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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Additional disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previous_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Previous strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garbage_men's_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garbage_men's_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Garbage men's organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garbage_men's_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Course of the strike</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_strike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Course of the strike subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_six_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_six_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The first six days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_six_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Day_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Day 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Day 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_3" class="vector-toc-list-item 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1968 St. Petersburg sanitation strike</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">May 6, 1968 – August 30, 1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Company reduction of wages</li> <li>Worsening working conditions</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrations</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Sanitation Workers</div></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> City of St. Petersburg gov.</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> </div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mayors_of_St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="Mayors of St. Petersburg, Florida">Mayor Don Jones</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">211 workers</div></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> </div></td> 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_US_sanitation_strikes" title="Template:Campaignbox US sanitation strikes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_US_sanitation_strikes" title="Template talk:Campaignbox US sanitation strikes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_US_sanitation_strikes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox US sanitation strikes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sanitation_strikes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Sanitation strikes</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis</a> 1968</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Petersburg</a> 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_sanitation_strike" title="Charleston sanitation strike">Charleston</a> 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="1977 Atlanta sanitation strike">Atlanta</a> 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Atlanta_sanitation_strike" title="2018 Atlanta sanitation strike">Atlanta</a> 2018</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_in_Florida" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;float:right; clear:right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:25.5em;font-size:90%; display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #CEE0F2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CRM_in_Florida" title="Template:CRM in Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CRM_in_Florida" title="Template talk:CRM in Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CRM_in_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CRM in Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_in_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> in Florida</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Daytona</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_ex_Rel._Hawkins_v._Board_of_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florida ex Rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control (page does not exist)">Florida ex Rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control</a></i> 1956</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daytona_Beach_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daytona Beach sit-ins (page does not exist)">Daytona Beach sit-ins</a> 1960</li></ul> <p><b>Jacksonville</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacksonville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacksonville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Jacksonville sit-ins</a> 1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a> 1960</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacksonville_riot_of_1964&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacksonville riot of 1964 (page does not exist)">Jacksonville riot</a> 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Johnnie_Mae_Chappell" title="Murder of Johnnie Mae Chappell">Murder of Johnnie Mae Chappell</a> 1964</li></ul> <p><b>Miami</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_sit-ins_(1956)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami sit-ins (1956) (page does not exist)">Miami sit-ins</a> 1956</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_sit-ins_(1960)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami sit-ins (1960) (page does not exist)">Miami sit-ins</a> 1960</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibson_v._Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></i> 1963</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_v._Florida" title="Robinson v. Florida">Robinson v. Florida</a></i> 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Miami_riot" title="1968 Miami riot">Miami riot</a> 1968</li></ul> <p><b>St.<small> </small>Augustine</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Augustine_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Augustine sit-ins (page does not exist)">St. Augustine sit-ins</a> 1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a> 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">Monson Motor Lodge protests</a> 1964</li></ul> <p><b>St.<small> </small>Petersburg, Fl</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Petersburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">St. Petersburg sit-ins</a> 1960</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Petersburg sanitation strike</a> 1968</li></ul> <p><b>Tallahassee</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a> 1956</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallahassee sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tallahassee sit-ins</a> 1960</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_Freedom_Ride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interfaith Freedom Ride (page does not exist)">Interfaith Freedom Ride</a> 1961</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adderley_v._Florida" title="Adderley v. Florida">Adderley v. Florida</a></i> 1966</li></ul> <p><b>Other localities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a> 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_McCollum" title="Ruby McCollum">Murder trial of Ruby McCollum</a> 1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lido_Key#1955_Beach_segregation_protests" title="Lido Key">Lido Beach wade-ins</a> 1955</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tampa_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tampa sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tampa sit-ins</a> 1960</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_Labor%E2%80%93Professional_Freedom_Ride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organized Labor–Professional Freedom Ride (page does not exist)">Organized Labor–Professional Freedom Ride</a> 1961</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_v._Florida" title="McLaughlin v. Florida">McLaughlin v. Florida</a></i> 1964</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The <b>St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968</b> (May 6, 1968 – August 30, 1968) was a <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">labor strike</a> by city <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">sanitation workers</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a> that lasted an estimated four months. The strike of 1968 was one of three labor strikes that took place within three years by city sanitation workers, who cited grievances of pay inequality and poor working conditions. A wage dispute over a newly implemented 48-hour work week triggered the sanitation strike which lasted 116 days. 211 sanitation workers participated in the work stoppage, 210 of whom were African-American.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe_Savage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The racial makeup of the strikers increased tensions surrounding the work stoppage and impaired social race relations in the city.Strikers participated in nonviolent marches, economic boycotts, picketing, and human blockades which eventually turned violent with four nights of riots.<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eight_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the four-month strike, sanitation crew chief Joe Savage led nearly 40 marches down to City Hall, and participated in nonviolent protests which resulted in mass arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe_Savage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike gained the attention of local and national civil rights advocates, designating this as a significant event in the city's history. </p><p>The strike of 1968 began approximately one month after <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.">assassination</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, where he was supporting a citywide labor strike by black sanitation workers (see also <a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, other sanitation worker strikes were taking place in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wage_dispute">Wage dispute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Wage dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sanitation workers' strike of 1968 was a response to a restructuring of hours resulting in a new system of pay for the sanitation workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new pay plan effectively reduced weekly wages for sanitation workers from $101.40 for 6 days of work (which included time and a half for Saturday) to $73 for 5 days of work.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new plan amounted to a 15% reduction in pay per hour and a 28% reduction in pay per week.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the walkout, strikers demanded a $0.25 increase in their hourly wage before they would return to work.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_disputes">Additional disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Additional disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from the wage dispute, there were other elements of grievances that contributed to the strike of 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_two_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_two-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A change in the way trash was collected in the city reduced the amount of sanitation workers needed to perform the work. Under the old system approximately 280 men were needed, as opposed to the reduced 235 men needed under the new streamlined system.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_two_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_two-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The savings from this new system of garbage collection was to be passed onto the sanitation workers, which according to the workers never materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_two_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_two-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, older workers with seniority in the department feared termination over the newly implemented trash containers as they were heavier and more difficult to handle.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_two_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_two-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strikers explained that there was a long list of "broken promises" behind the strike as well as a need for respect within the sanitation department and the community.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seventeen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventeen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_strikes">Previous strikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Previous strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There had been two other sanitation worker strikes in St. Petersburg, Florida, before that of 1968. In 1964, a labor strike was quickly settled by St. Petersburg City Manager Lynn Andrews, who promptly granted the requested raises.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Again, in November 1966, a labor strike by sanitation workers occurred as a result of a wage dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 250 strikers participated in the work stoppage.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_five_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_five-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local civil rights attorneys, <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sanderlin" title="James B. Sanderlin">James Sanderlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Peterman" title="Frank Peterman">Frank Peterman</a>, represented a committee of eight sanitation workers, members of the Young Men's Progressive Club, during the labor negotiations with the city. Two days into the strike, "Andrews fired 70% of the sanitation department's workforce".<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrews hired approximately 140 temporary workers to fill the vacancies in the department.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_five_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_five-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the previous strike of 1964, Andrews hired out-of-town replacements, also known as "scabs" or "<a href="/wiki/Strikebreakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikebreakers">strikebreakers</a>", to collect garbage during the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eighteen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eighteen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one week, Andrews granted the wage increases.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanitation workers would now earn a 40-hour salary larger than the 44-hour salary they were earning previously.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_five_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_five-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garbage_men's_organization"><span id="Garbage_men.27s_organization"></span>Garbage men's organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Garbage men's organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, garbage man Joe Savage formed the Young Men's Progressive Club, which served as a quasi union for the sanitation workers of St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-seventeen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventeen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no union dues and strictly survived off donations.<sup id="cite_ref-seventeen_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventeen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to avoid violence, they formed an anti-violence committee of an estimated 25 members responsible for preventing violence from breaking out during a strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seventeen_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventeen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members would typically meet twice a month at the Tabernacle Baptist Church.<sup id="cite_ref-seventeen_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventeen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_strike">Course of the strike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Course of the strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 301px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">Filmed footage</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxx3yYmfxEQ">Film of 1968 St.Pete Sanitation Workers’ Strike</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_six_days">The first six days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The first six days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_1">Day 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Day 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Monday May 6, 1968, St. Petersburg city sanitation workers went on strike and implemented a work stoppage at the Lake Maggiore sanitation compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers expressed concern over a new pay plan implemented a month prior, that failed to produce "shared savings" that were to be passed along to the workers as promised.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these perceived failed promises, sanitation workers demanded a wage increase of 25-cents an hour before they would return to work. City Manager Lynn Andrews, having agreed with similar demands in the two previous strikes, asked the strikers to take the day off and come back Tuesday while claiming he was in no position to grant any wage increases.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrews labeled this work stoppage a "wildcat walkout" strike provoked by a "few dissident workers" at an afternoon press conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seven_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attorney James Sanderlin, representing the strikers, quickly asserted that all sanitation workers wanted an increase in pay.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At an emergency city council meeting later that night, Andrews warned workers who did not show up for work the next day would be fired.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrews offered an immediate increase of 5-cents per hour, falling short of the requested increase of 25-cents.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The workers decided to hold out for the remaining 20-cents.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_2">Day 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Day 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuesday May 7, 1968, fifty-two sanitation workers were fired by Andrews for refusing to go to work, as an agreement had not yet been reached by Andrews and strike leaders during negotiations. In the meantime, garbage went uncollected throughout St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_3">Day 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Day 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "special raise" offered to sanitation workers of 5-cents an hour angered other departments, as a result, Andrews agreed to increase wages for 958 city employees by the same amount the sanitation workers would receive pending a settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, garbage continued to go uncollected.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_4">Day 4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Day 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thursday May 9, 1968, strike leaders, including sanitation crew chief Joe Savage, encouraged sanitation workers to return to work. That morning, over 100 sanitation workers reported to the sanitation department. 35 workers had come with the anticipation to work, while others showed up to protest.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police Sergeant Ray Stewart had also come to the sanitation compound along with other officers equipped with riot gear. At approximately 7:10 a.m., the first of five garbage trucks attempted to leave the compound under police escort, but was met with a human blockade of protesters barricading the exit. At the advice of attorney James Sanderlin and crew chief Joe Savage, the protesters allowed three trucks to exit. A fourth and fifth truck were eventually able to leave without further incident at 7:28 a.m. The five garbage trucks collected garbage from businesses, schools, and hospitals while most residential trash continued to go uncollected.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-six_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As only five city garbage trucks were collecting trash, Andrews decided to allow citizens to dump their own garbage.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seven_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large trailers were placed at local fires stations while free dumping and incineration was offered at the Toytown landfill.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seven_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This temporary solution to the piling up of garbage was termed as "Do-It-Yourself" garbage collection and hauling.<sup id="cite_ref-seven_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrews announced that all men who did not work that day would be fired.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrews reportedly fired between 150-170 strikers that morning.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seven_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_seven_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_seven-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that evening, Andrews also said he would be reverting to the old collection system, where sanitation employees would be returning to a six-day, 48-hour work week.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that Thursday night, between 10-11 p.m., fire bombings were reported at the homes of two sanitation workers who had worked earlier that day.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_four_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_5">Day 5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Day 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friday May 10, 1968, six garbage trucks were able to leave the sanitation compound. An informal city council meeting was held that night, but no resolution manifested.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "freedom march" to City Hall was organized by <a href="/wiki/Ike_Williams" title="Ike Williams">Ike Williams</a>, the President of the St. Petersburg chapter of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 75 people marched in frustration for the "jobless garbage men".<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marchers chanted "We Shall Overcome" for miles to City Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_6">Day 6</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Day 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saturday May 11, 1968, only ten garbage trucks were able to leave the sanitation compound for a city of 181,000.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twenty_seven_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty_seven-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rotting garbage was reportedly spilling onto the streets of St. Petersburg as the strikers had yet to come to a resolution with city officials.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 29 sanitation workers reported for work.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While strikers continued to gather in protest at the Lake Maggiore sanitation compound every morning to watch the garbage trucks leave, negotiations had reached a stalemate, and the strike entered its second week without an agreement between strikers and City Manager Andrews.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Andrews had publicly dismissed the strikers, indicating he would not be reopening any negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of May 1968, a total of 211 of the sanitation workers had been fired for refusing to return to work until their demands were met.<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 210 of the 211 workers were African-American, explaining the "racial overtones" behind the entire event at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_forward">Days forward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Days forward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 23, Ike Williams encouraged a "selective buying" campaign, advocating an economic boycott of white owned businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, St. Petersburg Mayor Don Jones sided with the sanitation workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eleven_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eleven-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the duration of the strike, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Williams_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Daniel Williams King">Alfred Daniel Williams King</a>, brother of the recently murdered Martin Luther King Jr., flew to St. Petersburg to march alongside Joe Savage and other nonviolent protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe_Savage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marchers were met with riot police and many were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe_Savage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While few trucks were able to leave the sanitation compound under police escort to service the city, residential pick up remained slow. Most of the uncollected garbage remained in the predominantly African-American areas of the south side of St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eleven_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eleven-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avenues of monetary relief were arranged to meet some financial needs of strikers, such as donations. Attorney John Due, organizer for the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO), presented a check to the Young Men's Progressive Club.<sup id="cite_ref-eleven_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eleven-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Garbage Men's Welfare Fund was also formed to help alleviate the burdens for the over 200 families participating in the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riots">Riots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mounting tensions quickly turned to violence and destruction in the city after the beating of Joseph Waller (now known as <a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thirtythree_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirtythree-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 17, 1968, reports of fires and looting in the south side of St. Petersburg emerged. Nine people were injured, five were white and four were African-American.<sup id="cite_ref-thirtytwo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirtytwo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 150 policemen entered the rioting areas with orders to "shoot to kill" any looters.<sup id="cite_ref-twentyeight_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twentyeight-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damages were said to reach an estimated $150,000 by that point.<sup id="cite_ref-twentyeight_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twentyeight-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thirty_one_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirty_one-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a reported 335 fires set since the start of the sanitation strike on May 6 and the violence was not yet over. Riots would continue for the next four days.<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twentyeight_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twentyeight-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the unrest, Andrews considered imposing a curfew and banning liquor and gas sales in "troubled areas."<sup id="cite_ref-thirtythree_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirtythree-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thirtytwo_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirtytwo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 30, 1968, fired sanitation workers and City Manager Andrews came to a public agreement and brought an end to the strike. As terms of the settlement, strikers would return as new employees, losing accumulated sick pay, vacation, and seniority. Workers would return to a six-day 48-hour work week, however, if a crew was able to finish their routes early they would be given the opportunity to clock out and receive a full day's pay.<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 1, 1968, sanitation workers were given an 8-cents raise per hour, while foreman received an additional 14-cents per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals_involved_in_bargaining">Individuals involved in bargaining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Individuals involved in bargaining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lynn Andrews, City Manager<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dan Davidson, Assistant City Manager<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>James Sanderlin, attorney for sanitation workers<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rev. Irvin Elligan, pastor of Lakeview Presbyterian Church<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dave Welch, co-chairman of Community Alliance<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Joe Savage, sanitation crew chief<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Henry Cathirell, sanitation worker<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fred Winters, sanitation worker<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Willie Jones, sanitation worker<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Willie McGhee, sanitation worker<sup id="cite_ref-fourteen_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations_involved_in_strike">Organizations involved in strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organizations involved in strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP)<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC)<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC)<sup id="cite_ref-nine_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE)<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Committee of Concerned Clergymen<sup id="cite_ref-eight_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees</a> (AFL-CIO)<sup id="cite_ref-eleven_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eleven-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Greater St. Petersburg Council on Human Relations<sup id="cite_ref-eight_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Junta of Militant Organization (JOMO)<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While returning sanitation workers did not receive the pay increase they had hoped for, there are those who suggest this strike "brought the national <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> to St. Petersburg" and started the conversation for cultural and economic advancements of African-Americans in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe_Savage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months following the end of the sanitation strike, <a href="/wiki/C._Bette_Wimbish" title="C. Bette Wimbish">C. Bette Wimbish</a> became the first African American elected to St. Petersburg City Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Sanderlin, the attorney who represented the sanitation strikers, became the first African-American Pinellas County Judge in 1972, and later was elected to the county circuit court.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyton_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Joe_Savage-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_Savage_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFavorite2011" class="citation news cs1">Favorite, Merab-Michal (February 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebradentontimes.com/news/2011/02/06/community/remembering_our_local_heroes_joe_savage_was_st._pete_s_version_of_mlk/">"Remembering our Local Heroes: Joe Savage was St. Pete's version of MLK"</a>. <i>The Bradenton Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bradenton+Times&rft.atitle=Remembering+our+Local+Heroes%3A+Joe+Savage+was+St.+Pete%27s+version+of+MLK&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft.aulast=Favorite&rft.aufirst=Merab-Michal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebradentontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F02%2F06%2Fcommunity%2Fremembering_our_local_heroes_joe_savage_was_st._pete_s_version_of_mlk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fourteen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourteen_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogman1968" class="citation news cs1">Yogman, Ron (August 30, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u0BQAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20worker%20strike%20St.%20Petersburg&pg=5132%2C6528440">"Garbage Dispute Settled Agreement Ends 116-day Impasse"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Garbage+Dispute+Settled+Agreement+Ends+116-day+Impasse&rft.date=1968-08-30&rft.aulast=Yogman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Du0BQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520worker%2520strike%2520St.%2520Petersburg%26pg%3D5132%252C6528440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsonJanet_Stiff1979" class="citation journal cs1">Paulson, Darryl; Janet Stiff (April 1979). "An Empty Victory: The St. Petersburg Sanitation Strike, 1968". <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 421. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30151005">30151005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+Empty+Victory%3A+The+St.+Petersburg+Sanitation+Strike%2C+1968&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=421&rft.date=1979-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30151005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rft.au=Janet+Stiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eight-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eight_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K55QAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20worker%20strike%20St.%20Petersburg&pg=5775%2C2114512">"St. Petersburg Garbage Strike in Stalemate"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i>. May 13, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=St.+Petersburg+Garbage+Strike+in+Stalemate&rft.date=1968-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DK55QAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520worker%2520strike%2520St.%2520Petersburg%26pg%3D5775%252C2114512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Making-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2012" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Will (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCW5HTb8KSMC&q=sanitation+worker+strike+st+petersburg&pg=PA152"><i>The Making of St. Petersburg</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609498337" title="Special:BookSources/9781609498337"><bdi>9781609498337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781609498337&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCW5HTb8KSMC%26q%3Dsanitation%2Bworker%2Bstrike%2Bst%2Bpetersburg%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twenty_two-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_two_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_two_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_two_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_two_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1968" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Samuel (May 10, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1LhaAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20strike%20petersburg&pg=6995%2C6593765">"The Making of a Garbage Strike: 1968 Version"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+a+Garbage+Strike%3A+1968+Version&rft.date=1968-05-10&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D1LhaAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520strike%2520petersburg%26pg%3D6995%252C6593765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seventeen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seventeen_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seventeen_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seventeen_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seventeen_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seventeen_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaperton1966" class="citation news cs1">Caperton, Frank (November 21, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rMQNAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20strike%20petersburg&pg=5213%2C166818">"The Strike: Respect Means A Lot"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=The+Strike%3A+Respect+Means+A+Lot&rft.date=1966-11-21&rft.aulast=Caperton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DrMQNAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520strike%2520petersburg%26pg%3D5213%252C166818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peyton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peyton_8-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Peyton (15 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1672/">"Struggle in the Sunshine City: The movement for racial equality in St. Petersburg, Florida, 1955-1968"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Struggle+in+the+Sunshine+City%3A+The+movement+for+racial+equality+in+St.+Petersburg%2C+Florida%2C+1955-1968&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peyton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F1672%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twenty_five-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_five_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_five_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_five_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaperton1966" class="citation news cs1">Caperton, Frank (November 21, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rMQNAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20strike%20petersburg&pg=6840%2C155790">"Strike Ends; Garbage Men Work Today"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Strike+Ends%3B+Garbage+Men+Work+Today&rft.date=1966-11-21&rft.aulast=Caperton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DrMQNAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520strike%2520petersburg%26pg%3D6840%252C155790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eighteen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eighteen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9GVQAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20strike%20petersburg&pg=6356%2C2922434">"Out-Of-Town Crews Picking Up Garbage"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i>. November 17, 1966<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Out-Of-Town+Crews+Picking+Up+Garbage&rft.date=1966-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D9GVQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520strike%2520petersburg%26pg%3D6356%252C2922434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twenty_four-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_four_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1LhaAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20strike%20petersburg&pg=7366%2C6604031">"The Garbage Strike an Exercise in Escalation"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i>. May 10, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=The+Garbage+Strike+an+Exercise+in+Escalation&rft.date=1968-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D1LhaAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520strike%2520petersburg%26pg%3D7366%252C6604031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seven-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seven_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seven_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seven_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seven_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seven_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=X0pQAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20worker%20strike%20florida&pg=7083%2C1985021">"Do-It-Yourself Garbage Collection"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i>. May 9, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Do-It-Yourself+Garbage+Collection&rft.date=1968-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DX0pQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520worker%2520strike%2520florida%26pg%3D7083%252C1985021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-six-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-six_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogman1968" class="citation news cs1">Yogman, Ron (May 9, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=X0pQAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20worker%20strike%20florida&pg=6584%2C1896886">"Lagging Service, Firings Deepen Garbage Crisis"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Lagging+Service%2C+Firings+Deepen+Garbage+Crisis&rft.date=1968-05-09&rft.aulast=Yogman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DX0pQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520worker%2520strike%2520florida%26pg%3D6584%252C1896886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thirteen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirteen_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogman1968" class="citation news cs1">Yogman, Ron (May 11, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YUpQAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20worker%20strike%20St.%20Petersburg&pg=3978%2C2479850">"No End in Site to Job Crisis"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=No+End+in+Site+to+Job+Crisis&rft.date=1968-05-11&rft.aulast=Yogman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DYUpQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520worker%2520strike%2520St.%2520Petersburg%26pg%3D3978%252C2479850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twenty_seven-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_seven_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_seven_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kzIjAAAAIBAJ&pg=2241%2C2144266">"City Manager Fires All St. Pete garbage Strikers"</a>. May 14, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=City+Manager+Fires+All+St.+Pete+garbage+Strikers&rft.date=1968-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DkzIjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2241%252C2144266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eleven-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eleven_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eleven_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eleven_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eleven_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1968" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Samuel (May 21, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=biMMAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20worker%20strike%20St.%20Petersburg&pg=5801%2C136361">"$1,000 Check Expected for Sanitation Workers"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=%241%2C000+Check+Expected+for+Sanitation+Workers&rft.date=1968-05-21&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DbiMMAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520worker%2520strike%2520St.%2520Petersburg%26pg%3D5801%252C136361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thirtythree-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thirtythree_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirtythree_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogman1968" class="citation news cs1">Yogman, Ron (August 21, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s0BQAAAAIBAJ&dq=looting%20st.%20petersburg&pg=4109%2C4423323">"Crisis Turns To Talks"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Crisis+Turns+To+Talks&rft.date=1968-08-21&rft.aulast=Yogman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Ds0BQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dlooting%2520st.%2520petersburg%26pg%3D4109%252C4423323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thirtytwo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thirtytwo_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thirtytwo_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sEBQAAAAIBAJ&dq=looting%20st.%20petersburg&pg=3390%2C3751056">"9 Injured, None Seriously"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i>. August 17, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=9+Injured%2C+None+Seriously&rft.date=1968-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DsEBQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dlooting%2520st.%2520petersburg%26pg%3D3390%252C3751056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twentyeight-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twentyeight_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twentyeight_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twentyeight_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1968" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, Jack (August 17, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sEBQAAAAIBAJ&dq=looting%20st.%20petersburg&pg=6204%2C3732610">"Fires, Looting, and Violence Erupt In City's Negro Area; Nine Injured"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Fires%2C+Looting%2C+and+Violence+Erupt+In+City%27s+Negro+Area%3B+Nine+Injured&rft.date=1968-08-17&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DsEBQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dlooting%2520st.%2520petersburg%26pg%3D6204%252C3732610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thirty_one-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thirty_one_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sEBQAAAAIBAJ&dq=looting%20st.%20petersburg&pg=6738%2C3748220">"12 Negroes Arrested in Rioting"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i>. August 17, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=12+Negroes+Arrested+in+Rioting&rft.date=1968-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DsEBQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dlooting%2520st.%2520petersburg%26pg%3D6738%252C3748220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nine-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nine_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uGVQAAAAIBAJ&dq=sanitation%20worker%20strike%20St.%20Petersburg&pg=7171%2C3612652">"Two Disputes St. Petersburg: Marchers Tampa: Celebrates"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i>. July 18, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Two+Disputes+St.+Petersburg%3A+Marchers+Tampa%3A+Celebrates&rft.date=1968-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DuGVQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsanitation%2520worker%2520strike%2520St.%2520Petersburg%26pg%3D7171%252C3612652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Petersburg+sanitation+strike+of+1968" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1964–1980)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="Template:Riots in the United States (1964–1980)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="Template talk:Riots in the United States (1964–1980)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in the United States (1964–1980)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1964–1980)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil unrest</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">in the history of the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots">Watts riots</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Point_social_uprising_(1966)" title="Hunters Point social uprising (1966)">Hunters Point social uprising (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Strip_curfew_riots" title="Sunset Strip curfew riots">Sunset Strip curfew riots</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Moratorium" title="Chicano Moratorium">Chicano Moratorium</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Quentin_Six" title="San Quentin Six">1973 San Quentin State Prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tampa_riots" title="1967 Tampa riots">1967 Tampa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Riviera_Beach_riot" title="1967 Riviera Beach riot">1967 Riviera Beach riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Tallahassee_riots" title="1968 Tallahassee riots">1968 Tallahassee riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Miami_riot" title="1968 Miami riot">1968 Miami riot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambia_High_School#Mascot_Riots" title="Escambia High School">Escambia High School riots</a> (1972–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">1980 Miami riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Idaho_State_Penitentiary#Prison_history" title="Old Idaho State Penitentiary">1971 Idaho State Penitentiary riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Idaho_State_Penitentiary#Prison_history" title="Old Idaho State Penitentiary">1973 Idaho State Penitentiary riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_Street_riots" title="Division Street riots">Division Street riots</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Chicago_West_Side_riots" title="1966 Chicago West Side riots">1966 Chicago West Side riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukegan_riot_of_1966" title="Waukegan riot of 1966">Waukegan riot of 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_unrest_in_Cairo,_Illinois" title="Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois">Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois</a> (1967–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Chicago_riots" title="1968 Chicago riots">1968 Chicago riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Park_riot" title="Humboldt Park riot">Humboldt Park riot</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_riot_of_1967" title="Cambridge riot of 1967">Cambridge riot of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1968" title="Baltimore riot of 1968">Baltimore riot of 1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_riots#1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit riots">1966 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Harbor_riots#1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Benton Harbor riots">1966 Benton Harbor riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">1967 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Saginaw_riot" title="1967 Saginaw riot">1967 Saginaw riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Detroit_riot" title="1968 Detroit riot">1968 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Memorial_Park_riot" title="1970 Memorial Park riot">1970 Memorial Park riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livernois%E2%80%93Fenkell_riot" title="Livernois–Fenkell riot">Livernois–Fenkell riot</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Newark_riots" title="1967 Newark riots">1967 Newark riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Plainfield_riots" title="1967 Plainfield riots">1967 Plainfield riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey#Riots_of_1968" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton Riots of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Asbury_Park_race_riots" title="1970 Asbury Park race riots">1970 Asbury Park race riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Riot_of_1971" title="Camden Riot of 1971">Camden Riot of 1971</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Buffalo_riot" title="1967 Buffalo riot">1967 Buffalo riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_New_York_City_riot" title="1967 New York City riot">1967 New York City riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_New_York_City_riot" title="1968 New York City riot">1968 New York City riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot" title="Hard Hat Riot">Hard Hat Riot</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riot" title="Attica Prison riot">Attica Prison riot</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Clifford_Glover#Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Clifford Glover">Clifford Glover shooting riots</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Rebellion" title="August Rebellion">August Rebellion</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_massacre" title="Greensboro massacre">Greensboro massacre</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hough_riots" title="Hough riots">Hough riots</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Dayton_race_riot" title="1966 Dayton race riot">1966 Dayton race riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Cincinnati#Riots_of_1967" title="Avondale, Cincinnati">1967 Avondale riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Cincinnati#Riots_of_1968" title="Avondale, Cincinnati">1968 Avondale riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Akron,_Ohio#Wooster_Avenue_riots_of_1968" title="Crime in Akron, Ohio">Wooster Avenue riots of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenville_shootout" title="Glenville shootout">Glenville shootout</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Pittsburgh_riots" title="1968 Pittsburgh riots">1968 Pittsburgh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_York_race_riot" title="1969 York race riot">1969 York race riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Huntsville_Prison_siege" title="1974 Huntsville Prison siege">1974 Huntsville Prison siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Joe_Campos_Torres#Moody_Park_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Joe Campos Torres">Moody Park Riot</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">Ghetto riots (1964–1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">Long, hot summer of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Milwaukee_riot" title="1967 Milwaukee riot">1967 Milwaukee riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangeburg_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangeburg massacre">Orangeburg massacre</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Kansas_City,_Missouri_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot">1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Louisville_riots" title="1968 Louisville riots">1968 Louisville riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Washington, D.C. riots">1968 Washington, D.C. riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_riot_of_1968" title="Wilmington riot of 1968">Wilmington riot of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_to_Zap" title="Zip to Zap">Zip to Zap</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Augusta_riot" title="1970 Augusta riot">1970 Augusta riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Black_Panther_trials" title="New Haven Black Panther trials">New Haven Black Panther trials</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_strike_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Student strike of 1970">Student strike of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_riot" title="USS Kitty Hawk riot">USS <i>Kitty Hawk</i> riot</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Penitentiary#Riots_and_lawsuits" title="Oklahoma State Penitentiary">1973 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_police_strike" title="Baltimore police strike">Baltimore police strike</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_busing_desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston busing desegregation">Boston busing desegregation</a> (1974–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hill_riot" title="Herman Hill riot">Herman Hill riot</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Penitentiary_riot" title="New Mexico State Penitentiary riot">New Mexico State Penitentiary riot</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_Colonial_North_America" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America">List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&oldid=1229318798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968&oldid=1229318798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1968_labor_disputes_and_strikes" title="Category:1968 labor disputes and strikes">1968 labor disputes and strikes</a></li><li><a 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