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id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_rule_of_Galeazzo_Maria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_rule_of_Galeazzo_Maria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Under the rule of Galeazzo Maria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_rule_of_Galeazzo_Maria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rise to power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Cicco_Simonetta_and_exile_of_Duchess_Bona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Cicco_Simonetta_and_exile_of_Duchess_Bona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Death of Cicco Simonetta and exile of Duchess Bona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Cicco_Simonetta_and_exile_of_Duchess_Bona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_the_regency_of_the_duchy_(1480–1494)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_the_regency_of_the_duchy_(1480–1494)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>To the regency of the duchy (1480–1494)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_the_regency_of_the_duchy_(1480–1494)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engagement_to_Beatrice_d'Este" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagement_to_Beatrice_d'Este"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Engagement to Beatrice d'Este</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagement_to_Beatrice_d'Este-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_Ferrara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Ferrara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>War of Ferrara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Ferrara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Marriage and private life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marital_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marital_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Marital bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marital_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascension_as_Duke_of_Milan_and_the_Italian_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension_as_Duke_of_Milan_and_the_Italian_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ascension as Duke of Milan and the Italian Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension_as_Duke_of_Milan_and_the_Italian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duke_of_Milan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duke_of_Milan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Duke of Milan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duke_of_Milan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Duke of Milan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Duke_of_Milan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_siege_of_Novara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_siege_of_Novara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The siege of Novara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_siege_of_Novara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Beatrice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Beatrice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Death of Beatrice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Beatrice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ludovico_in_mourning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ludovico_in_mourning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ludovico in mourning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ludovico_in_mourning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Downfall and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Downfall_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Downfall and aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Downfall_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imprisonment_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Imprisonment and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Appearance and personality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearance_and_personality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appearance and personality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ludovico_"the_tyrant"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ludovico_"the_tyrant""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ludovico "the tyrant"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ludovico_"the_tyrant"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Physical appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Love_for_the_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Love_for_the_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Love for the land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Love_for_the_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Astrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ludovico_"the_seducer"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ludovico_"the_seducer""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ludovico "the seducer"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ludovico_"the_seducer"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Lovers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_nickname_"Moro"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_nickname_"Moro""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Origin of the nickname "Moro"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_nickname_"Moro"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ludovico_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ludovico_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ludovico in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ludovico_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Representations in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representations_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Representations in popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Representations_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tragedies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tragedies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Tragedies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tragedies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludovico Sforza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="لودوفيكو سفورزا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لودوفيكو سفورزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdoviko_Mariya_Sforza_(Milan_hersoqu)" title="Lüdoviko Mariya Sforza (Milan hersoqu) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lüdoviko Mariya Sforza (Milan hersoqu)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ладавіка Сфорца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ладавіка Сфорца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лядавіка Сфорца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лядавіка Сфорца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лудовико Мария Сфорца – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лудовико Мария Сфорца" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Maria_Sforza" title="Lluís Maria Sforza – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluís Maria Sforza" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_Sforza" title="Lodovico Sforza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lodovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Maria_Sforza" title="Ludovico Maria Sforza – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ludovico Maria Sforza" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λουδοβίκος Σφόρτσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος Σφόρτσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludoviko_Sforza" title="Ludoviko Sforza – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludoviko Sforza" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="لودوفیکو اسفورزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لودوفیکو اسفورزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Sforza" title="Ludovic Sforza – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ludovic Sforza" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%BD%94_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%B0%A8" title="루도비코 스포르차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루도비코 스포르차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8_%D5%8D%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1" title="Լյուդովիկո Սֆորցա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյուդովիկո Սֆորցա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="लुडोविको स्फॉत्र्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुडोविको स्फॉत्र्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_il_Moro" title="Ludovico il Moro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ludovico il Moro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%94" title="לודוביקו ספורצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לודוביקו ספורצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90" title="ლუდოვიკო სფორცა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდოვიკო სფორცა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Sfortia" title="Ludovicus Sfortia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Sfortia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovigh_Sforza" title="Lodovigh Sforza – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lodovigh Sforza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лудовико Сфорца – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лудовико Сфорца" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1" title="ルドヴィーコ・スフォルツァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルドヴィーコ・スフォルツァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovich_%C3%ABl_M%C3%B2ro" title="Ludovich ël Mòro – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ludovich ël Mòro" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Sforza" title="Ludwik Sforza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik Sforza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Sforza" title="Ludovic Sforza – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludovic Sforza" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лодовико Сфорца – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лодовико Сфорца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luduvicu_%27u_Moru" title="Luduvicu 'u Moru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luduvicu 'u Moru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лудовико Сфорца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лудовико Сфорца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ลูโดวีโก สฟอร์ซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลูโดวีโก สฟอร์ซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Людовіко Сфорца – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людовіко Сфорца" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="لودوویکو سفورزا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لودوویکو سفورزا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ludovico Sforza" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E" title="卢多维科·斯福尔扎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢多维科·斯福尔扎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q236853#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_il_Moro&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovico il Moro">Ludovico il Moro</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Duke of Milan (1452–1508)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ludovico Sforza</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pala_Sforzesca_-_detail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pala_Sforzesca_-_detail_01.jpg/250px-Pala_Sforzesca_-_detail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pala_Sforzesca_-_detail_01.jpg/375px-Pala_Sforzesca_-_detail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pala_Sforzesca_-_detail_01.jpg/500px-Pala_Sforzesca_-_detail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Ludovico's portrait in the <i>Pala Sforzesca</i>, 1494–1495 (<a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a> in Milan)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 1494 – <span class="nowrap">6 September 1499</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo Sforza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Milan">Regent of Milan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regency</th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 1480 – 21 October 1494</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo Sforza</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">3 August 1452<br /><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1508 (aged 55)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Loches" title="Château de Loches">Château de Loches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice d'Este</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriage_and_private_life">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Sforza" title="Maximilian Sforza">Massimiliano Sforza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_I_Sforza" title="Giovanni Paolo I Sforza">Giovanni Paolo I Sforza</a> (illegitimate)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bianca_Giovanna_Sforza" title="Bianca Giovanna Sforza">Bianca Giovanna Sforza</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza" title="Francesco I Sforza">Francesco I Sforza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Visconti" title="Bianca Maria Visconti">Bianca Maria Visconti</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ludovico Maria Sforza</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ludoˈviːko<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈriːa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsfɔrtsa]</a></span>; 27 July 1452 – 27 May 1508), also known as <b>Ludovico il Moro</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[il<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɔːro]</a></span>; 'the Moor'),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and called the "arbiter of Italy" by historian <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:122_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> nobleman who ruled as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> from 1494 to 1499. </p><p>Although he was the fourth son and excluded from his family's succession, Ludovico was ambitious and managed to obtain dominion over Milan. He first assumed the <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> from his sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy" title="Bona of Savoy">Bona</a>, then took over from his deceased nephew <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo</a>, whom some say he poisoned. Considered enlightened, generous, and peaceful, he became a patron of artists and writers. His court in Milan became one of the most important in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somewhat contrarily, Ludovico was also considered fearful and of a fickle nature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To face the threats of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II of Naples</a>, Ludovico called the French to Italy; when threatened by the French, he could not face the danger, and was saved only thanks to the intervention of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-più_fonti_12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-più_fonti_12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she died, he went into a depression<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the state of his court fell from jubilance to despair.<sup id="cite_ref-Calmeta,_p._25_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calmeta,_p._25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally succumbed to King of France <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, who imprisoned him in France where he died.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludovico Sforza was born on 3 August 1452 at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. His position as the fourth son of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza" title="Francesco I Sforza">Francesco I Sforza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Visconti" title="Bianca Maria Visconti">Bianca Maria Visconti</a><sup id="cite_ref-Godfrey_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godfrey-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meant that he was not expected to become ruler of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, but his mother still encouraged a broad education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being a fourth-born son and therefore unlikely to rise to the position of duke, his mother, Bianca, wanted him to be well-educated. In the style of the Renaissance spirit, Ludovico received a varied education, especially in the field of classical readings. Under the tutelage of many teachers, including the humanist <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Filelfo" title="Francesco Filelfo">Francesco Filelfo</a> and the poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Valagussa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Valagussa (page does not exist)">Giorgio Valagussa</a>, Ludovico received lessons in Greek, Latin, theology, painting, sculpture, as well as being instructed in matters of government and administration of the state. His tutelage also included physical exercise in the form of fencing, hunting, wrestling, horseback riding, jumping, dancing, and the game of ropeball.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_(Donatus_Grammatica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg/220px-Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg/330px-Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg/440px-Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Ludovico Sforza by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_de_Predis" title="Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis">Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cicco_Simonetta" title="Cicco Simonetta">Cicco Simonetta</a> described him as the most well-versed and rapid learner among the children of Francesco Sforza, his father. His father and mother showed him particular attention, as evidenced by the extensive correspondence between them. At the age of seven, together with his mother and brothers, he welcomed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> to Mantua on a visit to the city, marking Ludovico's first public outing on an official occasion. At the age of eleven, he dedicated an oration in Latin to his father.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludovico spent his childhood with his brothers and sisters in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Milan" title="Royal Palace of Milan">Broletto Vecchio palace</a> in Milan and in the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_the_rule_of_Galeazzo_Maria">Under the rule of Galeazzo Maria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under the rule of Galeazzo Maria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When their father Francesco died in 1466, the family titles passed to <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza" title="Galeazzo Maria Sforza">Galeazzo Maria</a>, the eldest brother. Ludovico was conferred the <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy title</a> of Count of <a href="/wiki/Mortara,_Lombardy" title="Mortara, Lombardy">Mortara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within ten days, Ludovico was in Cremona to keep the lands of the duchy united and encourage the inhabitants of the city to pay tributes of loyalty to the new duke. </p><p>He continued to deal with diplomatic missives, remaining in Cremona until the following year, when he went to Genoa to welcome his sister <a href="/wiki/Ippolita_Maria_Sforza" title="Ippolita Maria Sforza">Ippolita</a>, wife of Alfonso of Aragon. On 6 June 1468 he was again in Genoa to welcome <a href="/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy" title="Bona of Savoy">Bona of Savoy</a> and escorted her together with his brother Tristan to Milan where, on 7 July, her wedding with Duke Galeazzo Maria took place. He was later appointed as the ambassador to the King of France and then to Bologna. In January 1471 he went to Venice on behalf of the duke. He was able to improve diplomatic reactions between the Duchy of Milan and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> by giving a speech which was well received by the <a href="/wiki/Doge_(title)" title="Doge (title)">doge</a>. In March 1471 he accompanied Duke Galeazzo Maria on his journey to Florence, and in August of the same year to Rome for the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a>. In September 1471 he journeyed to the court of Turin.<sup id="cite_ref-biograf_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biograf-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duke Galeazzo Maria seemed to have a particular fondness for Ludovico. In 1471, the Duke established in his will that should he die without grandchildren, the Duchy of Milan would pass to Ludovico even before the other brothers. Ludovico hid the Duke's well-known relationship with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucia_Marliani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucia Marliani (page does not exist)">Lucia Marliani</a>. A clear change occurred in 1476 when Ludovico was sent to France together with his brother Tristan in a sort of disguised exile. The Duke's wife, Bona, accused the two of having plotted to assassinate the duke, only to deny the accusation once she had made peace with Ludovico. It is unknown whether this was the reason for that exile, because according to the official version of Galeazzo Maria, it was his own brothers who asked him for permission to "go and see the world".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duke Galeazzo Maria was assassinated on 26 December 1476, at the hands of several high-ranking officials in the Milanese court. He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo Maria</a>, then only seven years old. Upon hearing the news, Ludovico hastily returned from France. Together with two other brothers, <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza" title="Ascanio Sforza">Ascanio</a> and Ottaviano, as well as the condottieri <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Sanseverino_d%27Aragona" title="Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona">Roberto Sanseverino</a>, Donato del Conte, and Ibletto Fieschi, Ludovico tried to oppose the regency of Bona, believing the duchy was in fact in the hands of the ducal councilor <a href="/wiki/Cicco_Simonetta" title="Cicco Simonetta">Cicco Simonetta</a>. The attempt failed and Ludovico was exiled to Pisa, Sforza Maria to Bari, and Ascanio to Perugia. Octavian tried to wade across the <a href="/wiki/Adda_(river)" title="Adda (river)">Adda</a> to escape and drowned. Roberto Sanseverino fled to France, Donato del Conte was imprisoned in Monza, and Ibletto Fieschi was imprisoned in the Castello Sforzesco. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cicco_Simonetta.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Cicco_Simonetta.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Cicco_Simonetta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>The powerful ducal councillor Cicco Simonetta, whom Moro had beheaded to "free" his sister-in-law and the government of Milan</figcaption></figure><p>In February 1479, Ludovico and Sforza Maria, supported by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferrante of Aragon</a>, entered the Republic of Genora with an army, where they joined Roberto Sanseverino and Ibletto Fieschi. The Duchess Bona and Cicco Simonetta convinced Federico Gonzaga and Ercole d'Este to gather a rival army and come to their rescue. </p><p>On 1 March 1479, Ludovico and his brother were declared rebels and enemies of the Duchy, and were denied the income they received by virtue of their mother's dowry. After carrying out looting in Pisa, the two returned to La Spezia. In mid-May, peace negotiations began between the two sides. </p><p>On 29 July, Sforza Maria died near Varese Ligure, allegedly poisoned on the order of Cicco Simonetta. Ferrante appointed Ludovica as the Duke of Bari, succeeding his brother. Following Roberto Sanseverino, on 20 August Ludovico resumed the march to Milan at the head of an army of 8,000 men, crossing the Passo di Centocroci and going up the Sturla Valley. On 23 August he took the citadel of Tortona after having convinced the Castellan Rafagnino Donati to join his cause. He then marched through to Sale, Castelnuovo Scrivia, Bassignana and Valenza. </p><p> After these successes, Simonetta sent Ercole d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, to stop the rebels. Many nobles close to the duchess pushed for reconciliation. Bona finally allowed herself to be persuaded by her lover, Antonio Tassino, who was probably in league with Ludovico, to forgive her brother-in-law. On 7 September, Ludovico entered the castle of Milan. Simonetta was untrusting of Ludovico, and firmly opposed reconciliation. He reportedly said to the Duchess Bona "I will lose my head and you, in time, will lose the state".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Profile_Lodovico.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Profile_Lodovico.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Profile_Lodovico.jpg/220px-Profile_Lodovico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Profile_Lodovico.jpg/330px-Profile_Lodovico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Profile_Lodovico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, portrait of Ludovico il Moro, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>, collection of Prince Trivulzio, Milan</figcaption></figure> <p>The Milanese Ghibelline nobility, which included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Pusterla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Pusterla (page does not exist)">Pietro Pusterla</a>, took advantage of Ludovico's presence in Milan to try to convince him to get rid of Simonetta, reminding him of all the sufferings that he and his brothers had suffered because of Simonetta.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludovico, however, did not consider Simonetta a danger and judged it unnecessary to condemn to death a man now quite old and sick with gout.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pietro Pusterla planned an armed revolt against the Simonetta and sought the support of the Marquis of Mantua and Monferrato as well as Giovanni Bentivoglio and Alberto Visconti. </p><p>Ludovico, fearing a popular uprising, was forced to imprison Simonetta and his brother Giovanni, who were held in the prisons of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">castle of Pavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Cicco_Simonetta_and_exile_of_Duchess_Bona">Death of Cicco Simonetta and exile of Duchess Bona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death of Cicco Simonetta and exile of Duchess Bona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having secured the city, Ludovico recalled his brother Ascanio and Roberto Sanseverino to Milan. He sent envoys to forge or re-establish alliances with <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, King Ferrante, and Pope Sixtus IV, and to prevent an alliance against him between the Swiss and the Republic of Venice. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Ghibelline nobility who had helped him in his rise to power, had lost Ludovico's favor and aligned themselves with his brother Ascanio. Ludovico, persuaded by Sanseverino, ordered the arrest of his brother and his exile in Ferrara. Pietro Pusterla, Giovanni Borromeo, Antonio Marliani, and many others of the Ghibelline faction were also exiled. </p><p> On 30 October, Cicco Simonetta was beheaded at <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a> in Pavia, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconteo Park</a>. The death of Simonetta benefited <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Tassino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Tassino (page does not exist)">Antonio Tassino</a>, Simonetta's rival at court, who became increasingly arrogant. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Corio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Corio (page does not exist)">The Corio</a> tells that when Ludovico and other Milanese nobles went to visit Tassino he would make them wait a long time outside the door until he had finished combing his hair. Tassino managed to convince Duchess Bona to replace Filippo Eustachi, prefect of the castle of Porta Giovia, with his father Gabriello. The prefect did not comply with the request and kept the oath made to the late Duke Galeazzo Maria to keep the castle until the age of majority of Gian Galeazzo.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg/220px-Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg/330px-Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg/440px-Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_testone_681662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Silver head of the second half of the fifteenth century showing on the right (left) the portrait of Duke Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza and on the reverse (right) that of his uncle Ludovico il Moro, his tutor</figcaption></figure><p> Ludovico decided to secretly bring his nephews Gian Galeazzo and Ermes into the castle, under the pretext of protecting them from the ambition of Tassino. He convened his council, and Bona was forced to sign the sentence of exile for Tassino and his family. Due to the forced separation from her lover, Bona gave signs of so-called hysteria. She tried to leave the duchy and threatened suicide if she was prevented, which persuaded Ludovico and Roberto Sanseverino to let her leave for France. On 3 November 1480, Bona ceded the regency to Ludovico, who was appointed tutor of the young duke Gian Galeazzo,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the insistence of his son, Ludovico decided to no longer reside in Abbiategrasso.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bona went into such fury at his departure that, forgetting all her honour and dignity, she too decided to leave and pass over the mountains, and this bad resolution could never be revoked; but forgetting every filial love of her, in the hands of Lodovico Sforza she renounced the protection of her children and of the state.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Corio" title="Bernardino Corio">Bernardino Corio</a>, Historia di Milano.</cite></div></blockquote><p>In 1481, perhaps orchestrated by Bona, there was an attempted poisoning against Ludovico and Roberto Sanseverino perpetrated by Cristoforo Moschioni, along with co-conspirators, the secretary of the Duchess Luigi Becchetti and the doctor Ambrogio Grifi. Moschioni was found innocent. The same year there was a second conspiracy planned by the Duchess against Ludovico, but once again it failed. The intercession of the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Savoy prevented Bona from facing trial. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_the_regency_of_the_duchy_(1480–1494)"><span id="To_the_regency_of_the_duchy_.281480.E2.80.931494.29"></span>To the regency of the duchy (1480–1494)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: To the regency of the duchy (1480–1494)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engagement_to_Beatrice_d'Este"><span id="Engagement_to_Beatrice_d.27Este"></span>Engagement to Beatrice d'Este</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Engagement to Beatrice d'Este"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Ludovico initially planned to become Duke of Milan by marrying his sister-in-law Bona. Bona, however, was in love with Tassino, and so sought an alternative marriage for Ludovico.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1480, she attempted to arrange a marriage with <a href="/wiki/Ercole_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Ercole d'Este's</a> eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este" title="Isabella d'Este">Isabella</a>. Unbeknownst to Bona, a few days earlier Isabella had been promised to Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. The second daughter <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice</a>, at the time only five years old, was instead selected for Ludovico.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright,_p._7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright,_p._7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludovico was persuaded by Bona and was supportive of the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engagement promised to be more convenient, as Beatrice lived at that time at the Aragonese court of Naples. Beatrice had been raised by King Ferrante, her grandfather, who was very fond of her. Ludovico saw this as an opportunity for an alliance with the king of Naples as well as with the Duke of Ferrara. King Ferrante accepted the engagement and the two were betrothed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beatrice remained in Ferrara until 1485, when Ludovica persuaded her family to allow her to return to Milan to be educated in a court more suited to her role.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzi,_pp._44-50_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzi,_pp._44-50-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/220px-Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/330px-Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/440px-Milano_-_Canonica_S._Ambrogio_-_04_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Ludovico il Moro. Rectory of the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan, located on the entrance portal to the basilica, next to the effigy of his wife.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_Ferrara">War of Ferrara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War of Ferrara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Ferrara_(1482%E2%80%931484)" title="War of Ferrara (1482–1484)">War of Ferrara (1482–1484)</a></div> <p>In 1482, the Republic of Venice along with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> entered into war against the Duchy of Ferrara. Ludovico and the Duchy of Milan entered the war in favour of his future father-in-law, Ercole d'Este. To support the war, Ludovico sent forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro" title="Federico da Montefeltro">Federico da Montefeltro</a>, then, after the death of da Montefeltro, his half-brother Sforza Secondo. The Venetian army was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Sanseverino_d%27Aragona" title="Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona">Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona</a>. On 6 January 1483, Pope Sixtus IV abandoned the alliance with the Venetians and allied with Ferrara. The Venetians, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_I_Sforza" title="Costanzo I Sforza">Costanzo Sforza</a>, devised a plan to make Ludovico abandon his alliance with Ferrara. On 15 July, the Venetian army crossed the Adda. Ludovico met with Alfonso of Aragon and other representatives of the alliance in Cremona and decided to immediately counterattack the Venetians. On 22 July, King Alfonso gathered the army in Monza. The following day the Venetian army led by Roberto Sanseverino, realizing that their plan had failed, retreated to Bergamo. </p><p> In the summer of 1483, Gian Francesco and <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Sanseverino" title="Galeazzo Sanseverino">Galeazzo Sanseverino</a>, Roberto's sons, defected from the Venetian camp to pass respectively to the service of Alfonso of Aragon and Ludovico. Ludovico and Galeazzo would become close friends, and they remained as such throughout their lives. On 10 August, Ludovico and his brother Ascanio marched to Bergamo, forcing the surrender of many castles and threatening Bergamo itself. They managed to capture <a href="/wiki/Romano_di_Lombardia" title="Romano di Lombardia">Romano</a> after a three-day siege after which Ludovico returned to Milan.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg/220px-Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg/330px-Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg/440px-Lodovico_Sforza._A._Locatelli_sculp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="4290" /></a><figcaption>Chalcography in Italian Iconography of famous men and women: Ludovico il Moro, by Antonio Locatelli, 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite repeated success, Ferrara and its allies were unable to deal a decisive defeat to the Venetians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 April 1484, the allies of Ferrara held a war council, meeting in the castle of Porta Giovia. There they decided to continue the war against the Republic of Venice, however, disagreements soon arose between Ludovico and Alfonso of Aragon. The Venetians, knowing that Ludovico had incurred massive debts in support of his father-in-law, offered him peace in exchange for money, provided that they retained control of the <a href="/wiki/Polesine" title="Polesine">Polesine</a>. Ludovico accepted and signed the agreement on 7 August in Bagnolo, against Ercole d'Este's wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_private_life">Marriage and private life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage and private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After the war, Ludovico's fiancée Beatrice had reached an age suitable for the wedding and her father was eager for a date to be set. Ludovico, however, as the Este ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Trotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Trotti (page does not exist)">Giacomo Trotti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Trotti" class="extiw" title="it:Giacomo Trotti">it</a>]</span> recorded, had met a woman named Cecilia Gallerani. She was described as being very beautiful and was often at Ludovico's side.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludovico postponed his marriage to Beatrice three times, frustrating his future in-laws, who believed that he no longer intended to marry their daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._43_e_46-472_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._43_e_46-472-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those close to Ludovico had been pressuring him for years to replace his nephew as the Duke of Milan,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wished for Beatrice to have a legitimate heir for him as soon as possible. In 1490, after thirteen months away, Ludovico's brother Gian Galeazzo consummated the marriage with his wife Isabella of Aragon, who within a few days found herself pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event caused on the one hand the irritation Ludovico's allies, and on the other convinced him of the need to marry Beatrice.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d'Este_(1475-1497).jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_(1475-1497).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_%281475-1497%29.jpg/220px-Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_%281475-1497%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_%281475-1497%29.jpg/330px-Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_%281475-1497%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_%281475-1497%29.jpg/440px-Miniatura_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_%281475-1497%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Miniature of <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice</a> at 19, contained in the donation certificate dated 28 January 1494 with which her husband assigned her numerous lands, now preserved in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <p>The wedding was set for the following January, and on 29 December 1490, the wedding procession left Ferrara to bring Beatrice to Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._51-58_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._51-58-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was accompanied by her mother and other relatives. Beatrice's brother Alfonso and cousin Ercole were to be married to two princesses of the Sforza house on the same occasion: the first Anna Maria, daughter of the late Galeazzo Maria and niece of Ludovico, the second Angela, daughter of Carlo Sforza and Bianca Simonetta (daughter of Cicco Simonetta).<sup id="cite_ref-biograf_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biograf-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 January 1491, in a simple ceremony, Ludovico married Beatrice in the Ducal Chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">castle of Pavia</a>. He had wanted the wedding to be celebrated in Pavia and not in Milan so as not to give the impression of attempting to challenge Gian Galeazzo, who had married Isabella of Aragon in the Duomo a few months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._51-58_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._51-58-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage was declared to have been immediately consummated and the next morning Ludovico left for Milan to finish the preparations for the wedding party. In truth, the marriage remained secretly unconsummated for over a month, as the spouses had only met in person the day prior to the wedding. Additionally Ludovico, who at the time was thirty-eight years old, respected the youth and innocence of his bride, then fifteen, and did not want to force her to consume in a hurry.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aroused new concerns from his father-in-law Ercole, who urged for the marriage to be consummated immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mazzi,_pp._59-62_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzi,_pp._59-62-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marital_bond">Marital bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marital bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After the marriage, Ludovico became enamoured with his new wife. "S.r Ludovico hardly ever takes his eyes off the Duchess of Bari" wrote Tebaldo Tebaldi in August 1492,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and already a short time after the wedding Galeazzo Visconti declared "There is such a great love between them that I don't think two people can love each other more".<sup id="cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._42-44_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._42-44-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludovico was often seen kissing and caressing his wife, and he would stand beside bed for most of the day when she was sick. In a letter he wrote of her: "she is dearer to me than the light of the sun".<sup id="cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._438-439_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._438-439-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain whether Beatrice reciprocated this affection, but some historians believe she did.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludovico's contemporaries noted, not without amazement, that Beatrice followed him everywhere, even in the course of her pregnancies. Her commitment to following Ludovico sometimes endangered her life, contrary to the custom of the time where women often remained to govern the house during their husbands absences. They were, in the short years they lived together, the model of an ideal couple.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittore_lombardo,_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino,_1490_ca..JPG"><img resource="/wiki/File:Pittore_lombardo,_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino,_1490_ca..JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pittore_lombardo%2C_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino%2C_1490_ca..JPG/220px-Pittore_lombardo%2C_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino%2C_1490_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pittore_lombardo%2C_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino%2C_1490_ca..JPG/330px-Pittore_lombardo%2C_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino%2C_1490_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pittore_lombardo%2C_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino%2C_1490_ca..JPG/440px-Pittore_lombardo%2C_ludovico_il_moro_a_letto_invoca_la_madonna_col_bambino%2C_1490_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="1919" /></a><figcaption>Ex voto to the Madonna of Ludovico back from a disease</figcaption></figure><p> The 15-year-old princess quickly charmed the Milanese court with her joyfulness and laughter. She loved extravagance, and helped make a reputation for Sforza Castle as a place of sumptuous festivals and balls. She enjoyed entertaining philosophers, poets, diplomats, and soldiers. Beatrice had good taste, and it is said that under her prompting her husband's patronage of artists became more selective. During this time artists such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> were employed at the court.<sup id="cite_ref-biograf_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biograf-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She would go on to give birth to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Sforza" title="Maximilian Sforza">Maximilian Sforza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Milan">Dukes of Milan</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Craving power and ready to take it, [...] Beatrice had revealed an unsuspected character, a vigor [...] sure sign of an extremely tenacious will and firm intentions. And the Moor ended up loving her more than anyone could have foreseen.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luciano Chiappini, Gli Estensi<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Correspondences between Ludovico and those close to him demonstrate the affection he held for Beatrice. In a letter written to his mother-in-law a few months after the birth of his first son, Ludovico told her how he approved of the baby and how "my wife and I, naked, carry him sometimes and we keep him between the two of us". Ludovico is noted for his concern to ensure his wife was satisfied at every whim. His correspondences also show a worry that she would discover times where he lied to her, for fear that she would no longer love him. He also attempted to shield her from tragedy, such as when Beatrice's mother passed in 1493. In a letter to his father-in-law, he apologized for the delaying the mourning ceremonies in Milan, as he was waiting for a better moment to tell Beatrice about her mother's death.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascension_as_Duke_of_Milan_and_the_Italian_Wars">Ascension as Duke of Milan and the Italian Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ascension as Duke of Milan and the Italian Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pala_sforzesca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pala_sforzesca.jpg/220px-Pala_sforzesca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pala_sforzesca.jpg/330px-Pala_sforzesca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pala_sforzesca.jpg/440px-Pala_sforzesca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Sforzesca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pala Sforzesca (page does not exist)">Pala Sforzesca</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1494</span>, by an unknown author: on the left, Ludovico with his son Cesare; on the right, Beatrice with her son <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Sforza" title="Maximilian Sforza">Ercole Massimiliano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gian Galeazzo and his wife Isabella, after their lavish marriage, left Milan to set up court in Pavia. Gian Galeazzo did not have the desire to rule and he was happy to leave his uncle Ludovico in charge. His wife Isabella, however, turned out to be more ambitious and came into conflict with her cousin Beatrice. After Beatrice gave birth on 25 January 1493 to their first son, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Sforza" title="Maximilian Sforza">Ercole Massimiliano</a>, she wished to have him, and not Isabella's son, appointed as Count of Pavia . The title of Count of Pavia was typically reserved for the heir to the Duchy of Milan. </p><p>Isabella requested the intervention of her grandfather King Ferrante of Naples, so that her husband, now of age, would be given control of the duchy. Ferrante, however, had no desire to intercede, fearing the possibility of starting a war. He declared that he loved both granddaughters in the same way and asked them to settle matters while he was alive.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ferrante died, his successor <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso</a> sided with his daughter Isabella. In an act of aggression against Ludovico, he occupied the city of Bari.<sup id="cite_ref-Corio,_p._1029_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corio,_p._1029-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corio,_p._1057_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corio,_p._1057-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To respond to the occupation, Ludovico allied himself with <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Maximilian</a> and with the King of France <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a>. King Charles mobilized his armies south and conquered the kingdom of Naples, which Charles considered his legitimate possession, having allegedly been stolen from France by the Argonese. Emperor Maximilian promised to publicly recognize Ludovico's succession to the duchy and to defend his interests, thus legitimizing the usurpation. To solidify the pact he married Bianca Maria Sforza, sister of the young Gian Galeazzo. This marriage brought him the sum of 400,000 ducats as a dowry, plus another 100,000 for the investiture, as well as many gifts. </p><p>On 11 September 1494, Charles VIII arrived in Asti and was received with great honors by Ludovico and Beatrice.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_p._48_e_564_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_p._48_e_564-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With him also came his cousin Louis d'Orléans, who believed he was entitled to the title Duke of Milan, being a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans">Valentina Visconti</a>. Despite the latent hostilities, the first months of the visit passed without issue, and Ludovico used the charm of his wife Beatrice to placate the French and thus distract them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Ludovico became jealous of a relationship forming between the Baron of Beauvau and his wife Beatrice, and he chose to send Beatrice back to Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duke_of_Milan">Duke of Milan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Duke of Milan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On 22 October 1494, Duke Gian Galeazzo died under mysterious circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, his was said to have died as a result of having not followed the treatment prescribed by his personal doctors for a long-term illness he suffered, and for the immoderate life he led. Unofficially, in the opinion of many prominent contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>, it was believed that the Duke was poisoned by his uncle Ludovico. Historian Malaguzzi Valeri disagrees with this opinion, pointing to how Ludovico was interested in the approval of his nephew, how he often sent him gifts such as dogs, horses and falcons, and how he was kept constantly informed of the care given to him. Valeri also notes that Gian Galeazzo had suffered stomach disorders since age 13 and that he continuously disobeyed the recommendations of doctors, continuing to drink large quantities of wine, going on fatiguing hunting trips, an engaging in a promiscuous sex life.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg/220px-Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg/330px-Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg/440px-Investitura_ducale_di_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>The ducal investiture of Ludovico il Moro, illuminated page by the Messale Arcimboldi in the Chapter Library of the Duomo of Milan. In the court at the top, on the left, Ludovico; in front of him, at the centre of the scene, Galeazzo Sanseverino, who has just received from his father-in-law the large golden banner with the black eagle; behind the latter, you can recognize the blond count of Melzo, who holds resting on his shoulder the sword received shortly before by his uncle; at the bottom, on the right, is finally the ranks of women, led by Duchess Beatrice.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ludovico immediately succeeded him with the support of the Milanese nobles, supplanting the legitimate heirs, thus reaching the apex of political power in the region. </p><p>It was during this time that Charles VIII conquered Naples, however, neither Ludovico nor his wife were particularly pleased with this victory. They had hoped Charles' campaign would frighten King Alfonso II and keep him engaged on another front, so as to distract him from Milan. Ludovico had counted on the fact that the lords of Italy, and especially Florence, would not let Charles pass. This defense was undermined by <a href="/wiki/Piero_il_Fatuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Piero il Fatuo">Piero de' Medici</a>, who until then had been the strongest ally of the king of Naples. Frightened, Piero ended up throwing himself at the feet of the king of France, granting him not only free passage to Tuscany but even Pisa and Livorno, plus the sum of 120,000 florins. At this point Ludovico began to worry about the excessive interference of the French in the region, and the blatant threats of the Duke of Orléans. He decided to abandon his alliance with France, siding instead with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_siege_of_Novara">The siege of Novara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The siege of Novara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To respond to the threats of the Duke of Orléans in regard to his aspirations for the Duchy of Milan, Ludovico planned to attack the Duke's stronghold of Asti. Unfortunately for Ludovico, the Duke of Orléans anticipated this move and countered it by occupying the cities of Novara and Vigevano.<sup id="cite_ref-Corio,_p._10772_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corio,_p._10772-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludovico, worried for his family's safety, retreated with his wife and children into the Rocca del Castello in Milan. Still feeling unsafe, Ludovico made plans with the Spanish ambassador to leave the duchy to take refuge in Spain. As Bernardino Corio writes, this was strongly opposed by his wife Beatrice and some members of the council, who convinced him to remain in Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-Corio,_p._10772_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corio,_p._10772-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation, however, remained unstable. Due to the expenses incurred for the investiture and dowry of Bianca Maria, the state was on the verge of financial collapse. There was no money to maintain the army and there was fear of a popular uprising. Some nobles and citizens were openly supportive of the Duke of Orléans.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, Ludovico suffered what some historians speculate was a stroke. His hand had become paralyzed, and he never left the bedroom and was rarely seen. "The Duke of Milan has lost his feelings," <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Malipiero" title="Domenico Malipiero">Malipiero</a> writes, "he abandons himself". To make matters worse, his father-in-law Ercole d'Este, together with the Florentines, was said to have secretly aligned themselves with the Duke of Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disaster was averted by his wife Beatrice who, while temporarily appointed governor of Milan,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ensured the loyalty of the nobles, then met with military captains in person at Vigevano to supervise their move against the Duke of Orleans. Some historians believe that if the Duke had attempted an assault on Milan at that time he would have taken it since the defences were severely weakened. Beatrice's demonstration of strength was perhaps able to make him believe the defences were stronger than they were, and so the Duke of Orleans did not make an attempt and instead retreated to Novara. This hesitation was fatal to his campaign, as it allowed the Milanese time to reorganize their troops and surround him, forcing him into a long siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanudo,_p._438_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanudo,_p._438-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Loys duc d'Orleans [...] en peu de jours mist en point une assez belle armée, avecques la quelle il entra dedans Noarre et icelle print, et en peu de jours pareillement eut le chasteau, laquelle chose donna grant peur à Ludovic Sforce et peu près que desespoir à son affaire, s'il n'eust esté reconforté par Beatrix sa femme [...] O peu de gloire d'un prince, à qui la vertuz d'une femme convient luy donner couraige et faire guerre, à la salvacion de dominer! </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Louis Duke of Orleans [...] in a few days he prepared a fairly fine army, with which he entered Novara and took it, and in a few days he also had the castle, which caused great fear to Ludovico Sforza and he was close to despair over his fate, had he not been comforted by his wife Beatrice [...] O little glory of a prince, to whom the virtue of a woman must give him courage and make war, for the salvation of the domain! </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Cronaca di Genova scritta in francese da Alessandro Salvago<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaglia_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Medaglia_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza.jpg/187px-Medaglia_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Medaglia_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza.jpg/281px-Medaglia_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Medaglia_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza.jpg/374px-Medaglia_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Silver reproduction (1989) of the testone that Ludovico had minted in 1497 with his own effigy on the one hand and of his wife Beatrice on the other, immediately after <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Death of Beatrice d'Este">her death</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaglia_Beatrice_d%27Este.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Medaglia_Beatrice_d%27Este.jpg/197px-Medaglia_Beatrice_d%27Este.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Medaglia_Beatrice_d%27Este.jpg/296px-Medaglia_Beatrice_d%27Este.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Medaglia_Beatrice_d%27Este.jpg/394px-Medaglia_Beatrice_d%27Este.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of the first examples of coinage of this type, testimony of great love and admiration towards his wife</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 6 July 1495, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo" title="Battle of Fornovo">Battle of Fornovo</a> took place. The Holy League's forces took heavy casualties but were unable to stop Charles' march to Asti.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor192114_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor192114-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Ludovico redirected 70 tons of bronze to be used to make cannons. The bronze was originally intended to be used for an equestrian statue designed by Leonardo da Vinci. </p><p>In early August, Ludovico, finally healed, returned to deal with the war, and together with his wife went to reside at the Novara camp. </p><p>On 24 September, a fight broke out in the camp between some German and Italian soldiers. While the exact cause of the fight is unknown, the Germans were said to have wanted to make "cruel revenge" against the Italians. Ludovico, fearing for his wife's safety, begged <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Gonzaga,_Marquess_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua">Francesco Gonzaga</a> to keep Beatrice safe.<sup id="cite_ref-s_620_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s_620-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gonzaga, "with an intrepid spirit", rode among the Germans and with great effort managed to mediate peace. Upon learning of Gonzaga's success "Ludovico became the happiest man in the world, seeming to him that he had recovered the State and his life, and together with wife's honor, for whose safety he feared more than for everything else".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the meantime, the surrender of the Duke or Orleans was greatly anticipated. The Novara garrison was decimated by famine and epidemics, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis d'Orleans</a> himself had fallen ill. In order to keep his men from surrendering, the Duke or Orleans falsely told them that the king would soon come to their rescue. This, of course, did not happen and he finally had to surrender, accepting an offer of safe conduct to the camp of King Charles. Of the few surviving soldiers, many died soon after from eating too much fruit after prolonged fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-Corio,_pp._1095-10992_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corio,_pp._1095-10992-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Beatrice d'Este managed to expel from Novara the Duke of Orleans, who had seized it, directly threatening Milan over which she boasted rights of possession. Peace was signed, and Charles returned to France, without having drawn any serious fruit from his enterprise. Lodovico Sforza rejoiced in this result. But it was a brief jubilae his.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Francesco Giarelli, Storia di Piacenza dalle origini ai nostri giorni<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Beatrice">Death of Beatrice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death of Beatrice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Death of Beatrice d'Este">Death of Beatrice d'Este</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_di_Ludovico_e_Beatrice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Monumento_di_Ludovico_e_Beatrice.jpg/188px-Monumento_di_Ludovico_e_Beatrice.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Monumento_di_Ludovico_e_Beatrice.jpg/282px-Monumento_di_Ludovico_e_Beatrice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Monumento_di_Ludovico_e_Beatrice.jpg/376px-Monumento_di_Ludovico_e_Beatrice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Beatrice_d_Este.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tomb_of_Beatrice_d_Este.jpg/188px-Tomb_of_Beatrice_d_Este.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tomb_of_Beatrice_d_Este.jpg/282px-Tomb_of_Beatrice_d_Este.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tomb_of_Beatrice_d_Este.jpg/376px-Tomb_of_Beatrice_d_Este.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a>, Tomb of Ludovico il Moro and Beatrice d'Este by <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Solari" title="Cristoforo Solari">Cristoforo Solari</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1496, while <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice</a> was expecting her third child, Ludovico met Lucrezia Crivelli, lady-in-waiting to his wife, who became his mistress. Beatrice, who previously had shown little jealously with her husbands infidelities,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> realized that Ludovico had this time fallen in love with Lucrezia. Beatrice opposed the relationship, however this did little to change Ludovico's actions. Lucrezia became pregnant with Ludovico's child only a few months after Beatrice had also become pregnant. She began to pull away from Ludovico, straining their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._270-271_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._270-271-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her sorrow deepend with the death of her closest friend <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Giovanna_Sforza" title="Bianca Giovanna Sforza">Bianca Giovanna Sforza</a>. Humiliated, embittered, and saddedned, Beatrice died in childbirth the night of 2 January 1497.<sup id="cite_ref-Corio,_pp._1102-1103_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corio,_pp._1102-1103-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ludovico_in_mourning">Ludovico in mourning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ludovico in mourning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_(casting_in_Pushkin_museum)_02_by_shakko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_02_by_shakko.jpg/192px-Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_02_by_shakko.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_02_by_shakko.jpg/288px-Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_02_by_shakko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_02_by_shakko.jpg/384px-Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_02_by_shakko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of the cenotaph with the effigy of Ludovico and Beatrice</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_(casting_in_Pushkin_museum)_06_by_shakko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_06_by_shakko.jpg/192px-Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_06_by_shakko.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_06_by_shakko.jpg/288px-Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_06_by_shakko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_06_by_shakko.jpg/384px-Effigies_of_Lodovico_Sforza_and_Beatrice_d%27Este_by_Cristoforo_Solari_%28casting_in_Pushkin_museum%29_06_by_shakko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><p> Ludovico, feeling he had betrayed his wife,<sup id="cite_ref-:22_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> went mad with grief and never recovered from <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Death of Beatrice d'Este">her death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-più_fonti_12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-più_fonti_12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been convinced that he would die before her, and had expected her to rule Milan until their children came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"And true, the death of Beatrice, the superb and intelligent Ferrarese, was a serious disaster for Ludovico il Moro. She was the soul of all his undertakings, she was the true queen of his heart and his court [...]. If the Duke of Bari [...] managed to represent on the theater of Europe a scene of much superior, as was observed, to his condition, it is largely due to this woman, vain feminally, if you will, and cruel, especially with the Duchess Isabella, but of resolute and tenacious character, of ready ingenuity, of soul open to all the seductions of luxury and to all the attractions of art. When it [...] failed [...] it was like a great storm that came to upset the soul of Ludovico. Nor did he ever recover from it; that death was the beginning of his misfortunes. Gloomy premonitions crossed his mind; it seemed to him that he had remained alone in a great stormy sea and inclined, fearfully, to asceticism. [...] the ghost of his beautiful and poor dead man was always before his spirit." (Rodolfo Renier, Gaspare Visconti<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</p></blockquote><p>For two weeks Ludovico locked himself in his apartments, allowed his beard to grow,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wore from then on only black clothes with a cloak torn up by a beggar. His only concern became the embellishment of the family mausoleum. The neglected Duchy fell into disrepair, and the Duke of Orléans, driven by fierce hatred of Ludovico, threatened a second campaign against Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calmeta,_p._25_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calmeta,_p._25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of Beatrice's death, Ludovico announced her passing to Marquis of Mantua <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Gonzaga,_Marquess_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua">Francesco Gonzaga</a>, husband of his sister-in-law Isabella, saying:<sup id="cite_ref-:192_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:192-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our illustrious bride, since labour pains came to her this night at two hours, gave birth to a dead male child at five hours, and at half-past six she gave back the spirit to God, whose bitter and immature mourning we find ourselves in so much bitterness and grief. How much it is possible to feel, and so much so that the more grateful we would have been to die first and not see us lack what was the dearest thing we had in this world</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mediolani, 3 Januarii 1497 hora undecima. Ludovicus M. Sfortia Anglus Dux Mediolani</cite></div></blockquote><p> He told the ambassador from Ferrara to relay a message to his father-in-law, Duke Ercole, asking for his forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"></p><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atto_di_donazione_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_al_convento_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie,_1497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Atto_di_donazione_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_al_convento_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie%2C_1497.jpg/152px-Atto_di_donazione_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_al_convento_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie%2C_1497.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Atto_di_donazione_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_al_convento_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie%2C_1497.jpg/228px-Atto_di_donazione_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_al_convento_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie%2C_1497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Atto_di_donazione_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_al_convento_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie%2C_1497.jpg/304px-Atto_di_donazione_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_al_convento_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie%2C_1497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1439" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The mourning of Ludovico: on the left, miniature depicting the act of donation of Ludovico to the convent of S. Maria delle Grazie (1497);</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg/232px-Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg" decoding="async" width="232" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg/348px-Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg/464px-Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">on the right, Fra' <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> presents <a href="/wiki/De_Divina_Proportione" class="mw-redirect" title="De Divina Proportione">De Divina Proportione</a> to the Duke (1498). The man next to Ludovico, also grieving, is perhaps his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Sanseverino" title="Galeazzo Sanseverino">Galeazzo Sanseverino</a>, recognizable by what seems to be the necklace of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Michael">order of St. Michael</a>. Both seem to have maintained <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a> even after the expiration of the canonical year.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marino_Sanuto_the_Younger" title="Marino Sanuto the Younger">Marino Sanuto the Younger</a> wrote in his diary of Ludovico after Beatrice's passing, "Whose death the duke could not bear for the great love that she brought him, and said that he no longer wanted to take care of either his children, or the state, or worldly things, and just wanted to live [...] and since then this duke began to feel great troubles, while before he had always lived happily".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were reports that Ludovico, during the funeral, wanted to remarry the deceased Beatrice as if she were alive, confirming their wedding vows.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He begged his brother-in-law Francis not to send anyone to console with him, "not to renew the pain".<sup id="cite_ref-:192_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:192-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused, with a few exceptions, to receive condolences from anyone. He imposed a rule on the ambassadors that no one was to speak of Beatrice anymore, nor to grieve or show sadness, and to only speak of matters of state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somewhat contradictorily, Ludovico took every opportunity to commemorate his wife himself, of whom he created almost a cult. In addition to having a coin minted with the effigy of her on the reverse,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> something that had never previously been done,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he started to more often use Beatrice's coat of arms officially. He also had an effigy of her reproduced on a ring she wore on her finger, replacing a head of a Roman emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Cristoforo Solari he commissioned a magnificent funeral monument with their two lying figures carved in marble, declaring that "he would one day rest next to his wife until the end of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mazzeri1986202_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mazzeri1986202-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a whole year, he vowed to eat standing on a tray supported by a servant, and imposed fasting at court every Tuesday, the day of his wife's death.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the castle he had a room decorated in all black, which became known as <i>Saletta Negra</i>, where he would go to mourn his wife in solitude. Whenever he traveled he had his quarters prepared in black.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every day he went at least twice to visit Beatrice's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ambassadors who wanted to talk to him found him more often at the tomb than in the castle. He became convinced that God was punishing him for his sins and, while this did increase his religiosity,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also began to take an interest in <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such visible manifestations of mourning were well noted by his contemporaries, however they were later interpreted by some historians as not being entirely genuine. This was due to the fact that although at first it seemed Ludovico had ended his relationship with Lucrezia Crivelli, in 1500 she found herself pregnant again.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this were the case, however, it is not clear what purpose the outward displays of grief served, nor why it continued for so long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzi200472_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzi200472-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the most critical moments, such as on the day of his escape from Milan, his last act was to visit his wife's tomb before leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall_and_aftermath">Downfall and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Downfall and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1500)" title="Battle of Novara (1500)">Battle of Novara (1500)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_Castello_Sforzesco_Nordostseite_Ponticella_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Milano_Castello_Sforzesco_Nordostseite_Ponticella_2.jpg/180px-Milano_Castello_Sforzesco_Nordostseite_Ponticella_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Milano_Castello_Sforzesco_Nordostseite_Ponticella_2.jpg/270px-Milano_Castello_Sforzesco_Nordostseite_Ponticella_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Milano_Castello_Sforzesco_Nordostseite_Ponticella_2.jpg/360px-Milano_Castello_Sforzesco_Nordostseite_Ponticella_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="3428" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The so-called Bridge of Ludovico il Moro in the Castello Sforzesco</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1763_-_Milano_-_Castello_sforzesco_-_Ponticella_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_24-Sept-2007a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1763_-_Milano_-_Castello_sforzesco_-_Ponticella_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_24-Sept-2007a.jpg/204px-1763_-_Milano_-_Castello_sforzesco_-_Ponticella_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_24-Sept-2007a.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1763_-_Milano_-_Castello_sforzesco_-_Ponticella_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_24-Sept-2007a.jpg/306px-1763_-_Milano_-_Castello_sforzesco_-_Ponticella_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_24-Sept-2007a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1763_-_Milano_-_Castello_sforzesco_-_Ponticella_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_24-Sept-2007a.jpg/408px-1763_-_Milano_-_Castello_sforzesco_-_Ponticella_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_24-Sept-2007a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Where the Saletta Negra was located</div></div></div></div></div><p> Charles VIII died childless in 1498, with the Duke of Orleans succeeding him as Louis XII of France. As King, he decided to take revenge for the humiliation he felt he suffered because of Ludovico, and began a second expedition against the Duchy of Milan. Lacking the valuable help of his wife Beatrice, Ludovico proved unable to deal with the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Altavilla,_p.4_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altavilla,_p.4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Lodovico, who used to draw every vigour of mind from the provident and strong advice of his wife Beatrice d'Este, having been kidnapped by her death a few years earlier, found himself isolated and devoid of daring and courage to the point that he did not see another escape against the fiery storm that threatened him if not in fleeing. And so he did.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Raffaele Altavilla, Breve compendio di storia Lombarda<sup id="cite_ref-Altavilla,_p.4_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altavilla,_p.4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>Louis XII entrusted the leadership of the army for the conquest of Milan to the famous leader Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, a personal enemy of Ludovico.<sup id="cite_ref-:024_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:024-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludovico chose to withdraw the troops he had stationed in Pisa, leaving control of the city to Venice. He subsequently reversed his alliance with Venice and helped Florence re-conquer Pisa in an effort to strengthen his alliance with them. Ludovico's hope was that Florence would help him at least diplomatically against the arrival of King Louis XII. These actions did not have the intended outcome. Venice allied themselves with Louis XII against Ludovico, and his alliance with Florence was not made stronger. Because of this, Louis XII's army was able to pass easily into Italy. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandi_Casate_Italiane_nel_1499.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grandi_Casate_Italiane_nel_1499.png/300px-Grandi_Casate_Italiane_nel_1499.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grandi_Casate_Italiane_nel_1499.png/450px-Grandi_Casate_Italiane_nel_1499.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grandi_Casate_Italiane_nel_1499.png/600px-Grandi_Casate_Italiane_nel_1499.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Italy around the end of the 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Ludovico chose to flee, and on 1 September 1499, left Milan together with his sons and his brother Ascanio took refuge in Innsbruck with Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg. Three of the Sanseverino brothers, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Sanseverino" title="Galeazzo Sanseverino">Galeazzo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspare_Sanseverino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspare Sanseverino (page does not exist)">Fracasso</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Sanseverino" class="extiw" title="it:Gaspare Sanseverino">it</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Maria_Sanseverino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Maria Sanseverino (page does not exist)">Antonio Maria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Sanseverino" class="extiw" title="it:Antonio Maria Sanseverino">it</a>]</span> came with him to Innsbruck, however <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianfrancesco_Sanseverino_d%27Aragona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianfrancesco Sanseverino d'Aragona (page does not exist)">Gian Francesco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Sanseverino_d%27Aragona" class="extiw" title="it:Gianfrancesco Sanseverino d'Aragona">it</a>]</span> instead switched sides and went to the service of the King of France. Immediately after the departure of the Ludovico, thanks in part to a revolt of the Milanese people oppressed by taxes, Trivulzio entered triumphantly in Milan. This event marked the start of a period of wars and foreign invasions in the Italian peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> directly blamed Ludovico and the policy he carried out, a judgment which many historians have agreed with over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Venice there were rumors that Ludovico, now in Germany, had gone mad. It was said that he had converted to Islam, had stabbed his son-in-law Galeazzo to death and wounded his brother Ascanio, and that he had been imprisoned. These rumors were, however, false.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Milan, the local population suffered under the occupation by the French. Upon hearing of this, Ludovico hired a Swiss mercenary army at the beginning of 1500. With the help of his brother Ascanio and the Sanseverino brothers, he was able to regain possession of Milan. Here, almost redeemed in the eyes of the Milanese, he declared to the people that he was now much delighted by the "craft of arms", and that "he liked the name of captain more than of lord".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation turned for the worse during the siege of Novara, when his Swiss mercenaries refused to participate in the battle. Novara had been recaptured by Ludovico and the Sanseverino brothers, but the French quickly returned and laid siege to the city. On 10 April 1500, the Swiss garrison was leaving Novara, passing a group of Swiss soldiers on the French side. French officers were posted to oversee their exit. As the disguised Ludovico passed the French, one mercenary, Hans Turmann of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, gave away his identity. He was apprehended by the French along with the Sanseverino brothers. A few days later, Ascanio, who had attempted to escape to Germany, was also captured.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Priuli_(1476%E2%80%931547)" title="Girolamo Priuli (1476–1547)">Girolamo Priuli</a> comments in this regard: "Trivulzio, seeing these prisoners, and above all Signor Ludovico, thought oh, what joy!!".<sup id="cite_ref-:024_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:024-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French were able to return and retake Milan, who lost its independence and remained under foreign domination for 360 years. Among the spoils of war taken by the French there was the great Visconti-Sforza Library<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was located in the castle of Pavia. It consisted of over 900 manuscripts, including some that belonged to Francesco Petrarca. Of the codices of the library of the Dukes of Milan, 400 are still preserved today at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, while others ended up in Italian, European or American libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French rewarded the mercenary Turmann for his betrayal of the Milanese with 200 gold crowns, corresponding to roughly five years' salary. Turmann decided to desert the army, and escaped to France, but after three years he returned home to Uri. Turmann was then immediately arrested for treason, and on the following day he was executed by decapitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1832_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1832-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment_and_death">Imprisonment and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imprisonment and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludovico was taken prisoner to France, passing through Asti, Susa, and Lyon, where he arrived on 2 May. Emperor Maximilian petitioned Louis XII to free Ludovico, however the king refused to do so, instead choosing to humiliate the former duke, refusing to even meet with him. Ludovico was still considered a special prisoner, and was allowed to go fishing and receive friends. In 1501, news spread to Venice that Ludovico was becoming unstable, that "his brain was wavering a lot".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king sent his personal physician to treat him, along with a court dwarf to cheer him up.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludovico was first detained at the castle of Pierre-Scize, then at Lys-Saint-Georges near Bourges. In 1504 he was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Loches" title="Château de Loches">castle of Loches</a> where he was given more freedom. In 1508, Ludovico attempted to escape, but after his failure he was further deprived of amenities including his books. He spent the rest of his life in the castle's dungeon, where he died on 27 May 1508. </p><p> The Swiss later restored the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> to Ludovico's son, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Sforza" title="Maximilian Sforza">Maximilian Sforza</a>. His other son, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II</a>, also held the duchy for a short period. Francesco II died in 1535, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">Italian War of 1536–1538</a>, as a result of which Milan passed to the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish Empire</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novara_1500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Novara_1500.jpg/220px-Novara_1500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Novara_1500.jpg/330px-Novara_1500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Novara_1500.jpg/440px-Novara_1500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>Sforza is handed over to the French. Illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Lucerne_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucerne Chronicle">Lucerne Chronicle</a> (1513).</figcaption></figure> <p>The memory of Ludovico was clouded for centuries by Machiavelli's accusation that he 'invited' Charles VIII to invade Italy, paving the way for subsequent foreign domination. The charge was perpetuated by later historians who espoused the idea of national independence. More recent historians, however, placing the figure of Ludovico in its Renaissance context, have reevaluated his merits as a ruler and given a more equitable assessment of his achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_personality">Appearance and personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Appearance and personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ludovico_"the_tyrant""><span id="Ludovico_.22the_tyrant.22"></span>Ludovico "the tyrant"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ludovico "the tyrant""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> While a good duke in times of peace, Ludovico faltered during times of war. Ludovico is described as a man with a mild, conciliatory character, who detested all forms of violence and cruelty. He made efforts to keep away from battlefields, and refrained from inflicting harsh punishments on the guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In public as well as private life, the figure of Lodovico appears undoubtedly nice, even if he cannot be called a great figure. Good-natured, a lover of peace, alien as far as he could from those dangerous daring that had made his duchy strong thanks to the initiative of some of his ancestors, and powerful and feared his family, for twenty years he devoted almost exclusively its activity in favour of the citizens and its own. Elegant, handsome figure (the poets praised his shape), cultured, good writer in the vernacular and in Latin, witty, encourager of letters [...] pleasant orator, lover of happy conversations and of music, certainly more than he was of painting, [...]; passionate farmer and introducer by us of new crops and agricultural industries, modern of ideas in wanting provident and liberal laws – his shouting proves it – Lodovico il Moro, if he does not overshadow a commonality of a few years with everything that concerns him, he is, in our view, the most attractive, the most complete figure of a gentleman of the Italian Renaissance.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Malaguzzi_Valeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri (page does not exist)">Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri</a>, La corte di Ludovico il Moro etc.</cite></div></blockquote><p>Many historians, therefore, believe he does not deserve the title of "tyrant" that is sometimes attributed to him, which if anything belongs to his brother <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza" title="Galeazzo Maria Sforza">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a>. As the duke before Ludovico, Galeazzo used to torment his subjects and even his friends with unspeakable torture and cruelty. Galeazzo was known to take the wives of others for his own pleasure, to such an extent that is widely considered the motivation for his alleged assassination in 1476.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg/153px-Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg/230px-Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg/306px-Herzog_Ludovico_von_Mailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>Cameo of Ludovico, Domenico de' Cameos, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1495</span></figcaption></figure><p>Ludovico perhaps took this example as a warning, and was rarely roused to anger. It was said that even in the last years of his life while imprisoned by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, deprived of his state, his title, his wealth, and even his own children, Ludovico wrote papers on "the things of Italy" for Louis XII himself. In this, he explained to the King what was the best way to govern Lombardy, encouraged him to flatter the Florentines, not to antagonize the Pope, and never to trust the Venetians.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludovico was quite tall for the time, between 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) and 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in) in height, however he was by no means physically fit.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appreciated good food and above all he loved the <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">mullets</a> that his father-in-law Ercole sometimes sent him. Aliprando Caprioli says: "he was not well disposed of body, but beautiful of face, and of generous presence".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years Ludovico gained more and more weight until the death of his wife when he began to lose weight due to his continuous fasting. After being captured he became "fatter than ever", as described by ambassador Domenico Trevisan, having become accustomed to imprisonment and being well-fed by King Louis XII.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Due to his size, he did not wear the tight-fitting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farsetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farsetti (page does not exist)">farsetti</a> typical of young men and <a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">condottieri</a>, but rather baggy clothes that fell just above the knee. He had broad shoulders and highlighted them with solid gold chains, as can be seen in the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Sforzesca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pala Sforzesca (page does not exist)">Sforza Altarpiece.</a> From an early age, he had dark eyes, dark hair, and a dark complexion, and it was from these dark features where his nickname "The Moor" was derived. The Ferrarese chronicler Girolamo Ferrarini, who met him twenty-five years old in 1477, describes him as being "of noble and beautiful appearance, although he is brown in the face".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1492, the Venetian ambassadors called him a "beautiful man".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his later years he suffered from several diseases, such as gout and asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7580_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Museo_del_Paesaggio_(Verbania)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_8-Jan-2012a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/7580_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Museo_del_Paesaggio_%28Verbania%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_8-Jan-2012a.jpg/220px-7580_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Museo_del_Paesaggio_%28Verbania%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_8-Jan-2012a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/7580_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Museo_del_Paesaggio_%28Verbania%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_8-Jan-2012a.jpg/330px-7580_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Museo_del_Paesaggio_%28Verbania%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_8-Jan-2012a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/7580_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Museo_del_Paesaggio_%28Verbania%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_8-Jan-2012a.jpg/440px-7580_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_-_Museo_del_Paesaggio_%28Verbania%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_8-Jan-2012a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Ludovico il Moro. Round from the Renaissance frieze torn from the Visconti castle of Invorio Inferiore. Landscape Museum in Verbania-Pallanza.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Ludovico was known to be prodigal with his friends, very liberal, condescending, and thoughtful. He was not an energetic man unless spurred to action. Later in life, perhaps as a result of a stroke, he became increasingly contradictory and unstable.<sup id="cite_ref-:133_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:133-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Porzio" title="Camillo Porzio">Camillo Porzio</a> said of Ludovico:<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ludovico Sforza, who wanted to be superhuman in the councils, and in his work appeared little more than a female [...]</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Porzio" title="Camillo Porzio">Camillo Porzio</a>, La congiura de' baroni del Regno di Napoli etc.</cite></div></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a>, who instead has very harsh words for Beatrice, describes him as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Very human and very easy to give audience and his soul is never overcome by anger. Moderately and with great patience he gave reason, and with singular liberality, he favoured illustrious geniuses either in letters or in the noble arts. And finally, when famine or plague came, he took great care of provisions and health care; removed the rubbings, and straightened the clumsy buildings of the city, he brought so much splendour and wealth to Lombardy, that by all he was called builder of golden peace, public security and grace.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a>, Istoria del suo tempo</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lodovico_Sforza,_duca_di_Bari.jpeg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Lodovico_Sforza,_duca_di_Bari.jpeg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lodovico_Sforza%2C_duca_di_Bari.jpeg/220px-Lodovico_Sforza%2C_duca_di_Bari.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lodovico_Sforza%2C_duca_di_Bari.jpeg/330px-Lodovico_Sforza%2C_duca_di_Bari.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lodovico_Sforza%2C_duca_di_Bari.jpeg/440px-Lodovico_Sforza%2C_duca_di_Bari.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3974" /></a><figcaption>Ludovico Duke of Bari, early 90s. Marble bas-relief by <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Briosco" class="extiw" title="it:Benedetto Briosco">Benedetto Briosco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ludovico was sometimes prideful, as in 1496 when he boasted that Pope Alexander was his chaplain, Emperor Maximilian his general, Venice his chamberlain, and the King of France his courier who had to come and go to Italy at his will. Guicciardini, who referred to Ludovico as the "arbiter of Italy",<sup id="cite_ref-:122_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called him "a very vigilant prince of very acute ingenuity".<sup id="cite_ref-:17_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Trotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Trotti (page does not exist)">Giacomo Trotti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Trotti" class="extiw" title="it:Giacomo Trotti">it</a>]</span> called him a man who "does not love a person except out of fear or need" and said "he is mendacious, he is vindictive, very greedy, without shame, greedy for other people's things ... in superlative pusillanimous, not to be trusted ... he is ambitious and never says good about anyone." He adds that he was the type of person who first says one thing then does another, who had no love for anyone and no one loved him, and who was convinced that he could underestimate the other powerful of Italy. For this, Trotti claimed that he had no true friends.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chronicler Andrea Prato, who harshly reproaches him for having preferred Galeazzo Sanseverino to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, paints a merciless picture, saying that he was indeed of rare and prudent intellect, but fearful to such an extent that he seemed to abhor not only battles but even to hear about atrocious and cruel things. Prato believed this was why he was not loved by soldiers, who want a spirited gentleman to stand by their side and expose himself to danger with them.<sup id="cite_ref-:133_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:133-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his wife, he found a woman of strong character and a lover of war who was able to make up for her husband's failings. Beatrice was his most faithful and valid collaborator, so much so that her death marked his downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-più_fonti_1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-più_fonti_1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludovico trusted Beatrice blindly, granted her great freedom, and entrusted her with important tasks, making her always a participant in the councils and negotiations of war. As a husband he was, therefore, well thought of, had not been for the continuous affairs. Some historians claimed that he beat his wife, but the confusion seems to arise from a letter from 1492, in which it is written that the Duke of Milan had "beaten" his wife. The Duke of Milan at that time was Gian Galeazzo, who was known to mistreat his wife Isabella. Ludovico was never known to make such a gesture towards that woman who he "loved more than himself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright1926276_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright1926276-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a father, he was attentive, loving, and present. He showed great love above all towards his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Giovanna_Sforza" title="Bianca Giovanna Sforza">Bianca Giovanna</a>, and found the pain of her untimely death unbearable.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Love_for_the_land">Love for the land</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Love for the land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Ludovico's greatest passions, more than women, more than food, and more than the government, was agriculture. Ludovico liked to remember that his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Attendolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo Attendolo">Muzio Attendolo</a>, was born a farmer before becoming a leader. Ludovico was an expert at growing vines and mulberries, as well as the famous <i>moròn,</i> which fed the silkworms that made the Milanese industry famous. He established his own farm near <a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a>, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Sforzesca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sforzesca">Sforzesca</a>,</i> with the adjacent field <i>the Pecorara</i> where various species of cattle, sheep and other animals were bred. Ludovico loved his farm and he often visited with his wife Beatrice, who like him was a lover of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was no coincidence that he employed <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> almost more as an engineer than as an artist, using his knowledge to build a series of aqueducts for irrigating the lands that were naturally arid. In the end he decided, by the official act of 28 January 1494, to donate the Sforzesca, along with many other lands, to his beloved Beatrice.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludovico also invested in horse and cattle breeding, as well as the metal industry. Some 20,000 workers were employed in the silk industry. He sponsored extensive work in civil and military engineering, such as canals and fortifications, continued work on the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Milan">Cathedral of Milan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa of Pavia</a>, and had the streets of Milan enlarged and adorned with gardens. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> flourished under him. There were some protests at the heavy taxation necessary to support these ventures, and a few riots resulted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astrology">Astrology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Astrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps because of his own insecurities, Ludovico was obsessed with <a href="/wiki/Astrologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologia">astrology</a>, so much so that the courtiers of Ferrara noticed that in Milan nothing was done unless <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrogio_da_Rosate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrogio da Rosate (page does not exist)">Ambrose of Rosate</a>, astrologer and personal doctor of Ludovico, had first consulted the stars.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture">Culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludovico was a cultured man. He knew Latin and French and would often listen to the daily reading and commentary of the <a href="/wiki/Divina_Commedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Divina Commedia">Divine Comedy</a> that the humanist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Grifo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Grifo (page does not exist)">Antonio Grifo</a> kept at the behest of the Duchess Beatrice.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her death and his capture, Ludovico asked to be able to keep a book of Dante's work. He read this continuously during his captivity, even going as far as to translate it into French on the walls of his cell.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ludovico_"the_seducer""><span id="Ludovico_.22the_seducer.22"></span>Ludovico "the seducer"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ludovico "the seducer""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludovio was endowed with great charm and charisma, and became known as a seducer in his younger years. His contemporary, historian <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>, claimed (probably falsely) that Ludovico had fallen in love with his niece <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Duchess_of_Milan" title="Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan">Isabella of Aragon</a>, which Guicciardini believed led him to make a deal with his nephew so that he did not consummate their marriage. Guicciardini boasted, in 1498, that it was out of jealousy of his wife that the Marquis <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Gonzaga,_Marquess_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua">Francesco Gonzaga</a> played the "double game" between him and the Lordship of Venice, insinuating a relationship between Ludovico and his sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este" title="Isabella d'Este">Isabella d'Este</a>. These rumors spread to Venice and angered both the Marquis and his father-in-law Ercole, who were quick to deny them. While Isabella certainly always had a soft spot for Ludovico and envied her sister Beatrice for her fortunate marriage, wealth, and children, there is no proof that she was actually his mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lovers">Lovers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lovers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:351px;max-width:351px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_(adjusted_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woman in a black and white Sketch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/169px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/254px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/338px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2754" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cecilia Gallerani as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_with_an_Ermine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lady with an Ermine">The Lady with an Ermine</a></i>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re,Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woman in a colored portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re%2CLeonardo_da_Vinci_-_Louvre.jpg/174px-La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re%2CLeonardo_da_Vinci_-_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re%2CLeonardo_da_Vinci_-_Louvre.jpg/261px-La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re%2CLeonardo_da_Vinci_-_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re%2CLeonardo_da_Vinci_-_Louvre.jpg/348px-La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re%2CLeonardo_da_Vinci_-_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="2781" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_belle_ferronni%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="La belle ferronnière">La belle ferronnière</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> is believed either Lucrezia Crivelli or Beatrice d'Este</div></div></div></div></div> <p><br /> Despite his great love for his wife, Ludovico had lovers both before and during their marriage, like many other gentlemen of the time. The first two of which there are records are Romana and Bernardina de' Corradis, probably both of low social status. In July 1485, Ludovico spoke in a letter "of the pleasure that I already took a few days ago with a young Milanese, notable by blood, very honest and beautiful as much as I could have desired". Some historians identify this woman as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabella_Gallerani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabella Gallerani (page does not exist)">Isabella Gallerani</a>, while others believe it is probably his previously known lover <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani" title="Cecilia Gallerani">Cecilia Gallerani</a>, both sisters of Galeazzo Gallerani.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecilia officially appeared at court in the summer of 1489, when the ambassador Giacomo Trotti attributed the cause of a certain mood of Ludovico to "too much coitus with one of his girls whom he took with him, very beautiful, several days ago, who goes after him everywhere". Cecilia remained at court until early in 1491, when she was ousted by the new Duchess Beatrice. For some time after this, there were no more mention of lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._43_e_46-472_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._43_e_46-472-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Between February and March 1495, coinciding with the birth of his second child, Ludovico had an affair with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabella_Trotti_da_Casate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabella Trotti da Casate (page does not exist)">Isabella Trotti da Casate</a>, a friend of Isabella d'Este. A letter addressed from da Casate to Ludovico at the time suggests that Ludovico did now want her to call herself his lover, perhaps out of respect for his wife Beatrice who read all his correspondences. Shortly afterwards he began his well-known relationship with <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Crivelli" title="Lucrezia Crivelli">Lucrezia Crivelli</a>, herself already married, which caused a crisis in his marriage. It was rumoured at the time that Ludovico had not slept with Beatrice in months, instead investing his efforts in his affair with Lucrezia<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Despite the strain on their marriage, Beatrice continued to love Ludovico, who in turn still showed outward affection for her.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship with Lucrezia officially lasted until the defeat of Ludovico, despite his phase of rigorous asceticism following the death of his wife. Upon his capture, Lucrezia sought refuge with the marquises of Mantua, along with the son they had had together and the enormous wealth she had accumulated.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_San_Vittore_dal_basso_museo_del_Duomo_di_Milano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Statua_di_San_Vittore_dal_basso_museo_del_Duomo_di_Milano.jpg/220px-Statua_di_San_Vittore_dal_basso_museo_del_Duomo_di_Milano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Statua_di_San_Vittore_dal_basso_museo_del_Duomo_di_Milano.jpg/330px-Statua_di_San_Vittore_dal_basso_museo_del_Duomo_di_Milano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Statua_di_San_Vittore_dal_basso_museo_del_Duomo_di_Milano.jpg/440px-Statua_di_San_Vittore_dal_basso_museo_del_Duomo_di_Milano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption>Possible portrait of <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Sanseverino" title="Galeazzo Sanseverino">Galeazzo Sanseverino</a> in the guise of San Vittore il Moro. Statue in the collection of the Great Museum of the Duomo of Milan, late fifteenth century.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is speculated that Ludovico had another lover, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graziosa_Maggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graziosa Maggi (page does not exist)">Graziosa Maggi</a>, however, the exact nature of their relationship is uncertain. Graziosa was a lady of Beatrice's court, called "Graziosa Pia" because she was the wife of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Pio_di_Carpi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludovico Pio di Carpi (page does not exist)">Ludovico Pio di Carpi</a>, to whom Ludovico made a generous <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1498, he addressed a letter to her in which he said, "We will remind you of this alone: that you are loved by us only, thus deserving your virtues and customs."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another potential affair was had with Ippolita Fioramonte, another young lady in Beatrice's court. This affair is only speculative, with the main evidence being that after the death of the duchess, Ludovico became very protective of Ippolita, bestowing on her a large dowry. <sup id="cite_ref-:13_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his life, some also suspected an affair between Ludovico and Chiara Gonzaga, sister of Marquis Francesco, however, Ludovico was quick to quell these rumours, and it is today believed they were merely friends.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the many rumours surrounding Ludovico's affairs, one of the most notable involves <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Sanseverino" title="Galeazzo Sanseverino">Galeazzo Sanseverino</a>. Ludovico was close friends with Sanseverino, continuously bestowing him with honours and privileges, to the point of marrying him to his daughter and appointing him regent together with his wife Beatrice.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galeazzo was a confidant for all of Ludovico's secrets and acquired so much power in Milan that Ambassador Trotti wrote to the Duke of Ferrara: "It seems to me that this Messer Galeazzo is Duke of Milan because he can do what he wants and has whatever he asks and desires."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  He served his father-in-law faithfully and, although he was not as skilled in war as his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspare_Sanseverino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspare Sanseverino (page does not exist)">Fracasso</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Sanseverino" class="extiw" title="it:Gaspare Sanseverino">it</a>]</span>, he was appointed as captain-general of the Sforza army from 1488 until Ludovico's capture.<sup id="cite_ref-:024_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:024-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some, such as <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Comines</a>, ascribed this behavior to nothing more than a close filial relationship,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others believed their relationship to be more sexual in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francesco Gonzaga openly accused Galeazzo of prostituting himself to Ludovico, and others believed that the two were engaged in sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If he was a lord of great genius and valiant man, and so lacked the cruelty and many vices that tyrants usually have, and could for many considerations be called a virtuous man, these virtues too were obscured and covered by many vices; because he was dishonest in the sin of sodomy and, as many said, still as an old man no less patient than an agent; he was stingy, varied, changeable and of little spirit; but that because he found less compassion was an infinite ambition, which, to be the arbiter of Italy, forced him to let King Charles pass and fill Italy with barbarians.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>, Storia fiorentina.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The practice of sodomy, according to the <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">ancient Greek custom</a>, was widespread at that time, and many other lords were known to engage in it.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_nickname_"Moro""><span id="Origin_of_the_nickname_.22Moro.22"></span>Origin of the nickname "Moro"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Origin of the nickname "Moro""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludovico earned the nickname "Moro", the Moor, as a child. Crowds would often call him this he paraded through the cities of the Duchy. The <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> were Africans and <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a>, and so the most likely reason for this nickname was because of Ludovico's bronze complexion, raven hair and black eyes, as visible from many of his portraits<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as confirmed by the contemporary chronicler Gian Andrea Prato:<sup id="cite_ref-:133_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:133-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was this Signor Ludovico Sforza with the negligence of colour nicknamed Moro; so appealed initially by his father Francesco and his mother Bianca, Duchi de Milano, in the early years, while with him still a child, mildly reasoning they joked.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giovanni Andrea Prato, Cronaca milanese</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ludovico_in_art">Ludovico in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ludovico in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Ludovico and his court are frequent subjects in the art of the nineteenth century. During the romantic period, events such as the deep sorrow for the death of his wife Beatrice, the alleged poisoning of Duke Gian Galeazzo, and the presence of artists of the calibre of Leonardo da Vinci, inspired painters such as Giambattista Gigola (1816–1820), Giuseppe Diotti (1823), Francesco Gonin (1845), Francesco Podesti (1846), Cherubino Cornienti (1840 and 1858), Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale (1920). </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1112px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LA_CORTE_DI_LUDOVICO_IL_MORO_di_Giuseppe_Diotti_(1823).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The court of Ludovico il Moro, Giuseppe Diotti (1823). Starting from the left: a page opens the door to the secretary Bartolomeo Calco. At the centre of the scene are seated Cardinal Ascanio, Duchess Beatrice and Duke Ludovico, to whom Leonardo da Vinci is showing the project for the fresco of the Last Supper. Around them are recognizable some other great personalities of the court: on the left Bramante speaks with the mathematician Fra' Luca Pacioli; on the right the musician Franchino Gaffurio, who reads a score, the poet Bernardo Bellincioni, crowned with laurel, and the historian Bernardino Corio, with his Historia di Milano under his arm.[134]"><img alt="The court of Ludovico il Moro, Giuseppe Diotti (1823). Starting from the left: a page opens the door to the secretary Bartolomeo Calco. At the centre of the scene are seated Cardinal Ascanio, Duchess Beatrice and Duke Ludovico, to whom Leonardo da Vinci is showing the project for the fresco of the Last Supper. Around them are recognizable some other great personalities of the court: on the left Bramante speaks with the mathematician Fra' Luca Pacioli; on the right the musician Franchino Gaffurio, who reads a score, the poet Bernardo Bellincioni, crowned with laurel, and the historian Bernardino Corio, with his Historia di Milano under his arm.[134]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LA_CORTE_DI_LUDOVICO_IL_MORO_di_Giuseppe_Diotti_%281823%29.jpeg/235px-LA_CORTE_DI_LUDOVICO_IL_MORO_di_Giuseppe_Diotti_%281823%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="235" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LA_CORTE_DI_LUDOVICO_IL_MORO_di_Giuseppe_Diotti_%281823%29.jpeg/353px-LA_CORTE_DI_LUDOVICO_IL_MORO_di_Giuseppe_Diotti_%281823%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LA_CORTE_DI_LUDOVICO_IL_MORO_di_Giuseppe_Diotti_%281823%29.jpeg/470px-LA_CORTE_DI_LUDOVICO_IL_MORO_di_Giuseppe_Diotti_%281823%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The court of Ludovico il Moro,</i> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Diotti" title="Giuseppe Diotti">Giuseppe Diotti</a> (1823). Starting from the left: a page opens the door to the secretary Bartolomeo Calco. At the centre of the scene are seated Cardinal Ascanio, Duchess Beatrice and Duke Ludovico, to whom Leonardo da Vinci is showing the project for the fresco of the Last Supper. Around them are recognizable some other great personalities of the court: on the left Bramante speaks with the mathematician Fra' Luca Pacioli; on the right the musician Franchino Gaffurio, who reads a score, the poet Bernardo Bellincioni, crowned with laurel, and the historian Bernardino Corio, with his <i>Historia di Milano</i> under his arm.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_Moro_sulla_tomba_della_moglie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludovico weeps over the tomb of his wife Beatrice, Giovanni Battista Gigola, c. 1815, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. The friars of S. Maria delle Grazie assist on the left, and on the right the two orphans Ercole Massimiliano and Francesco with their respective nurses, as well as Bramante and Leonardo."><img alt="Ludovico weeps over the tomb of his wife Beatrice, Giovanni Battista Gigola, c. 1815, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. The friars of S. Maria delle Grazie assist on the left, and on the right the two orphans Ercole Massimiliano and Francesco with their respective nurses, as well as Bramante and Leonardo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Il_Moro_sulla_tomba_della_moglie.jpg/235px-Il_Moro_sulla_tomba_della_moglie.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Il_Moro_sulla_tomba_della_moglie.jpg/353px-Il_Moro_sulla_tomba_della_moglie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Il_Moro_sulla_tomba_della_moglie.jpg/470px-Il_Moro_sulla_tomba_della_moglie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="802" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ludovico weeps over the tomb of his wife Beatrice, Giovanni Battista Gigola, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1815</span>, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. The friars of S. Maria delle Grazie assist on the left, and on the right the two orphans Ercole Massimiliano and Francesco with their respective nurses, as well as Bramante and Leonardo.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_duca_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_visita_la_tomba_della_moglie,_la_duchessa_Beatrice_d%27Este,_nella_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_a_Milano,.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duke Ludovico visited the tomb of his wife in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Alessandro Reati, between 1850 and 1873."><img alt="Duke Ludovico visited the tomb of his wife in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Alessandro Reati, between 1850 and 1873." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Il_duca_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_visita_la_tomba_della_moglie%2C_la_duchessa_Beatrice_d%27Este%2C_nella_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_a_Milano%2C.jpeg/235px-Il_duca_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_visita_la_tomba_della_moglie%2C_la_duchessa_Beatrice_d%27Este%2C_nella_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_a_Milano%2C.jpeg" decoding="async" width="235" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Il_duca_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_visita_la_tomba_della_moglie%2C_la_duchessa_Beatrice_d%27Este%2C_nella_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_a_Milano%2C.jpeg/353px-Il_duca_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_visita_la_tomba_della_moglie%2C_la_duchessa_Beatrice_d%27Este%2C_nella_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_a_Milano%2C.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Il_duca_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_visita_la_tomba_della_moglie%2C_la_duchessa_Beatrice_d%27Este%2C_nella_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_a_Milano%2C.jpeg/470px-Il_duca_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_visita_la_tomba_della_moglie%2C_la_duchessa_Beatrice_d%27Este%2C_nella_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_a_Milano%2C.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Duke Ludovico visited the tomb of his wife in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Alessandro Reati, between 1850 and 1873.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27incontro_di_Carlo_VIII_e_Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza_a_Pavia_nel_1494,_Pelagio_Pelagi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The meeting of Charles VIII and Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Pavia in 1494, Pelagio Palagi. In front of her dying husband's bed, Duchess Isabella of Aragon begs the sovereign Charles VIII on his knees not to want to continue the war against Alfonso her father and entrusts him with her son Francesco. Next to the king, with a shady face, stands Duke Ludovico, presumed responsible for the poisoning."><img alt="The meeting of Charles VIII and Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Pavia in 1494, Pelagio Palagi. In front of her dying husband's bed, Duchess Isabella of Aragon begs the sovereign Charles VIII on his knees not to want to continue the war against Alfonso her father and entrusts him with her son Francesco. Next to the king, with a shady face, stands Duke Ludovico, presumed responsible for the poisoning." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/L%27incontro_di_Carlo_VIII_e_Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza_a_Pavia_nel_1494%2C_Pelagio_Pelagi.jpeg/235px-L%27incontro_di_Carlo_VIII_e_Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza_a_Pavia_nel_1494%2C_Pelagio_Pelagi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="235" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/L%27incontro_di_Carlo_VIII_e_Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza_a_Pavia_nel_1494%2C_Pelagio_Pelagi.jpeg/353px-L%27incontro_di_Carlo_VIII_e_Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza_a_Pavia_nel_1494%2C_Pelagio_Pelagi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/L%27incontro_di_Carlo_VIII_e_Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza_a_Pavia_nel_1494%2C_Pelagio_Pelagi.jpeg/470px-L%27incontro_di_Carlo_VIII_e_Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza_a_Pavia_nel_1494%2C_Pelagio_Pelagi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The meeting of Charles VIII and Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Pavia in 1494, <a href="/wiki/Pelagio_Palagi" title="Pelagio Palagi">Pelagio Palagi</a>. In front of her dying husband's bed, Duchess Isabella of Aragon begs the sovereign Charles VIII on his knees not to want to continue the war against Alfonso her father and entrusts him with her son Francesco. Next to the king, with a shady face, stands Duke Ludovico, presumed responsible for the poisoning.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Podesti_Leonardo_presenta_il_bozzetto_dell%27Ultima_Cena_al_Duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo presents the sketch of the Last Supper to the Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro, Francesco Podesti, 1846. At the centre of the scene are, as elsewhere, the Duke with Duchess Beatrice and Cardinal Ascanio."><img alt="Leonardo presents the sketch of the Last Supper to the Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro, Francesco Podesti, 1846. At the centre of the scene are, as elsewhere, the Duke with Duchess Beatrice and Cardinal Ascanio." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Francesco_Podesti_Leonardo_presenta_il_bozzetto_dell%27Ultima_Cena_al_Duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg/235px-Francesco_Podesti_Leonardo_presenta_il_bozzetto_dell%27Ultima_Cena_al_Duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Francesco_Podesti_Leonardo_presenta_il_bozzetto_dell%27Ultima_Cena_al_Duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg/353px-Francesco_Podesti_Leonardo_presenta_il_bozzetto_dell%27Ultima_Cena_al_Duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Francesco_Podesti_Leonardo_presenta_il_bozzetto_dell%27Ultima_Cena_al_Duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg/470px-Francesco_Podesti_Leonardo_presenta_il_bozzetto_dell%27Ultima_Cena_al_Duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonardo presents the sketch of the Last Supper to the Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Podesti" title="Francesco Podesti">Francesco Podesti</a>, 1846. At the centre of the scene are, as elsewhere, the Duke with Duchess Beatrice and Cardinal Ascanio.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dettaglio_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Duke Ludovico"><img alt="Detail of Duke Ludovico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dettaglio_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg/141px-Dettaglio_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dettaglio_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg/211px-Dettaglio_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dettaglio_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg/281px-Dettaglio_di_Ludovico_il_Moro_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of Duke Ludovico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dettaglio_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Duchess Beatrice"><img alt="Detail of Duchess Beatrice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dettaglio_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg/200px-Dettaglio_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dettaglio_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg/300px-Dettaglio_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dettaglio_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg/400px-Dettaglio_di_Beatrice_d%27Este_nel_dipinto_di_Francesco_Podesti.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of Duchess Beatrice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludovico_Il_Moro_in_visita_a_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_nel_Refettorio_del_Convento_di_Santa_Maria_Delle_Grazie_Cherubino_Cornienti.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludovico il Moro visiting Leonardo da Vinci in the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, mid-nineteenth century, Cherubino Cornienti. Behind the blond Moro also the Duchess Beatrice and Cardinal Ascanio admire the work absorbed."><img alt="Ludovico il Moro visiting Leonardo da Vinci in the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, mid-nineteenth century, Cherubino Cornienti. Behind the blond Moro also the Duchess Beatrice and Cardinal Ascanio admire the work absorbed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ludovico_Il_Moro_in_visita_a_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_nel_Refettorio_del_Convento_di_Santa_Maria_Delle_Grazie_Cherubino_Cornienti.jpeg/235px-Ludovico_Il_Moro_in_visita_a_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_nel_Refettorio_del_Convento_di_Santa_Maria_Delle_Grazie_Cherubino_Cornienti.jpeg" decoding="async" width="235" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ludovico_Il_Moro_in_visita_a_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_nel_Refettorio_del_Convento_di_Santa_Maria_Delle_Grazie_Cherubino_Cornienti.jpeg/353px-Ludovico_Il_Moro_in_visita_a_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_nel_Refettorio_del_Convento_di_Santa_Maria_Delle_Grazie_Cherubino_Cornienti.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ludovico_Il_Moro_in_visita_a_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_nel_Refettorio_del_Convento_di_Santa_Maria_Delle_Grazie_Cherubino_Cornienti.jpeg/470px-Ludovico_Il_Moro_in_visita_a_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_nel_Refettorio_del_Convento_di_Santa_Maria_Delle_Grazie_Cherubino_Cornienti.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ludovico il Moro visiting Leonardo da Vinci in the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, mid-nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Cherubino_Cornienti" title="Cherubino Cornienti">Cherubino Cornienti</a>. Behind the blond Moro also the Duchess Beatrice and Cardinal Ascanio admire the work absorbed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale_-_The_Forerunner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Forerunner or The Court of Ludovico il Moro. Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale. On the left, you can recognize Duchess Beatrice, to whom a courtier whispers something in her ear; fra' Savonarola, Cecilia Gallerani and Elisabetta Gonzaga; a page also embraces a monkey, a tribute to the one actually owned by the dukes. On the right Leonardo da Vinci shows his model flying machine to Duke Ludovico; some courtiers and the little blond Ercole Massimilianoassist amused."><img alt="The Forerunner or The Court of Ludovico il Moro. Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale. On the left, you can recognize Duchess Beatrice, to whom a courtier whispers something in her ear; fra' Savonarola, Cecilia Gallerani and Elisabetta Gonzaga; a page also embraces a monkey, a tribute to the one actually owned by the dukes. On the right Leonardo da Vinci shows his model flying machine to Duke Ludovico; some courtiers and the little blond Ercole Massimilianoassist amused." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale_-_The_Forerunner.jpg/235px-Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale_-_The_Forerunner.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale_-_The_Forerunner.jpg/353px-Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale_-_The_Forerunner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale_-_The_Forerunner.jpg/470px-Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale_-_The_Forerunner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Forerunner</i> or <i>The Court of Ludovico il Moro</i>. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale" title="Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale">Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale</a>. On the left, you can recognize Duchess Beatrice, to whom a courtier whispers something in her ear; fra' Savonarola, Cecilia Gallerani and Elisabetta Gonzaga; a page also embraces a monkey, a tribute to the one actually owned by the dukes. On the right Leonardo da Vinci shows his model flying machine to Duke Ludovico; some courtiers and the little blond Ercole Massimilianoassist amused.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_4302_-_Milano,_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_il_cavallo_sforzesco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The monument to Leonardo da Vinci in Piazza della Scala in Milan. Detail: Leonardo shows Ludovico il Moro the plaster for the bronze of the "Sforza horse"."><img alt="The monument to Leonardo da Vinci in Piazza della Scala in Milan. Detail: Leonardo shows Ludovico il Moro the plaster for the bronze of the "Sforza horse"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/IMG_4302_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_il_cavallo_sforzesco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/133px-IMG_4302_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_il_cavallo_sforzesco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/IMG_4302_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_il_cavallo_sforzesco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/199px-IMG_4302_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_il_cavallo_sforzesco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/IMG_4302_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_il_cavallo_sforzesco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/265px-IMG_4302_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_il_cavallo_sforzesco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Monument to Leonardo da Vinci">monument to Leonardo da Vinci</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Scala" title="Piazza della Scala">Piazza della Scala</a> in Milan. Detail: Leonardo shows Ludovico il Moro the plaster for the bronze of the "Sforza horse".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_4313_-_Milano,_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_le_chiuse_dei_navigli_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo shows the locks of the canals to the dukes Ludovico and Beatrice."><img alt="Leonardo shows the locks of the canals to the dukes Ludovico and Beatrice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/IMG_4313_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_le_chiuse_dei_navigli_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/133px-IMG_4313_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_le_chiuse_dei_navigli_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/IMG_4313_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_le_chiuse_dei_navigli_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/199px-IMG_4313_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_le_chiuse_dei_navigli_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/IMG_4313_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_le_chiuse_dei_navigli_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/265px-IMG_4313_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_le_chiuse_dei_navigli_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonardo shows the locks of the canals to the dukes Ludovico and Beatrice.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_4309_-_Milano,_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_fortificazioni_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo shows the plans for the fortifications at the Moro."><img alt="Leonardo shows the plans for the fortifications at the Moro." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IMG_4309_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_fortificazioni_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/133px-IMG_4309_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_fortificazioni_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IMG_4309_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_fortificazioni_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/199px-IMG_4309_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_fortificazioni_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IMG_4309_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_fortificazioni_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/265px-IMG_4309_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Leonardo_progetta_fortificazioni_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonardo shows the plans for the fortifications at the Moro.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_4295_-_Milano,_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_esamina_l%27Ultima_Cena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludovico examines Leonardo's Last Supper."><img alt="Ludovico examines Leonardo's Last Supper." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMG_4295_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_esamina_l%27Ultima_Cena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/133px-IMG_4295_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_esamina_l%27Ultima_Cena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMG_4295_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_esamina_l%27Ultima_Cena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/199px-IMG_4295_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_esamina_l%27Ultima_Cena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMG_4295_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_esamina_l%27Ultima_Cena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg/265px-IMG_4295_-_Milano%2C_Monumento_a_Leonardo_-_Ludovico_il_Moro_esamina_l%27Ultima_Cena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_20-jan_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ludovico examines Leonardo's <i>Last Supper.</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7467_-_Milano_-_S._Maria_d._Grazie,_Chiostro_-_Lapide_a_Ludovico_M.Sforza_(1670)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto,_6-Mar-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commemorative plaque of the benefactor Ludovico (1670) in the cloister of the basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan"><img alt="Commemorative plaque of the benefactor Ludovico (1670) in the cloister of the basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/7467_-_Milano_-_S._Maria_d._Grazie%2C_Chiostro_-_Lapide_a_Ludovico_M.Sforza_%281670%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Mar-2008.jpg/133px-7467_-_Milano_-_S._Maria_d._Grazie%2C_Chiostro_-_Lapide_a_Ludovico_M.Sforza_%281670%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Mar-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/7467_-_Milano_-_S._Maria_d._Grazie%2C_Chiostro_-_Lapide_a_Ludovico_M.Sforza_%281670%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Mar-2008.jpg/199px-7467_-_Milano_-_S._Maria_d._Grazie%2C_Chiostro_-_Lapide_a_Ludovico_M.Sforza_%281670%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Mar-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/7467_-_Milano_-_S._Maria_d._Grazie%2C_Chiostro_-_Lapide_a_Ludovico_M.Sforza_%281670%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Mar-2008.jpg/265px-7467_-_Milano_-_S._Maria_d._Grazie%2C_Chiostro_-_Lapide_a_Ludovico_M.Sforza_%281670%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto%2C_6-Mar-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commemorative plaque of the benefactor Ludovico (1670) in the cloister of the basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_alla_presenza_del_duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_Sforza,_di_Nicola_Cianfanelli.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo da Vinci in the presence of Duke Ludovico, Nicola Cianfanelli, lunette of Galileo's Tribune, 1841"><img alt="Leonardo da Vinci in the presence of Duke Ludovico, Nicola Cianfanelli, lunette of Galileo's Tribune, 1841" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leonardo_da_Vinci_alla_presenza_del_duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_Sforza%2C_di_Nicola_Cianfanelli.JPG/235px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_alla_presenza_del_duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_Sforza%2C_di_Nicola_Cianfanelli.JPG" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leonardo_da_Vinci_alla_presenza_del_duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_Sforza%2C_di_Nicola_Cianfanelli.JPG/353px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_alla_presenza_del_duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_Sforza%2C_di_Nicola_Cianfanelli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leonardo_da_Vinci_alla_presenza_del_duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_Sforza%2C_di_Nicola_Cianfanelli.JPG/470px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_alla_presenza_del_duca_di_Milano_Ludovico_Sforza%2C_di_Nicola_Cianfanelli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonardo da Vinci in the presence of Duke Ludovico, Nicola Cianfanelli, lunette of Galileo's Tribune, 1841</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_(La_Sforziade).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gian Galeazzo and Ludovico in the miniature of Giovanni Pietro Biragonella at the Sforziade by Giovanni Simonetta, imprinted in Milan by Antonio Zarotto, 1490, National Library of France, Paris"><img alt="Gian Galeazzo and Ludovico in the miniature of Giovanni Pietro Biragonella at the Sforziade by Giovanni Simonetta, imprinted in Milan by Antonio Zarotto, 1490, National Library of France, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_%28La_Sforziade%29.png/235px-Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_%28La_Sforziade%29.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_%28La_Sforziade%29.png/353px-Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_%28La_Sforziade%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_%28La_Sforziade%29.png/470px-Gian_Galeazzo_e_Ludovico_Maria_Sforza_%28La_Sforziade%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gian Galeazzo and Ludovico in the miniature of Giovanni Pietro Biragonella at the <i>Sforziade</i> by Giovanni Simonetta, imprinted in Milan by Antonio Zarotto, 1490, National Library of France, Paris</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_in_popular_culture">Representations in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Representations in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludovico is the protagonist in several literary works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tragedies">Tragedies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tragedies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>La morte di Ludovico Sforza detto il Moro</i>, by Pietro Ferrari (1791).</li> <li><i>Lodovico Sforza detto il Moro</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Niccolini" title="Giovanni Battista Niccolini">Giovanni Battista Niccolini</a> (1833).</li> <li><i>Lodovico il Moro</i>, by Giuseppe Campagna (1842).</li> <li><i>Gli Sforza</i> by Antonio Dall'Acqua Giusti (1856).</li> <li><i>Cicco Simonetta: dramma, with historical preface, by</i> Carlo Belgiojoso (1858).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novels">Novels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Lodovico il Moro</i>, by Giovanni Campiglio (1837).</li> <li><i>La città ardente – novel by Lodovico il Moro</i>, by Dino Bonardi (1933).</li> <li><i>Poisons, women and intrigues at the court of Ludovico il Moro</i>, by Ezio Maria Seveso (1967)</li> <li><i>I cento giorni del duca</i>, by Laura Malinverni (2018)</li> <li><i>Il Moro – Gli Sforza nella Milano di Leonardo</i>, by Carlo Maria Lomartire (2019).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comics">Comics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Ludovico il Moro – Signore di Milano</i>, comic strip of 2010.</li></ul> <p>He also appears as a character in: </p> <ul><li><i>Cicco Simonetta: drama, with historical preface, by</i> Carlo Belgiojoso (1858).</li> <li><i>Leonardo – the Resurrection of the Gods</i>, by Dmitry Mereskovsky (1901).</li> <li><i>The Duchess of Milan</i>, by Michael Ennis (1992).</li> <li><i>L'invito di Ludovico il Moro</i>, by Federico G. Martini (1998).</li> <li><i>The Swans of Leonardo</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Karen_Essex" title="Karen Essex">Karen Essex</a> (2006).</li> <li><i>The days of love and war</i>, by Carla Maria Russo (2016).</li> <li><i>La misura dell'uomo</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Malvaldi" title="Marco Malvaldi">Marco Malvaldi</a> (2018).</li> <li><i>Leonardo da Vinci – The Renaissance of the Dead</i>, by G. Albertini, G. Gualdoni and G. Staffa (2019).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 1971 RAI miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="The Life of Leonardo da Vinci">The Life of Leonardo da Vinci</a></i>, Ludovico is played by <a href="/wiki/Giampiero_Albertini" title="Giampiero Albertini">Giampiero Albertini</a>.</li> <li>In the 1974 film <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Lucrezia" title="Young Lucrezia">Young Lucrezia</a></i>, he is played by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Lulli" title="Piero Lulli">Piero Lulli</a>.</li> <li>In the 1981 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Borgias_(1981_TV_series)" title="The Borgias (1981 TV series)">The Borgias</a></i>, he is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ashby" title="Robert Ashby">Robert Ashby</a>.</li> <li>In the 2004 film <i>Le grandi dame di casa d'Este</i> by Diego Ronsisvalle, he is played by Paolo Catani.</li> <li>In the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Borgia_(TV_series)" title="Borgia (TV series)">Borgia</a></i>, he appears as a cameo, played by Florian Fitz.</li> <li>In the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)" title="The Borgias (2011 TV series)">The Borgias</a></i>, Ludovico Sforza is portrayed by English actor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kaye" title="Ivan Kaye">Ivan Kaye</a>.</li> <li>In the 2016 documentary film <i>Leonardo da Vinci – Il genio a Milano</i>, he is played by Vincenzo Amato.</li> <li>In the 2016–2019 Anglo-Italian television series <i><a href="/wiki/Medici_(TV_series)" title="Medici (TV series)">I Medici</a></i>, he is played by Daniele Pecci.</li> <li>In the 2019 film <i>Io, Leonardo</i>, he is played by Massimo de Lorenzo.</li> <li>In the 2019 film <i>Essere Leonardo da Vinci</i>, he is played by Paolo Terenzi, although it constitutes a simple appearance.</li> <li>In the 2021 series <i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(2021_TV_series)" title="Leonardo (2021 TV series)">Leonardo</a></i> Ludovico Sforza is portrayed by English actor <a href="/wiki/James_D%27Arcy" title="James D'Arcy">James D'Arcy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolceriso_del_Moro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolceriso del Moro (page does not exist)">dolceriso del Moro</a></i>, a typical <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a></i> (municipality) of <a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a>, in Lombardy, is dedicated to Ludovico. Its invention is traditionally attributed to the Duchess <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice</a> herself, who would have conceived it in the spring of 1491 to please her illustrious consort. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Ricotta" title="Ricotta">ricotta</a> rice pudding, closed in a shortcrust pastry wrapper and enriched with <a href="/wiki/Candied_fruit" title="Candied fruit">candied fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a>. This last ingredient served to induce harmony and fidelity in the couple.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ludovico is linked to one of the legends that arose around the invention of <a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">panettone</a>, which would have been baked for the first time in his kitchens.</li> <li>Around the origin of the nickname <i>Moro</i> there is an ancient popular legend according to which Ludovico was as a child initially called "the Bull" because of his strength and impetuousness, while "il Moro" was the nickname of one of his plebeian playmate, Cesarino della Griona, who was incredibly similar to him if not for the fact of always being dirty. One day, which was Christmas 1462, the two decided as a joke to exchange roles: while Cesarino, washed and well dressed, pretended to be Ludovico in the hall of the court, the real Ludovico went down the chimney hood tied to a rope but got stuck. Cesarino himself rushed to his friend's cries for help, freeing him by tugging him by the feet. At that point Duke Francesco Sforza, seeing his son all black for the soot, judged it necessary to exchange the nicknames of the two children, and so it was that Ludovico became "the Moor", and Cesarino, for the strength demonstrated, "the Bull". It is also said that this legend is the basis of the famous story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper" title="The Prince and the Pauper">The Prince and the Pauper</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Among the various ghosts that would inhabit the castle of <a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a>, including that of his wife Beatrice, it is also said of a white horse that was seen running down the staircase leading to the Doge's Square and here travel three laps of it before disappearing.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horse would have been the favourite of Ludovico, who would have wanted to avoid the dangers of war during the fateful defeat of Novara in 1500. In search of its master and finding the doors of the fortress barred, the animal would have beaten its hooves on the pavement of the square with such violence as to open a chasm into which it would finally fall.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Legitimate children</dt></dl> <p>By his wife Beatrice d'Este, daughter of Ercole I d'Este, he had the following children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Sforza" title="Maximilian Sforza">Ercole Massimiliano</a> (1493–1530), count of Pavia, duke of Milan 1513 – 1515;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Sforza Francesco</a> (1495–1535), Prince of Rossano and Count of Borrello 1497 – 1498, Count of Pavia and Duke of Milan 1521 – 1524 married in 1533 to Christina of Denmark (1522–1590), daughter of King Christian II of Denmark.</li> <li>The third son, also a male, was born dead and, not having been baptized, could not be placed with his mother in the tomb. Ludovico, heartbroken, therefore had him buried above the door of the cloister of Santa Maria delle Grazie with this Latin epitaph: "O unhappy childbirth! I lost my life before I was born, and more unhappy, by dying I took the life of my mother and the father deprived his wife. In so much adverse fate, this alone can be of comfort to me, that divine parents bore me, Ludovico and Beatrice dukes of Milan. 1497, January 2."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Natural children</dt></dl> <p>Ludovico had a series of natural children, all legitimized, which over the years greatly enlarged the ducal family and allowed Sforza himself to cement some alliances: </p><p>From his mistress Bernardina de Corradis he had: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bianca_Giovanna_Sforza" title="Bianca Giovanna Sforza">Bianca Giovanna</a> (1482 – Milan, 23 November 1496), married <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Sanseverino" title="Galeazzo Sanseverino">Galeazzo Sanseverino</a>, lord of Bobbio.</li></ul> <p>By his lover <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani" title="Cecilia Gallerani">Cecilia Gallerani</a> he had one son: </p> <ul><li>Cesare (Milan, 1491 – 1514), abbot of the Basilica of San Nazaro in Brolo in Milan from 1498, canon from 1503.</li></ul> <p>By his lover Lucrezia Crivelli he had two children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_I_Sforza" title="Giovanni Paolo I Sforza">Giovanni Paolo I Sforza</a> or Giampaolo I Sforza (Milan, 14 March 1497 – Naples, 13 December 1535), from whom the Sforza branch of Caravaggio descends, married Violante Bentivoglio of the Counts of Campagna and lords of Bologna;</li> <li>A second child was born, probably, in 1500, since Lucrezia was once again pregnant when she found refuge with the Marquise Isabella d'Este.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From his lover Romana he had: </p> <ul><li>Leone (1476 – Milan, 1496), between the end of 1495 and the beginning of 1496 married the young noblewoman Margherita Grassi,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> already widow of his uncle Giulio Sforza, to whom he had given a son.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died shortly after the wedding without having had offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often confused with his uncle of the same name, the latter abbot of San Vittore in Vigevano since 1495.</li></ul> <p>From dark lovers he had: </p> <ul><li>Galeazzo, eldest son, born before 1476 and died a child,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably already before 1483, because in his first will, dating back to that year, Ludovico does not mention other children than Bianca and Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sforza (1484/1485–1487).<sup id="cite_ref-:52_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Perhaps he also had another illegitimate son unknown to us if, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Corio" title="Bernardino Corio">Bernardino Corio</a>, in 1496 three of his bastard sons died, namely Leo, Bianca, and a third who cannot be identified with any of the aforementioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Ludovico Sforza</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. Giovanni Attendolo</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzio Sforza">Muzio Attendolo Sforza</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Elisa Petraccini</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza" title="Francesco I Sforza">Francesco I Sforza</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. Lucia da Torsciano</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Ludovico Sforza</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo Visconti</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti" title="Filippo Maria Visconti">Filippo Maria Visconti</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Caterina_Visconti" title="Caterina Visconti">Caterina Visconti</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Visconti" title="Bianca Maria Visconti">Bianca Maria Visconti</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. Ambrogio del Maino</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Agnese_del_Maino" title="Agnese del Maino">Agnese del Maino</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This depiction is one of the most famous portraits of Ludovico. The altarpiece with which is originates is by an unknown artist, thought to from be the circle of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Il Moro</i></span> literally means 'the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moor</a>', an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> said by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a> to have been given to Ludovico because of his dark <a href="/wiki/Complexion" title="Complexion">complexion</a>. In modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">moro</i></span> is also a synonym for <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">bruno</i></span>, the masculine equivalent of '<a href="/wiki/Brunette" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunette">brunette</a>'. Some scholars have posited that the name <i>Moro</i> came from Ludovico's coat of arms, which contained the <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry tree">mulberry tree</a> (the fruit of which is called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">mora</i></span> in Italian). Still others have posited that Maurus was simply Ludovico's second name.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malipiero mentions the League's failure to stop the French from reaching Asti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuzioRenier1890a219_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuzioRenier1890a219-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVezzosi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vezzosi" title="Alessandro Vezzosi">Vezzosi, Alessandro</a> (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci:_The_Mind_of_the_Renaissance" title="Leonardo da Vinci: The Mind of the Renaissance">Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">New Horizons</a>. Translated by Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra (English translation ed.). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-30081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-30081-7"><bdi>978-0-500-30081-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+Renaissance+Man&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=New+Horizons&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=English+translation&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-30081-7&rft.aulast=Vezzosi&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Morby1978" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Morby (1978). "The Sobriquets of Medieval European Princes". <i>Canadian Journal of History</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Sobriquets+of+Medieval+European+Princes&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1978&rft.au=John+E.+Morby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHt5ZdCCkD8C">Opere inedite di Francesco Guicciardini</a> etc, Storia fiorentina, dai tempi di Cosimo de' Medici a quelli del gonfaloniere Soderini, 3, 1859, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvio Biancardi, <i>La chimera di Carlo VIII, 1492–1495</i>, Interlinea, 2009, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-più_fonti_12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-più_fonti_12_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-più_fonti_12_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiarelli1889">Giarelli 1889</a>, p. 292; <a href="#CITEREFPirovano1830">Pirovano 1830</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFPréchac1817">Préchac 1817</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFMòrbio1834">Mòrbio 1834</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFIl_mondo_illustrato1848">Il mondo illustrato 1848</a>, p. 395; <a href="#CITEREFAriosto1858">Ariosto 1858</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gaspare Visconti</i>, Rodolfo Renier, Tip. Bortolotti di Giuseppe Prato, 1886, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calmeta,_p._25-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calmeta,_p._25_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calmeta,_p._25_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmeta1504">Calmeta 1504</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovico-sforza-detto-il-moro-duca-di-milano_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"LUDOVICO Sforza, detto il Moro, duca di Milano"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUDOVICO+Sforza%2C+detto+il+Moro%2C+duca+di+Milano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fludovico-sforza-detto-il-moro-duca-di-milano_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenzoni2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benzoni, Gino (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovico-sforza-detto-il-moro-duca-di-milano_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">"LUDOVICO Sforza, detto il Moro, duca di Milano"</a>. <i>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</i> (in Italian). Istituto della Enciclopedia Treccani<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.atitle=LUDOVICO+Sforza%2C+detto+il+Moro%2C+duca+di+Milano&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Benzoni&rft.aufirst=Gino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fludovico-sforza-detto-il-moro-duca-di-milano_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovini2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Covini, Nadia Maria (2024). <i>Ludovico Maria Sforza</i> (in Italian). Roma: Salerno Editrice. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788869738302" title="Special:BookSources/9788869738302"><bdi>9788869738302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludovico+Maria+Sforza&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Salerno+Editrice&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9788869738302&rft.aulast=Covini&rft.aufirst=Nadia+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godfrey-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godfrey_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/fm-godfrey/eagle-and-viper-lodovico-il-moro-milan-renaissance-tyrant">Godfrey, F. M., "The Eagle and the Viper", <i>History Today</i>, Vol.3, Issue 10, September 1953</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. I, 1843</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biblioteca Nazionale di Parigi, Messale latino 7855</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovini2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Covini, Nadia Maria (2024). <i>Ludovico Maria Sforza</i> (in Italian). Roma: Salerno Editrice. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788869738302" title="Special:BookSources/9788869738302"><bdi>9788869738302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludovico+Maria+Sforza&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Salerno+Editrice&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9788869738302&rft.aulast=Covini&rft.aufirst=Nadia+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paliodimortara.it/2013-07-07-08-16-11/ludovico-e-beatrice">"Ludovico il Moro e Beatrice d'Este", Palio di Mortara</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biograf-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biograf_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biograf_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biograf_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/ludovico_sforza.htm">"Ludovico Sforza Moro", Biografia y Vidas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludovico il Moro prima della sua venuta al governo, Achille Dina, Archivio storico lombardo, 1886, pp. 763–766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Pizzagalli1998" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Pizzagalli (1998). <i>La dama con l'ermellino. Vita e passioni di Cecilia Gallerani nella Milano di Ludovico il Moro</i>. Cicco Simonetta in stralcio di documento riportato dall'autrice (Collana Saggi italiani ed.). Milano: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-178-6073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-178-6073-4"><bdi>978-88-178-6073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dama+con+l%27ermellino.+Vita+e+passioni+di+Cecilia+Gallerani+nella+Milano+di+Ludovico+il+Moro&rft.place=Milano&rft.edition=Collana+Saggi+italiani&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-88-178-6073-4&rft.au=Daniela+Pizzagalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardino_Corio" class="citation book cs1">Bernardino Corio. <i>L'historia di Milano volgarmente scritta dall'eccellentissimo oratore M. Bernardino Corio etc</i>. p. 430.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27historia+di+Milano+volgarmente+scritta+dall%27eccellentissimo+oratore+M.+Bernardino+Corio+etc&rft.pages=430&rft.au=Bernardino+Corio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1856">Corio 1856</a>, pp. 346–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1856">Corio 1856</a>, pp. 351–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, pp. 998–999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, in Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright,_p._7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright,_p._7_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartwright1926">Cartwright 1926</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuratori1988">Muratori 1988</a>, pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazzi,_pp._44-50-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mazzi,_pp._44-50_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazzi2004">Mazzi 2004</a>, pp. 44–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1856">Corio 1856</a>, pp. 359–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1856">Corio 1856</a>, pp. 405–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Pizzagalli" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Pizzagalli. <i>La dama con l'ermellino</i>. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dama+con+l%27ermellino.&rft.pages=83&rft.au=Daniela+Pizzagalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._43_e_46-472-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._43_e_46-472_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._43_e_46-472_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartwright1926">Cartwright 1926</a>, pp. 43 e 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, p. 1028.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Pizzagalli" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Pizzagalli. <i>La dama con l'ermellino</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dama+con+l%27ermellino.&rft.au=Daniela+Pizzagalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartwright1926">Cartwright 1926</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._51-58-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._51-58_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._51-58_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartwright1926">Cartwright 1926</a>, pp. 51–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Pizzagalli" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Pizzagalli. <i>La dama con l'ermellino</i>. p. 119. <q>Ad ammetterlo era lo stesso Ludovico, che il 13 febbraio si confidò col Trotti: "mi dixe che ancora non le haveva facto niente pur al usato perché non voleva star ferma"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dama+con+l%27ermellino&rft.pages=119&rft.au=Daniela+Pizzagalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 505–506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazzi,_pp._59-62-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mazzi,_pp._59-62_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazzi2004">Mazzi 2004</a>, pp. 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDina1921">Dina 1921</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._42-44-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._42-44_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._438-439-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_pp._438-439_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 438–439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 376–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luisa Giordano, Beatrice d'Este (1475–1497), vol. 2, ETS, 2008, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuciano_Chiappini" class="citation book cs1">Luciano Chiappini. <i>Gli Estensi</i>. Dall'Oglio. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Estensi&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Dall%27Oglio&rft.au=Luciano+Chiappini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luisa Giordano, Beatrice d'Este (1475–1497), vol. 2, ETS, 2008, pp. 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDina1921">Dina 1921</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corio,_p._1029-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corio,_p._1029_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, p. 1029.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corio,_p._1057-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corio,_p._1057_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, p. 1057.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_p._48_e_564-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri,_p._48_e_564_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, p. 48 e 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaulde-La-Clavière1891">Maulde-La-Clavière 1891</a>, pp. 67, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Maulde-La-Clavière, Histoire de Loius XII: ptie. Louis d'Orléans., vol. 3, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt1878" class="citation book cs1">Burckhardt, Jacob (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofre00burc"><i>The Civilization Of The Renaissance in Italy</i></a>. University of Toronto – Robarts Library: Vienna Phaidon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofre00burc/page/23">23</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+Of+The+Renaissance+in+Italy&rft.place=University+of+Toronto+%E2%80%93+Robarts+Library&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Vienna+Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationofre00burc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 50–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Atti e memorie del Primo Congresso storico lombardo, Como, 21–22 maggio, Varese, 23 maggio 1936</i>. Tip. A. Cordani. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atti+e+memorie+del+Primo+Congresso+storico+lombardo%2C+Como%2C+21%E2%80%9322+maggio%2C+Varese%2C+23+maggio+1936&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Tip.+A.+Cordani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraioloRiccardo_Filangieri" class="citation book cs1">Ferraiolo; Riccardo Filangieri. <i>Una cronaca napoletana figurata del Quattrocento</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+cronaca+napoletana+figurata+del+Quattrocento&rft.au=Ferraiolo&rft.au=Riccardo+Filangieri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corio,_p._10772-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corio,_p._10772_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corio,_p._10772_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, p. 1077.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDina1921">Dina 1921</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annali veneti dall'anno 1457 al 1500, Domenico Malipiero, Francesco Longo (Senatore.), Agostino Sagredo, 1843, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZambotti1928">Zambotti 1928</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanudo,_p._438-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanudo,_p._438_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanudo1883">Sanudo 1883</a>, pp. 438, 441. <a href="#CITEREFMaulde-La-Clavière1891">Maulde-La-Clavière 1891</a>, pp. 221–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronaca di Genova scritta in francese da Alessandro Salvago e pubblicata da Cornelio Desimoni, Genova, tipografia del R. Istituto de' sordo-muti, 1879, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuzioRenier1890a219-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuzioRenier1890a219_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuzioRenier1890a">Luzio & Renier 1890a</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor192114-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor192114_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1921">Taylor 1921</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s_620-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s_620_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanudo1883">Sanudo 1883</a>, p. 620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deputazione di storia patria per la Lombardia, <i>Archivio storico lombardo</i>, Società storica lombarda, 1874, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corio,_pp._1095-10992-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corio,_pp._1095-10992_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, pp. 1095–1099.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiarelli1889">Giarelli 1889</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Pizzagalli" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Pizzagalli. <i>La dama con l'ermellino</i>. p. 126. <q>Da una lettera dell'ambasciatore Trotti: "la duchessa de Milano [Isabella d'Aragona] dixe che a lei molto più doleva de Cecilia che non a la duchessa de Bari [Beatrice d'Este], la quale saveva e intendeva il tutto, come se niente fosse, ma che non era sì ignorante e grossa che non savesse e intendesse ogni cosa".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dama+con+l%27ermellino.&rft.pages=126&rft.au=Daniela+Pizzagalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright,_pp._270-271-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright,_pp._270-271_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartwright1926">Cartwright 1926</a>, pp. 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnonimo_ferrarese1928">Anonimo ferrarese 1928</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corio,_pp._1102-1103-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corio,_pp._1102-1103_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, pp. 1102–1103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuciano_Chiappini" class="citation book cs1">Luciano Chiappini. <i>Gli Estensi</i>. Dall'Oglio. pp. 172–173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Estensi&rft.pages=172-173&rft.pub=Dall%27Oglio&rft.au=Luciano+Chiappini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavo_Uzielli" class="citation book cs1">Gustavo Uzielli. <i>Leonardo da Vinci e tre gentildonne milanesi del secolo XV</i>. <q>Cecilia Gallerani e Lucrezia Crivelli soddisfacevano a Lodovico le aspirazioni del cuore e dei sensi, Beatrice era sprone alla sua ambizione. Egli lo sentiva. Quindi la morte della Duchessa fu certo causa in lui di profondo e sincero pianto. Tale infausto avvenimento segnò per il Moro il principio di una serie di sventure che sembrarono realizzare i tristi presentimenti di lui e che lo accasciarono, come non avrebbe certamente fatto se esso avesse avuto a fianco la nobile e fiera Consorte.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci+e+tre+gentildonne+milanesi+del+secolo+XV&rft.au=Gustavo+Uzielli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Testamento di Lodovico il Moro</i>, Tipografia all'insegna di Dante, 1836, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marin Sanudo, I diarii di Marino Sanuto: (MCCCCXCVI–MDXXXIII) dall'autografo Marciano ital. cl. VII codd. CDXIX–CDLXXVII, vol. 1, F. Visentini, 1879, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, pp. 1077 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:192-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:192_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:192_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuzioRenier1890b">Luzio & Renier 1890b</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartwright1926">Cartwright 1926</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"la qual morte el ducha non poteva tolerar per il grande amor li portava, et diceva non si voller più curar né de figlioli, né di stato, né di cossa mondana, et apena voleva viver [...] Et d’indi esso ducha comenzoe a sentir de gran affanni, che prima sempre era vixo felice". (<a href="//archive.org/details/idiariidimarinos01sanu/page/n13/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:idiariidimarinos01sanu/page/n13/mode/2up">I diarii di Marino Sanuto</a>, vol I, p. 457).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnonimo_ferrarese1928">Anonimo ferrarese 1928</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piazzascala.altervista.org/pagineinterne/mercatino/documentistorici/comitcimeli/html/mazzottazecca/zeccamilano.htm">"La Zecca di Milano"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Zecca+di+Milano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piazzascala.altervista.org%2Fpagineinterne%2Fmercatino%2Fdocumentistorici%2Fcomitcimeli%2Fhtml%2Fmazzottazecca%2Fzeccamilano.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 109, 208, 392, 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mazzeri1986202-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mazzeri1986202_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Mazzeri1986">de Mazzeri 1986</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:112_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:112_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, p. 1077 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malaguzzi_Valeri_1913_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//archive.org/details/idiariidimarinos01sanu/page/n13/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:idiariidimarinos01sanu/page/n13/mode/2up">I diarii di Marino Sanuto</a>, vol I, p. 746.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanudo1883">Sanudo 1883</a>, p. 556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocietà_storica_lombarda1889" class="citation book cs1">Società storica lombarda (1889). <i>Spiritismo nel 1499 – Archivio Storico Lombardo</i>. Vol. VI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritismo+nel+1499+%E2%80%93+Archivio+Storico+Lombardo&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Societ%C3%A0+storica+lombarda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Bellonci1966" class="citation book cs1">Maria Bellonci (1966). <i>Segreti dei Gonzaga</i>. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Segreti+dei+Gonzaga&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Maria+Bellonci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzi200472-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzi200472_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazzi2004">Mazzi 2004</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altavilla,_p.4-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altavilla,_p.4_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altavilla,_p.4_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltavilla1878">Altavilla 1878</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:024-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:024_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:024_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:024_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodovico il Moro e sua cattura, pagine di storia patria, Di Antonio Rusconi, 1878, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ludovico-Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a> in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, URL consultata il 5 luglio 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I diarii di Marino Sanuto, Volume 3, 1880, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luzio Alessandro. Isabella d'Este e la corte sforzesca, Archivio Storico Lombardo : Giornale della società storica lombarda (1901 mar, Serie 3, Volume 15, Fascicolo 29), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424194250/https://www.beta.hls-dhs-dss.ch/it/articles/029255/2011-06-03/">"Dizionario storico svizzero- Ludovico Maria Sforza detto il Moro"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beta.hls-dhs-dss.ch/it/articles/029255/2011-06-03/">the original</a> on 24 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dizionario+storico+svizzero-+Ludovico+Maria+Sforza+detto+il+Moro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beta.hls-dhs-dss.ch%2Fit%2Farticles%2F029255%2F2011-06-03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collezioni.museicivici.pavia.it/bvs/index.html">"La Biblioteca Visconteo -Sforzesca"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Biblioteca+Visconteo+-Sforzesca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollezioni.museicivici.pavia.it%2Fbvs%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collezioni.museicivici.pavia.it/bvs/">"La Biblioteca Visconteo Sforzesca"</a>. <i>collezioni.museicivici.pavia.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collezioni.museicivici.pavia.it&rft.atitle=La+Biblioteca+Visconteo+Sforzesca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollezioni.museicivici.pavia.it%2Fbvs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertini" class="citation book cs1">Albertini, Maria Grazia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11885095"><i>NOTE SULLA BIBLIOTECA DEI VISCONTI E DEGLI SFORZA NEL CASTELLO DI PAVIA</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pomba. 1852. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opere+di+Camillo+Porzio&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Pomba&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz385AAAAcAAJ%26dq%3Dcamillo%2Bporzio%2Bpoco%2Bpi%25C3%25B9%2Bdi%2Bfemmina%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:17_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuicciardini1818" class="citation book cs1">Guicciardini, Francesco (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAM7bcDTdyEC&pg=PA191"><i>Delle istorie d'Italia di Francesco Guicciardini</i></a>. pp. 10, 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delle+istorie+d%27Italia+di+Francesco+Guicciardini&rft.pages=10%2C+191&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Guicciardini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAM7bcDTdyEC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Moro! Moro! storie del Ducato Sforzesco</i>, Guido Lopez, Camunia, 1992, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-più_fonti_1-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-più_fonti_1_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiarelli1889">Giarelli 1889</a>, p. 292; <a href="#CITEREFPirovano1830">Pirovano 1830</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFPréchac1817">Préchac 1817</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFMòrbio1834">Mòrbio 1834</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFIl_mondo_illustrato1848">Il mondo illustrato 1848</a>, p. 395; <a href="#CITEREFAriosto1858">Ariosto 1858</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright1926276-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright1926276_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartwright1926">Cartwright 1926</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 664 e seguenti.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_Malaguzzi_Valeri1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri (1913). <i>La corte di Lodovico il Moro, la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metà del quattrocento</i> (in Italian). pp. 362–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+corte+di+Lodovico+il+Moro%2C+la+vita+privata+e+l%27arte+a+Milano+nella+seconda+met%C3%A0+del+quattrocento&rft.pages=362-&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Francesco+Malaguzzi+Valeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalaguzzi_Valeri1913">Malaguzzi Valeri 1913</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirio Attilio Nulli, Ludovico il Moro.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniela Pizzagalli, La signora del Rinascimento. 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amisi ante vitamque in luce ederer: infoeliciorque matri moriens vitam ademi et parentem consorte suo orbari, in tam adverso fato hoc solum mihi potest jocundum esse, quia divi parentes me Lodovicus et Beatrix Mediolanenses duce genuere 1497, tertio nonas januarii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuisa_Giordano" class="citation book cs1">Luisa Giordano. <i>Beatrice d'Este (1475–1497)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beatrice+d%27Este+%281475%E2%80%931497%29&rft.au=Luisa+Giordano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaterina_Santoro" class="citation book cs1">Caterina Santoro. <i>Gli Sforza</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Sforza&rft.au=Caterina+Santoro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardino_Corio" class="citation book cs1">Bernardino Corio. <i>Storia di Milano</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Milano&rft.au=Bernardino+Corio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>La corte di Lodovico il Moro, la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metà del quattrocento</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+corte+di+Lodovico+il+Moro%2C+la+vita+privata+e+l%27arte+a+Milano+nella+seconda+met%C3%A0+del+quattrocento.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>Raccòlta vinciana</i>. 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Arti Grafiche Tamari.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delle+antichit%C3%A0+estensi&rft.pub=Arti+Grafiche+Tamari&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Muratori&rft.aufirst=Ludovico+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirovano1830" class="citation book cs1">Pirovano, Francesco (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxxUAAAAcAAJ"><i>Milano, nuova descrizione. Seconda edizione</i></a>. Silvestri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milano%2C+nuova+descrizione.+Seconda+edizione&rft.pub=Silvestri&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Pirovano&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxxUAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizzagalli1999" class="citation book cs1">Pizzagalli, Daniela (1999). <i>La dama con l'ermellino, vita e passioni di Cecilia Gallerani nella Milano di Ludovico il Moro</i>. Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788817860734" title="Special:BookSources/9788817860734"><bdi>9788817860734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dama+con+l%27ermellino%2C+vita+e+passioni+di+Cecilia+Gallerani+nella+Milano+di+Ludovico+il+Moro&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788817860734&rft.aulast=Pizzagalli&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizzagalli2001" class="citation book cs1">Pizzagalli, Daniela (2001). <i>La signora del Rinascimento. Vita e splendori di Isabella d'Este alla corte di Mantova</i>. Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788817868075" title="Special:BookSources/9788817868075"><bdi>9788817868075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+signora+del+Rinascimento.+Vita+e+splendori+di+Isabella+d%27Este+alla+corte+di+Mantova&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788817868075&rft.aulast=Pizzagalli&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPréchac1817" class="citation book cs1">Préchac, Jean de (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkhmAAAAcAAJ"><i>Storia di Clarice Visconti, duchessa di Milano</i></a>. Giusti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Clarice+Visconti%2C+duchessa+di+Milano&rft.pub=Giusti&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%A9chac&rft.aufirst=Jean+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkhmAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanudo1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marin_Sanudo_il_Giovane" class="mw-redirect" title="Marin Sanudo il Giovane">Sanudo, Marin</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laspedizionedic00sanugoog"><i>La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia</i></a>. Venezia, Tip. del commercio di M. Visentini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+spedizione+di+Carlo+VIII+in+Italia&rft.pub=Venezia%2C+Tip.+del+commercio+di+M.+Visentini&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Sanudo&rft.aufirst=Marin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaspedizionedic00sanugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1921" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Frederick Lewis (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofwarinitaly100taylrich"><i>The Art of War in Italy 1494–1529</i></a>. Cambridge library collection. European History. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967401725">967401725</a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+Italy+1494%E2%80%931529&rft.series=Cambridge+library+collection.+European+History&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967401725&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofwarinitaly100taylrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vogt-Luerssen, Maike (2010). <i>Die Sforza III: Isabella von Aragon und ihr Hofmaler Leonardo da Vinci</i>, Norderstedt</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZambotti1928" class="citation book cs1">Zambotti, Bernardino (1928). "Diario ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504". In Giuseppe Pardi (ed.). <i>Rerum Italicarum scriptores ordinata da Ludovico Antonio Muratori</i>. Bologna: Zanichelli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diario+ferrarese+dall%27anno+1476+sino+al+1504&rft.btitle=Rerum+Italicarum+scriptores+ordinata+da+Ludovico+Antonio+Muratori&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Zambotti&rft.aufirst=Bernardino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIl_mondo_illustrato1848" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66CHzULuKJwC"><i>Il mondo illustrato, giornale universale</i></a>. G. Pomba. 1848.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+mondo+illustrato%2C+giornale+universale&rft.pub=G.+Pomba&rft.date=1848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66CHzULuKJwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonimo_ferrarese1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anonimo ferrarese (1928). "Diario ferrarese". In Giuseppe Pardi (ed.). <i>Rerum italicarum scriptores, raccolta degli storici italiani dal Cinquecento al Millecinquecento</i>. Vol. fasc. 1, vol. 24. Zanichelli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diario+ferrarese&rft.btitle=Rerum+italicarum+scriptores%2C+raccolta+degli+storici+italiani+dal+Cinquecento+al+Millecinquecento&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft.date=1928&rft.au=Anonimo+ferrarese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudovico+Sforza" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Godfrey, F. M. "The Eagle and the Viper: Lodovico Il Moro of Milan: A Renaissance Tyrant". <i>History Today</i> (Oct 1953) 3#10 pp. 705–715.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/lodovico-sforza/">Lodovico Sforza</a>, in: Thomas Gale, <i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i>, 2005–2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225120916/http://www.kleio.org/en/history/famtree/sforza/index.html">Portrait and family tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/itinerary/EarlyMaturityMilan.html">Leonardo's Itinerary: Early maturity in Milan (1482–1499)</a>, by Valentina Cupiraggi, trans. Catherine Frost.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_nobility" title="Italian nobility">Italian nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo Sforza</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> </b><br />1494–1499 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012142840X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88653204">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/64023/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwXgyVPCGjF4cfDdChHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118820745">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80149218">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120761118">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120761118">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sforza, Ludovico Maria <detto il Moro ; 1452-1508>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV060764">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sforza, Lodovico"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20181008015&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1350384">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p155626426">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000180611">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=231662">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810682628605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/35650">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264718505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14716860">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500258305">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="LUDOVICO Sforza, detto il Moro, duca di Milano"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovico-sforza-detto-il-moro-duca-di-milano_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118820745.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118820745">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029055032">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029255">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6155c43">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/40215713">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&oldid=1259382217">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_Sforza&oldid=1259382217</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1452_births" title="Category:1452 births">1452 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1508_deaths" title="Category:1508 deaths">1508 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_nobility" title="Category:15th-century Italian 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