CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Maku language of Auari - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"42b5d92e-9e24-4971-8ead-c73954c77256","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Maku_language_of_Auari","wgTitle":"Maku language of Auari","wgCurRevisionId":1186793892,"wgRevisionId":1186793892,"wgArticleId":3691733,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue","Pages with plain IPA","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Language isolates of South America","Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia","Languages of Venezuela", "Languages extinct in the 2000s","Macro-Puinavean languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Maku_language_of_Auari","wgRelevantArticleId":3691733,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2032882","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Maku language of Auari - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Maku_language_of_Auari rootpage-Maku_language_of_Auari skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Maku+language+of+Auari" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Maku+language+of+Auari" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Maku+language+of+Auari" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Maku+language+of+Auari" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genetic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Quantifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Subject agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidentiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidentiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Evidentiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidentiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maku language of Auari</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yukude" title="Idioma yukude – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma yukude" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukude" title="Jukude – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jukude" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_jukude" title="Idioma jukude – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma jukude" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukudea_lingvo" title="Jukudea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jukudea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_jukude" title="Língua jukude – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua jukude" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Юкуде (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юкуде (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2032882#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Maku_language_of_Auari" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Maku_language_of_Auari" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&oldid=1186793892" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Maku_language_of_Auari&id=1186793892&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaku_language_of_Auari"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaku_language_of_Auari"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2032882" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct language of South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Máku language" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ku_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Máku language (disambiguation)">Máku language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Máku</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Maku-Auari</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Jukude</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a>, Brazil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Brazilian–Venezuelan border</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Jukudeitse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2000<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">(unclassified, potentially <a href="/wiki/Kalianan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalianan">Kalianan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Puinavean">Macro-Puinavean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xak" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xak">xak</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maku1246">maku1246</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Máku</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['mako]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, also spelled <i>Mako</i> (Spanish <i>Macú</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the language itself <b>Jukude</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">unclassified language</a> and likely <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>–<a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> border in <a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a> along the upper <a href="/wiki/Uraricoera_River" title="Uraricoera River">Uraricoera</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Auari_River" title="Auari River">Auari</a> rivers, west of <a href="/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista</a>, by the <i>Jukudeitse</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. 300 years ago, the Jukude territory was between the <a href="/wiki/Padamo_River" title="Padamo River">Padamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cunucunuma_River" title="Cunucunuma River">Cunucunuma</a> rivers to the southwest. </p><p>The last speaker, Sinfrônio Magalhães, died in 2000. There are currently no speakers or rememberers of Máku and no-one identifies as Jukude any longer. <a href="/wiki/Aryon_Rodrigues" title="Aryon Rodrigues">Aryon Rodrigues</a> and Ernesto Migliazza, as well as Iraguacema Lima Maciel, worked on the language, and the data was collected into a grammar by Chris Rogers published in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people called themselves <i>jukude-itse</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zokudeitse]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> (person-PL) 'people'. When speaking to outsiders, they referred to themselves as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmaku]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmako]</span>. <i>Maku</i> ~ <i>Mako</i> (in Spanish orthography <i>Macu</i> or <i>Maco</i>) is an Arawakan term for unintelligible languages and people held in servitude in the Orinoco region. (See <a href="/wiki/Maku_people_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maku people (disambiguation)">Maku people</a> for a partial list.) While the stress of the word in other languages called 'Maku' may be on either the first or final syllable, as <i>Máku</i>/<i>Mácu</i> or <i>Makú</i>/<i>Macú</i> (Migliazza, Fabré), the word was pronounced with initial stress by the <i>jukudeitse</i> and so the name is often written with stress on the first syllable: <i>Máku</i> (Dixon & Aikhenvald (1999), Maciel (1991), and Rogers (2020)) or <i>Máko</i> (Campbell 2012),<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell-SAmerica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-SAmerica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though also <i>Makú</i> or simply <i>Maku</i> (Migliazza). The disambiguator <i>Maku-Auari</i> has also been used.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_relations">Genetic relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suggested genetic relations involving Máku include: </p> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li>within a <a href="/wiki/Kalianan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalianan">Kalianan</a> grouping with <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> (a.k.a. Makú)</li> <li>within a <a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Puinavean">Macro-Puinavean</a> grouping with <a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a> (a.k.a. Makú), <a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape" class="mw-redirect" title="Arutani–Sape">Arutani–Sape</a></li></ul> <p>Kaufman (1990) finds the Kalianan proposal "promising", though he is now dated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Sape_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sape language">Sape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a> languages, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Saliba-Hodi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Saliba-Hodi languages">Saliba-Hodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikuna-Yuri_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikuna-Yuri languages">Tikuna-Yuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katukina-Katawixi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Katukina-Katawixi languages">Katukina-Katawixi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arawa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawa languages">Arawa</a> language families due to contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Máku syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C).<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17-18">: 17-18 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiceless</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>/k/ is voiced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>]</span> intervocalically and can occasionally be realized as [g] in other environments too. </p><p>/j/ is sometimes realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]</span> word-initially before /a u/ or word-medially, as in /jukude/ [ʑokude̞] 'person'. It can occasionally be fronted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span>. </p><p>Nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the stop they precede. </p><p>/w/ is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>]</span> before /i e/. It is realized as [ʋ] or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a>]</span> before /y/ (a sequence which only occurs in the word /lymywy/ 'take'). Rogers (2020) does not state that /w/ is realized as [ʋ] before /ɨ/, but provides the example /wɨtsɨ/ [ʋɨtsɨ] 'mouth'. </p><p>/d/ is realized as laminal before [u] – in some words this is in free variation with [d]. </p><p>/s, ts, n, k/ are palatalized to [ʃ, tʃ, ɲ, c] before /i, y/, while /t, d, l/ become [tʲ, dʲ, lʲ].<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20-26">: 20-26 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel"><span style="font-size:85%;">unrounded</span></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel"><span style="font-size:85%;">rounded</span></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel"><span style="font-size:85%;">unrounded</span></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel"><span style="font-size:85%;">rounded</span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although there exist minimal pairs between /o/ and /u/, some words show free variation between /u/ and /o/, and [o] is an allophone of /u/ in some environments. Rogers (2020) hypothesizes that these patterns are a result of a diachronic sound change in progress and that /o u/ do not represent separate phonemes synchronically. </p><p>Apart from the sequences [eo], [au~ao] and [ia], as well as /ai oi/ [aj oj] within a word stem, vowel-vowel sequences are resolved by deleting the first vowel of the sequence, e.g. /teana/ [tana] 'I smell (it)'. The first vowel in a stem may also be deleted in fast speech. </p><p>/a/ and /e/ are realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> when unstressed. </p><p>High and mid vowels are lowered word-finally. </p><p>Vowels are nasalized following a nasal consonant, /ʔ/ or /h/.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32-35">: 32-35 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Máku nouns and verbs inflect for person - either the person of the possessor, on nouns, expressed by a prefix, or of the subject and object, on verbs, which may be prefixes, <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a> or suffixes, depending on the verb. There are also suffixes which express plurality of a possessor or subject. The language marks <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> by distinguishing first person singular from first + second person (inclusive), first + third person (exclusive) and first + second + third person ('unified'). Nouns also inflect for number and case via suffixes. Verbs also inflect for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">negation</a> via suffixes. </p><p>Noun phrases exhibit the word order possessor possessor-possessed, or noun-modifier. <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a> and numerals typically occur before the nouns they modify. There are <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> which follow nouns. </p><p>Intransitive clause word order is typically subject-verb, and transitive clause word order is most commonly <a href="/wiki/Subject-object-verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-object-verb">SOV</a>. Indirect objects are typically placed after the verb. Phrases which represent new, <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focused</a> referents may be fronted to the start of a clause or sentence. Any phrase in focus, both nominal and verbal, can take the focus <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> <i>=ke</i>. </p><p>Máku has motion-complement <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb constructions</a>, with subject-verbal complement-motion verb order. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)" title="Coordination (linguistics)">Coordination</a> is accomplished via <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposition" title="Juxtaposition">juxtaposition</a>, at the phrase and clause levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 98-127">: 98-127 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Máku nouns decline for number, case and possession. Possession is expressed by a prefix, with certain nonsingular possessors adding a separate suffix. Nonsingular number and case are expressed as suffixes. The Máku noun template is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">poss</span>-stem-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">poss</span>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nsg</span>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nsg</span>-case, as demonstrated by the following examples.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41-47">: 41-47 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ene</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsimala</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arrow</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uba</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-nuʔu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="speech act participant" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SAP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-itse</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ene e- tsimala Ø- uba -nuʔu -itse</p><p style="display: none;">2 2- arrow 3SG- tree -SAP.PL -NOM.PL</p><p style="clear: left;">'your [pl.] bows'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uʔsi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">other</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-itse</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-daj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">uʔsi -itse -daj</p><p style="display: none;">other -PL -COM.PL</p><p style="clear: left;">'with others'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possession">Possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following sample paradigms illustrate the possessive morphemes – note the three-way <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> distinction, differentiating both 1+2 (inclusive) and 1+3 (exclusive) as well as the case where the speaker, listener and other(s) are included (1+2+3), which Rogers (2020) refers to as 'unified'. The alienable and <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable</a> possessive paradigms only differ in the expression of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">3sg</span> morpheme. The 1st person inclusive and 3rd person nonsingular forms are formally identical. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Possessor </th> <th>'house' (alienable) </th> <th>'mouth' (inalienable) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span> </th> <td><i>te-mine</i> </td> <td><i>te-wɨtsi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+2 </th> <td><i>tse-mine</i> </td> <td><i>tse-wɨtsi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+2+3 </th> <td><i>tse-mine-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>tse-wɨtsi-nuʔu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+3 </th> <td><i>teke-mine</i> </td> <td><i>teke-wɨtsi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span> </th> <td><i>e-mine</i> </td> <td><i>e-wɨtsi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nsg</span> </th> <td><i>e-mine</i> </td> <td><i>e-wɨtsi(-nuʔu)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span> </th> <td><i>e-mine</i> </td> <td><i>Ø-watsi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nsg</span> </th> <td><i>tse-mine</i> </td> <td><i>tse-wɨtsi</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The stem change on 'mouth' in the non-3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span> possessed forms is one example of an inalienably possessed noun exhibiting a suppletive stem with overt possessive prefixes, of which there are others in Máku. </p><p>Note also the following, as an example of an alienably possessed noun with <i>-nuʔu</i> in the 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nsg</span> possessed form.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 45-47">: 45-47 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">meʔkasa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-nuʔu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">e- meʔkasa -nuʔu</p><p style="display: none;">2 fish PL</p><p style="clear: left;">'your [nsg.] fish'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number">Number</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number is marked by a nonsingular suffix <i>-itse</i>, which does not depend on animacy. This suffix is not realized for semantically plural referents when the noun is treated as a <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective</a> group, or if the noun is modified by a numeral or quantifier.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case">Case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are nine attested case suffixes in Máku:<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42-43">: 42-43 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a> singular </th> <td><i>-siky</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø-eneʔmu-<b>siky</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-brother-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø-lukia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr>-be.old</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ø-eneʔmu-<b>siky</b> Ø-lukia</p><p style="display: none;">3SG-brother-<b>COM.SG</b> 3SG.SUBJ-be.old</p><p style="clear: left;">'with his older brother'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a> plural </th> <td><i>-daj</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uʔsi-itse-<b>daj</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">other-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">uʔsi-itse-<b>daj</b></p><p style="display: none;">other-PL-<b>COM.PL</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'with others'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a> </th> <td><i>-le</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">adiata-<b>le</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">place.below-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="lative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LAT</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">adiata-<b>le</b></p><p style="display: none;">place.below-<b>LAT</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'downwards'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a> </th> <td><i>-ky</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">waʔpite-<b>ky</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">sky-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="terminative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TERM</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">waʔpite-<b>ky</b></p><p style="display: none;">sky-<b>TERM</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'up to the sky'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> </th> <td><i>-leʔni</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">waʔpite-<b>leʔni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">sky-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ablative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABL</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">waʔpite-<b>leʔni</b></p><p style="display: none;">sky-<b>ABL</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'from the sky'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">prolative</a> </th> <td><i>-waʔni</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na-<b>waʔni</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">water-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="elative case ('out of')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ELA</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">na-<b>waʔni</b></p><p style="display: none;">water-<b>ELA</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'on the water'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </th> <td><i>-ʔsa</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">waʔpite-<b>ʔsa</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">sky-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">waʔpite-<b>ʔsa</b></p><p style="display: none;">sky-<b>LOC</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'in the sky'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a> </th> <td><i>-wa</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tse-watsi-<b>wa</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-mouth-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inessive case ('in')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INE</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">tse-watsi-<b>wa</b></p><p style="display: none;">1+2-mouth-<b>INE</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'in our [incl.] mouth'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a> </th> <td><i>-de</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">desembru-<b>de</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">December-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="temporal case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TEMP</abbr></b></p></div><p style="display: none;">desembru-<b>de</b></p><p style="display: none;">December-<b>TEMP</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'in December'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Máku pronouns mark person, number and clusivity. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></th> <th colspan="1">Singular</th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><i>tene</i></td> <td colspan="2">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+2 </th> <td>–</td> <td><i>tsene</i></td> <td><i>tsenenuʔu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+3 </th> <td>–</td> <td><i>tekene</i></td> <td><i>tekenenuʔu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+2+3 </th> <td colspan="2">–</td> <td><i>tenenuʔu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><i>ene</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>enenuʔu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><i>oje</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>ojtse</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are at least two demonstrative pronouns <i>ki</i> 'this' and <i>(a)kwa</i> 'that' - these can take the locative, lative and inessive cases to form demonstrative adverbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50-53">: 50-53 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantifiers">Quantifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quantifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerals may take the classifiers <i>-sy</i> 'period of time' and <i>-ʔnte</i> 'body part', but these appear to be optional. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(4)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nukuja</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-sy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr>:time</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">keʔl-ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sun-moon</p></div><p style="display: none;">nukuja -sy keʔl-ia</p><p style="display: none;">one -CLF:time sun-moon</p><p style="clear: left;">'one day'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The numerals one to four and <i>peʔtaka</i> 'all' are attested to agree in person with nouns they modify if the person is 1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span>, 1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">exc</span> or 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59-61">: 59-61 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(5)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tekene</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teke-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">synialʔa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">three</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">luke</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tall</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="habitual aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HAB</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">tekene teke- synialʔa te- luke -na</p><p style="display: none;">1+3 1+3- three 1- tall HAB</p><p style="clear: left;">'We [excl.] three are tall.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Máku verbs inflect for subject and direct object as well as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">negation</a>. Subject agreement can be marked via prefixes, <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a> or suffixes, depending on the verb in question, and plural subjects add a suffix. Tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality and negation are expressed through suffixes. Object agreement precedes subject agreement, but is not well known due to lack of data. The relative ordering of the TAME morphemes is also not well known due to lack of documentation, although tense and aspect suffixes are mutually exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 65,71,80">: 65,71,80 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_agreement">Subject agreement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subject agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Subject agreement<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 66-67">: 66-67 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Subject </th> <th rowspan="2">Form </th> <th colspan="5">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>leme</i> 'be red' </th> <th><i>inene</i> 'be afraid' </th> <th><i>kaj</i> 'stand (transitive)' </th> <th><i>kuntsi</i> 'wash' </th> <th><i>ku</i> 'see' </th></tr> <tr> <th>1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span> </th> <td><i>te</i> </td> <td><i>te-leme</i> </td> <td><i>i<te>nene</i> </td> <td><i>te-kaj</i> </td> <td><i>ku<te>tsi</i> </td> <td><i>ku-te</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">du</span> </th> <td><i>tse</i> </td> <td><i>tse-leme</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>ku<tsi>tsi </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">pl</span> </th> <td><i>tse-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>tse-leme-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>i<tse>nene-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>tse-kaj-nuʔu</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>ku-tse-nuʔu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+3 </th> <td><i>teke</i> </td> <td><i>teke-leme</i> </td> <td><i>i<teke>nene</i> </td> <td><i>teke-kaj</i> </td> <td><i>ku<teki>tsi</i> </td> <td><i>ku-teke</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1+2+3 </th> <td><i>te-nuʔu</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>i<te>nene-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>te-kaj-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>ku<te>tsi-nu</i> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span> </th> <td><i>ke</i> </td> <td><i>e-leme</i> </td> <td><i>i<ke>nene</i> </td> <td><i>ke-kaj</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>ku-seke</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nsg</span> </th> <td><i>ke-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>e-leme-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>i<ke>nene-nuʔu</i> </td> <td><i>ke-kaj-nuʔu</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">sg</span> </th> <td><i>Ø</i> </td> <td><i>Ø-leme</i> </td> <td><i>i<Ø>nene</i> </td> <td><i>Ø-kaj</i> </td> <td><i>kun<Ø>tsi</i> </td> <td><i>ku-seke</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nsg</span> </th> <td><i>tse(-pu)</i> </td> <td><i>tse-leme-pu</i> </td> <td><i>i<tse>nene</i> </td> <td><i>tse-kaj-pu</i> </td> <td><i>ku<tsi>tsi</i> </td> <td><i>kula-Ø</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>-pu</i> in the 3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">pl</span> subject marker is optional and indicates collectivity of an action.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 66">: 66 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense">Tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five tense morphemes in Máku: distant past, recent past, present, near future, and distant future. While the tense boundaries are relative and not absolute, distant past is used just for mythological stories, and generally the distant future refers to events after the current day while the near future refers to events later in the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 71-74">: 71-74 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Tense suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tense </th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th>Distant past </th> <td><i>-mutsa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near past </th> <td><i>-nka</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td><i>-Ø</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near future </th> <td><i>-ba</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Distant future </th> <td><i>-diba</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aspect">Aspect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Máku has six aspect morphemes. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Aspect suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Aspect </th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th>Permanent </th> <td><i>-na</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Temporary </th> <td><i>-sia</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfective">Imperfective</a> </th> <td><i>-dbena</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">Perfective</a> </th> <td><i>-dia</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Permanent <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive</a> </th> <td><i>-dkina</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Temporary <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive</a> </th> <td><i>-dkisia</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The permanent aspect suffix <i>-na</i> is used only with stative verbs and marks permanent and inherent properties. </p><p>The temporary aspect suffix <i>-sia</i> indicates temporary properties when used with stative verbs, and unfinished action with active verbs. </p><p>The progressive aspect suffixes are present tense in meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74-76">: 74-76 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mood">Mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Mood suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mood </th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a> </th> <td><i>-Ø</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> </th> <td><i>-kɨ(se)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">Hortative</a> </th> <td><i>-kada</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional</a> </th> <td><i>-wake</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Purposive </th> <td><i>-bana</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Verbs marked for the imperative do not have an explicit subject marker. However the hortative does agree with subject. </p><p>The conditional mood only occurs in multiclause constructions. However, the purposive can occur both in multiclause and monoclausal sentences, as shown in the below examples.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 76-77">: 76-77 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(6)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oja-ke</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø-ja-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-lay.down-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø-we-bana</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="purposive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PURP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">oja-ke Ø-ja-dia Ø-we-bana</p><p style="display: none;">3-FOC 3-lay.down-PFV 3-sleep-PURP</p><p style="clear: left;">'He lays down to sleep.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(7)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">we</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sleep</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-bana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="purposive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PURP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">te- we -bana</p><p style="display: none;">1SG- sleep -PURP</p><p style="clear: left;">'I will sleep.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Evidentiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Evidentiality suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Evidentiality </th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th>Firsthand </th> <td><i>-tsa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-firsthand </th> <td><i>-nia</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The evidentiality suffixes are only used with past tense and are not obligatory.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78-80">: 78-80 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation">Negation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negation is signified by <i>-ʔV</i>, where the value of the vowel is the vowel before the suffix, unless followed by <i>-bala</i>, in which case it is /a/.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 80-83">: 80-83 </span></sup> </p><p>Transitive active verbs can optionally take the additional negative suffix <i>-bala</i> following <i>-ʔV</i>. </p><p><i>-ʔV</i> can also be used as a prohibitive marker, as in </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(8)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">we</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sleep</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ʔe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ke- we -ʔe</p><p style="display: none;">2- sleep -NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'Don't sleep!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The negative suffix appears to precede the evidential suffixes, which appear to precede the tense suffixes, as in the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(9)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyhe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fire</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ʔa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-tsa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="firsthand evidentiality" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FIRSTH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-mutsa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distant" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asajtse</p><p style="margin: 0px;">long.time.ago</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ke</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">nyhe Ø- la -ʔa -tsa -mutsa asajtse -ke</p><p style="display: none;">fire 3SG- do -NEG -<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="firsthand evidentiality" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FIRSTH</abbr> -<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distant" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr>.PST long.time.ago -FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">'There was no fire a long time ago.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Máku.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Máku </th></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>nukuzamuké </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>bãtá </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>shünãlyá </td></tr> <tr> <td>head</td> <td>tsi-gáte </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>tsis-kóte </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td>tse-um </td></tr> <tr> <td>man</td> <td>lásepa </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>náme </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire</td> <td>níheː </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun</td> <td>kélé </td></tr> <tr> <td>maize</td> <td>lükü </td></tr> <tr> <td>jaguar</td> <td>zówi </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rogers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRogers2020" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Chris (2020). <i>Máku: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1ku%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-SAmerica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell-SAmerica_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a> (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). <i>The Indigenous Languages of South America</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110255133" title="Special:BookSources/9783110255133"><bdi>9783110255133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classification+of+the+indigenous+languages+of+South+America&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+Languages+of+South+America&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=59-166&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110255133&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarström2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hammarström, Harald (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/issue:vol3n1">"A Note on the Maco [wpc] (Piaroan) Language of the Lower Ventuari, Venezuela"</a>. <i>Cadernos de Etnolingüística</i>. <b>3</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+de+Etnoling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Maco+%5Bwpc%5D+%28Piaroan%29+Language+of+the+Lower+Ventuari%2C+Venezuela&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Fissue%3Avol3n1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolkesky2017" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2017) [original version 2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica"><i>Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</i></a> [<i>Archeo-ecolinguistic study of South American tropical lands</i>] (Ph.D. dissertation) (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Estudo+arqueo-ecolingu%C3%ADstico+das+terras+tropicais+sul-americanas&rft.inst=University+of+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Jolkesky&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+Pinho+de+Valhery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Ftese%3Ajolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1997). <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1"><bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Languages%3A+The+Historical+Linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-509427-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellGrondona2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica, eds. (2012). <i>The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+Languages+of+South+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dixon & Aikhenvald (1999). "Máku", in <i>The Amazonian Languages</i> (pp. 361–362)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabre2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabre, Alain (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Maku.pdf"><i>Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: Makú</i></a> [<i>Ethnolinguistic dictionary and bibliographic guide of the South American indigenous peoples: Makú</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+etnoling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico+y+gu%C3%ADa+bibliogr%C3%A1fica+de+los+pueblos+ind%C3%ADgenas+sudamericanos%3A+Mak%C3%BA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fabre&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.fi%2FEntradas%2520diccionario%2FDic%3DMaku.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1990" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What We Know and How to Know More". In Payne, D. L. (ed.). <i>Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3"><bdi>0-292-70414-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+History+in+South+America%3A+What+We+Know+and+How+to+Know+More&rft.btitle=Amazonian+Linguistics%3A+Studies+in+Lowland+South+American+Languages&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=13-67&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-292-70414-3&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1994" class="citation book cs1">——— (1994). "The Native Languages of South America". In Mosley, C.; Asher, R. E. (eds.). <i>Atlas of the World's Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 46–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Native+Languages+of+South+America&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46-76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch-Grünberg1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1922). "Die Volkgruppierung Zwischen Rio Branco, Orinoco, Rio Negro und Yapurá" [The Ethnic Group Between Rio Branco, Orinoco, Rio Negro and Yapurá]. In Lehmannn, Walter (ed.). <i>Festschrift Eduard Seler</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. pp. 205–266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Volkgruppierung+Zwischen+Rio+Branco%2C+Orinoco%2C+Rio+Negro+und+Yapur%C3%A1&rft.btitle=Festschrift+Eduard+Seler&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=205-266&rft.pub=Strecker+und+Schr%C3%B6der&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Koch-Gr%C3%BCnberg&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciel1991" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maciel, Iraguacema (1991). <i>Alguns aspectos fonológicos e morfológicos da língua Máku</i> [<i>Some phonological and morphological aspects of the Máku language</i>] (Thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de Brasília.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Alguns+aspectos+fonol%C3%B3gicos+e+morfol%C3%B3gicos+da+l%C3%ADngua+M%C3%A1ku&rft.inst=Universidade+de+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Maciel&rft.aufirst=Iraguacema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaku+language+of+Auari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Migliazza, Ernesto (1965). "Fonología Makú", <i>Boletim do MPEG. Antropología</i> 25:1–17.</li> <li>———— (1966). "Esbôço sintático de um corpus da língua Makú", <i>Boletim do MPEG. Antropología</i> 32:1–38.</li> <li>———— (1978). "Makú, Sapé and Uruak languages. Current status and basic lexicon", <i>AL</i> 20/3:133–140.</li> <li>Rogers, Chris (2020). <i>Máku: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. Taylor & Francis.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Languages of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Languages of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Languages of Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniwa of Içana">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquetio_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caquetio language">Caquetio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandawaca_language" title="Mandawaca language">Mandawaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraujano_language" title="Paraujano language">Paraujano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piapoco_language" title="Piapoco language">Piapoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warekena_language" title="Warekena language">Warekena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arutani-Sape_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arutani-Sape languages">Arutani-Sape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japreria_language" title="Japreria language">Japreria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language" title="Kapóng language">Kapóng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapoyo-Yabarana_language" title="Mapoyo-Yabarana language">Mapoyo-Yabarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panare_language" title="Panare language">Panare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_language" title="Pemon language">Pemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanaku_language" title="Tamanaku language">Tamanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Ye'kuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukpa_language" title="Yukpa language">Yukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guahiban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Guahiban languages">Guahiban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuiba_language" title="Cuiba language">Cuiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahibo_language" title="Guahibo language">Guahibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayoman_language" title="Ayoman language">Ayoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayon_language" title="Gayon language">Gayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajara_language" title="Jirajara language">Jirajara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucuch%C3%AD_language" title="Mucuchí language">Mucuchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timote_language" title="Timote language">Timote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukude_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukude language">Jukude</a> (Maku-Auari)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Ninam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanum%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanumá language">Sanumá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Native<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Colonia Tovar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Venezuela" title="Italian language in Venezuela">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032882#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18049977b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18049977b">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&oldid=1186793892">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&oldid=1186793892</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_isolates_of_South_America" title="Category:Language isolates of South America">Language isolates of South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_Western_Amazonia" title="Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia">Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Category:Languages of Venezuela">Languages of Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_extinct_in_the_2000s" title="Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s">Languages extinct in the 2000s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Category:Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2023, at 14:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maku_language_of_Auari&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-q9knr","wgBackendResponseTime":196,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.006","walltime":"1.179","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14176,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":192890,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7413,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":71559,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1006.185 1 -total"," 18.23% 183.473 22 Template:R"," 17.30% 174.042 22 Template:R/ref"," 17.06% 171.682 18 Template:Interlinear"," 14.67% 147.626 8 Template:Cite_book"," 13.96% 140.423 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.71% 117.874 6 Template:Navbox"," 11.51% 115.844 22 Template:R/superscript"," 9.93% 99.956 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 9.69% 97.489 1 Template:Languages_of_Venezuela"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.542","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19299674,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-646d5c5fc6-j4tjs","timestamp":"20241128105640","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Maku language of Auari","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maku_language_of_Auari","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2032882","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2032882","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-01-12T00:03:18Z","dateModified":"2023-11-25T14:38:15Z","headline":"language"}</script> </body> </html>