical organ">subfornical organ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas project to the <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraventricular nucleus">paraventricular nucleus</a>, which contain neurons that secrete the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, from their nerve endings in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>. Thus, there will be an increase in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone, causing fluid to be retained by the kidneys and urine output to be reduced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aldosterone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">Renin–angiotensin system</a></div> <p>A fluid-insufficiency causes a decreased perfusion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys. This activates the renin–angiotensin system. Among other actions, it causes renal tubules (i.e. the distal convoluted tubules and the <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct_system" title="Collecting duct system">cortical collecting ducts</a>) to reabsorb more sodium and water from the urine. Potassium is secreted into the tubule in exchange for the sodium, which is reabsorbed. The activated renin–angiotensin system stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex which in turn secretes the hormone aldosterone. This hormone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions from distal tubules and <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct_system" title="Collecting duct system">collecting ducts</a>. Water in the tubular lumen cannot follow the sodium reabsorption osmotically, as this part of the kidney is impermeable to water; release of ADH (vasopressin) is required to increase expression of aquaporin channels in the cortical collecting duct, allowing reabsorption of water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_weight_loss">Effect on weight loss</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effect on weight loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasting&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasting_4-Fasting-a-glass-of-water-on-an-empty-plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fasting_4-Fasting-a-glass-of-water-on-an-empty-plate.jpg/220px-Fasting_4-Fasting-a-glass-of-water-on-an-empty-plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fasting_4-Fasting-a-glass-of-water-on-an-empty-plate.jpg/330px-Fasting_4-Fasting-a-glass-of-water-on-an-empty-plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fasting_4-Fasting-a-glass-of-water-on-an-empty-plate.jpg/440px-Fasting_4-Fasting-a-glass-of-water-on-an-empty-plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>A glass of water on an empty plate</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a> is the act of refraining from <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">eating</a>, and sometimes drinking. However, from a purely <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> context, "fasting" may refer to the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> status of a person who has not eaten overnight (before "<a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">breakfast</a>"), or to the metabolic state achieved after complete <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">absorption</a> of a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal (typically 3–5 hours after eating). A <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic fast">diagnostic fast</a></i> refers to prolonged fasting from 1–100 hours (depending on age), conducted under observation, to facilitate the investigation of a health complication (usually <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>). Many people may also fast as part of a <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">medical procedure</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Check-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Check-up">check-up</a>, such as preceding a <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, or before certain medical tests. <i><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></i> is a technique sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> or other health benefits that incorporates regular fasting into a person's <a href="/wiki/Dietary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary">dietary</a> schedule. Fasting may also be part of a <a href="#Religious_views">religious ritual</a>, often associated with specific scheduled fast days, as <a href="#Religious_views">determined by the religion</a>, or be applied as a <a href="/wiki/Public_demonstration" class="mw-redirect" title="Public demonstration">public demonstration</a> for a given cause, in a practice known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a></i>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_WHO2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_WHO2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnn_C._Grandjean2004" class="citation book cs1">Ann C. Grandjean (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientschap3.pdf">"3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes</i>. World Health Organization. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222003438/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientschap3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Water+Requirements%2C+Impinging+Factors%2C+%26+Recommended+Intakes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2004-08&rft.au=Ann+C.+Grandjean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwater_sanitation_health%2Fdwq%2Fnutrientschap3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluid+balance" class="Z3988"></span> This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006174858/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx">"US daily reference intake values"</a>. Iom.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx">the original</a> on 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+daily+reference+intake+values&rft.pub=Iom.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiom.edu%2FReports%2F2004%2FDietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluid+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_efsa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_efsa_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEFSA_Panel_on_Dietetic_Products,_Nutrition,_and_Allergies2010" class="citation journal cs1">EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2010.1459">"Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water"</a>. <i>EFSA Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 1459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2010.1459">10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Scientific+Opinion+on+Dietary+Reference+Values+for+water&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1459&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2010.1459&rft.au=EFSA+Panel+on+Dietetic+Products%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Allergies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2903%252Fj.efsa.2010.1459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluid+balance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_ajpregu.physiology.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_ajpregu.physiology.org_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Valtin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/283/5/R993">Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420204226/http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/283/5/R993">Archived</a> 20 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R993-R1004, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_EPA2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_EPA2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093656/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf"><i>Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Center for Environmental Assessment. September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exposure+Factors+Handbook%3A+2011+Edition&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Environmental+Assessment&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fncea%2Fefh%2Fpdfs%2Fefh-complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluid+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_iom-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_iom_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_consumption_of_drinking_water_iom_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10925">"Report Sets Dietary Intake Levels for Water, Salt, and Potassium To Maintain Health and Reduce Chronic Disease Risk"</a>. US Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 11 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+Sets+Dietary+Intake+Levels+for+Water%2C+Salt%2C+and+Potassium+To+Maintain+Health+and+Reduce+Chronic+Disease+Risk&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Medicine%2C+Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.nationalacademies.org%2Fonpinews%2Fnewsitem.aspx%3FRecordID%3D10925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluid+balance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/en/">World Health Organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119093445/http://www.who.int/en/">Archived</a> 19 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>). Geneva, Switzerland. Joyce Morrissey Donohue, Charles O. Abernathy, Peter Lassovszky, George Hallberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutintakes.pdf">"The contribution of drinking-water to total dietary intakes of selected trace mineral nutrients in the United States."</a> Draft, August 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoakesGoodwinRaynerBranken2005" class="citation journal cs1">Noakes, Timothy D.; Goodwin, Neil; Rayner, Brian L.; Branken, Trevor; Taylor, Robert K.N. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">Clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_secreted_in_the_kidney" title="Drugs secreted in the kidney">Clearance of medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_flow_rate" title="Urine flow rate">Urine flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reabsorption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_drag" title="Solvent drag">Solvent drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_sodium_reabsorption" title="Renal sodium reabsorption">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_chloride_reabsorption" title="Renal chloride reabsorption">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_urea_handling" title="Renal urea handling">Urea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_glucose_reabsorption" title="Renal glucose reabsorption">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_oligopeptide_reabsorption" title="Renal oligopeptide reabsorption">Oligopeptides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_protein_reabsorption" title="Renal protein reabsorption">Protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_blood_flow" title="Renal blood flow">Renal blood flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(kidney)" title="Ultrafiltration (kidney)">Ultrafiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">Countercurrent exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration_fraction" title="Filtration fraction">Filtration fraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hormones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Antidiuretic hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">Atrial natriuretic peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fluid balance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Body_water" title="Body water">Body water</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">Intracellular fluid/Cytosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">Extracellular fluid</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">Interstitial fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcellular_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcellular fluid">Transcellular fluid</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid–base balance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrow_Yannet_diagram" title="Darrow Yannet diagram">Darrow Yannet diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">Base excess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_diagram" title="Davenport diagram">Davenport diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anion_gap" title="Anion gap">Anion gap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delta_ratio" title="Delta ratio">Delta ratio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winters%27s_formula" title="Winters's formula">Winters's formula</a></li> <li>Buffering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system" title="Bicarbonate buffer system">Bicarbonate buffer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_compensation" title="Respiratory compensation">Respiratory compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_compensation" title="Renal compensation">Renal compensation</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">Assessment and measurement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">Glomerular filtration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">Creatinine clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_renal_clearance" title="Augmented renal clearance">Augmented renal clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_clearance_ratio" title="Renal clearance ratio">Renal clearance ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_reduction_ratio" title="Urea reduction ratio">Urea reduction ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kt/V" title="Kt/V">Kt/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_Kt/V" title="Standardized Kt/V">Standardized Kt/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialysis_adequacy" title="Dialysis adequacy">Dialysis adequacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis_product" title="Hemodialysis product">Hemodialysis product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_clearance" title="PAH clearance">PAH clearance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Effective_renal_plasma_flow" title="Effective renal plasma flow">Effective renal plasma flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_ratio" title="Extraction ratio">Extraction ratio</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_excretion_of_sodium" title="Fractional excretion of sodium">Fractional excretion of sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea-to-creatinine_ratio" title="Urea-to-creatinine ratio">BUN-to-creatinine ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback" title="Tubuloglomerular feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natriuresis" title="Natriuresis">Natriuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_homeostasis55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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