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aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece:_city-states,_Thebes,_Thessaly_and_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece:_city-states,_Thebes,_Thessaly_and_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece: city-states, Thebes, Thessaly and Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece:_city-states,_Thebes,_Thessaly_and_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Republic_and_early_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Republic_and_early_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman Republic and early Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Republic_and_early_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_Empire_and_the_Migration_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_Empire_and_the_Migration_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Late Roman Empire and the Migration Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_Empire_and_the_Migration_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khanates_of_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khanates_of_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Khanates of Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khanates_of_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>European Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islamic States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arabs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mamluks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Ottoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Renaissance Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th-century_Europe_and_Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th-century_Europe_and_Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>18th-century Europe and Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th-century_Europe_and_Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Franco-Prussian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Prussian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Franco-Prussian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Prussian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Imperial expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_1900–1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_1900–1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Developments 1900–1914</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developments_1900–1914-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developments 1900–1914 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developments_1900–1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First World War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Opening stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Europe 1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_1915–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_1915–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Europe 1915–1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_1915–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Post–World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Polish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Axis_Powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Axis_Powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Other Axis Powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Axis_Powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.8</span> <span>American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.9</span> <span>British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.10</span> <span>Mongolian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II_to_the_present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II_to_the_present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Post–World War II to the present day</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post–World_War_II_to_the_present_day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post–World War II to the present day subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II_to_the_present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operational_horse_cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_horse_cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Operational horse cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_horse_cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonial_horse_cavalry_and_armored_cavalry_retaining_traditional_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial_horse_cavalry_and_armored_cavalry_retaining_traditional_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Ceremonial horse cavalry and armored cavalry retaining traditional titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial_horse_cavalry_and_armored_cavalry_retaining_traditional_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-combat_support_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-combat_support_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Non-combat support roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-combat_support_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Social status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>On film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_horse_cavalrymen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_horse_cavalrymen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notable horse cavalrymen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_horse_cavalrymen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cavalry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavallerie" title="Kavallerie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kavallerie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلاح الفرسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاح الفرسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballer%C3%ADa" title="Caballería – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Caballería" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballer%C3%ADa" title="Caballería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caballería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaleriya" title="Kavaleriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kavaleriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سوواری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوواری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кавалерыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кавалерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кавалерыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кавалерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кавалерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кавалерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavallerie" title="Kavallerie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kavallerie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjica" title="Konjica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konjica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%27hegerezh" title="Marc'hegerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marc'hegerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleria" title="Cavalleria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cavalleria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezdectvo" title="Jezdectvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jezdectvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchfilwr" title="Marchfilwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marchfilwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaleri" title="Kavaleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kavaleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavallerie" title="Kavallerie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kavallerie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratsav%C3%A4gi" title="Ratsavägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ratsavägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ιππικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιππικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballer%C3%ADa" title="Caballería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caballería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalerio" title="Kavalerio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kavalerio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalditeria" title="Zalditeria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zalditeria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سواره‌نظام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سواره‌نظام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalerie" title="Cavalerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cavalerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalery" title="Kavalery – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kavalery" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalarie" title="Cavalarie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cavalarie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcra" title="Marcra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marcra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabalar%C3%ADa" title="Cabalaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cabalaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%91" title="기병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Հեծելազոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեծելազոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjica" title="Konjica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konjica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalrio" title="Kavalrio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kavalrio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaleri" title="Kavaleri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kavaleri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddarali%C3%B0" title="Riddaralið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Riddaralið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleria" title="Cavalleria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cavalleria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיל פרשים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל פרשים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სამხედრო კავალერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხედრო კავალერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Атты әскер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атты әскер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askari_farasi" title="Askari farasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Askari farasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitatus" title="Equitatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Equitatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaval%C4%93rija" title="Kavalērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kavalērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalerija" title="Kavalerija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kavalerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovass%C3%A1g" title="Lovasság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lovasság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Коњица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коњица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B3" title="घोडदळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="घोडदळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرسان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_berkuda" title="Pasukan berkuda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasukan berkuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Морин цэрэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Морин цэрэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalerie" title="Cavalerie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cavalerie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="अश्वरोही सेना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अश्वरोही सेना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5" title="騎兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="騎兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaleri" title="Kavaleri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kavaleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaleri" title="Kavaleri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kavaleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalari%C3%A1" title="Cavalariá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cavalariá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaleriya" title="Kavaleriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kavaleriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1_/_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%81" title="سپاره عسکر / سمبال پوځ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپاره عسکر / سمبال پوځ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaleria" title="Kawaleria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kawaleria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalaria" title="Cavalaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cavalaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalerie" title="Cavalerie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cavalerie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawallu_awqaq" title="Kawallu awqaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawallu awqaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кавалерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кавалерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor%C3%ABsia" title="Kalorësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kalorësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cavalry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazdectvo_(druh_pozemn%C3%BDch_vojsk)" title="Jazdectvo (druh pozemných vojsk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazdectvo (druh pozemných vojsk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjenica" title="Konjenica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konjenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="سوارە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوارە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Коњица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коњица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjica" title="Konjica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konjica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratsuv%C3%A4ki" title="Ratsuväki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ratsuväki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalleri" title="Kavalleri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kavalleri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaleriya" title="Kabaleriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabaleriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="குதிரைப்படை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குதிரைப்படை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ทหารม้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทหารม้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCvari" title="Süvari – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süvari" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кіннота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіннота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_(%D8%B9%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81)" title="رسالہ (عسکریہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رسالہ (عسکریہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B5_binh" title="Kỵ binh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỵ binh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalyerya" title="Kabalyerya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabalyerya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5" title="骑兵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="骑兵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5" title="騎兵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="騎兵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cavalryman" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Cavalryman_(horse)" title="Cavalryman (horse)">Cavalryman (horse)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cavalry (disambiguation)">Cavalry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Detaille_-_Vive_L%27Empereur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edouard_Detaille_-_Vive_L%27Empereur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Edouard_Detaille_-_Vive_L%27Empereur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edouard_Detaille_-_Vive_L%27Empereur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Edouard_Detaille_-_Vive_L%27Empereur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edouard_Detaille_-_Vive_L%27Empereur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Edouard_Detaille_-_Vive_L%27Empereur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4966" data-file-height="4241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/4th_Hussar_Regiment_(France)" title="4th Hussar Regiment (France)">French 4th Hussars</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a>, 1807</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a 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style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, <b>cavalry</b> (from the French word <i>cavalerie</i>, itself derived from <i>cheval</i> meaning "horse") are groups of <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a> who <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">fight mounted</a> on <a href="/wiki/Horseback" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback">horseback</a>. Until the 20th century, cavalry were the most mobile of the <a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">combat arms</a>, operating as <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> in the roles of <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">screening</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishing</a>, or as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> for decisive <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">economy of force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shock_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock attack">shock attacks</a>. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations depending on era and tactics, such as a <b>cavalryman</b>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horseman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trooper_(rank)" title="Trooper (rank)">trooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drabant_Corps_of_Charles_XII" title="Drabant Corps of Charles XII">drabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">uhlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horse_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archer">horse archer</a>. The designation of <i>cavalry</i> was not usually given to any <a href="/wiki/Military_animal" title="Military animal">military forces that used other animals</a> or platforms for mounts, such as <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">camels</a> or <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> who moved on horseback, but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the early 17th to the early 18th century as <i><a href="/wiki/Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoons">dragoons</a></i>, a class of <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a> which in most armies later evolved into standard cavalry while retaining their historic designation. </p><p>Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility, and a soldier fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height, speed, and <a href="/wiki/Inertial_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial mass">inertial mass</a> over an opponent on foot. Another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent. </p><p>The speed, mobility, and shock value of cavalry was greatly valued and exploited in warfare during the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a> eras. Some hosts were mostly cavalry, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">nomadic societies of Asia</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol Army">Mongol armies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, cavalry became increasingly armoured (heavy), and eventually evolving into the mounted <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> of the medieval period. During the 17th century, cavalry in Europe discarded most of its armor, which was ineffective against the muskets and cannons that were coming into common use, and by the mid-18th century armor had mainly fallen into obsolescence, although some regiments retained a small thickened <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a> that offered protection against lances, sabres, and bayonets; including some protection against a shot from distance. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> many cavalry units were converted into <a href="/wiki/Motorized_infantry" title="Motorized infantry">motorized infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized infantry</a> units, or reformed as tank troops. The <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry tank">cavalry tank</a> or cruiser tank was one designed with a speed and purpose beyond that of <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry tanks</a> and would subsequently develop into the <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a>. Nonetheless, some cavalry still served during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (notably in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Army" title="Mongolian People's Army">Mongolian People's Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romanian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Land_Forces" title="Polish Land Forces">Polish Land Forces</a>, and German light reconnaissance units within the <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a>). </p><p>Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, or as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or heavily forested areas. Modern usage of the term generally refers to units performing the role of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_and_target_acquisition" title="Surveillance and target acquisition">reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition</a> (analogous to historical light cavalry) or <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> units (analogous to historical heavy cavalry). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry tactics</a></div> <p>Historically, cavalry was divided into <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a>. The differences were their roles in combat, the size of their mounts, and how much armor was worn by the mount and <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">rider</a>. </p><p>Heavy cavalry, such as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> in Europe, were used as <a href="/wiki/Shock_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock attack">shock</a> troops, charging the main body of the enemy at the height of a battle; in many cases their actions decided the outcome of the battle, hence the later term <i>battle cavalry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1997490_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1997490-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light cavalry, such as <a href="/wiki/Horse_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archers">horse archers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> cavalry, were assigned all the numerous roles that were ill-suited to more narrowly-focused heavy forces. This includes <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scouting</a>, deterring enemy scouts, <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">foraging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raiding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skirmishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmishing">skirmishing</a>, pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Retreat_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat (military)">retreating</a> enemy forces, <a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">screening</a> of retreating friendly forces, linking separated friendly forces, and countering enemy light forces in all these same roles. </p><p>Light and heavy cavalry roles continued through <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">early modern warfare</a>, but armor was reduced, with light cavalry mostly unarmored. Yet many cavalry units still retained <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmets</a> for their protective value against <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a> strikes, and the morale boost these provide to the wearers, despite the actual armour giving little protection from <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>. By this time the main difference between light and heavy cavalry was in their training and weight; the former was regarded as best suited for harassment and reconnaissance, while the latter was considered best for close-order charges. By the start of the 20th century, as total battlefield <a href="/wiki/Firepower" title="Firepower">firepower</a> increased, cavalry increasingly tended to become <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a> in practice, riding mounted between battles, but dismounting to fight as infantry, even though retaining unit names that reflected their older cavalry roles. Military conservatism was however strong in most continental cavalry during peacetime and in these dismounted action continued to be regarded as a secondary function until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the development of <a href="/wiki/Armored_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored warfare">armored warfare</a>, the heavy cavalry role of decisive <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">shock troops</a> had been taken over by <a href="/wiki/Armored_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored division">armored units</a> employing <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">heavy tanks</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Main battle tanks">main battle tanks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite horse-borne cavalry becoming obsolete, the term <i>cavalry</i> is still used, referring in modern times to units continuing to fulfill the traditional <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> roles, employing fast <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light tanks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a> instead of horses, while <a href="/wiki/Air_cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Air cavalry">air cavalry</a> employs <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyriancavalry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Assyriancavalry.JPG/220px-Assyriancavalry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Assyriancavalry.JPG/330px-Assyriancavalry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Assyriancavalry.JPG/440px-Assyriancavalry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cavalry">Assyrian cavalry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was largely performed by light <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a>. The chariot originated with the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta-Petrovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintashta-Petrovka">Sintashta-Petrovka</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and spread by <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> or semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon19951_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon19951-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chariot was quickly adopted by settled peoples both as a military technology and an object of ceremonial status, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> from 1550 BC as well as the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian army">Assyrian army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized early on, but was offset by the difficulty of raising large forces and by the inability of <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> (then mostly small) to carry heavy <a href="/wiki/Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a>. Nonetheless, there are indications that, from the 15th century BC onwards, horseback riding was practiced amongst the military elites of the great states of the ancient Near East, most notably those in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cavalry techniques, and the rise of true cavalry, were an innovation of <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_nomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian nomad">equestrian nomads</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">pastoralist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Iranic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>. Together with a core of armoured lancers,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these were predominantly <a href="/wiki/Horse_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archers">horse archers</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_shot" title="Parthian shot">Parthian shot</a> tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParthianHorseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ParthianHorseman.jpg/170px-ParthianHorseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ParthianHorseman.jpg/255px-ParthianHorseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ParthianHorseman.jpg/340px-ParthianHorseman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Parthian horseman, now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Turin" title="Palazzo Madama, Turin">Palazzo Madama, Turin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The photograph straight above shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of 865–860 BC. At this time, the men had no <a href="/wiki/Spur" title="Spur">spurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddle_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddle cloth">saddle cloths</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a>. Fighting from the back of a horse was much more difficult than mere riding. The cavalry acted in pairs; the reins of the <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted archer">mounted archer</a> were controlled by his neighbour's hand. Even at this early time, cavalry used swords, shields, spears, and bows. The sculpture implies two types of cavalry, but this might be a simplification by the artist. Later images of Assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his own horse.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 490 BC a <a href="/wiki/Nisean_horse" title="Nisean horse">breed of large horses</a> was bred in the <a href="/wiki/Nisaean_plain" title="Nisaean plain">Nisaean plain</a> in Media to carry <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">men with increasing amounts of armour</a> (Herodotus 7,40 & 9,20), but large horses were still very exceptional at this time. By the fourth century BC the Chinese during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (403–221 BC) began to use cavalry against rival states,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629–30_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629–30-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 331 BC when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> defeated the Persians the use of chariots in battle was obsolete in most nations; despite a few ineffective attempts to revive <a href="/wiki/Scythed_chariot" title="Scythed chariot">scythed chariots</a>. The last recorded use of chariots as a shock force in continental Europe was during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon" title="Battle of Telamon">Battle of Telamon</a> in 225 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarry1980164_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarry1980164-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, chariots remained in use for ceremonial purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Roman triumph</a>, or for racing. </p><p>Outside of mainland Europe, the southern <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons</a> met <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> with chariots in <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's invasions of Britain">55 and 54 BC</a>, but by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> a century later chariots were obsolete, even in Britannia. The last mention of chariot use in Britain was by the <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Mons Graupius</a>, in 84 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece:_city-states,_Thebes,_Thessaly_and_Macedonia"><span id="Ancient_Greece:_city-states.2C_Thebes.2C_Thessaly_and_Macedonia"></span>Ancient Greece: city-states, Thebes, Thessaly and Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece: city-states, Thebes, Thessaly and Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_Louvre_F12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Amphora_Louvre_F12.jpg/170px-Amphora_Louvre_F12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Amphora_Louvre_F12.jpg/255px-Amphora_Louvre_F12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Amphora_Louvre_F12.jpg/340px-Amphora_Louvre_F12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>Warrior's departure; an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> dated 550–540 BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Companion cavalry</a></div> <p>During the classical Greek period cavalry were usually limited to those citizens who could afford expensive war-horses. Three types of cavalry became common: light cavalry, whose riders, armed with <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a>, could harass and skirmish; heavy cavalry, whose troopers, using <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>, had the ability to close in on their opponents; and finally those whose equipment allowed them to fight either on horseback or foot. The role of horsemen did however remain secondary to that of the <a href="/wiki/Hoplites" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoplites">hoplites</a> or heavy infantry who comprised the main strength of the citizen levies of the various city states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarry198037_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarry198037-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cavalry played a relatively minor role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a>, with conflicts decided by massed armored infantry. However, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a>, their first great cavalry commander, whose tactics and skills were absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> when Philip was a guest-hostage in Thebes. <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> was widely known for producing competent cavalrymen,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later experiences in wars both with and against the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> taught the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> the value of cavalry in skirmishing and pursuit. The <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> author and soldier <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> in particular advocated the creation of a small but well-trained cavalry force; to that end, he wrote several manuals on horsemanship and cavalry operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarry198054_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarry198054-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> kingdom in the north, on the other hand, developed a strong cavalry force that culminated in the <i>hetairoi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Companion cavalry</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Philip II of Macedon and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. In addition to these heavy cavalry, the Macedonian army also employed lighter horsemen<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <a href="/wiki/Prodromoi" title="Prodromoi">prodromoi</a> for scouting and screening, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian pike phalanx</a> and various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a>. There were also the <i>Ippiko</i> (or "Horserider"), Greek "heavy" cavalry, armed with <a href="/wiki/Kontos_(weapon)" title="Kontos (weapon)">kontos</a> (or cavalry lance), and sword. These wore leather armour or mail plus a helmet. They were medium rather than heavy cavalry, meaning that they were better suited to be scouts, skirmishers, and pursuers rather than front line fighters. The effectiveness of this combination of cavalry and infantry helped to break enemy lines and was most dramatically demonstrated in Alexander's conquests of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and northwestern India.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Republic_and_early_Empire">Roman Republic and early Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman Republic and early Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Reitergrabmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/K%C3%B6ln_Reitergrabmal.jpg/170px-K%C3%B6ln_Reitergrabmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/K%C3%B6ln_Reitergrabmal.jpg/255px-K%C3%B6ln_Reitergrabmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/K%C3%B6ln_Reitergrabmal.jpg/340px-K%C3%B6ln_Reitergrabmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="3170" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of a Roman <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliary</a> trooper from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cologne" title="History of Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany. Second half of the first century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cavalry in the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> remained the preserve of the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Landed_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed class">landed class</a> known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a></i>—men who could afford the expense of maintaining a horse in addition to arms and armor heavier than those of the common <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>. Horses were provided by the Republic and could be withdrawn if neglected or misused, together with the status of being a cavalryman.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the class grew to be more of a social elite instead of a functional property-based military grouping, the Romans began to employ Italian <a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">socii</a> for filling the ranks of their cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weakness of Roman cavalry was demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal Barca</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> where he used his superior mounted forces to win several battles. The most notable of these was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a>, where he inflicted a catastrophic defeat on the Romans. At about the same time the Romans began to recruit foreign auxiliary cavalry from among <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidians</a>, the last being highly valued as mounted skirmishers and scouts (see <a href="/wiki/Numidian_cavalry" title="Numidian cavalry">Numidian cavalry</a>). <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> had a high opinion of his escort of Germanic mixed cavalry, giving rise to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cohors_equitata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohors equitata">Cohortes Equitatae</a></i>. Early emperors maintained an <a href="/wiki/Ala_(Roman_cavalry_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (Roman cavalry unit)">ala</a> of <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavian</a> cavalry as their <a href="/wiki/Germanic_bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic bodyguard">personal bodyguards</a> until the unit was dismissed by <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavian Rebellion">Batavian Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the most part, Roman cavalry during the early Republic functioned as an adjunct to the legionary infantry and formed only one-fifth of the standing force comprising a consular army. Except in times of major mobilisation about 1,800 horsemen were maintained, with three hundred attached to each legion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively low ratio of horsemen to infantry does not mean that the utility of cavalry should be underestimated, as its strategic role in scouting, skirmishing, and outpost duties was crucial to the Romans' capability to conduct operations over long distances in hostile or unfamiliar territory. On some occasions Roman cavalry also proved its ability to strike a decisive tactical blow against a weakened or unprepared enemy, such as the final charge at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquilonia" title="Battle of Aquilonia">Battle of Aquilonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After defeats such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a>, the Romans learned the importance of large cavalry formations from the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time heavy spears and shields modelled on those favoured by the horsemen of the Greek city-states were adopted to replace the lighter weaponry of early Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These improvements in tactics and equipment reflected those of a thousand years earlier when the first Iranians to reach the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a> forced the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> to undertake similar reform. Nonetheless, the Romans would continue to rely mainly on their <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a> supported by auxiliary cavalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman_Empire_and_the_Migration_Period">Late Roman Empire and the Migration Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Roman Empire and the Migration Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Cavalry_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Roman_Cavalry_1.jpg/170px-Roman_Cavalry_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Roman_Cavalry_1.jpg/255px-Roman_Cavalry_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Roman_Cavalry_1.jpg/340px-Roman_Cavalry_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption>Reenactor as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">auxiliary</a> cavalryman</figcaption></figure> <p>In the army of the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, cavalry played an increasingly important role. The <a href="/wiki/Spatha" title="Spatha">Spatha</a>, the classical sword throughout most of the 1st millennium was adopted as the standard model for the Empire's cavalry forces. By the 6th century these had evolved into lengthy straight weapons influenced by Persian and other eastern patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other specialist weapons during this period included javelins, long reaching lancers, axes and maces.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widespread employment of heavy cavalry at this time was found in the forces of the Iranian empires, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> successors. Both, but especially the former, were famed for the <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphract</a> (fully armored cavalry armed with lances) even though the majority of their forces consisted of lighter <a href="/wiki/Horse_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archer">horse archers</a>. The West first encountered this eastern heavy cavalry during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> with further intensive contacts during the eight centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>. At first the Parthians' mobility greatly confounded the Romans, whose armoured close-order infantry proved unable to match the speed of the Parthians. However, later the Romans would successfully adapt such heavy armor and cavalry tactics by creating their own units of cataphracts and <i>clibanarii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline of the Roman infrastructure made it more difficult to field large infantry forces, and during the 4th and 5th centuries cavalry began to take a more dominant role on the European battlefield, also in part made possible by the appearance of new, larger breeds of horses. The replacement of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">saddle</a> by variants on the Scythian model, with <a href="/wiki/Pommel_(saddle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pommel (saddle)">pommel</a> and cantle,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also a significant factor as was the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a> and the concomitant increase in stability of the rider's seat. Armored cataphracts began to be deployed in Eastern Europe and the Near East, following the precedents established by <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian</a> forces, as the main striking force of the armies in contrast to the earlier roles of cavalry as scouts, raiders, and outflankers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late-Roman cavalry tradition of organized units in a standing army differed fundamentally from the nobility of the Germanic invaders—individual warriors who could afford to provide their own horses and equipment. While there was no direct linkage with these predecessors the early medieval knight also developed as a member of a social and martial elite, able to meet the considerable expenses required by his role from grants of land and other incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archer">Horse archer</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_military_tactics_and_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol military tactics and organization">Mongol military tactics and organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire#Military_setup" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire § Military setup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Military_Administration_-_pic558_-_%E9%AC%BC%E7%AE%AD%E6%92%92%E5%9C%96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Military_Administration_-_pic558_-_%E9%AC%BC%E7%AE%AD%E6%92%92%E5%9C%96.png/220px-Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Military_Administration_-_pic558_-_%E9%AC%BC%E7%AE%AD%E6%92%92%E5%9C%96.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Military_Administration_-_pic558_-_%E9%AC%BC%E7%AE%AD%E6%92%92%E5%9C%96.png/330px-Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Military_Administration_-_pic558_-_%E9%AC%BC%E7%AE%AD%E6%92%92%E5%9C%96.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Military_Administration_-_pic558_-_%E9%AC%BC%E7%AE%AD%E6%92%92%E5%9C%96.png/440px-Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Military_Administration_-_pic558_-_%E9%AC%BC%E7%AE%AD%E6%92%92%E5%9C%96.png 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">caltrop</a> jar</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Cossack">Don Cossacks</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> are also examples of the horse-mounted groups that managed to gain substantial successes in military conflicts with settled agrarian and urban societies, due to their strategic and tactical mobility. As European states began to assume the character of bureaucratic <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a> supporting professional standing armies, recruitment of these mounted warriors was undertaken in order to fill the strategic roles of scouts and raiders. </p><p>The best known instance of the continued employment of mounted tribal auxiliaries were the Cossack cavalry regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and out onto the <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a>, cavalry remained important much longer and dominated the scene of warfare until the early 17th century and even beyond, as the strategic mobility of cavalry was crucial for the semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> lives that many steppe cultures led. <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetans</a> also had a tradition of cavalry warfare, in several military engagements with the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907 AD). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khanates_of_Central_Asia">Khanates of Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Khanates of Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mongol mounted archer of Genghis Khan late 12th century."><img alt="Mongol mounted archer of Genghis Khan late 12th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg/345px-Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg/518px-Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg/690px-Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> mounted archer of Genghis Khan late 12th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryszkiewicz_Tatars_in_the_vanguard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tatar vanguard in Eastern Europe 13th–14th centuries."><img alt="Tatar vanguard in Eastern Europe 13th–14th centuries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ryszkiewicz_Tatars_in_the_vanguard.jpg/274px-Ryszkiewicz_Tatars_in_the_vanguard.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ryszkiewicz_Tatars_in_the_vanguard.jpg/412px-Ryszkiewicz_Tatars_in_the_vanguard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ryszkiewicz_Tatars_in_the_vanguard.jpg/548px-Ryszkiewicz_Tatars_in_the_vanguard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a> vanguard in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> 13th–14th centuries.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DiezAlbumsArmedRiders_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mongols at war 14th century"><img alt="Mongols at war 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/DiezAlbumsArmedRiders_II.jpg/280px-DiezAlbumsArmedRiders_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/DiezAlbumsArmedRiders_II.jpg/420px-DiezAlbumsArmedRiders_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/DiezAlbumsArmedRiders_II.jpg/559px-DiezAlbumsArmedRiders_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mongols at war 14th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:336px;max-width:336px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sichuan,_han_orientali,_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta,_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._02.JPG/108px-Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._02.JPG/162px-Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._02.JPG/216px-Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sichuan,_han_orientali,_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta,_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._03.JPG/220px-Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._03.JPG/330px-Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._03.JPG/440px-Sichuan%2C_han_orientali%2C_cavallo_con_ciuffo_e_criniera_corta%2C_seconda_met%C3%A0_II-inizio_III_sec._03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> glazed ceramic statue of a horse with <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halter" title="Halter">halter</a> headgear, from <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, late 2nd century to early 3rd century AD</div></div></div></div> <p>Further east, the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_(pre-1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of China (pre-1911)">military history of China</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">northern China</a>, held a long tradition of intense military exchange between <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> infantry forces of the settled dynastic empires and the mounted <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomads</a> or "barbarians" of the north. The <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">naval history of China</a> was centered more to the south, where mountains, rivers, and large lakes necessitated the employment of a large and well-kept <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">navy</a>. </p><p>In 307 BC, <a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling of Zhao</a>, the ruler of the former <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">state of Jin</a>, ordered his commanders and troops to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> as well as practice the nomads' form of mounted archery to hone their new cavalry skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629–30_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629–30-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg/220px-Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg/330px-Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg/440px-Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>A bas-<a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> of a soldier and horse with saddle and <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a>, from the tomb of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> (r. 626–649), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The adoption of massed cavalry in China also broke the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Chariot_(Ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot (Ancient China)">chariot</a>-riding <a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Chinese aristocracy</a> in battle, which had been in use since the ancient <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1050 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time large Chinese infantry-based armies of 100,000 to 200,000 troops were now buttressed with several hundred thousand mounted cavalry in support or as an effective striking force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200630_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200630-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The handheld pistol-and-trigger <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> was invented in China in the fourth century BC;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey199941_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey199941-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was written by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in their book <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i> (1044 AD) that massed missile fire by crossbowmen was the most effective defense against enemy cavalry charges.<sup id="cite_ref-peers_130_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers_130-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg/170px-The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg/255px-The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg/340px-The_Qianlong_Emperor_in_Ceremonial_Armour_on_Horseback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="3825" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> in ceremonial armor on horseback, painted by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Castiglione_(1688%E2%80%931766)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766)">Giuseppe Castiglione</a>, dated 1739 or 1758</figcaption></figure> <p>On many occasions the Chinese studied nomadic cavalry tactics and applied the lessons in creating their own potent cavalry forces, while in others they simply recruited the tribal horsemen wholesale into their armies; and in yet other cases nomadic empires proved eager to enlist Chinese infantry and engineering, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and its sinicized part, the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1279–1368). The Chinese recognized early on during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD) that they were at a disadvantage in lacking the number of horses the northern nomadic peoples mustered in their armies. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> (r 141–87 BC) went to war with the <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> for this reason, since the Dayuan were hoarding a massive amount of tall, strong, Central Asian bred horses in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a>–<a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> (established slightly earlier by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>). Although experiencing some defeats early on in the campaign, Emperor Wu's war from 104 BC to 102 BC succeeded in gathering the prized tribute of horses from Fergana. </p><p>Cavalry tactics in China were enhanced by the invention of the saddle-attached <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrup</a> by at least the 4th century, as the oldest reliable depiction of a rider with paired stirrups was found in a <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasty</a> tomb of the year 322 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Dien_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dien-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese invention of the <a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">horse collar</a> by the 5th century was also a great improvement from the breast harness, allowing the horse to haul greater weight without heavy burden on its skeletal structure.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_322_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_322-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_305_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_305-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The horse warfare of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Korea</a> was first started during the ancient Korean kingdom <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>. Since at least the 3rd century BC, there was influence of northern <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> peoples and <a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a> peoples on Korean warfare. By roughly the first century BC, the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Buyeo_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyeo Kingdom">Buyeo</a> also had mounted warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006120_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006120-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, were called <i>Gaemamusa</i> (개마무사, 鎧馬武士), and were renowned as a fearsome heavy cavalry force. <a href="/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great_of_Goguryeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo">King Gwanggaeto the Great</a> often led expeditions into the <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buyeo_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyeo Kingdom">Buyeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> and against <a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Japanese</a> invaders with his cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> tribes began to violate the Goryeo–Jurchen borders, and eventually invaded <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> Korea. After experiencing invasion by the Jurchen, Korean general <a href="/wiki/Yun_Kwan" title="Yun Kwan">Yun Kwan</a> realized that Goryeo lacked efficient cavalry units. He reorganized the Goryeo military into a professional army that would contain decent and well-trained cavalry units. In 1107, the Jurchen were ultimately defeated, and surrendered to Yun Kwan. To mark the victory, General Yun built nine fortresses to the northeast of the Goryeo–Jurchen borders (동북 9성, 東北九城).</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samurai_on_horseback.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Samurai_on_horseback.png/170px-Samurai_on_horseback.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Samurai_on_horseback.png/255px-Samurai_on_horseback.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Samurai_on_horseback.png/340px-Samurai_on_horseback.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption>A mounted <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> with bow and arrows, wearing a horned helmet. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1878</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakaotosi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sakaotosi.jpg/170px-Sakaotosi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sakaotosi.jpg/255px-Sakaotosi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sakaotosi.jpg/340px-Sakaotosi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ichi-no-Tani" title="Battle of Ichi-no-Tani">Battle of Ichi-no-Tani</a>, Japanese cavalry moving down a mountain-side</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">ancient Japanese</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> also adopted <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period#Introduction_of_equine_culture_to_Japan" title="Kofun period">cavalry and equine culture</a> by the 5th century AD. The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> aristocracy led to the development of armoured horse archers, themselves to develop into charging <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancer</a> cavalry as gunpowder weapons rendered bows obsolete. Japanese cavalry was largely made up of landowners who would be upon a horse to better survey the troops they were called upon to bring to an engagement, rather than traditional mounted warfare seen in other cultures with massed cavalry units. </p><p>An example is <a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a> (流鏑馬), a type of mounted archery in traditional Japanese archery. An archer on a running horse shoots three special "turnip-headed" arrows successively at three wooden targets. </p><p>This style of archery has its origins at the beginning of the Kamakura period. <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> became alarmed at the lack of archery skills his samurai had. He organized yabusame as a form of practice. Currently, the best places to see yabusame performed are at the Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura and Shimogamo Shrine in Kyoto (during Aoi Matsuri in early May). It is also performed in Samukawa and on the beach at Zushi, as well as other locations. </p><p>Kasagake or Kasakake (笠懸, かさがけ lit. "hat shooting") is a type of Japanese mounted archery. In contrast to yabusame, the types of targets are various and the archer shoots without stopping the horse. While yabusame has been played as a part of formal ceremonies, kasagake has developed as a game or practice of martial arts, focusing on technical elements of horse archery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Indian subcontinent, cavalry played a major role from the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta dynasty</a> (320–600) period onwards. India has also the oldest evidence for the introduction of toe-<a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian literature contains numerous references to the mounted warriors of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> horse nomads, notably the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yavanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pahlavas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pahlavas">Pahlavas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradas">Paradas</a>. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic</a> texts refer to a conflict in ancient India (16th century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the horsemen of five nations, called the "Five Hordes" (<i>pañca.ganan</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kṣatriya</a> hordes (<i>Kṣatriya ganah</i>), attacked and captured the state of Ayudhya by dethroning its <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> King Bahu<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/220px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/330px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/440px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and some foreign sources attest that the Kamboja cavalry frequently played role in ancient wars. V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar writes: "Both the Puranas and the epics agree that the horses of the Sindhu and Kamboja regions were of the finest breed, and that the services of the Kambojas as cavalry troopers were utilised in ancient wars".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J.A.O.S. writes: "Most famous horses are said to come either from Sindhu or Kamboja; of the latter (i.e. the Kamboja), the Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> speaks among the finest horsemen".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/170px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/255px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/340px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> or Vikramaditya, one of the most powerful emperors of the Gupta empire during times referred to as the Golden Age of India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajput_warrior_on_horseback,_with_caption_in_Kayathi_and_Nagari..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rajput_warrior_on_horseback%2C_with_caption_in_Kayathi_and_Nagari..jpg/170px-Rajput_warrior_on_horseback%2C_with_caption_in_Kayathi_and_Nagari..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rajput_warrior_on_horseback%2C_with_caption_in_Kayathi_and_Nagari..jpg/255px-Rajput_warrior_on_horseback%2C_with_caption_in_Kayathi_and_Nagari..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rajput_warrior_on_horseback%2C_with_caption_in_Kayathi_and_Nagari..jpg/340px-Rajput_warrior_on_horseback%2C_with_caption_in_Kayathi_and_Nagari..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Rajput warrior on horseback</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mahabharata speaks of the esteemed cavalry of the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas and <a href="/wiki/Tusharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusharas">Tusharas</a>, all of whom had participated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurukshetra_War_and_the_Kambojas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurukshetra War and the Kambojas (page does not exist)">Kurukshetra war</a> under the supreme command of <a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja Kingdom">Kamboja</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Sudakshina_Kamboja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudakshina Kamboja">Sudakshin Kamboj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahabharata and Vishnudharmottara Purana pay especial attention to the Kambojas, Yavansa, Gandharas etc. being <i>ashva.yuddha.kushalah</i> (expert cavalrymen).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Mahabharata war, the Kamboja cavalry along with that of the Sakas, Yavanas is reported to have been enlisted by the <a href="/wiki/Kuru_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru (kingdom)">Kuru</a> king <a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hastinapur" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 484</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 425 BC</span>) attests that the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandarian</a> mercenaries (i.e. <i>Gandharans/Kambojans</i> of Gandari Strapy of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenids" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenids">Achaemenids</a>) from the 20th strapy of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> were recruited in the army of emperor <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes I</a> (486–465 BC), which he led against the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <i>men of the Mountain Land </i> from north of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>-River equivalent to medieval <a href="/wiki/Kohistan_District,_North_West_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohistan District, North West Frontier Province">Kohistan</a> (Pakistan), figure in the army of <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> against <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Arbela</a>, providing a cavalry force and 15 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This obviously refers to Kamboja cavalry south of Hindukush. </p><p>The Kambojas were famous for their horses, as well as cavalrymen (<i>asva-yuddha-Kushalah</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On account of their supreme position in horse (Ashva) culture, they were also popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Ashvakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvakas">Ashvakas</a>, i.e. the "horsemen"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their land was known as "Home of Horses".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the <a href="/wiki/Assakenoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Assakenoi">Assakenoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspasioi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspasioi">Aspasioi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a> writings, and the <a href="/wiki/Ashvakayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvakayana">Ashvakayanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashvayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvayana">Ashvayanas</a> in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ashtadhyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi</a>. The Assakenoi had faced <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> with 30,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry and 30 war elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have identified the Assakenoi and Aspasioi clans of <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Valley" title="Kunar Valley">Kunar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swat,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat, Pakistan">Swat</a> valleys as a section of the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hardy tribes had offered stubborn resistance to Alexander (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 326 BC</span>) during latter's campaign of the Kabul, Kunar and Swat valleys and had even extracted the praise of the Alexander's historians. These highlanders, designated as <i>"parvatiya Ayudhajivinah"</i> in Pāṇini's Astadhyayi,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were rebellious, fiercely independent and freedom-loving cavalrymen who never easily yielded to any overlord.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> drama <i>Mudra-rakashas</i> by <i>Visakha Dutta</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jaina</a> work <i><a href="/wiki/Parishishtaparvan" title="Parishishtaparvan">Parishishtaparvan</a></i> refer to <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a>'s (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 320 BC</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 298 BC</span>) alliance with <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> king <i>Parvataka</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> alliance gave Chandragupta a formidable composite army made up of the cavalry forces of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Kiratas, Parasikas and Bahlikas as attested by Mudra-Rakashas (Mudra-Rakshasa 2).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hordes had helped <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> defeat the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and placed Chandragupta on the throne, thus laying the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan dynasty">Mauryan dynasty</a> in Northern India. </p><p>The cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunas</a> and the Kambojas is also attested in the <a href="/wiki/Raghuva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Raghuvaṃśa">Raghu Vamsa</a> epic poem of Sanskrit poet <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raghu of Kalidasa is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> (<i>Vikaramaditya</i>) (375–413/15 AD), of the well-known <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta dynasty</a>. </p><p>As late as the mediaeval era, the Kamboja cavalry had also formed part of the Gurjara-Pratihara armed forces from the eighth to the 10th centuries AD. They had come to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Pratiharas</a> when the latter conquered part of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Kambojas organised military <i>sanghas</i> and <a href="/wiki/Shreni" title="Shreni">shrenis</a> (corporations) to manage their political and military affairs, as <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kautiliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautiliya">Kautiliya</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> record. They are described as <i>Ayuddha-jivi</i> or <i>Shastr-opajivis</i> (nations-in-arms), which also means that the Kamboja cavalry offered its <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> services to other nations as well. There are numerous references to Kambojas having been requisitioned as cavalry <a href="/wiki/Trooper_(rank)" title="Trooper (rank)">troopers</a> in ancient wars by outside <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">Sowar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">Zamburak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">Howdah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">Mahout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da%27ud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da%27ud.jpg/170px-Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da%27ud.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da%27ud.jpg/255px-Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da%27ud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da%27ud.jpg/340px-Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da%27ud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Akbar leads the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Army">Mughal Army</a> during a campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mughal armies (<i>lashkar</i>) were primarily a cavalry force. The elite corps were the <i>ahadi</i> who provided direct service to the Emperor and acted as guard cavalry. Supplementary cavalry or <i>dakhilis</i> were recruited, equipped and paid by the central state. This was in contrast to the <i>tabinan</i> horsemen who were the followers of individual noblemen. Their training and equipment varied widely but they made up the backbone of the Mughal cavalry. Finally there were tribal irregulars led by and loyal to tributary chiefs. These included Hindus, Afghans and Turks summoned for military service when their autonomous leaders were called on by the Imperial government.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Middle_Ages">European Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: European Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cavalry" title="Special:EditPage/Cavalry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cavalry%22">"Cavalry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cavalry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cavalry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cavalry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cavalry%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cavalry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Horses in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene51_Battle_of_Hastings_Norman_knights_and_archers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene51_Battle_of_Hastings_Norman_knights_and_archers.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene51_Battle_of_Hastings_Norman_knights_and_archers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene51_Battle_of_Hastings_Norman_knights_and_archers.jpg/450px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene51_Battle_of_Hastings_Norman_knights_and_archers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene51_Battle_of_Hastings_Norman_knights_and_archers.jpg/600px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene51_Battle_of_Hastings_Norman_knights_and_archers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>Horse-mounted <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> charging in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>, 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>As the quality and availability of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a> declined in Europe with the fall of the Roman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> became more effective. Infantry that lack the cohesion and discipline of tight formations are more susceptible to being broken and scattered by <a href="/wiki/Shock_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock combat">shock combat</a>—the main role of heavy cavalry, which rose to become the dominant force on the European battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As heavy cavalry increased in importance, it became the main focus of military development. The arms and armour for heavy cavalry increased, the high-backed <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddle</a> developed, and <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spur" title="Spur">spurs</a> were added, increasing the advantage of heavy cavalry even more.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This shift in military importance was reflected in an increasingly hierarchical society as well. From the late 10th century onwards heavily armed horsemen, <i>milites</i> or <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>, emerged as an expensive elite taking centre stage both on and off the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This class of aristocratic warriors was considered the "ultimate" in heavy cavalry: well-equipped with the best weapons, state-of-the-art armour from head to foot, leading with the <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a> in battle in a full-gallop, close-formation "knightly charge" that might prove irresistible, winning the battle almost as soon as it began. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritLibAddMS35166ApocalypseUnkFolio3SealBlackHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BritLibAddMS35166ApocalypseUnkFolio3SealBlackHorse.jpg/220px-BritLibAddMS35166ApocalypseUnkFolio3SealBlackHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BritLibAddMS35166ApocalypseUnkFolio3SealBlackHorse.jpg/330px-BritLibAddMS35166ApocalypseUnkFolio3SealBlackHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BritLibAddMS35166ApocalypseUnkFolio3SealBlackHorse.jpg/440px-BritLibAddMS35166ApocalypseUnkFolio3SealBlackHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>A 13th-century depiction of a riding horse. Note resemblance to the modern <a href="/wiki/Paso_Fino" title="Paso Fino">Paso Fino</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/220px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/330px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/440px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A Hussite war wagon: it enabled peasants to defeat knights</figcaption></figure> <p>But knights remained the minority of total available combat forces; the expense of arms, armour, and horses was only affordable to a select few. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (<a href="/wiki/Skirmishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmishing">skirmishing</a>, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights. </p><p>Massed <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbowmen</a> triumphed over French cavalry at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Crécy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Poitiers (1356)">Poitiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Agincourt</a>, while at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gisors" title="Battle of Gisors">Gisors</a> (1188), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Bannockburn</a> (1314), and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laupen" title="Battle of Laupen">Laupen</a> (1339),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> foot-soldiers proved they could resist cavalry charges as long as they held their formation. Once the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> developed their <a href="/wiki/Pike_square" title="Pike square">pike squares</a> for offensive as well as defensive use, infantry started to become the principal arm. This aggressive new doctrine gave the Swiss victory over a range of adversaries, and their enemies found that the only reliable way to defeat them was by the use of an even more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> doctrine, as evidenced in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a>. The introduction of missile weapons that required less skill than the longbow, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannon</a>, also helped remove the focus somewhat from cavalry elites to masses of cheap infantry equipped with easy-to-learn weapons. These missile weapons were very successfully used in the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>, in combination with <a href="/wiki/Wagenburg_(wagon_fort)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagenburg (wagon fort)">Wagenburg</a> tactics. </p><p>This gradual rise in the dominance of infantry led to the adoption of dismounted tactics. From the earliest times knights and mounted men-at-arms had frequently dismounted to handle enemies they could not overcome on horseback, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Dyle">Battle of the Dyle</a> (891) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bremule" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bremule">Battle of Bremule</a> (1119), but after the 1350s this trend became more marked with the dismounted men-at-arms fighting as super-heavy infantry with two-handed <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poleaxe" title="Poleaxe">poleaxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, warfare in the Middle Ages tended to be dominated by raids and sieges rather than pitched battles, and mounted men-at-arms rarely had any choice other than dismounting when faced with the prospect of assaulting a fortified position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_States">Islamic States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Islamic States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabs">Arabs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arabs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile guard">Mobile guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles of Muhammad">List of battles of Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikhwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ikhwan.jpg/220px-Ikhwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ikhwan.jpg/330px-Ikhwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ikhwan.jpg/440px-Ikhwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Arab <a href="/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">camelry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Islamic Prophet Muhammad made use of cavalry in many of his military campaigns including the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Dhu_Qarad" title="Expedition of Dhu Qarad">Expedition of Dhu Qarad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Zaid_ibn_Haritha_(Al-Is)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Is)">expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha in al-Is</a> which took place in September, 627 AD, fifth month of 6 AH of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hawarey_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawarey-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early organized Arab mounted forces under the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> comprised a <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> armed with <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>. Its main role was to attack the enemy flanks and rear. These relatively lightly armored horsemen formed the most effective element of the Muslim armies during the later stages of the Islamic conquest of the Levant. The best use of this lightly armed fast moving cavalry was revealed at the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">Battle of Yarmouk</a></b> (636 AD) in which <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Walid">Khalid ibn Walid</a>, knowing the skills of his horsemen, used them to turn the tables at every critical instance of the battle with their ability to engage, disengage, then turn back and attack again from the flank or rear. A strong cavalry regiment was formed by Khalid ibn Walid which included the veterans of the campaign of Iraq and Syria. Early Muslim historians have given it the name <i>Tali'a mutaharrikah</i>(طليعة متحركة), or the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile guard">Mobile guard</a>. This was used as an advance guard and a strong striking force to route the opposing armies with its greater mobility that give it an upper hand when maneuvering against any <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> army. With this mobile striking force, the conquest of Syria was made easy.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> in 751 AD was a conflict between the Arab <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Caliphate and the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> over the control of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Chinese infantry were routed by <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> cavalry near the bank of the River Talas. </p><p>Until the 11th century the classic cavalry strategy of the Arab Middle East incorporated the <i>razzia</i> tactics of fast moving raids by mixed bodies of horsemen and infantry. Under the talented leadership of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> and other Islamic commanders the emphasis changed to Mamluk horse-archers backed by bodies of irregular light cavalry. Trained to rapidly disperse, harass and regroup these flexible mounted forces proved capable of withstanding the previously invincible heavy knights of the western crusaders at battles such as Hattin in 1187.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluks">Mamluks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mamluks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></div> <p>Originating in the 9th century as Central Asian <i>ghulams</i> or captives utilised as mounted auxiliaries by Arab armies,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mamluks were subsequently trained as cavalry soldiers rather than solely mounted-archers, with increased priority being given to the use of lances and swords.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mamluks were to follow the dictates of <a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">al-furusiyya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a code of conduct that included values like courage and generosity but also doctrine of cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds. </p><p>By the late 13th century the Manluk armies had evolved into a professional elite of cavalry, backed by more numerous but less well-trained footmen.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghreb">Maghreb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_025.jpg/170px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_025.jpg/255px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_025.jpg/340px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="3075" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Islamic Berber states of North Africa employed elite horse mounted cavalry armed with spears and following the model of the original Arab occupiers of the region. Horse-harness and weapons were manufactured locally and the six-monthly stipends for horsemen were double those of their infantry counterparts. During the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Islamic conquest of Iberia</a> large numbers of horses and riders were shipped from North Africa, to specialise in raiding and the provision of support for the massed Berber footmen of the main armies.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maghrebi traditions of mounted warfare eventually influenced a number of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African">sub-Saharan African</a> polities in the medieval era. The <a href="/wiki/Eso_Ikoyi" title="Eso Ikoyi">Esos of Ikoyi</a>, military aristocrats of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba peoples</a>, were a notable manifestation of this phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/220px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/330px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/440px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Kanembu_people" title="Kanembu people">Kanem-Bu</a> warriors armed with spears in the retinue of a mounted war chief. <i>The Earth and Its Inhabitants</i>, 1892</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">Zamburak</a></div> <p>Qizilbash, were a class of Safavid militant warriors in Iran during the 15th to 18th centuries, who often fought as elite cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_Publishing_Group_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qezelbash.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Manikin of a Safavid Qizilbash, showing characteristic red cap (Sa'dabad Palace, Tehran)."><img alt="Manikin of a Safavid Qizilbash, showing characteristic red cap (Sa'dabad Palace, Tehran)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Qezelbash.JPG/69px-Qezelbash.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Qezelbash.JPG/103px-Qezelbash.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Qezelbash.JPG/137px-Qezelbash.JPG 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manikin of a Safavid <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>, showing characteristic red cap (<a href="/wiki/Sa%27dabad_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'dabad Palace">Sa'dabad Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonnier_Persan._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs,_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Persian Zamburak."><img alt="Persian Zamburak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canonnier_Persan._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg/120px-Canonnier_Persan._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canonnier_Persan._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg/180px-Canonnier_Persan._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Canonnier_Persan._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg/240px-Canonnier_Persan._Auguste_Wahlen._Moeurs%2C_usages_et_costumes_de_tous_les_peuples_du_monde._1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7144" data-file-height="5235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">Zamburak</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman">Ottoman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ottoman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akinji" title="Akinji">Akinji</a></div> <p>During its period of greatest expansion, from the 14th to 17th centuries, cavalry formed the powerful core of the Ottoman armies. Registers dated 1475 record 22,000 <i>Sipahi</i> feudal cavalry levied in Europe, 17,000 <i>Sipahis</i> recruited from Anatolia, and 3,000 <i>Kapikulu</i> (regular body-guard cavalry).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century however the Ottoman mounted troops evolved into light cavalry serving in the thinly populated regions of the Middle East and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such frontier horsemen were largely raised by local governors and were separate from the main field armies of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 19th century modernised <i>Nizam-I Credit</i> ("New Army") regiments appeared, including full-time cavalry units officered from the horse guards of the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sipahi,_anonymous_Greek_artist,_ca._1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman Sipahi."><img alt="Ottoman Sipahi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sipahi%2C_anonymous_Greek_artist%2C_ca._1809.jpg/118px-Sipahi%2C_anonymous_Greek_artist%2C_ca._1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sipahi%2C_anonymous_Greek_artist%2C_ca._1809.jpg/177px-Sipahi%2C_anonymous_Greek_artist%2C_ca._1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sipahi%2C_anonymous_Greek_artist%2C_ca._1809.jpg/236px-Sipahi%2C_anonymous_Greek_artist%2C_ca._1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahi</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamluke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Ottoman Mamluk cavalryman from 1810, armed with a pistol."><img alt="An Ottoman Mamluk cavalryman from 1810, armed with a pistol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/120px-Mamluke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/180px-Mamluke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/240px-Mamluke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> cavalryman from 1810, armed with a pistol.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sueleymanname_Akinci-Beys.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Akinci of the Balkans."><img alt="Akinci of the Balkans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sueleymanname_Akinci-Beys.png/117px-Sueleymanname_Akinci-Beys.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sueleymanname_Akinci-Beys.png/176px-Sueleymanname_Akinci-Beys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sueleymanname_Akinci-Beys.png/234px-Sueleymanname_Akinci-Beys.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1393" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Akinji" title="Akinji">Akinci</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkans</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman Ghazi cavalrymen during the Battle of Nicopolis.[89]"><img alt="Ottoman Ghazi cavalrymen during the Battle of Nicopolis.[89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/107px-1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/160px-1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/213px-1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a> cavalrymen during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_Europe">Renaissance Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Renaissance Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cavalry" title="Special:EditPage/Cavalry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cavalry%22">"Cavalry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cavalry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cavalry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cavalry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cavalry%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cavalry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%288%29.jpg/170px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%288%29.jpg/255px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%288%29.jpg/340px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Knightly cavalry and noblemen, painting by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> (c. 1390–1441)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ironically, the rise of infantry in the early 16th century coincided with the "golden age" of heavy cavalry; a French or Spanish army at the beginning of the century could have up to half its numbers made up of various kinds of light and heavy cavalry, whereas in earlier medieval and later 17th-century armies the proportion of cavalry was seldom more than a quarter. </p><p>Knighthood largely lost its military functions and became more closely tied to social and economic prestige in an increasingly capitalistic Western society. With the rise of drilled and trained infantry, the mounted men-at-arms, now sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a></i> and often part of the standing army themselves, adopted the same role as in the Hellenistic age, that of delivering a decisive blow once the battle was already engaged, either by charging the enemy in the flank or attacking their commander-in-chief. </p><p>From the 1550s onwards, the use of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder warfare">gunpowder weapons</a> solidified infantry's dominance of the battlefield and began to allow true mass armies to develop. This is closely related to the increase in the size of armies throughout the early modern period; heavily armored cavalrymen were expensive to raise and maintain and it took years to train a skilled horseman or a horse, while <a href="/wiki/Arquebusier" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebusier">arquebusiers</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeers</a> could be trained and kept in the field at much lower cost, and were much easier to recruit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Straz_hetmanska.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Straz_hetmanska.JPG/170px-Straz_hetmanska.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Straz_hetmanska.JPG/255px-Straz_hetmanska.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Straz_hetmanska.JPG/340px-Straz_hetmanska.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="3246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_hussars" title="Polish hussars">A Polish winged hussar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercio</a> and later formations relegated cavalry to a supporting role. The <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a> was specifically developed to try to bring cavalry back into the conflict, together with manoeuvres such as the <a href="/wiki/Caracole" title="Caracole">caracole</a>. The caracole was not particularly successful, however, and the charge (whether with lance, sword, or pistol) remained as the primary mode of employment for many types of European cavalry, although by this time it was delivered in much deeper formations and with greater discipline than before. The <a href="/wiki/Demi-lancer" title="Demi-lancer">demi-lancers</a> and the heavily armored sword-and-pistol <a href="/wiki/Reiter" title="Reiter">reiters</a> were among the types of cavalry whose heyday was in the 16th and 17th centuries. During this period the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Hussars">Polish Winged hussars</a> were a dominating heavy cavalry force in Eastern Europe that initially achieved great success against <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Swedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> and other, until repeatably beaten by either combined arms tactics, increase in firepower or beaten in melee with the <a href="/wiki/Drabant_Corps_of_Charles_XII" title="Drabant Corps of Charles XII">Drabant cavalry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>. From their last engagement in 1702 (at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kliszów">Battle of Kliszów</a>) until 1776, the obsolete Winged hussars were demoted and largely assigned to ceremonial roles. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Hussars">Polish Winged hussars</a> military prowess peaked at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Siege of Vienna</a> in 1683, when hussar <a href="/wiki/Banner_(calvary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner (calvary)">banners</a> participated in the largest cavalry charge in history and successfully repelled the Ottoman attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th-century_Europe_and_Napoleonic_Wars">18th-century Europe and Napoleonic Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 18th-century Europe and Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Eylau_1807_by_Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Eylau_1807_by_Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Eylau_1807_by_Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Eylau_1807_by_Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Eylau_1807_by_Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Eylau_1807_by_Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Eylau_1807_by_Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption>Cavalry charge at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine-Sim%C3%A9on_Fort" title="Jean-Antoine-Siméon Fort">Jean-Antoine-Siméon Fort</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cavalry retained an important role in this age of regularization and standardization across European armies. They remained the primary choice for confronting enemy cavalry. Attacking an unbroken infantry force head-on usually resulted in failure, but extended linear infantry formations were vulnerable to flank or rear attacks. Cavalry was important at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">Blenheim</a> (1704), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach" title="Battle of Rossbach">Rossbach</a> (1757), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Marengo</a> (1800), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a> (1807), remaining significant throughout the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_-_Portret_van_Johan_Hendrik_van_Isendoorn_%C3%A0_Bloys_-_GK_00004_-_Geldersch_Landschap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_-_Portret_van_Johan_Hendrik_van_Isendoorn_%C3%A0_Bloys_-_GK_00004_-_Geldersch_Landschap.jpg/170px-Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_-_Portret_van_Johan_Hendrik_van_Isendoorn_%C3%A0_Bloys_-_GK_00004_-_Geldersch_Landschap.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_-_Portret_van_Johan_Hendrik_van_Isendoorn_%C3%A0_Bloys_-_GK_00004_-_Geldersch_Landschap.jpg/255px-Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_-_Portret_van_Johan_Hendrik_van_Isendoorn_%C3%A0_Bloys_-_GK_00004_-_Geldersch_Landschap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_-_Portret_van_Johan_Hendrik_van_Isendoorn_%C3%A0_Bloys_-_GK_00004_-_Geldersch_Landschap.jpg/340px-Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_-_Portret_van_Johan_Hendrik_van_Isendoorn_%C3%A0_Bloys_-_GK_00004_-_Geldersch_Landschap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch</a> cavalry officer at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekeren" title="Battle of Ekeren">Battle of Ekeren</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Even with the increasing prominence of infantry, cavalry still had an irreplaceable role in armies, due to their greater mobility. Their non-battle duties often included patrolling the fringes of army encampments, with standing orders to intercept suspected shirkers and deserters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2012257,_266_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2012257,_266-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as, serving as <a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">outpost pickets</a> in advance of the main body. During battle, lighter cavalry such as <a href="/wiki/Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars">hussars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uhlans" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhlans">uhlans</a> might skirmish with other cavalry, attack light infantry, or charge and either capture enemy artillery or render them useless by plugging the touchholes with iron spikes. Heavier cavalry such as <a href="/wiki/Cuirassiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuirassiers">cuirassiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoons">dragoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carabiniers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carabiniers">carabiniers</a> usually charged towards infantry formations or opposing cavalry in order to <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">rout</a> them. Both light and heavy cavalry pursued retreating enemies, the point where most battle casualties occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2012266_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2012266-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest cavalry charge of modern history was at the 1807 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a>, when the entire 11,000-strong French cavalry reserve, led by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, launched a huge charge on and through the Russian infantry lines. Cavalry's dominating and menacing presence on the battlefield was countered by the use of <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">infantry squares</a>. The most notable examples are at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, the latter which the repeated <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#The_French_cavalry_attack" title="Battle of Waterloo">charges by up to 9,000 French cavalrymen</a> ordered by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> failed to break the British-Allied army, who had formed into squares.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butler_Lady_Quatre_Bras_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Butler_Lady_Quatre_Bras_1815.jpg/250px-Butler_Lady_Quatre_Bras_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Butler_Lady_Quatre_Bras_1815.jpg/375px-Butler_Lady_Quatre_Bras_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Butler_Lady_Quatre_Bras_1815.jpg/500px-Butler_Lady_Quatre_Bras_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5685" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>The British 28th infantry Regiment formed into a square at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a> for protection from cavalry</figcaption></figure> <p>Massed infantry, especially those formed in squares were deadly to cavalry, but offered an excellent target for <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Once a bombardment had disordered the infantry formation, cavalry were able to <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">rout</a> and pursue the scattered foot soldiers. It was not until individual firearms gained accuracy and improved rates of fire that cavalry was diminished in this role as well. Even then light cavalry remained an indispensable tool for scouting, screening the army's movements, and harassing the enemy's supply lines until military aircraft supplanted them in this role in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Carabobo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Batalla_de_Carabobo.JPG/300px-Batalla_de_Carabobo.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Batalla_de_Carabobo.JPG/450px-Batalla_de_Carabobo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Batalla_de_Carabobo.JPG/600px-Batalla_de_Carabobo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The charge of the Venezuelan First Division's cavalry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Battle of Carabobo</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the beginning of the 19th century, European cavalry fell into four main categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassiers</a>, heavy cavalry, adorned with body armor, especially a <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a>, and primarily armed with pistols and a sword</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">Dragoons</a>, originally mounted infantry, but later regarded as medium cavalry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussars</a>, light cavalry, primarily armed with <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">Lancers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">Uhlans</a>, light cavalry, primarily armed with <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/300px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/450px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/600px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(Battle_of_Balaclava)" title="The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)">"The Thin Red Line"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava">Battle of Balaclava</a>, where the 93rd Regiment held off Russian Cavalry</figcaption></figure> <p>There were cavalry variations for individual nations as well: France had the <i><a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_%C3%A0_cheval" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasseurs à cheval">chasseurs à cheval</a></i>; Prussia had the <i>Jäger zu Pferde</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saxony and Austria<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had the <i>Chevaulegers</i>; and Russia had <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>. Britain, from the mid-18th century, had <a href="/wiki/Light_Dragoons" title="Light Dragoons">Light Dragoons</a> as light cavalry and Dragoons, <a href="/wiki/Dragoon_Guards" title="Dragoon Guards">Dragoon Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a> as heavy cavalry. Only after the end of the Napoleonic wars were the Household Cavalry equipped with cuirasses, and some other regiments were converted to lancers. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> prior to 1862 the cavalry were almost always dragoons. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> had its cavalry uniformed as <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a>, but they fought as dragoons. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(Battle_of_Balaclava)" title="The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)">Thin Red Line</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava">Battle of Balaclava</a> showed the vulnerability of cavalry, when deployed without effective support.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franco-Prussian_War">Franco-Prussian War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Franco-Prussian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valladolid_-_Academia_de_Caballeria_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Valladolid_-_Academia_de_Caballeria_3.jpg/170px-Valladolid_-_Academia_de_Caballeria_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Valladolid_-_Academia_de_Caballeria_3.jpg/255px-Valladolid_-_Academia_de_Caballeria_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Valladolid_-_Academia_de_Caballeria_3.jpg/340px-Valladolid_-_Academia_de_Caballeria_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i>Monument to the Spanish Regiment of light cavalry of Alcántara</i></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mars-la-Tour" title="Battle of Mars-la-Tour">Battle of Mars-la-Tour</a> in 1870, a Prussian cavalry brigade decisively smashed the centre of the French battle line, after skilfully concealing their approach. This event became known as <b>Von Bredow's Death Ride</b> after the brigade commander <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_von_Bredow" title="Adalbert von Bredow">Adalbert von Bredow</a>; it would be used in the following decades to argue that massed cavalry charges still had a place on the modern battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_expansion">Imperial expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Imperial expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavalry found a new role in colonial campaigns (<a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular warfare</a>), where modern weapons were lacking and the slow moving infantry-artillery train or fixed fortifications were often ineffective against indigenous insurgents (unless the latter offered a fight on an equal footing, as at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tel el-Kebir">Tel-el-Kebir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, etc.). Cavalry "<a href="/wiki/Flying_column" title="Flying column">flying columns</a>" proved effective, or at least cost-effective, in many campaigns—although an astute native commander (like <a href="/wiki/Samori" class="mw-redirect" title="Samori">Samori</a> in western Africa, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Shamil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, or any of the better <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> commanders) could turn the tables and use the greater mobility of their cavalry to offset their relative lack of firepower compared with European forces. </p><p>In 1903 the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> maintained forty regiments of cavalry, numbering about 25,000 Indian <a href="/wiki/Sowars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowars">sowars</a> (cavalrymen), with British and Indian officers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the more famous regiments in the lineages of the modern Indian and Pakistani armies are: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21lancers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/21lancers.JPG/300px-21lancers.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/21lancers.JPG/450px-21lancers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/21lancers.JPG/600px-21lancers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The charge of the 21st Lancers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Omdurman</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_Lancers,_Mametz_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/18th_Lancers%2C_Mametz_1916.jpg/220px-18th_Lancers%2C_Mametz_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/18th_Lancers%2C_Mametz_1916.jpg/330px-18th_Lancers%2C_Mametz_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/18th_Lancers%2C_Mametz_1916.jpg/440px-18th_Lancers%2C_Mametz_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/19th_Lancers" title="19th Lancers">19th Lancers</a> near Mametz during the Battle of the Somme, 15 July 1916</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Bodyguard" title="Governor General's Bodyguard">Governor General's Bodyguard</a> (now <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Bodyguard_(India)" title="President's Bodyguard (India)">President's Bodyguard</a>)</li> <li>Skinner's Horse (now India's <a href="/wiki/1st_Horse_(Skinner%27s_Horse)" title="1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)">1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)</a>)</li> <li>Gardner's Lancers (now India's <a href="/wiki/2nd_Lancers_(Gardner%27s_Horse)" title="2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)">2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)</a>)</li> <li>Hodson's Horse (now India's <a href="/wiki/Hodson%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodson's Horse">3rd Horse (Hodson's)</a>) of the Bengal Lancers fame</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Bengal_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Bengal Cavalry">6th Bengal Cavalry</a> (later amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/7th_Hariana_Lancers" title="7th Hariana Lancers">7th Hariana Lancers</a> to form <a href="/wiki/18th_King_Edward%27s_Own_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="18th King Edward's Own Cavalry">18th King Edward's Own Cavalry</a>) now <a href="/wiki/18th_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Cavalry">18th Cavalry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Horse">Probyn's Horse</a> (now <a href="/wiki/5th_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Horse">5th Horse</a>, Pakistan)</li> <li>Royal Deccan Horse (now India's <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Horse">The Deccan Horse</a>)</li> <li>Poona Horse (now India's <a href="/wiki/The_Poona_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poona Horse">The Poona Horse</a>)</li> <li>Scinde Horse (now India's <a href="/wiki/Scinde_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Scinde Horse">The Scinde Horse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guides_Cavalry" title="Guides Cavalry">Queen's Own Guides Cavalry</a> (now Pakistan).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Prince_Albert_Victor%27s_Own_Cavalry_(Frontier_Force)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)">11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)</a> (now <a href="/wiki/11th_Cavalry_(Frontier_Force)" title="11th Cavalry (Frontier Force)">11th Cavalry (Frontier Force)</a>, Pakistan)</li></ul> <p>Several of these formations are still active, though they now are armoured formations, for example the <a href="/wiki/Guides_Cavalry" title="Guides Cavalry">Guides Cavalry</a> of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spahis,_fantasia,_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spahis%2C_fantasia%2C_1886.jpg/170px-Spahis%2C_fantasia%2C_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spahis%2C_fantasia%2C_1886.jpg/255px-Spahis%2C_fantasia%2C_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spahis%2C_fantasia%2C_1886.jpg/340px-Spahis%2C_fantasia%2C_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Algerian spahis of the French Army 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>The French Army maintained substantial cavalry forces in Algeria and Morocco from 1830 until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Much of the Mediterranean coastal terrain was suitable for mounted action and there was a long established culture of horsemanship amongst the Arab and Berber inhabitants. The French forces included <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27_Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasseurs d' Afrique">Chasseurs d' Afrique</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">Foreign Legion</a> cavalry and mounted <a href="/wiki/Goumier" class="mw-redirect" title="Goumier">Goumiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Spain and Italy raised cavalry regiments from amongst the indigenous horsemen of their North African territories (see <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">regulares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Spahis" title="Italian Spahis">Italian Spahis</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Savari" title="Savari">savari</a> respectively). </p><p>Imperial Germany employed mounted formations in South West Africa as part of the <a href="/wiki/Schutztruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schutztruppen">Schutztruppen</a> (colonial army) garrisoning the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">United States Cavalry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_cavalry_charge_culpepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Union_cavalry_charge_culpepper.jpg/220px-Union_cavalry_charge_culpepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Union_cavalry_charge_culpepper.jpg/330px-Union_cavalry_charge_culpepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Union_cavalry_charge_culpepper.jpg/440px-Union_cavalry_charge_culpepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Cavalry">Union Cavalry</a> capture <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> guns at <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> the regular United States Army mounted rifle, dragoon, and two existing cavalry regiments were reorganized and renamed cavalry regiments, of which there were six.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a hundred other federal and state cavalry regiments were organized, but the infantry played a much larger role in many battles due to its larger numbers, lower cost per rifle fielded, and much easier recruitment. However, cavalry saw a role as part of screening forces and in foraging and scouting. The later phases of the war saw the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Federal army</a> developing a truly effective cavalry force fighting as <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scouts</a>, raiders, and, with repeating rifles, as <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a>. The distinguished 1st Virginia Cavalry ranks as one of the most effectual and successful cavalry units on the Confederate side. Noted cavalry commanders included Confederate general <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Mosby" class="mw-redirect" title="John Singleton Mosby">John Singleton Mosby</a> (a.k.a. "The Grey Ghost") and on the Union side, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post Civil War, as the volunteer armies disbanded, the regular army cavalry regiments increased in number from six to ten, among them Custer's <a href="/wiki/U.S._7th_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment">U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Little Bighorn</a> fame, and the <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._9th_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment">U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._10th_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment">U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment</a>. The black units, along with others (both cavalry and infantry), collectively became known as the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier" title="Buffalo Soldier">Buffalo Soldiers</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Utley" title="Robert M. Utley">Robert M. Utley</a>: </p> <dl><dd>the frontier army was a conventional military force trying to control, by conventional military methods, a people that did not behave like conventional enemies and, indeed, quite often were not enemies at all. This is the most difficult of all military assignments, whether in Africa, Asia, or the American West.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>These regiments, which rarely took the field as complete organizations, served throughout the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> through the close of the frontier in the 1890s. Volunteer cavalry regiments like the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a> consisted of horsemen such as <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rancher" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancher">ranchers</a> and other outdoorsmen, that served as a cavalry in the United States Military.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_1900–1914"><span id="Developments_1900.E2.80.931914"></span>Developments 1900–1914</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Developments 1900–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_cavalry_drill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Italian_cavalry_drill.jpg/220px-Italian_cavalry_drill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Italian_cavalry_drill.jpg/330px-Italian_cavalry_drill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Italian_cavalry_drill.jpg/440px-Italian_cavalry_drill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Italian cavalry officers practice their horsemanship in 1904 outside Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, all armies still maintained substantial cavalry forces, although there was contention over whether their role should revert to that of mounted infantry (the historic dragoon function). With motorised vehicles and aircraft still under development, horse mounted troops remained the only fully mobile forces available for manoeuvre warfare until 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the experience of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">South African War</a> of 1899–1902 (where mounted Boer citizen commandos fighting on foot from cover proved more effective than regular cavalry), the British Army withdrew lances for all but ceremonial purposes and placed a new emphasis on training for dismounted action in 1903. Lances were however readopted for active service in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1882, the Imperial Russian Army converted all its line hussar and lancer regiments to dragoons, with an emphasis on mounted infantry training. In 1910 these regiments reverted to their historic roles, designations and uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1909, official regulations dictating the role of the Imperial German cavalry had been revised to indicate an increasing realization of the realities of modern warfare. The massive cavalry charge in three waves which had previously marked the end of annual maneuvers was discontinued and a new emphasis was placed in training on scouting, raiding and pursuit; rather than main battle involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perceived importance of cavalry was however still evident, with thirteen new regiments of mounted rifles (<i>Jäger zu Pferde</i>) being raised shortly before the outbreak of war in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spite of significant experience in mounted warfare in Morocco during 1908–14, the French cavalry remained a highly conservative institution.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional tactical distinctions between heavy, medium, and light cavalry branches were retained.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French cuirassiers wore breastplates and plumed helmets unchanged from the Napoleonic period, during the early months of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragoons were similarly equipped, though they did not wear cuirasses and did carry lances.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light cavalry were described as being "a blaze of colour". French cavalry of all branches were well mounted and were trained to change position and charge at full gallop.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One weakness in training was that French cavalrymen seldom dismounted on the march and their horses suffered heavily from raw backs in August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses in World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_stages">Opening stages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Opening stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KuK_Kavallerie_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KuK_Kavallerie_1898.jpg/220px-KuK_Kavallerie_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KuK_Kavallerie_1898.jpg/330px-KuK_Kavallerie_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KuK_Kavallerie_1898.jpg/440px-KuK_Kavallerie_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian</a> cavalry, 1898</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg/220px-Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg/330px-Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg/440px-Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>German cavalryman in September 1914, <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haelen_6153036018_f2bfd448df_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haelen_6153036018_f2bfd448df_o.jpg/220px-Haelen_6153036018_f2bfd448df_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haelen_6153036018_f2bfd448df_o.jpg/330px-Haelen_6153036018_f2bfd448df_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haelen_6153036018_f2bfd448df_o.jpg/440px-Haelen_6153036018_f2bfd448df_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption> Dead German cavalry horses after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halen" title="Battle of Halen">Battle of Halen</a> – where the Belgian cavalry, fighting dismounted, decimated their still mounted German counterparts</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_1914">Europe 1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Europe 1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1914, all combatant armies still retained substantial numbers of cavalry and the mobile nature of the opening battles on both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Fronts</a> provided a number of instances of traditional cavalry actions, though on a smaller and more scattered scale than those of previous wars. The 110 regiments of Imperial German cavalry, while as colourful and traditional as any in peacetime appearance,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had adopted a practice of falling back on infantry support when any substantial opposition was encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cautious tactics aroused derision amongst their more conservative French and Russian opponents<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but proved appropriate to the new nature of warfare. A single attempt by the German army, on 12 August 1914, to use six regiments of massed cavalry to cut off the Belgian field army from <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> floundered when they were driven back in disorder by rifle fire.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two German cavalry brigades involved lost 492 men and 843 horses in repeated charges against dismounted Belgian lancers and infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the last recorded charges by French cavalry took place on the night of 9/10 September 1914 when a squadron of the 16th Dragoons overran a German airfield at <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>, while suffering heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the front lines stabilised on the Western Front with the start of <a href="/wiki/Trench_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Trench Warfare">Trench Warfare</a>, a combination of barbed wire, uneven muddy terrain, machine guns and rapid fire rifles proved deadly to horse mounted troops and by early 1915 most cavalry units were no longer seeing front line action. </p><p>On the Eastern Front, a more fluid form of warfare arose from flat open terrain favorable to mounted warfare. On the outbreak of war in 1914 the bulk of the Russian cavalry was deployed at full strength in frontier garrisons and, during the period that the main armies were mobilizing, scouting and raiding into <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Galicia">Austrian Galicia</a> was undertaken by mounted troops trained to fight with sabre and lance in the traditional style.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 August 1914 the 4th Austro-Hungarian <i>Kavalleriedivison</i> fought a major mounted engagement at Jaroslavic with the Russian 10th Cavalry Division,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what was arguably the final historic battle to involve thousands of horsemen on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this was the last massed cavalry encounter on the Eastern Front, the absence of good roads limited the use of mechanized transport and even the technologically advanced Imperial German Army continued to deploy up to twenty-four horse-mounted divisions in the East, as late as 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_1915–1918"><span id="Europe_1915.E2.80.931918"></span>Europe 1915–1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Europe 1915–1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front,_1914-1918_Q30432.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30432.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30432.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30432.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30432.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30432.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30432.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>A British cavalry trooper in marching order (1914–1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>For the remainder of the War on the Western Front, cavalry had virtually no role to play. The British and French armies dismounted many of their cavalry regiments and used them in infantry and other roles: the <a href="/wiki/Life_Guards_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Guards (British Army)">Life Guards</a> for example spent the last months of the War as a machine gun corps; and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Australian Light Horse</a> served as light infantry during the Gallipoli campaign. In September 1914 cavalry comprised 9.28% of the total manpower of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> in France—by July 1918 this proportion had fallen to 1.65%.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the first winter of the war most French cavalry regiments had dismounted a squadron each, for service in the trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French cavalry numbered 102,000 in May 1915 but had been reduced to 63,000 by October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German Army dismounted nearly all their cavalry in the West, maintaining only one mounted division on that front by January 1917. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warschau_unter_Deutscher_Besetzung_1915_-_einzug_deutscher_Kavallerie_(75299019)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Warschau_unter_Deutscher_Besetzung_1915_-_einzug_deutscher_Kavallerie_%2875299019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Warschau_unter_Deutscher_Besetzung_1915_-_einzug_deutscher_Kavallerie_%2875299019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Warschau_unter_Deutscher_Besetzung_1915_-_einzug_deutscher_Kavallerie_%2875299019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Warschau_unter_Deutscher_Besetzung_1915_-_einzug_deutscher_Kavallerie_%2875299019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Warschau_unter_Deutscher_Besetzung_1915_-_einzug_deutscher_Kavallerie_%2875299019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Warschau_unter_Deutscher_Besetzung_1915_-_einzug_deutscher_Kavallerie_%2875299019%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4037" data-file-height="2487" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoons">dragoons</a>, armed with lances, after the capture of Warsaw, August 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy entered the war in 1915 with thirty regiments of line cavalry, lancers and light horse. While employed effectively against their Austro-Hungarian counterparts during the initial offensives across the <a href="/wiki/Isonzo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo River">Isonzo River</a>, the Italian mounted forces ceased to have a significant role as the front shifted into mountainous terrain. By 1916 most cavalry machine-gun sections and two complete cavalry divisions had been dismounted and seconded to the infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cavalry were retained as mounted troops in reserve behind the lines, in anticipation of a penetration of the opposing trenches that it seemed would never come. <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a>, introduced on the Western Front by the British in September 1916 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, had the capacity to achieve such breakthroughs but did not have the reliable range to exploit them. In their first major use at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai (1917)</a>, the plan was for a cavalry division to follow behind the tanks, however they were not able to cross a canal because a tank had broken the only bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a few other occasions, throughout the war, cavalry were readied in significant numbers for involvement in major offensives; such as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moreuil_Wood" title="Battle of Moreuil Wood">Battle of Moreuil Wood</a>. However it was not until the German Army had been forced to retreat in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a> of 1918, that limited numbers of cavalry were again able to operate with any effectiveness in their intended role. There was a successful charge by the British <a href="/wiki/7th_Dragoon_Guards" title="7th Dragoon Guards">7th Dragoon Guards</a> on the last day of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wider spaces of the Eastern Front, a more fluid form of warfare continued and there was still a use for mounted troops. Some wide-ranging actions were fought, again mostly in the early months of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even here the value of cavalry was overrated and the maintenance of large mounted formations at the front by the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Russian Army</a> put a major strain on the railway system, to little strategic advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1917, the Russian regular cavalry (exclusive of Cossacks) was reduced by nearly a third from its peak number of 200,000, as two squadrons of each regiment were dismounted and incorporated into additional infantry battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their Austro-Hungarian opponents, plagued by a shortage of trained infantry, had been obliged to progressively convert most horse cavalry regiments to dismounted rifle units starting in late 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Middle East, during the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> mounted forces (British, Indian, Ottoman, Australian, Arab and New Zealand) retained an important strategic role both as mounted infantry and cavalry. </p><p>In Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a> formations like the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade" title="New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade">New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Australian Light Horse</a> of <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Mounted_Division" title="ANZAC Mounted Division">ANZAC Mounted Division</a>, operating as mounted infantry, drove German and Ottoman forces back from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Romani</a> to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba" title="Battle of Magdhaba">Magdhaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa" title="Battle of Rafa">Rafa</a> and out of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula in 1916. </p><p>After a stalemate on the Gaza–Beersheba line between March and October 1917, <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Mounted_Division" title="Australian Mounted Division">Australian Mounted Division</a>'s 4th Light Horse Brigade. Their mounted charge succeeded after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">coordinated attack</a> by the British Infantry and Yeomanry cavalry and the Australian and New Zealand Light Horse and Mounted Rifles brigades. A series of coordinated attacks by these <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a> infantry and mounted troops were also successful at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Battle of Mughar Ridge</a>, during which the British infantry divisions and the Desert Mounted Corps drove two Ottoman armies back to the Jaffa—Jerusalem line. The infantry with mainly dismounted cavalry and mounted infantry fought in the <a href="/wiki/Judean_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Hills">Judean Hills</a> to eventually almost encircle <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jerusalem (1917)">Jerusalem</a> which was occupied shortly after. </p><p>During a pause in operations necessitated by the <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> in 1918 on the Western Front, joint infantry and mounted infantry attacks towards <a href="/wiki/First_Transjordan_attack_on_Amman" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transjordan attack on Amman">Amman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Transjordan_attack_on_Shunet_Nimrin_and_Es_Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt">Es Salt</a> resulted in retreats back to the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> which continued to be occupied by mounted divisions during the summer of 1918. </p><p>The Australian Mounted Division was armed with swords and in September, after the successful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">breaching</a> of the Ottoman line on the Mediterranean coast by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharon" title="Battle of Sharon">the British Empire infantry</a> XXI Corps was followed by cavalry attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Afulah_and_Beisan" title="Capture of Afulah and Beisan">4th Cavalry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nazareth_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nazareth (1918)">5th Cavalry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jenin_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Jenin (1918)">Australian Mounted Divisions</a> which almost encircled two Ottoman armies in the Judean Hills <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samakh_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samakh (1918)">forcing their retreat</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Chaytor%27s_Force" title="Chaytor's Force">Chaytor's Force</a> of infantry and mounted infantry in ANZAC Mounted Division <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Jordan Valley (1918)">held the Jordan Valley</a>, covering the right flank to later advance eastwards to <a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">capture Es Salt and Amman</a> and half of a third Ottoman army. A subsequent pursuit by the <a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Irbid" title="Charge at Irbid">4th Cavalry Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jisr_Benat_Yakub" title="Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub">Australian Mounted Division</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kiswe" title="Charge at Kiswe">5th Cavalry Division</a> to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Armoured cars and 5th Cavalry Division lancers were continuing the pursuit of Ottoman units north of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed by the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post–World_War_I"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_I"></span>Post–World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Post–World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A combination of military conservatism in almost all armies and post-war financial constraints prevented the lessons of 1914–1918 being acted on immediately. There was a general reduction in the number of cavalry regiments in the British, French, Italian<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other Western armies but it was still argued with conviction (for example in the 1922 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>) that mounted troops had a major role to play in future warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1920s saw an interim period during which cavalry remained as a proud and conspicuous element of all major armies, though much less so than prior to 1914. </p><p>Cavalry was extensively used in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish War">Soviet-Polish War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last major cavalry battle was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komar%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Komarów">Battle of Komarów</a> in 1920, between Poland and the Russian Bolsheviks. Colonial warfare in Morocco, Syria, the Middle East and the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North West Frontier</a> of India provided some opportunities for mounted action against enemies lacking advanced weaponry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lietuvos_kavalerija.Lithuanian_cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lietuvos_kavalerija.Lithuanian_cavalry.jpg/330px-Lietuvos_kavalerija.Lithuanian_cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lietuvos_kavalerija.Lithuanian_cavalry.jpg/495px-Lietuvos_kavalerija.Lithuanian_cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lietuvos_kavalerija.Lithuanian_cavalry.jpg/660px-Lietuvos_kavalerija.Lithuanian_cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> lancers training in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>The post-war German Army (<a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichsheer</a>) was permitted a large proportion of cavalry (18 regiments or 16.4% of total manpower) under the conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> mechanised all cavalry regiments between 1929 and 1941, redefining their role from horse to armoured vehicles to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps" title="Royal Armoured Corps">Royal Armoured Corps</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="Royal Tank Regiment">Royal Tank Regiment</a>. The U.S. Cavalry abandoned its sabres in 1934<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commenced the conversion of its horsed regiments to mechanized cavalry, starting with the First Regiment of Cavalry in January 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, Turkish cavalry under General <a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Altay" title="Fahrettin Altay">Fahrettin Altay</a> was instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Kemalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist">Kemalist</a> victory over the invading Greek Army in 1922 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Battle of Dumlupınar</a>. The 5th Cavalry Division was able to slip behind the main Greek army, cutting off all communication and supply lines as well as retreat options. This forced the surrender of the remaining Greek forces and may have been the last time in history that cavalry played a definitive role in the outcome of a battle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_cavalry_during_mopping%E2%80%90up_operation_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Turkish_cavalry_during_mopping%E2%80%90up_operation_1922.jpg/220px-Turkish_cavalry_during_mopping%E2%80%90up_operation_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Turkish_cavalry_during_mopping%E2%80%90up_operation_1922.jpg/330px-Turkish_cavalry_during_mopping%E2%80%90up_operation_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Turkish_cavalry_during_mopping%E2%80%90up_operation_1922.jpg/440px-Turkish_cavalry_during_mopping%E2%80%90up_operation_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Turkish cavalry during mopping-up operation 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1930s, the French Army experimented with integrating mounted and mechanised cavalry units into larger formations.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragoon regiments were converted to motorised infantry (trucks and motor cycles), and cuirassiers to armoured units; while light cavalry (chasseurs a' cheval, hussars and spahis) remained as mounted sabre squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory was that mixed forces comprising these diverse units could utilise the strengths of each according to circumstances. In practice mounted troops proved unable to keep up with fast moving mechanised units over any distance. </p><p>The 39 cavalry regiments of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> were reduced to 21 as the result of a series of amalgamations immediately following World War I. The new establishment remained unchanged until 1936 when three regiments were redesignated as permanent training units, each with six, still mounted, regiments linked to them. In 1938, the process of mechanization began with the conversion of a full cavalry brigade (two Indian regiments and one British) to armoured car and tank units. By the end of 1940, all of the Indian cavalry had been mechanized, initially and in the majority of cases, to motorized infantry transported in 15cwt trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last horsed regiment of the British Indian Army (other than the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_Bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy's Bodyguard">Viceroy's Bodyguard</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Indian_States_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian States Forces">Indian States Forces</a> regiments) was the 19th King George's Own Lancers which had its final mounted parade at <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> on 28 October 1939. This unit still exists in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> as an armored regiment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cavalry" title="Special:EditPage/Cavalry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cavalry%22">"Cavalry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cavalry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cavalry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cavalry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cavalry%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cavalry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">Horses in World War II</a></div> <p>While most armies still maintained cavalry units at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, significant mounted action was largely restricted to the Polish, Balkan, and Soviet campaigns. Rather than charge their mounts into battle, cavalry units were either used as mounted infantry (using horses to move into position and then dismounting for combat) or as reconnaissance units (especially in areas not suited to tracked or wheeled vehicles). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish">Polish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Polish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg/170px-Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg/255px-Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg/340px-Polski_u%C5%82an_z_karabinem_przeciwpancernym_UR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption>Polish <a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">uhlan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wz._35_anti-tank_rifle" title="Wz. 35 anti-tank rifle">anti-tank rifle</a>. Military instruction published in 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>A popular myth is that <a href="/wiki/Polish_cavalry" title="Polish cavalry">Polish cavalry</a> armed with lances charged German tanks during the September 1939 campaign. This arose from misreporting of a single clash on 1 September near Krojanty, when two squadrons of the Polish 18th Lancers armed with sabres scattered German infantry before being caught in the open by German armoured cars.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two examples illustrate how the myth developed. First, because motorised vehicles were in short supply, the Poles used horses to pull anti-tank weapons into position.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, there were a few incidents when Polish cavalry was trapped by German tanks, and attempted to fight free. However, this did not mean that the Polish army chose to attack tanks with horse cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies324_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies324-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, on the Eastern Front, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> did deploy cavalry units effectively against the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies325_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies325-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-054-1525-26,_Frankreich,_Kavallerie_am_Ausgang_eines_Dorfes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-054-1525-26%2C_Frankreich%2C_Kavallerie_am_Ausgang_eines_Dorfes.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-054-1525-26%2C_Frankreich%2C_Kavallerie_am_Ausgang_eines_Dorfes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-054-1525-26%2C_Frankreich%2C_Kavallerie_am_Ausgang_eines_Dorfes.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-054-1525-26%2C_Frankreich%2C_Kavallerie_am_Ausgang_eines_Dorfes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-054-1525-26%2C_Frankreich%2C_Kavallerie_am_Ausgang_eines_Dorfes.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-054-1525-26%2C_Frankreich%2C_Kavallerie_am_Ausgang_eines_Dorfes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>A German cavalry patrol in May 1940, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A more correct term would be "mounted infantry" instead of "cavalry", as horses were primarily used as a means of transportation, for which they were very suitable in view of the very poor road conditions in pre-war Poland. Another myth describes Polish cavalry as being armed with both sabres and lances; lances were used for peacetime ceremonial purposes only and the primary weapon of the Polish cavalryman in 1939 was a rifle. Individual equipment did include a sabre, probably because of well-established tradition, and in the case of a melee combat this secondary weapon would probably be more effective than a rifle and bayonet. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_cavalry_brigade_order_of_battle_in_1939" title="Polish cavalry brigade order of battle in 1939">Polish cavalry brigade order of battle in 1939</a> included, apart from the mounted soldiers themselves, light and heavy machine guns (wheeled), the <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle,_model_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank rifle, model 35">Anti-tank rifle, model 35</a>, anti-aircraft weapons, anti tank artillery such as the <a href="/wiki/Bofors_37_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 37 mm">Bofors 37 mm</a>, also light and scout tanks, etc. The last cavalry vs. cavalry mutual charge in Europe took place in Poland during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnobr%C3%B3d" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Krasnobród">Battle of Krasnobród</a>, when Polish and German cavalry units clashed with each other. </p><p>The last classical cavalry charge of the war took place on March 1, 1945, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schoenfeld" title="Battle of Schoenfeld">Battle of Schoenfeld</a> by the 1st "Warsaw" Independent Cavalry Brigade. Infantry and tanks had been employed to little effect against the German position, both of which floundered in the open wetlands only to be dominated by infantry and antitank fire from the German fortifications on the forward slope of Hill 157, overlooking the wetlands. The Germans had not taken cavalry into consideration when fortifying their position which, combined with the "Warsaw"s swift assault, overran the German anti-tank guns and consolidated into an attack into the village itself, now supported by infantry and tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian invasion of Greece">Italian invasion of Greece</a> in October 1940 saw mounted cavalry used effectively by the Greek defenders along the mountainous frontier with Albania. Three Greek cavalry regiments (two mounted and one partially mechanized) played an important role in the Italian defeat in this difficult terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet">Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Cavalry corps (Soviet Union)">Cavalry corps (Soviet Union)</a></div> <p>The contribution of Soviet cavalry to the development of modern military operational doctrine and its importance in defeating <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> has been eclipsed by the higher profile of tanks and airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet cavalry contributed significantly to the defeat of the Axis armies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were able to provide the most mobile troops available in the early stages, when trucks and other equipment were low in quality; as well as providing cover for retreating forces. </p><p>Considering their relatively limited numbers, the Soviet cavalry played a significant role in giving Germany its first real defeats in the early stages of the war. The continuing potential of mounted troops was demonstrated during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Guderian</a> and the powerful central <a href="/wiki/German_9th_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="German 9th Army">German 9th Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Belov" title="Pavel Belov">Pavel Belov</a> was given by <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> a mobile group including the elite 9th tank brigade, ski battalions, <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha rocket launcher</a> battalion among others, the unit additionally received new weapons. This newly created group became the first to carry the Soviet counter-offensive in late November, when the general offensive began on 5 December. These mobile units often played major roles in both defensive and offensive operations. </p><p>Cavalry were amongst the first Soviet units to complete the encirclement in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, thus sealing the fate of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 6th Army</a>. Mounted Soviet forces also played a role in the encirclement of Berlin, with some Cossack cavalry units reaching the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a> in April 1945. Throughout the war they performed important tasks such as the capture of bridgeheads which is considered one of the hardest jobs in battle, often doing so with inferior numbers. For instance the <a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Guards_Cavalry_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Guards Cavalry Regiment (page does not exist)">8th Guards Cavalry Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Cavalry_Division" title="2nd Guards Cavalry Division">2nd Guards Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Cavalry_Corps" title="1st Guards Cavalry Corps">1st Guards Cavalry Corps</a> often fought outnumbered against elite German units. </p><p>By the final stages of the war only the Soviet Union was still fielding mounted units in substantial numbers, some in combined mechanized and horse units. The main advantage of this tactical approach was in enabling mounted infantry to keep pace with advancing tanks. Other factors favoring the retention of mounted forces included the high quality of Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, which provided about half of all mounted Soviet cavalry throughout the war. They excelled in warfare manoeuvers, since the lack of roads limited the effectiveness of wheeled vehicles in many parts of the Eastern Front. Another consideration was that sufficient logistic capacity was often not available to support very large motorized forces, whereas cavalry was relatively easy to maintain when detached from the main army and acting on its own initiative. The main usage of the Soviet cavalry involved infiltration through front lines with subsequent deep raids, which disorganized German supply lines. Another role was the pursuit of retreating enemy forces during major front-line operations and breakthroughs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a>'s hussars were typically only used to undertake reconnaissance tasks against Soviet forces, and then only in detachments of section or squadron strength. </p><p>The last documented hussar attack was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Mikecz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kálmán Mikecz (page does not exist)">Kálmán Mikecz</a> on August 16, 1941, at <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Nikolaev</a>. The hussars arriving as reinforcements, were employed to break through Russian positions ahead of German troops. The <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a> equipped with swords and submachine guns broke through the Russian lines in a single attack. </p><p>An eyewitness account of the last hussar attack by Erich Kern, a German officer, was written in his memoir in 1948:<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>… We were again in a tough fight with the desperately defensive enemy who dug himself along a high railway embankment. We've been attacked four times already, and we've been kicked back all four times. The battalion commander swore, but the company commanders were helpless. Then, instead of the artillery support we asked for countless times, a Hungarian hussar regiment appeared on the scene. We laughed. What the hell do they want here with their graceful, elegant horses? We froze at once: these Hungarians went crazy. Cavalry Squadron approached after a cavalry squadron. The command word rang. The bronze-brown, slender riders almost grew to their saddle. Their shining colonel of golden parolis jerked his sword. Four or five armored cars cut out of the wings, and the regiment slashed across the wide plain with flashing swords in the afternoon sun. Seydlitz attacked like this once before. Forgetting all caution, we climbed out of our covers. It was all like a great equestrian movie. The first shots rumbled, then became less frequent. With astonished eyes, in disbelief, we watched as the Soviet regiment, which had so far repulsed our attacks with desperate determination, now turned around and left its positions in panic. And the triumphant Hungarians chased the Russian in front of them and shredded them with their glittering sabers. The hussar sword, it seems, was a bit much for the nerves of Russians. Now, for once, the ancient weapon has triumphed over modern equipment ....</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last mounted sabre charge by Italian cavalry occurred on August 24, 1942, at <a href="/wiki/Isbuscenskij_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Isbuscenskij Charge">Isbuscenski</a> (Russia), when a squadron of the Savoia Cavalry Regiment charged the 812th Siberian Infantry Regiment. The remainder of the regiment, together with the Novara Lancers made a dismounted attack in an action that ended with the retreat of the Russians after heavy losses on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final Italian cavalry action occurred on October 17, 1942, in Poloj (now Croatia) by a squadron of the Alexandria Cavalry Regiment against a large group of Yugoslav partisans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Axis_Powers">Other Axis Powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other Axis Powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian, Hungarian and Italian cavalry were dispersed or disbanded following the retreat of the Axis forces from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany still maintained some mounted (mixed with bicycles) SS and Cossack units until the last days of the War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish">Finnish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finland used mounted troops against Russian forces effectively in forested terrain during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Finnish cavalry unit was not disbanded until 1947. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American">American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Army's last horse cavalry actions were fought during World War II: a) by the <a href="/wiki/26th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">26th Cavalry Regiment</a>—a small mounted regiment of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a> which fought the Japanese during the retreat down the Bataan peninsula, until it was effectively destroyed by January 1942; and b) on captured German horses by the mounted reconnaissance section of the U.S. 10th Mountain Division in a spearhead pursuit of the German Army across the Po Valley in Italy in April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last horsed U.S. Cavalry (the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Cavalry Division (United States)">Second Cavalry Division</a>) were dismounted in March 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All British Army cavalry regiments had been mechanised since 1 March 1942 when the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Dragoons" title="Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons">Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yeomanry" title="Yeomanry">Yeomanry</a>) was converted to a motorised role, following mounted service against the Vichy French in Syria the previous year. The final cavalry charge by British Empire forces occurred on 21 March 1942 when a 60 strong patrol of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Frontier_Force" title="Burma Frontier Force">Burma Frontier Force</a> encountered Japanese infantry near <a href="/wiki/Toungoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Toungoo">Toungoo</a> airfield in central <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">sowars</a> of the Frontier Force cavalry, led by Captain Arthur Sandeman of <a href="/wiki/The_Central_India_Horse_(21st_King_George_V%27s_Own_Horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Central India Horse (21st King George V's Own Horse)">The Central India Horse (21st King George V's Own Horse)</a>, charged in the old style with sabres and most were killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolian">Mongolian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Mongolian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol-Mongolian_cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol-Mongolian_cavalry.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol-Mongolian_cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol-Mongolian_cavalry.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol-Mongolian_cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol-Mongolian_cavalry.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol-Mongolian_cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian cavalry in the Khalkhin Gol (1939)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early stages of World War II, mounted units of the Mongolian People's Army were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a> against invading Japanese forces. Soviet forces under the command of Georgy Zhukov, together with Mongolian forces, defeated the Japanese Sixth army and effectively ended the Soviet–Japanese Border Wars. After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> of 1941, Mongolia remained neutral throughout most of the war, but its geographical situation meant that the country served as a buffer between Japanese forces and the Soviet Union. In addition to keeping around 10% of the population under arms, Mongolia provided half a million trained horses for use by the Soviet Army. In 1945 a partially mounted Soviet-Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Mechanized_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry Mechanized Group">Cavalry Mechanized Group</a> played a supporting role on the western flank of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>. The last active service seen by cavalry units of the Mongolian Army occurred in 1946–1948, during border clashes between Mongolia and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post–World_War_II_to_the_present_day"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_to_the_present_day"></span>Post–World War II to the present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Post–World War II to the present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">U.S. Special Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combat_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Controller">Combat Controllers</a> on horseback with the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Northern_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, which frequently used horses as military transport</figcaption></figure> <p>While most modern "cavalry" units have some historic connection with formerly mounted troops this is not always the case. The modern Irish <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a> (DF) includes a "Cavalry Corps" equipped with armoured cars and <a href="/wiki/FV101_Scorpion" title="FV101 Scorpion">Scorpion tracked combat reconnaissance vehicles</a>. The DF has never included horse cavalry since its establishment in 1922 (other than a small mounted escort of <a href="/wiki/Blue_Hussars" title="Blue Hussars">Blue Hussars</a> drawn from the Artillery Corps when required for ceremonial occasions). However, the mystique of the cavalry is such that the name has been introduced for what was always a mechanised force. </p><p>Some engagements in late 20th and early 21st century <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> wars involved mounted troops, particularly against partisan or guerrilla fighters in areas with poor transport infrastructure. Such units were not used as cavalry but rather as mounted infantry. Examples occurred in Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>. The French Army used existing mounted squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahis</a> to a limited extent for patrol work during the Algerian War (1954–1962). The last mounted charge by French cavalry was carried out on 14 May 1957 by a detachment of Spahis at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magoura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magoura (page does not exist)">Magoura</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Swiss Army</a> maintained a mounted dragoon regiment for combat purposes until 1973. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portuguese Army</a> used horse mounted cavalry with some success in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">wars of independence in Angola and Mozambique</a> in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1964–1979 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian Army">Rhodesian Army</a> created an elite mounted infantry unit called <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Scouts" title="Grey's Scouts">Grey's Scouts</a> to fight unconventional actions against the rebel forces of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a>. The horse mounted infantry of the Scouts were effective and reportedly feared by their opponents in the rebel African forces. In the 1978 to present <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">Afghan Civil War</a> period there have been several instances of horse mounted combat. </p><p>Central and South American armies maintained mounted cavalry for longer than those of Asia, Europe, or North America. The Mexican Army included a number of horse mounted cavalry regiments as late as the mid-1990s and the Chilean Army had five such regiments in 1983 as mounted mountain troops.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> retained horse cavalry divisions until 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_horse_cavalry">Operational horse cavalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Operational horse cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/61st_Cavalry_(India)" title="61st Cavalry (India)">61st Cavalry</a> is reported to be the largest existing horse-mounted cavalry unit still having operational potential.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was raised in 1951 from the amalgamated <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Troops" title="Imperial Service Troops">state cavalry</a> squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>. While primarily utilised for ceremonial purposes, the regiment can be deployed for internal security or police roles if required.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 61st Cavalry and the President's Body Guard parade in full <a href="/wiki/Dress_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress uniform">dress uniform</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> each year in what is probably the largest assembly of traditional cavalry still to be seen in the world. Both the Indian and the Pakistani armies maintain armoured regiments with the titles of <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">Lancers</a> or Horse, dating back to the 19th century. </p><p>As of 2007, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> employed two battalions of horse-mounted border guards in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> for border patrol purposes. PLA mounted units last saw action during <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">border clashes with</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, after which most cavalry units were disbanded as part of major military downsizing in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a>, there were calls<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2021)">from whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to rebuild the army horse inventory for disaster relief in difficult terrain. Subsequent Chinese media reports<sup id="cite_ref-:1_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirm that the PLA maintains operational horse cavalry at squadron strength in Xinjiang and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> for scouting, logistical, and border security purposes, and one at company strength in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a> still maintains a mixed armoured cavalry regiment, with elements of it acting as mounted mountain exploration troops, based in the city of <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a>, being part of the III Mountain Division<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (October 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup>, and another independent exploration cavalry detachment in the town of <a href="/wiki/Chait%C3%A9n" title="Chaitén">Chaitén</a>. The rugged mountain terrain calls for the use of <a href="/wiki/Chilean_horse" title="Chilean horse">special horses</a> suited for that use. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a> has two mounted cavalry units: the Regiment of Horse Grenadiers, which performs mostly ceremonial duties but at the same time is responsible for the president's security (in this case, acting as infantry), and the 4th Mountain Cavalry Regiment (which comprises both horse and light armoured squadrons), stationed in San Martín de los Andes, where it has an exploration role as part the 6th Mountain Brigade. Most armoured cavalry units of the Army are considered successors to the old cavalry regiments from the Independence Wars, and keep their traditional names, such as Hussars, Cuirassiers, Lancers, etc., and uniforms. Equestrian training remains an important part of their tradition, especially among officers. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ceremonial_cavalry"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_horse_cavalry_and_armored_cavalry_retaining_traditional_titles">Ceremonial horse cavalry and armored cavalry retaining traditional titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Ceremonial horse cavalry and armored cavalry retaining traditional titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_A_mounted_troop_of_the_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_Regiment_(8th)_in_Rome_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Italian_Army_-_A_mounted_troop_of_the_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_Regiment_%288th%29_in_Rome_2019.jpg/220px-Italian_Army_-_A_mounted_troop_of_the_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_Regiment_%288th%29_in_Rome_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Italian_Army_-_A_mounted_troop_of_the_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_Regiment_%288th%29_in_Rome_2019.jpg/330px-Italian_Army_-_A_mounted_troop_of_the_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_Regiment_%288th%29_in_Rome_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Italian_Army_-_A_mounted_troop_of_the_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_Regiment_%288th%29_in_Rome_2019.jpg/440px-Italian_Army_-_A_mounted_troop_of_the_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_Regiment_%288th%29_in_Rome_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Italian Army regiment "Lancieri di Montebello" (8th) on public duties in Rome 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Swieto_Niepodleglosci_(2007)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Warsaw_Swieto_Niepodleglosci_%282007%292.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Swieto_Niepodleglosci_%282007%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Warsaw_Swieto_Niepodleglosci_%282007%292.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Swieto_Niepodleglosci_%282007%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Warsaw_Swieto_Niepodleglosci_%282007%292.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Swieto_Niepodleglosci_%282007%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>A trumpeter of the <a href="/wiki/Representative_Honor_Guard_Regiment_of_the_Polish_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces">Representative Cavalry Squadron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Army</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC_07_Rose_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/USMC_07_Rose_Parade.jpg/220px-USMC_07_Rose_Parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/USMC_07_Rose_Parade.jpg/330px-USMC_07_Rose_Parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/USMC_07_Rose_Parade.jpg/440px-USMC_07_Rose_Parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riding_animal#Riding_animals_or_mounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Riding animal">Horse-mounted</a> color guard from <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Logistics_Base_Barstow" title="Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow">Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:08.16_%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%85%B6%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/08.16_%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%85%B6%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95_%283%29.jpg/220px-08.16_%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%85%B6%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/08.16_%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%85%B6%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95_%283%29.jpg/330px-08.16_%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%85%B6%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/08.16_%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%85%B6%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95_%283%29.jpg/440px-08.16_%E5%89%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%85%B6%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5914" data-file-height="3943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riding_animal#Riding_animals_or_mounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Riding animal">Horse-mounted</a> guards from the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Paraguay" title="Armed Forces of Paraguay">Armed Forces of Paraguay</a> at the inauguration of President <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a> in August 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Cavalry or mounted gendarmerie units continue to be maintained for purely or primarily ceremonial purposes by the Algerian, Argentine, Bolivian, Brazilian, British, Bulgarian, Canadian, Chilean, Colombian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Jordanian, Malaysian, Moroccan, Nepalese, Nigerian, North Korean, Omani, Pakistani, Panamanian, Paraguayan, Peruvian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Senegalese, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Tunisian, Turkmenistan, United States, Uruguayan and Venezuelan armed forces. </p><p>A number of armoured regiments in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> retain the historic designations of Hussars, Dragoons, Light Dragoons, Dragoon Guards, Lancers and Yeomanry. Only the <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a> (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Life_Guards_(United_Kingdom)" title="Life Guards (United Kingdom)">Life Guards</a>' mounted squadron, The <a href="/wiki/Blues_and_Royals" title="Blues and Royals">Blues and Royals</a>' mounted squadron, the State Trumpeters of The <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a> Mounted Band) are maintained for mounted (and dismounted) ceremonial duties in London. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> still has regiments with the historic designations of <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chasseur" title="Chasseur">Chasseurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">Dragoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahis</a>. Only the cavalry of the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Guard">Republican Guard</a> and a ceremonial <i>fanfare</i> detachment of trumpeters for the cavalry/armoured branch<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a whole are now mounted. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>, a number of regular and reserve units have cavalry roots, including <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Canadian_Hussars_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal)">The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Governor_General%27s_Horse_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Governor General's Horse Guards">the Governor General's Horse Guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Strathcona%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Strathcona's Horse">Lord Strathcona's Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_British_Columbia_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Columbia Dragoons">The British Columbia Dragoons</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dragoons" title="Royal Canadian Dragoons">, The Royal Canadian Dragoons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Alberta_Light_Horse" title="South Alberta Light Horse">South Alberta Light Horse</a>. Of these, only Lord Strathcona's Horse and the Governor General's Horse Guards maintain an official ceremonial horse-mounted cavalry troop or squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armoured_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Armoured Corps">Pakistan army</a> maintains about 40 armoured regiments with the historic titles of <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">Lancers</a>, Cavalry or Horse. Six of these date back to the 19th century, although only the President's Body Guard remains horse-mounted. </p><p>In 2002, the Army of the Russian Federation reintroduced a ceremonial mounted squadron wearing historic uniforms. </p><p>Both the Australian and New Zealand armies follow the British practice of maintaining traditional titles (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Light Horse</a> or Mounted Rifles) for modern mechanised units. However, neither country retains a horse-mounted unit. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Armored_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored warfare">armored</a> units of the modern <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> retain the designation of "<a href="/wiki/Armoured_cavalry" title="Armoured cavalry">armored cavalry</a>". The United States also has "<a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">air cavalry</a>" units equipped with <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>. The Horse Cavalry Detachment of the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a>, made up of active duty soldiers, still functions as an active unit, trained to approximate the weapons, tools, equipment and techniques used by the United States Cavalry in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-combat_support_roles">Non-combat support roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Non-combat support roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Troop_Philadelphia_City_Cavalry" title="First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry">First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry</a> is a volunteer unit within the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Army_National_Guard" title="Pennsylvania Army National Guard">Pennsylvania Army National Guard</a> which serves as a combat force when in federal service but acts in a mounted disaster relief role when in state service.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Parsons' Mounted Cavalry is a Reserve Officer Training Corps unit which forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets">Corps of Cadets</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Military_Academy_and_College" title="Valley Forge Military Academy and College">Valley Forge Military Academy and College</a> also has a Mounted Company, known as D-Troop . </p><p>Some individual <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> maintain cavalry units as a part of their respective <a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">state defense forces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Defense_Force" title="Maryland Defense Force">Maryland Defense Force</a> includes a cavalry unit, <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Defense_Force#Cavalry_Troop_A" title="Maryland Defense Force">Cavalry Troop A</a>, which serves primarily as a ceremonial unit.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit training includes a saber qualification course based upon the 1926 U.S. Army course.<sup id="cite_ref-special_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavalry Troop A also assists other Maryland agencies as a rural search and rescue asset.<sup id="cite_ref-special_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Massachusetts, The <a href="/wiki/National_Lancers" title="National Lancers">National Lancers</a> trace their lineage to a volunteer cavalry militia unit established in 1836 and are currently organized as an official part of the Massachusetts Organized Militia.<sup id="cite_ref-nl_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nl-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Lancers maintain three units, Troops A, B, and C, which serve in a ceremonial role and assist in search and rescue missions.<sup id="cite_ref-nl_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nl-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2004, the National Lancers were ordered into active state service to guard <a href="/wiki/Camp_Curtis_Guild" title="Camp Curtis Guild">Camp Curtis Guild</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nl_178-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nl-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Horse_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor's Horse Guard">Governor's Horse Guard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> maintains two companies which are trained in urban crowd control.<sup id="cite_ref-special_177-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Guard" title="California State Guard">California State Guard</a> stood up the 26th Mounted Operations Detachment, a search-and-rescue cavalry unit.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_status">Social status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Social status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning of civilization to the 20th century, ownership of heavy cavalry horses has been a mark of wealth amongst settled peoples. A cavalry horse involves considerable expense in breeding, training, feeding, and equipment, and has very little productive use except as a mode of transport. </p><p>For this reason, and because of their often decisive military role, the cavalry has typically been associated with high <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>. This was most clearly seen in the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a>, where a lord was expected to enter combat armored and on horseback and bring with him an entourage of lightly armed <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">peasants</a> on foot. If landlords and peasant levies came into conflict, the poorly trained footmen would be ill-equipped to defeat armored knights. </p><p>In later national armies, service as an officer in the cavalry was generally a badge of high social status. For instance prior to 1914 most officers of British cavalry regiments came from a socially privileged background and the considerable expenses associated with their role generally required private means, even after it became possible for officers of the <a href="/wiki/Line_infantry" title="Line infantry">line infantry</a> regiments to live on their pay. Options open to poorer cavalry officers in the various European armies included service with less fashionable (though often highly professional) frontier or colonial units. These included the British Indian cavalry, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> or the French <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a>. </p><p>During the 19th and early 20th centuries most monarchies maintained a mounted cavalry element in their <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Guards">royal or imperial guards</a>. These ranged from small units providing ceremonial escorts and palace guards, through to large formations intended for active service. The mounted escort of the Spanish Royal Household provided an example of the former and the twelve cavalry regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Guards_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="Guards Corps (German Empire)">Prussian Imperial Guard</a> an example of the latter. In either case the officers of such units were likely to be drawn from the aristocracies of their respective societies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_film">On film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: On film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sense of the noise and power of a cavalry charge can be gained from the 1970 film <i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_(1970_film)" title="Waterloo (1970 film)">Waterloo</a></i>, which featured some 2,000 cavalrymen,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of them Cossacks. It included detailed displays of the horsemanship required to manage animal and weapons in large numbers at the gallop (unlike the real <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">battle of Waterloo</a>, where deep mud significantly slowed the horses).<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/They_Came_to_Cordura" title="They Came to Cordura">They Came to Cordura</a></i> contains a scene of a cavalry regiment deploying from march to battle line formation. A smaller-scale cavalry charge can be seen in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a></i> (2003); although the finished scene has substantial <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a>, raw footage and reactions of the riders are shown in the Extended Version DVD Appendices. </p><p>Other films that show cavalry actions include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(1968_film)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968 film)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a></i>, about the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forty_Thousand_Horsemen" title="Forty Thousand Horsemen">40,000 Horsemen</a></i>, about the Australian Light Horse during the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a> of World War I</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lighthorsemen_(film)" title="The Lighthorsemen (film)">The Lighthorsemen</a></i>, about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a>, 1917</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_Horse_(film)" title="War Horse (film)">War Horse</a></i>, about the British cavalry in Europe during World War I</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubal_(film)" title="Hubal (film)">Hubal</a></i>, about the last months (September 1939 – April 1940) of Poland's first World War II guerrilla, Major <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański</a>, "Hubal"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_(2000_film)" title="The Patriot (2000 film)">The Patriot</a></i> includes light cavalry usage.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/And_Quiet_Flows_the_Don" title="And Quiet Flows the Don">And Quiet Flows the Don</a></i> depicts Don Cossacks during World War I</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(film)" title="Kingdom of Heaven (film)">Kingdom of Heaven</a></i> includes a cavalry charge during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">Siege of Kerak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Life_and_Times_of_Joseph_J._Dumas_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Life and Times of Joseph J. Dumas (film) (page does not exist)">The Life and Times of Joseph J. Dumas</a></i> semi-fictional video biography of a notable, modern cavalry officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a> – a US army veteran, is hired by the Japanese emperor to train his army in the modern warfare techniques</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(2023_film)" title="Napoleon (2023 film)">Napoleon</a></i>, cavalry units play a role in several battles. The scene of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#The_French_cavalry_attack" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> includes the British use of infantry squares to defend against cavalry attacks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg/190px-Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Hakkapeliitta-1940.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>A cavalryman of <a href="/wiki/Hakkapeliitta" title="Hakkapeliitta">Hakkapeliitta</a>, the Finnish cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">Heavy cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hussars" title="Polish hussars">Polish winged hussars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">Light cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelars</a> (medieval light horse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidian_cavalry" title="Numidian cavalry">Numidian cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldado_de_cuera" title="Soldado de cuera">Soldado de cuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">Uhlans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archer">Horse archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">Shock troops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Companion cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">Lancers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">Mounted infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carabinier" title="Carabinier">Carabinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">Dragoons</a></li></ul></li> <li>Military communities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cavalry" title="Polish cavalry">Polish cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythed_chariot" title="Scythed chariot">Scythed chariot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantry">Elephantry</a>, a cavalry unit containing elephant-mounted troops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">Camel cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">Mounted police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dubious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose_cavalry" title="Moose cavalry">Moose cavalry</a>, cavalry mounted on moose (European elk)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units">Units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment">2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/278th_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment" title="278th Armored Cavalry Regiment">278th Armored Cavalry Regiment</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Australian Light Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayreuth Dragoons">Bayreuth Dragoons</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Blues_and_Royals" title="Blues and Royals">Blues and Royals</a> (British Army)(who with the <a href="/wiki/Life_Guards_(United_Kingdom)" title="Life Guards (United Kingdom)">Life Guards</a> form the <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Dragoons" title="British Columbia Dragoons">British Columbia Dragoons</a> (Canadian Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_The_Queen%27s_Dragoon_Guards" title="1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards">1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards</a> (British Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(Ireland)" title="Cavalry Corps (Ireland)">Cavalry Corps</a> (Irish Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a> (French Army)</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaco" class="extiw" title="es:Chinaco">Chinacos</a> (Mexican irregular cavalry of the 19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Garde Républicaine">Garde Républicaine</a> (French Gendarmerie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governor_General%27s_Horse_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Governor General's Horse Guards">Governor General's Horse Guards</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarda_Nacional_Republicana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarda Nacional Republicana">Guarda Nacional Republicana</a> (Portuguese National Guard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Guards_(Florida)" title="Governor's Guards (Florida)">Governor's Guards</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guides_Cavalry" title="Guides Cavalry">Guides Cavalry</a> (Pakistan Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakkapeliitta" title="Hakkapeliitta">Hakkapeliitta</a> (Finnish cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironside_(cavalry)" title="Ironside (cavalry)">Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Hussars" title="King's Royal Hussars">King's Royal Hussars</a> (British Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Dragoons" title="Light Dragoons">Light Dragoons</a> (British Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panserbataljonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Panserbataljonen">Panserbataljonen</a> (Norwegian Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Yeomanry" title="Queen's Own Yeomanry">Queen's Own Yeomanry</a> (a British Army Reserve Light Cavalry Regiment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Hussars" title="Queen's Royal Hussars">Queen's Royal Hussars</a> (British Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a> (Spanish Morocco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dragoon_Guards" title="Royal Dragoon Guards">Royal Dragoon Guards</a> (British Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Lancers" title="Royal Lancers">Royal Lancers</a> (British Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Dragoon_Guards" title="Royal Scots Dragoon Guards">Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers & Greys)</a> (British Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Wessex_Yeomanry" title="Royal Wessex Yeomanry">Royal Wessex Yeomanry</a> (a British Army Reserve Armoured Regiment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yeomanry" title="Royal Yeomanry">Royal Yeomanry</a> (a British Army Reserve Light Cavalry Regiment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Division">Savage Division</a> (North Caucasus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savari" title="Savari">Savari</a> (Italian North African)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_and_North_Irish_Yeomanry" title="Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry">Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry</a> (a British Army Reserve Light Cavalry Regiment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahi</a> (Ottoman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Alberta_Light_Horse" title="South Alberta Light Horse">South Alberta Light Horse</a> (Canadian Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahi</a> (French North African)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a> (Byzantine)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_horse_cavalrymen">Notable horse cavalrymen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notable horse cavalrymen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Stanotas" title="Georgios Stanotas">Georgios Stanotas</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a>'s Cavalry Division during World War II<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Courr%C3%A8ges" title="Didier Courrèges">Didier Courrèges</a>, major in the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, member of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_d%27%C3%89quitation" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale d'Équitation">École Nationale d'Équitation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cadre_Noir" title="Cadre Noir">Cadre Noir</a>, Olympian at <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ramsey" title="Edwin Ramsey">Edwin Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/26th_Cavalry_Regiment_(Philippine_Scouts)" title="26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts)">26th Cavalry Regiment</a> during World War II, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>, led the last cavalry charge in American military history<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Altay" title="Fahrettin Altay">Fahrettin Altay</a>, commander of the V. Cavalry Division of the Turkish 1st Army during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, which was instrumental in victory over the invading Greek Army. His name is given to the new Turkish battle tank <a href="/wiki/Altay_(tank)" title="Altay (tank)">Altay</a>. Atatürk'ün Bütün Eserleri, Cilt 27, Kaynak Yayınları, 1998, ISBN 978-975-343-235-1, p. 81.</li> <li>Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Dumas, 46th Professor of Military Science at Michigan State University and a notable member and representative of the distinguished cavalry lineage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Troop_B,_1st_Cavalry_Regiment,_Washington_National_Guard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington National Guard cavalry pictured in Tacoma, Washington in 1907."><img alt="Washington National Guard cavalry pictured in Tacoma, Washington in 1907." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Troop_B%2C_1st_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_Washington_National_Guard.jpg/120px-Troop_B%2C_1st_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_Washington_National_Guard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Troop_B%2C_1st_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_Washington_National_Guard.jpg/180px-Troop_B%2C_1st_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_Washington_National_Guard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Troop_B%2C_1st_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_Washington_National_Guard.jpg/240px-Troop_B%2C_1st_Cavalry_Regiment%2C_Washington_National_Guard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Guard" title="Washington National Guard">Washington National Guard</a> cavalry pictured in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a> in 1907.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French cuirassiers, wearing breastplates and helmets, parade through Paris on the way to battle, August 1914."><img alt="French cuirassiers, wearing breastplates and helmets, parade through Paris on the way to battle, August 1914." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg/120px-French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg/180px-French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg/240px-French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuirassiers">cuirassiers</a>, wearing breastplates and helmets, parade through Paris on the way to battle, August 1914.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish light cavalry (cazadores) during the Rif War 1921."><img alt="Spanish light cavalry (cazadores) during the Rif War 1921." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg/120px-Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg/180px-Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg/240px-Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish light cavalry (<i>cazadores</i>) during the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> 1921.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Cavalry_of_Poland_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cavalry of Poland during a parade in Warsaw, August 1939."><img alt="Cavalry of Poland during a parade in Warsaw, August 1939." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Warsaw_Cavalry_of_Poland_1939.jpg/120px-Warsaw_Cavalry_of_Poland_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Warsaw_Cavalry_of_Poland_1939.jpg/180px-Warsaw_Cavalry_of_Poland_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Warsaw_Cavalry_of_Poland_1939.jpg/240px-Warsaw_Cavalry_of_Poland_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cavalry of Poland during a parade in Warsaw, August 1939.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish PZL W-3 Sokół of the 66 Air Cavalry Squadron, 25th Aeromobile Cavalry Brigade."><img alt="Polish PZL W-3 Sokół of the 66 Air Cavalry Squadron, 25th Aeromobile Cavalry Brigade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82.jpg/120px-W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82.jpg/180px-W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82.jpg/240px-W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polish <a href="/wiki/PZL_W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82" title="PZL W-3 Sokół">PZL W-3 Sokół</a> of the 66 Air Cavalry Squadron, 25th Aeromobile Cavalry Brigade.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBG_(my_own_photo).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The mounted President's Bodyguard of the Indian Army"><img alt="The mounted President's Bodyguard of the Indian Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/PBG_%28my_own_photo%29.JPG/120px-PBG_%28my_own_photo%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/PBG_%28my_own_photo%29.JPG/180px-PBG_%28my_own_photo%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/PBG_%28my_own_photo%29.JPG/240px-PBG_%28my_own_photo%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mounted <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Bodyguard">President's Bodyguard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_Guard_Cavalry_Regiment_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Republican Guard – 2008 Bastille Day military parade"><img alt="French Republican Guard – 2008 Bastille Day military parade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Republican_Guard_Cavalry_Regiment_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg/120px-Republican_Guard_Cavalry_Regiment_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Republican_Guard_Cavalry_Regiment_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg/180px-Republican_Guard_Cavalry_Regiment_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Republican_Guard_Cavalry_Regiment_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg/240px-Republican_Guard_Cavalry_Regiment_Bastille_Day_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Guard">French Republican Guard</a> – 2008 <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_cavalry_honor_guard.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The President's Body Guard of the Pakistan Army, 2006."><img alt="The President's Body Guard of the Pakistan Army, 2006." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pakistan_cavalry_honor_guard.jpeg/120px-Pakistan_cavalry_honor_guard.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pakistan_cavalry_honor_guard.jpeg/180px-Pakistan_cavalry_honor_guard.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pakistan_cavalry_honor_guard.jpeg/240px-Pakistan_cavalry_honor_guard.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The President's Body Guard of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>, 2006.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseguards_-_Blues_and_Royals_-_Rel%C3%A8ve_%C3%A0_Whitehall_-_Londres.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Troopers of the Blues and Royals on mounted duty in Whitehall, London"><img alt="Troopers of the Blues and Royals on mounted duty in Whitehall, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Horseguards_-_Blues_and_Royals_-_Rel%C3%A8ve_%C3%A0_Whitehall_-_Londres.JPG/110px-Horseguards_-_Blues_and_Royals_-_Rel%C3%A8ve_%C3%A0_Whitehall_-_Londres.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Horseguards_-_Blues_and_Royals_-_Rel%C3%A8ve_%C3%A0_Whitehall_-_Londres.JPG/166px-Horseguards_-_Blues_and_Royals_-_Rel%C3%A8ve_%C3%A0_Whitehall_-_Londres.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Horseguards_-_Blues_and_Royals_-_Rel%C3%A8ve_%C3%A0_Whitehall_-_Londres.JPG/221px-Horseguards_-_Blues_and_Royals_-_Rel%C3%A8ve_%C3%A0_Whitehall_-_Londres.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="2591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Troopers of the <a href="/wiki/Blues_and_Royals" title="Blues and Royals">Blues and Royals</a> on mounted duty in Whitehall, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(36).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkmenistan ceremonial cavalry in the Independence Day parade 2011"><img alt="Turkmenistan ceremonial cavalry in the Independence Day parade 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2836%29.jpg/120px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2836%29.jpg/180px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2836%29.jpg/240px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> ceremonial cavalry in the Independence Day parade 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Mongolian_soldier_performs_during_the_opening_ceremony_for_exercise_Khaan_Quest_2013_at_the_Five_Hills_Training_Area_in_Mongolia_Aug._3,_2013_130803-M-MG222-004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Mongolian military horseman, 2013"><img alt="A Mongolian military horseman, 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Mongolian_soldier_performs_during_the_opening_ceremony_for_exercise_Khaan_Quest_2013_at_the_Five_Hills_Training_Area_in_Mongolia_Aug._3%2C_2013_130803-M-MG222-004.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Mongolian_soldier_performs_during_the_opening_ceremony_for_exercise_Khaan_Quest_2013_at_the_Five_Hills_Training_Area_in_Mongolia_Aug._3%2C_2013_130803-M-MG222-004.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Mongolian_soldier_performs_during_the_opening_ceremony_for_exercise_Khaan_Quest_2013_at_the_Five_Hills_Training_Area_in_Mongolia_Aug._3%2C_2013_130803-M-MG222-004.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Mongolian military horseman, 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Cavalry_parade_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Representative Cavalry Squadron of the Polish Army on military parade in Warsaw, 2006"><img alt="Representative Cavalry Squadron of the Polish Army on military parade in Warsaw, 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Warsaw_Cavalry_parade_2.JPG/90px-Warsaw_Cavalry_parade_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Warsaw_Cavalry_parade_2.JPG/135px-Warsaw_Cavalry_parade_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Warsaw_Cavalry_parade_2.JPG/180px-Warsaw_Cavalry_parade_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Representative Cavalry Squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> on military parade in Warsaw, 2006 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_tactics" title="Shock tactics">Shock tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_reconnaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored reconnaissance">Armored reconnaissance</a> – a modern role in most militaries for 'cavalry' titled units</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Sanskrit: <dl><dd><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asti tava Shaka-Yavana-Kirata-Kamboja-Parasika-Bahlika parbhutibhih</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">balairudidhibhiriva parchalitsalilaih samantaad uprudham Kusumpurama</i></span></dd> <dd>(Mudra-Rakshasa 2).</dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Keegan, pp. 188–189, <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Warfare" title="A History of Warfare">A History of Warfare</a>,</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-174527-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-174527-6">0-09-174527-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1997490-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1997490_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn1997">Lynn (1997)</a>, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2022" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Alan (16 August 2022). <i>Combat. British Cavalryman Verses German Cavalryman</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4882-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-4882-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combat.+British+Cavalryman+Verses+German+Cavalryman&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-4882-6&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/earmor/content/Historical/Principles.html">"eARMOR The Principles of the Employment of Armor"</a>. United States Army<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eARMOR+The+Principles+of+the+Employment+of+Armor&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benning.army.mil%2Farmor%2Fearmor%2Fcontent%2FHistorical%2FPrinciples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon19951-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon19951_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenon1995">Menon (1995)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrence Wise, p. 18, <i>Ancient Armies of the Middle East</i>, Osprey Publishing Ltd 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-384-4">0-85045-384-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelder" class="citation web cs1">Kelder, Jorrit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1532320">"Horseback riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horseback+riding+and+Cavalry+in+Mycenaean+Greece&rft.aulast=Kelder&rft.aufirst=Jorrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1532320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski2002" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, R. (2002). <i>The Sarmatians 600 BC – AD 450</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-485-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-485-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatians+600+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+450&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-485-6&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski2002" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, R. (2002). <i>The Sarmatians 600 BC – AD 450</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-485-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-485-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatians+600+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+450&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-485-6&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrence Wise, plate H, <i>Ancient Armies of the Middle East</i>, Osprey Publishing Ltd 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-384-4">0-85045-384-4</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629–30-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629–30_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629–30_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarry1980164-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarry1980164_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarry1980">Warry (1980)</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarry198037-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarry198037_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarry1980">Warry (1980)</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1984" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1984). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku"><i>The Army of Alexander the Great</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku/page/n18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-539-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-539-1"><bdi>0-85045-539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85045-539-1&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyalexandergre00seku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarry198054-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarry198054_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarry1980">Warry (1980)</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1984" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1984). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku"><i>The Army of Alexander the Great</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku/page/n17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-539-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-539-1"><bdi>0-85045-539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85045-539-1&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyalexandergre00seku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda2012" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nicholas (2012). <i>Macedonian Armies after Alexander 323–168 BC</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-714-8"><bdi>978-1-84908-714-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonian+Armies+after+Alexander+323%E2%80%93168+BC&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-714-8&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1984" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1984). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku"><i>The Army of Alexander the Great</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku/page/n14">14</a>–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-539-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-539-1"><bdi>0-85045-539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=14-22&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85045-539-1&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyalexandergre00seku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1996" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1996). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961"><i>Republican Roman Army 200–104 BC</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961/page/n36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-598-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-598-5"><bdi>1-85532-598-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Roman+Army+200%E2%80%93104+BC&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85532-598-5&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanromana00seku_961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1995" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1995). <i>Early Roman Armies</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-513-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-513-6"><bdi>1-85532-513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Roman+Armies&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85532-513-6&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankov1994" class="citation book cs1">Rankov, Boris (1994). <i>The Praetorian Guard</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-361-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-361-3"><bdi>1-85532-361-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praetorian+Guard&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85532-361-3&rft.aulast=Rankov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1996" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1996). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961"><i>Republican Roman Army 200–104 BC</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961/page/n36">36</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-598-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-598-5"><bdi>1-85532-598-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Roman+Army+200%E2%80%93104+BC&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85532-598-5&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanromana00seku_961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1995" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1995). <i>Early Roman Armies</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-513-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-513-6"><bdi>1-85532-513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Roman+Armies&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85532-513-6&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegin2018" class="citation book cs1">Negin, Nick (2018). <i>Roman heavy Cavalry (1) Cataphractarii & Clibanarii, 1st Century BC–5th Century AD</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3004-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-3004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+heavy+Cavalry+%281%29+Cataphractarii+%26+Clibanarii%2C+1st+Century+BC%E2%80%935th+Century+AD.&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3004-3&rft.aulast=Negin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda1996" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nick (1996). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961"><i>Republican Roman Army 200–104 BC</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961/page/n38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-598-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-598-5"><bdi>1-85532-598-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Roman+Army+200%E2%80%93104+BC&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85532-598-5&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanromana00seku_961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegin2020" class="citation book cs1">Negin, Andry (2020). <i>Roman Heavy Cavalry (2)</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3950-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-3950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Heavy+Cavalry+%282%29&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3950-3&rft.aulast=Negin&rft.aufirst=Andry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2015" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Ross (21 April 2015). <i>Roman Legionary AD 284-337</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0666-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-0666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Legionary+AD+284-337&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0666-6&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529073411/http://www.historynet.com/mhq/blromespersianmirage/">"Roman-Persian Wars"</a>. <i>Historynet.com</i>. 12 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/mhq/blromespersianmirage/">the original</a> on 29 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historynet.com&rft.atitle=Roman-Persian+Wars&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmhq%2Fblromespersianmirage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The raised rear part of a saddle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegin2018" class="citation book cs1">Negin, Andry (2018). <i>Roman Heavy Cavalry (1)</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3004-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-3004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Heavy+Cavalry+%281%29&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3004-3&rft.aulast=Negin&rft.aufirst=Andry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewark1987" class="citation book cs1">Newark, Peter (1987). <i>Sabre & Lance. An Illustrated History of Cavalry</i>. Blandford Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1813-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1813-7"><bdi>0-7137-1813-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabre+%26+Lance.+An+Illustrated+History+of+Cavalry&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7137-1813-7&rft.aulast=Newark&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200629_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200630-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200630_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey199941-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey199941_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey (1999)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peers_130-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peers_130_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peers, 130. we can right anything</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dien-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dien_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silk-road.com/artl/stirrup.shtml">"Dien, Albert. 'The Stirrup and its Effect on Chinese Military History'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dien%2C+Albert.+%27The+Stirrup+and+its+Effect+on+Chinese+Military+History%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silk-road.com%2Fartl%2Fstirrup.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231319/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955868">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The stirrup – history of Chinese science'. <i>UNESCO Courier</i>, October 1988"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955868">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+stirrup+%E2%80%93+history+of+Chinese+science%27.+UNESCO+Courier%2C+October+1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1310%2Fis_1988_Oct%2Fai_6955868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203175410/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2005-07/21/content_70825.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The invention and influences of stirrup"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2005-07/21/content_70825.htm">the original</a> on December 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+invention+and+influences+of+stirrup%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaculture.org%2Fgb%2Fen_madeinchina%2F2005-07%2F21%2Fcontent_70825.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_322-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_322_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_305-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_305_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006120-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006120_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Peter H & Wm. Theodore De Bary. <i>Sources of Korean Tradition</i>, pp. 24–26. Columbia University Press, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/invention-of-the-stirrup-195161">"Invention of the Stirrup"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Invention+of+the+Stirrup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Finvention-of-the-stirrup-195161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 182–183, Pargiter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harivamsa 14.1–19; Vayu Purana 88.127–43; Brahma Purana (8.35–51); Brahamanda Purana (3.63.123–141); Shiva Purana (7.61.23); Vishnu Purana (5.3.15–21), Padama Purana (6.21.16–33) etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">War in Ancient India, 1944, p. 178, V. R. Ramachandra Dikshtar, Military art and science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of American Oriental society, 1889, p. 257, American Oriental Society; The Social and Military Position of the Ruling Caste in Ancient India: As ..., 1972, p. 201, Edward Washburn Hopkins – Caste; Mahabharata 10.18.13; cf: Ancient Indian Civilization, 1985, p. 120, Grigoriĭ Maksimovich Bongard-Levin – History; Cf also: A History of Zoroastrianism, 1991, p. 129, Mary Boyce, Frantz Grenet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MBH 1.185.13; Felicitation Volume Presented to Professor Sripad Krishna Belvalkar, 1957, p. 260, Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, <a href="/wiki/Shripad_Krishna_Belvalkar" title="Shripad Krishna Belvalkar">Shripad Krishna Belvalkar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashva.yuddha.kushalah: Mahabharata 7.7.14; See also: Vishnudharmottara Purana, Part II, Chapter 118; Post Gupta Polity (500–700 AD): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration 1972, p. 136, Ganesh Prasad Sinha; Wisdom in the Puranas 1969, p. 64, professor Sen Sarma etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Kṣatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1924, p. 238, Dr B. C. Law – Kshatriyas; The Battle of Kurukshetra, 1987, p. 389, Maggi Lidchi-Grassi – Kurukshetra (India).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, Book VII 65, 70, 86, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Persian Empire, p. 232, Dr A. M. Olmstead; Arrian's Anabasis III, 8.3–6; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p. 216, Dr Raychaudhury.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashva.yuddha.kushalah: Mahabharata 7.7.14 Kumbhakonam Edition; See also: Vishnudharmottara Purana, Part II, Chapter 118; Post Gupta Polity (500–700 AD): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration 1972, p. 136, Ganesh Prasad Sinha; Wisdom in the Puranas 1969, p. 64, prof Sen Sarma; etc.; Kashmir Polity, C. 600–1200 AD 1986, p. 237, V. N. Drabu – Political Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, 1943, p. 145, Dr K. P. Jayaswal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i.e.: <i>Kambojo assa.nam ayata.nam</i>. See: Samangalavilasini, Vol I, p. 124; See also: Historie du Bouddhisme Indien, p. 110, E. Lamotte; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p. 133 fn 6, pp. 216–220, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; Some Kṣatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1924, p. 238, Dr B. C. – Kshatriyas; Studies in Indian History and Civilization, 1962, p. 351, Dr Buddha Prakash – India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Age of the Nandas and Mauryas, 1967, p. 49, Dr K. A. Nilakanta Sastri.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Par ailleurs le Kamboja est régulièrement mentionné comme la "patrie des chevaux" (</i>Asvanam ayatanam<i>), et cette reputation bien etablie gagné peut-etre aux eleveurs de chevaux du Bajaur et du Swat l'appellation d'Aspasioi (du v.-p. aspa) et d'assakenoi (du skt asva "cheval")"</i> (See: Historie du Bouddhisme Indien, p. 110, E. Lamotte; See also: Hindu Polity, A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, 1978, p. 140, Dr K. P. Jayswal; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p. 133 fn 6, pp. 216–220, (Also Commentary, op. cit., p. 576, fn 22), Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee;; History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era, 1988, p. 100 – History; East and West, 1950, pp. 28, 157–158, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Editor, Prof Giuseppe Tucci, Co-editors Prof Mario Bussagli, Prof Lionello Lanciotti; Panjab Past and Present, pp. 9–10, Dr Buddha Parkash; Raja Porus, 1990, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala; History of Panjab, Vol I, (Editors): Dr Fauja Singh, Dr L. M. Josh, Publication Bureau, Panjabi University, Patiala; History of Porus, 1967, p. 89, Dr Buddha Prakash; Ancient Kamboja, People and country, 1981, pp. 271–272, 278, Dr J. L. Kamboj; These Kamboj People, 1979, pp. 119, 192; Kambojas, Through the Ages, 2005, pp. 129, 218–219, S Kirpal Singh etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashtadhyayi 4.3.91; India as Known to Pāṇini, 1953, pp. 424, 436–439, 455–457, Dr V. S. Aggarwala.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: History of Punjab, Vol I, 1997, p. 225, Dr Buddha Prakash; Raja Porus, 1990, p. 9, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University Patiala.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kālidāsa, 1960, p. 141, Raghunath Damodar Karmarkar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Historical Quarterly, XV-4, December 1939, p. 511 Dr H. C. Ray.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Ancient Bengal, 1971, pp. 182–183, Dr <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p. 625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynastic History of Magadha, 1977, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indiaca, XVIII, pp. 304ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1993" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, Dr. David (1993). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mughulindia00nico"><i>Mughul India 1504–1761</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mughulindia00nico/page/n10">10</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-344-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-344-3"><bdi>1-85532-344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughul+India+1504%E2%80%931761&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85532-344-3&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=Dr.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmughulindia00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdowall1995" class="citation book cs1">Macdowall, Simon (13 November 1995). <i>Late Roman Cavalryman 236-565AD</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-567-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-567-5"><bdi>1-85532-567-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Roman+Cavalryman+236-565AD&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1995-11-13&rft.isbn=1-85532-567-5&rft.aulast=Macdowall&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegin2020" class="citation book cs1">Negin, Andrey (24 November 2020). <i>Roman Heavy Cavalry (2)</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3950-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-3950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Heavy+Cavalry+%282%29&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3950-3&rft.aulast=Negin&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1995" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (17 July 1995). <i>Italian Medieval Armies 1000-1300</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-516-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-516-0"><bdi>1-85532-516-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Medieval+Armies+1000-1300&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1995-07-17&rft.isbn=1-85532-516-0&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1978" class="citation book cs1">Koch, H.W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalwarfare00koch/page/189"><i>Medieval Warfare</i></a>. Bison Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalwarfare00koch/page/189">189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86124-008-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86124-008-1"><bdi>0-86124-008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Bison+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-86124-008-1&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalwarfare00koch%2Fpage%2F189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cavhooah.com/pages/early-cavalry">"Early Cavalry"</a>. <i>CavHooah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CavHooah.com&rft.atitle=Early+Cavalry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavhooah.com%2Fpages%2Fearly-cavalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 231. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728084550/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s1.html">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawarey-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hawarey_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawarey2010" class="citation book cs1">Hawarey, Mosab (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJVqNwAACAAJ&q=9789957051648"><i>The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)</i></a>. Islamic Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789957051648" title="Special:BookSources/9789957051648"><bdi>9789957051648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Prophecy%3B+Days+of+Peace+and+War+%28Arabic%29&rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Trust&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789957051648&rft.aulast=Hawarey&rft.aufirst=Mosab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJVqNwAACAAJ%26q%3D9789957051648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 239, Muir</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1993" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (28 January 1993). <i>Hattin 1187. Saladin's greatest victory</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-284-4"><bdi>978-1-85532-284-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattin+1187.+Saladin%27s+greatest+victory&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1993-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-284-4&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1982" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (29 July 1982). <i>The Armies of Islam 7th-11th Centuries</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-448-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-448-4"><bdi>0-85045-448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+Islam+7th-11th+Centuries&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1982-07-29&rft.isbn=0-85045-448-4&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1993" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (28 January 1993). <i>Hattin 1187. Saladin's greatest victory</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-284-4"><bdi>978-1-85532-284-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattin+1187.+Saladin%27s+greatest+victory&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1993-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-284-4&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">tradition of al-furusiyya is defined by principles of horsemanship, chivalry, and the mutual dependence of the rider and the horse</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1993" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (29 July 1993). <i>The Manluks 1250-1517</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-314-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-314-1"><bdi>1-85532-314-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manluks+1250-1517&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1993-07-29&rft.isbn=1-85532-314-1&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicole2001" class="citation book cs1">Nicole, Dr. David (25 January 2001). <i>The Moors. The Islamic West 7th–15th centuries AD</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-964-6"><bdi>1-85532-964-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moors.+The+Islamic+West+7th%E2%80%9315th+centuries+AD&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2001-01-25&rft.isbn=1-85532-964-6&rft.aulast=Nicole&rft.aufirst=Dr.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Samuel (1921), <i>The History of the Yorubas, from the earliest times to the beginning of the British protectorate</i>, p. 73-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-columbia_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrances_Pritchett" class="citation web cs1">Frances Pritchett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html#n02">"part2_19"</a>. columbia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=part2_19&rft.pub=columbia.edu&rft.au=Frances+Pritchett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00islamlinks%2Fikram%2Fpart2_19.html%23n02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Latif, The History of the Panjab (Calcutta, 1891), p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Publishing_Group_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2007" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Vincent J. (2007). <i>Voices of Islam (Praeger perspectives)</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 225 vol.1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275987329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275987329"><bdi>978-0275987329</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230345942">230345942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Islam+%28Praeger+perspectives%29&rft.pages=225+vol.1&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230345942&rft.isbn=978-0275987329&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2010" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Charles H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKgs8-pj4_YC"><i>Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139491419" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139491419"><bdi>978-1139491419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Interactions+in+the+Early+Modern+Age%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1139491419&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKgs8-pj4_YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David. <i>The Janissaries</i>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-413-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-413-X"><bdi>1-85532-413-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Janissaries&rft.pages=9&rft.isbn=1-85532-413-X&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1998" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (9 March 1998). <i>Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775-1820</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-697-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-697-3"><bdi>1-85532-697-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1775-1820&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1998-03-09&rft.isbn=1-85532-697-3&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1998" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (9 March 1998). <i>Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775-1820</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-697-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-697-3"><bdi>1-85532-697-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1775-1820&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1998-03-09&rft.isbn=1-85532-697-3&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLokman1588" class="citation web cs1">Lokman (1588). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529094441/http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm">"Battle of Nicopolis (1396)"</a>. <i>Hünernâme</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/battle_waterloo_01.shtml#five">the original</a> on 2015-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+History%3A+The+Battle+of+Waterloo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fbattle_waterloo_01.shtml%23five&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerr2006" class="citation book cs1">Herr, Ulrich (2006). <i>The German Cavalry from 1871 to 1914</i>. Verlag Militaria. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-902526-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-902526-07-6"><bdi>3-902526-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Cavalry+from+1871+to+1914&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Verlag+Militaria&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-902526-07-6&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerr2006" class="citation book cs1">Herr, Ulrich (2006). <i>The German Cavalry from 1871 to 1914</i>. Verlag Militaria. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-902526-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-902526-07-6"><bdi>3-902526-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Cavalry+from+1871+to+1914&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Verlag+Militaria&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-902526-07-6&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnotel1980" class="citation book cs1">Knotel, Richard (1980). <i>Uniforms of the World. A Compendium of Army, Navy, and Air Force Uniforms 1700-1937</i>. pp. 24, 182 & 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16304-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16304-7"><bdi>0-684-16304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+World.+A+Compendium+of+Army%2C+Navy%2C+and+Air+Force+Uniforms+1700-1937&rft.pages=24%2C+182+%26+230&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-684-16304-7&rft.aulast=Knotel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2002" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Guy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UreS--MoD0C&pg=PA40"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War</i></a>. Scarecrow Press Inc. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4276-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4276-9"><bdi>0-8108-4276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Crimean+War&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8108-4276-9&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UreS--MoD0C%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardHoward2001" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael; Howard, Michael Eliot (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2wEeRuei6AC"><i>The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871</i></a>. Routledge. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26671-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26671-8"><bdi>0-415-26671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+The+German+Invasion+of+France%2C+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-26671-8&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Howard%2C+Michael+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2wEeRuei6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1996" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (1996). <i>The Oxford History of the British Army</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3"><bdi>0-19-285333-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-285333-3&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061024192206/http://www.defencejournal.com/jun99/guides-cavalry.htm">"The Guides Cavalry (10th Queen Victoria's Own Frontier Force)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defencejournal.com/jun99/guides-cavalry.htm">the original</a> on 2006-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guides+Cavalry+%2810th+Queen+Victoria%27s+Own+Frontier+Force%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefencejournal.com%2Fjun99%2Fguides-cavalry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L'Armee d'Afrique 1830–1962, General R. Hure, Paris-Limogues 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plates I & IV, "Under Italian Libya's Burning Sun", The National Geographic Magazine August 1925</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley2009" class="citation book cs1">Woolley, Charles (2009). <i>Uniforms of the German Colonial Troops</i>. Schiffer Publishing, Limited. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-3357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-3357-6"><bdi>978-0-7643-3357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+German+Colonial+Troops&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7643-3357-6&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gervase Phillips, "Writing Horses into American Civil War History". <i>War in History</i> 20.2 (2013): 160-181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr Stephen Z. <i>The Union Cavalry in the Civil War, </i> (3 vols. LSU Press, 1979–81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._Utley,_"The_Contribution_of_the_Frontier_to_the_American_Military_Tradition"" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Utley, "The Contribution of the Frontier to the American Military Tradition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4w69q1_IAYC&pg=PA531"><i>The Harmon Memorial Lectures in Military History, 1959–1987</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. pp. 525–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428915602" title="Special:BookSources/9781428915602"><bdi>9781428915602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harmon+Memorial+Lectures+in+Military+History%2C+1959%E2%80%931987&rft.pages=525-34&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.isbn=9781428915602&rft.au=Robert+M.+Utley%2C+%22The+Contribution+of+the+Frontier+to+the+American+Military+Tradition%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4w69q1_IAYC%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Mathingham Hutton, "T.R. takes charge", <i>American History</i> 33.n3 (August 1998), 30(11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2022" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Alan (2022). <i>British Cavalryman versus German Cavalryman</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4882-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-4882-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Cavalryman+versus+German+Cavalryman&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-4882-6&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2022" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Alan (2022). <i>British Cavalryman versus German Cavalryman</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4882-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-4882-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Cavalryman+versus+German+Cavalryman&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-4882-6&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1979" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, Boris (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uniformsofimperi00moll/page/48"><i>Uniforms of the Imperial Russian Army</i></a>. Blandford Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uniformsofimperi00moll/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-0920-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-0920-0"><bdi>0-7137-0920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+Imperial+Russian+Army&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7137-0920-0&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiformsofimperi00moll%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2014" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (17 June 2014). <i>Collusion of Empires</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-648-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-648-0"><bdi>978-1-78200-648-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collusion+of+Empires&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-648-0&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1998). <i>The First World War</i>. Hutchinson. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8"><bdi>0-09-180178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-09-180178-8&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Woodward, p. 47 "Armies of the World 1854–1914",SBN=399-12252-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 570, Volume 5, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> – 11th edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Delperier, pp. 60-70 "Les Cuirassiers 1845–1918", Argout-Editions Paris 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2008" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, Andre (2008). <i>The French Army 1914</i>. Amber Books Limited. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-104-6"><bdi>978-2-35250-104-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+1914&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-104-6&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine2002" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, John (October 2002). <i>Mons Retreat to Victory</i>. Wordsworth Editions. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84022-243-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84022-243-3"><bdi>1-84022-243-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mons+Retreat+to+Victory&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=2002-10&rft.isbn=1-84022-243-3&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1998). <i>The First World War</i>. Hutchinson. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8"><bdi>0-09-180178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-09-180178-8&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerr2006" class="citation book cs1">Herr, Ulrich (2006). <i>The German Cavalry from 1871 to 1914</i>. Verlag Militaria. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-902526-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-902526-07-6"><bdi>3-902526-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Cavalry+from+1871+to+1914&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Verlag+Militaria&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-902526-07-6&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine2002" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, John (October 2002). <i>Mons: Retreat to Victory</i>. Wordsworth Editions. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84022-243-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84022-243-3"><bdi>1-84022-243-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mons%3A+Retreat+to+Victory&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=2002-10&rft.isbn=1-84022-243-3&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine1984" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, John (1984). <i>The First World War 1914–18</i>. Papermac. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-37913-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-37913-6"><bdi>0-333-37913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-333-37913-6&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawly2009" class="citation book cs1">Pawly, R. (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belgianarmyworld00pawl"><i>The Belgian Army in World War I</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belgianarmyworld00pawl/page/n11">10</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-448-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-448-0"><bdi>978-1-84603-448-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+Army+in+World+War+I&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-448-0&rft.aulast=Pawly&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelgianarmyworld00pawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonHendriksRobinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Joe; Hendriks, Francis; Robinson, Janet (14 March 2015). <i>The Last Great Cavalry Charge – The Battle of the Silver Helmets Halen 12 August 1914</i>. Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-183-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-183-7"><bdi>978-1-78155-183-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Cavalry+Charge+%E2%80%93+The+Battle+of+the+Silver+Helmets+Halen+12+August+1914&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-183-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Hendriks%2C+Francis&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirouze2007" class="citation book cs1">Mirouze, Laurent (2007). <i>The French Army in the First World War – to battle 1914</i>. Militaria. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902526-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902526-09-0"><bdi>978-3-902526-09-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+in+the+First+World+War+%E2%80%93+to+battle+1914&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Militaria&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-902526-09-0&rft.aulast=Mirouze&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir A. Emmanuel, p. 10, <i>The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9889532-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9889532-1-5">978-0-9889532-1-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2014" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (17 June 2014). <i>Collusion of Empires</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-648-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-648-0"><bdi>978-1-78200-648-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collusion+of+Empires&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-648-0&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Jung, pages 10–11, <i>The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1) </i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-594-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-594-5">1-84176-594-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Littauer, p. 6, <i>Russian Hussar</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59048-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59048-256-5">1-59048-256-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 212, <i>The Oxford History of the British Army</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3">0-19-285333-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2009" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchpoilu00sumn"><i>French Poilu 1914–18</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchpoilu00sumn/page/n8">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-332-2"><bdi>978-1-84603-332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Poilu+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-332-2&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchpoilu00sumn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 216, Vol. XXX, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 12th Edition, 1922</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (25 March 2003). <i>The Italian Army of World War I</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-398-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-398-5"><bdi>1-84176-398-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2003-03-25&rft.isbn=1-84176-398-5&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_cambrai.htm">"History Learning Site: Battle of Cambrai"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Learning+Site%3A+Battle+of+Cambrai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fbattle_of_cambrai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Royal Dragoon Guards 1685–1988", Regiment Issue Thirty Four, p. 45.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willmott-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willmott_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>First World War</i>, Willmott, H. P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1975" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Norman (1975). <i>The Eastern Front 1914–17</i>. Scribner. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-14492-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-14492-1"><bdi>0-684-14492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Front+1914%E2%80%9317&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-684-14492-1&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittauer2007" class="citation book cs1">Littauer, Vladimir (May 2007). <i>Russian Hussar</i>. Long Riders' Guild Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59048-256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59048-256-8"><bdi>978-1-59048-256-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Hussar&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Long+Riders%27+Guild+Press&rft.date=2007-05&rft.isbn=978-1-59048-256-8&rft.aulast=Littauer&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1987" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, James (1987). <i>Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army 1868–1914</i>. Hippocrene Books. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946771-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-946771-04-9"><bdi>0-946771-04-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Troops+of+the+Austro-Hungarian+Army+1868%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-946771-04-9&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallsG._MacMunnA._F._Beck_(Maps)1930" class="citation book cs1">Falls, Cyril; G. MacMunn; A. F. Beck (Maps) (1930). <i>Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917</i>. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: HM Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610273484">610273484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+Egypt+%26+Palestine+from+the+outbreak+of+war+with+Germany+to+June+1917&rft.place=London&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610273484&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=G.+MacMunn&rft.au=A.+F.+Beck+%28Maps%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span> Contents. V. 1. from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917, + maps in separate volume. V. 2. from June 1917 to the end of the war, 2 parts + maps in separate volume.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodolfo Puletti, page 55 "I Lancieri di Milano 1859-1985", Serie "De Bello" Milan 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mounted Troops", pp. 1,006-1,012, Vol. XXXI <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, London & New York 1922</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2014" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (2014). <i>Armies of the Russo-Polish War 1919-21</i>. Amber Books Limited. pp. 6–17 & 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-179-4"><bdi>978-2-35250-179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Russo-Polish+War+1919-21&rft.pages=6-17+%26+12-13&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-179-4&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2001" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Dr Jeffrey T. (25 November 2001). <i>Axis Cavalry in World War II</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-323-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-323-3"><bdi>1-84176-323-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Cavalry+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2001-11-25&rft.isbn=1-84176-323-3&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Dr+Jeffrey+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randy Steffen, page 77 "The Horse Soldier. World War I, the Peacetime Army, World War II." Volume IV, University of Oklahoma Press 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randy Steffen, page 131 "The Horse Soldier. World War I, the Peacetime Army, World War II." Volume IV, University of Oklahoma Press 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2010" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (2010). <i>The French Army 1939-45 (I)</i>. Amber Books Limited. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-179-4"><bdi>978-2-35250-179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+1939-45+%28I%29&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-179-4&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2010" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, Andre (2010). <i>Officers and Soldiers of the French Army 1940</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 36–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-666-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-666-8"><bdi>978-1-85532-666-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officers+and+Soldiers+of+the+French+Army+1940&rft.pages=36-42&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-666-8&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1996" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (1996). <i>The Oxford History of the British Army</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3"><bdi>0-19-285333-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-285333-3&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga1983" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, S. J. (1983). <i>The Polish Army 1939–45</i>. London: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-417-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-417-4"><bdi>0-85045-417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Army+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-85045-417-4&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime_Staff1940" class="citation magazine cs1">Time Staff (April 22, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930115629/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763905-1,00.html">"The New Pictures"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763905-1,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+New+Pictures&rft.date=1940-04-22&rft.au=Time+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C763905-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies324-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies324_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies <i>God's Playground Volume II</i> pp. 324–325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies325-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies325_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies <i>God's Playground Volume II</i> p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Armed Forces of World War II 1914–1945</i>, Andrew Mollo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85613-296-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85613-296-9">0-85613-296-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John S Harrel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vitezirend.com/rovatok/vitezek/akikre-buszkek-vagyunk/vitez-mikecz-kalman/">"Vitéz Mikecz Kálmán"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vit%C3%A9z+Mikecz+K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitezirend.com%2Frovatok%2Fvitezek%2Fakikre-buszkek-vagyunk%2Fvitez-mikecz-kalman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey T. Fowler, p. 45 "Axis Cavalry in World War II, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-323-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-323-3">1-84176-323-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey T. Fowler, pages 35-38 "Axis Cavalry in World War II, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-323-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-323-3">1-84176-323-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.KilkkiH.Pohjanpää" class="citation book cs1">P.Kilkki; H.Pohjanpää. <i>Suomen Ratsuväen Historia II. Ratsuväki Suomen Sodissa 1939–1944</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+Ratsuv%C3%A4en+Historia+II.+Ratsuv%C3%A4ki+Suomen+Sodissa+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.au=P.Kilkki&rft.au=H.Pohjanp%C3%A4%C3%A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Personal memoirs of Colonel Ernest Neal Cory, Jr., Esquire</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlogowski2012" class="citation book cs1">Glogowski, Ohilippe (2012). <i>Histoire des Spahis Tome 2 - de 1919 a'nos jours</i>. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-782843-786211" title="Special:BookSources/9-782843-786211"><bdi>9-782843-786211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Spahis+Tome+2+-+de+1919+a%27nos+jours&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9-782843-786211&rft.aulast=Glogowski&rft.aufirst=Ohilippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1986" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Peter (1986). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernafricanwar00abbo_283"><i>Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernafricanwar00abbo_283/page/n24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-843-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-843-9"><bdi>0-85045-843-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+African+Wars+%282%29%3A+Angola+and+Mozambique&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85045-843-9&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernafricanwar00abbo_283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish1985" class="citation book cs1">English, Adrian J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eng.chinamil.com.cn&rft.atitle=PLA+border+defense+troop+carries+out+horse-riding+training+on+plateau+in+Xinjiang+%E2%80%93+China+Military&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.chinamil.com.cn%2Fview%2F2020-08%2F24%2Fcontent_9888807.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/90786/8378444.html">"PLA Cavalry: Use the Beidou satellite system to good effect"</a>. <i>People's Daily Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft.atitle=PLA+Cavalry%3A+Use+the+Beidou+satellite+system+to+good+effect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F90786%2F8378444.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/n/2015/0803/c98649-8930372.html">"Chinese cavalry in modern time – People's Daily Online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+cavalry+in+modern+time+%E2%80%93+People%27s+Daily+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2Fn%2F2015%2F0803%2Fc98649-8930372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimiento_de_Caballer%C3%ADa_n.%C2%BA_3_%22H%C3%BAsares%22" class="extiw" title="es:Regimiento de Caballería n.º 3 "Húsares"">es:Regimiento de Caballería n.º 3 "Húsares"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyr Darnoc De Saint-mandé, pp. 33–36, <i>Gazette des Uniformes</i>, December 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Honours, Flags, and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pao.hood.army.mil/1stCavDiv/horseDet/default.html">First Team! Horse Cavalry Detachment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709025654/http://pao.hood.army.mil/1stCavDiv/horseDet/default.html">Archived</a> July 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbell, Gary. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Lancers+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationallancers.org%2Faboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrofer2021" class="citation web cs1">Brofer, Jennifer (14 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvidshub.net/news/398870/mounted-unit-rides-into-annual-training-exercise">"Mounted unit rides into annual training exercise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Visual_Information_Distribution_Service" title="Defense Visual Information Distribution Service">Defense Visual Information Distribution Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mounted+unit+rides+into+annual+training+exercise&rft.pub=Defense+Visual+Information+Distribution+Service&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.aulast=Brofer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvidshub.net%2Fnews%2F398870%2Fmounted-unit-rides-into-annual-training-exercise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan" class="citation cs2">Corrigan, Major J. G. H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327224105/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/waterloo.html"><i>Waterloo (review)</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/waterloo.html">the original</a> on 27 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+%28review%29&rft.pub=Channel+4&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Major+J.+G.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fhistory%2Fmicrosites%2FH%2Fhistory%2Ft-z%2Fwaterloo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/waterloo.html"><i>Waterloo</i></a> Film review by Major J. G. H. Corrigan. Accessed 2008-02-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Loyal and Zealous Soldier" (ΕΝΑΣ ΠΙΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΙΛΟΤΙΜΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΙΩΤΗΣ), Christos Notaridis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-522-335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-522-335-9">978-960-522-335-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060815054020/http://www.edwinpriceramsey.com/">"Edwin Price Ramsey – Home Page"</a>. <i>edwinpriceramsey.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwinpriceramsey.com/">the original</a> on August 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edwinpriceramsey.com&rft.atitle=Edwin+Price+Ramsey+%E2%80%93+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edwinpriceramsey.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1999" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43519-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43519-6"><bdi>0-521-43519-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-43519-6&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00ebre_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey PB, Walthall A, Palais JB (2006). <i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6181-3384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6181-3384-0"><bdi>978-0-6181-3384-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61446526">61446526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61446526&rft.isbn=978-0-6181-3384-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=PB&rft.au=Walthall%2C+A&rft.au=Palais%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallsG._MacMunn1930" class="citation book cs1">Falls, Cyril; G. MacMunn (1930). <i>Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917</i>. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 1. London: HM Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610273484">610273484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+Egypt+%26+Palestine+from+the+outbreak+of+war+with+Germany+to+June+1917&rft.place=London&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610273484&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=G.+MacMunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallsA._F._Becke_(maps)1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Falls, Cyril; A. F. Becke (maps) (1930). <i>Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War</i>. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part I. London: HM Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483">644354483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+Egypt+%26+Palestine+from+June+1917+to+the+End+of+the+War&rft.place=London&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644354483&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=A.+F.+Becke+%28maps%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallsA._F._Becke_(maps)1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Falls, Cyril; A. F. Becke (maps) (1930). <i>Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War</i>. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part II. London: HM Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972">256950972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+Egypt+%26+Palestine+from+June+1917+to+the+End+of+the+War&rft.place=London&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256950972&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=A.+F.+Becke+%28maps%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1997" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John Albert (1997). <i>Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army, 1610–1715</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giant+of+the+Grand+Si%C3%A8cle%3A+The+French+Army%2C+1610%E2%80%931715&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Menon, Shanti (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231330/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n4_v16/ai_16720826">"Chariot racers of the Steppes"</a>. <i>Discover</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n4_v16/ai_16720826">the original</a> on 2007-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Chariot+racers+of+the+Steppes&rft.date=1995-04&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Shanti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1511%2Fis_n4_v16%2Fai_16720826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1883" class="citation book cs1">Muir, William (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534182"><i>Annals of the Early Caliphate: From Original Sources</i></a>. London: Smith, Elder & co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+Early+Caliphate%3A+From+Original+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+co.&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.534182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China</i>. Vol. 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China&rft.place=Taipei%3A+Caves+Books%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Pargiter, Frederick Eden, Dr., Chronology based on: Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1924, Reprint 1997</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2006" class="citation book cs1">Peers, C. J. (2006). <i>Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC–AD 1840</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+the+Dragon%3A+Chinese+Armies+1500+BC%E2%80%93AD+1840&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, N. A. M.</a> (1999). <i>The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649</i>. W. W. Norton & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04579-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04579-X"><bdi>0-393-04579-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Safeguard+of+the+Sea%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+660%E2%80%931649&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-04579-X&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarry1980" class="citation book cs1">Warry, John (1980). <i>Warfare in the Classical World</i>. Salamander Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86101-034-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86101-034-5"><bdi>0-86101-034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Classical+World&rft.pub=Salamander+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-86101-034-5&rft.aulast=Warry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Big_Book_of_Horrible_Things" title="The Great Big Book of Horrible Things">The Great Big Book of Horrible Things</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393081923" title="Special:BookSources/9780393081923"><bdi>9780393081923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Big+Book+of+Horrible+Things&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780393081923&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACavalry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cavalry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cavalry">Cavalry</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cavalry" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cavalry">Cavalry</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004203253/http://www.cavalryscouts.org/">CavalryScouts.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/French_Cavalry.html">Napoleonic Cavalry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050430232514/http://www.usregulars.com/Lippitt6.html">Cavalry tactics from Francis J. Lippitt's, <i>A Treatise on the Tactical Use of the Three Arms: Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry</i> (1865)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/cavalry/index.html">Cavalry in Mass (U.S. report on Russian cavalry organization and operations in World War II)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105152729/http://www.militaryhorse.org/">Society of the Military Horse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kavallerie.8ung.at/">Gesellschaft der Freunde der Kavallerie (German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaleye.com/horseandmule.html">The Horse and Mule in the British Army during WW1</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_and_war" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_and_war" title="Template:Military and war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_and_war" title="Template talk:Military and war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_and_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military and war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_and_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Occupational roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Protocols and structure:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><i>Functional specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reconnaissance_units" title="List of reconnaissance units">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_units_and_formations" title="Category:Military logistics units and formations">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_occupations" title="Category:Combat occupations">Combat occupations</a></li> <li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">Combat arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li> <li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armed_forces" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armed forces">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armies" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armies">Armies by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General staff</a></li> <li><i>Land:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_corps" title="List of military corps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_divisions" title="List of military divisions">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brigades_by_type" title="Category:Brigades by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_country" title="Category:Regiments by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_type" title="Category:Regiments by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_country" title="Category:Battalions by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_type" title="Category:Battalions by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a></li> <li><i>Naval:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">Naval fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force#Naval" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(naval)" title="Division (naval)">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">Squadron</a></li> <li><i>Air:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">Combat box</a></li> <li><i>Special units by nation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front; Russian land forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ground:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" title="List of military vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracked_military_vehicles" title="Category:Tracked military vehicles">Tracked vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheeled_military_vehicles" title="Category:Wheeled military vehicles">Wheeled vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_by_country" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle#Military_trucks" title="Military vehicle">Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_trucks" title="Category:Military trucks">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Anti-aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Artillery:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery_by_country" title="List of artillery by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_guns" title="List of field guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Infantry guns</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifles</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li> <li><i>Other infantry weapons:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenades" title="Category:Grenades">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_knives" title="Category:Military knives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_mortars" title="List of infantry mortars">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_mortars" title="List of heavy mortars">Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sea/Air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_guns" title="List of naval guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_guns" title="Category:Aircraft guns">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air-launched_missiles" title="Category:Air-launched missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Bombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_equipment" title="Lists of military equipment">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_by_country" title="Category:Military equipment by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets" title="List of combat helmets">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li><i>Facilities:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>By era:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>By type:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a></li> <li><i>Public policy:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Defense budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Defense policy</a></li> <li><i>Related:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Military lists</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li><i>History lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><i>Related lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other namespace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">War</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks_by_country" title="Template:Military ranks by country">Ranks</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Vehicles and weapons</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks">Tanks</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_IFV_and_APC" title="Template:Modern IFV and APC">Infantry fighting vehicles</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries">Modern warships</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)">Aircraft</a>}}</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Specific modern wars</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I">World War I</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">World War II</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War">Cold War</a>}}</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars_by_country_involved" title="Category:Lists of wars by country involved">Lists of wars by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_by_time" title="Category:Conflicts by time">Conflicts by time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism in international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">International cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations">International relations</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_organizations" title="Category:Peace organizations">Peace organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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title="commons:CategoryWar">Commons</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47315#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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