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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Play written by Ayn Rand</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Torben Betts play, see <a href="/wiki/The_Unconquered_(2007_play)" title="The Unconquered (2007 play)">The Unconquered (2007 play)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Unconquered_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Unconquered (disambiguation)">Unconquered (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic">The Unconquered</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Unconquered_playbill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman embraces a man while looking at another man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Unconquered_playbill.jpg/220px-Unconquered_playbill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/Unconquered_playbill.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="367" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/John_Emery_(actor)" title="John Emery (actor)">John Emery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Craig_(actress)" title="Helen Craig (actress)">Helen Craig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Jagger" title="Dean Jagger">Dean Jagger</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i> for the Broadway production</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data description"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a></i><br />by Ayn Rand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Date premiered</th><td class="infobox-data">February 13, 1940<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1940-02-13</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Place premiered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre" title="Samuel J. Friedman Theatre">Biltmore Theatre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Original language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Setting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-city_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Unconquered</b></i> is a three-act <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">play</a> written by Russian-American author <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> as an adaptation of her 1936 novel <i><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a></i>. The story follows <a href="/wiki/Kira_Argounova" class="mw-redirect" title="Kira Argounova">Kira Argounova</a>, a young woman living in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1920s. Her lover Leo Kovalensky develops <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. To get money for his treatment, Kira has an affair with a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist</a> official, Andrei Taganov. After recovering from his illness, Leo becomes involved with <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> food sales that Andrei is investigating. When Andrei realizes that Kira loves Leo, he helps his rival avoid prosecution, then commits suicide. Leo leaves Kira, who decides to risk her life escaping the country. </p><p>Rand sold an option for the adaptation to producer Jerome Mayer and wrote a script, but he was unable to stage the play. Upon learning about the script, Russian actress <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Leontovich" title="Eugenie Leontovich">Eugenie Leontovich</a> recommended it to producer <a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a>. He staged the play on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> in February 1940. The production was troubled by problems with the script and the cast, including the firing of Leontovich and other actors before the premiere. When the play opened at the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre" title="Samuel J. Friedman Theatre">Biltmore Theatre</a>, it was a critical and financial failure, and closed in less than a week. It was the last of Rand's plays produced during her lifetime. The script was published in 2014. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayn Rand was born in 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, then capital of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> family whose property was <a href="/wiki/Expropriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriated">expropriated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government after the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned about her safety due to her strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> views, Rand's family helped her emigrate to the United States in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She moved to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, where she obtained a job as a junior screenwriter and also worked on other writing projects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her play <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_January_16th" title="Night of January 16th">Night of January 16th</a></i> opened on Broadway in September 1935 and ran until early April 1936. Later that month, her debut novel, <i><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a></i>, was published by Macmillan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She drew on her experiences to depict life in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1920s, and expressed her criticisms of the Soviet government and Communist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after <i>We the Living</i> was published, Rand began negotiations with Broadway producer Jerome Mayer to do a theatrical adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reached an agreement by July 1936. By January 1937, Rand had completed a script, but Mayer had difficulty casting the production because of the story's anti-Communist content.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without a recognized star in the cast, Mayer's financing fell through.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Abbott_1928_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="George Abbott wearing a three-piece suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_Abbott_1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-George_Abbott_1928_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_Abbott_1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-George_Abbott_1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_Abbott_1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-George_Abbott_1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> produced the play on Broadway.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939, Russian-born actress <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Leontovich" title="Eugenie Leontovich">Eugenie Leontovich</a>, who had read <i>We the Living</i> and heard that an adaptation had been written, approached Rand. Like Rand, Leontovich came from a family that suffered after the revolution; the Bolsheviks tortured and killed her three brothers, who served in the anti-Communist <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leontovich asked for a copy of the script, which she sent to her friend <a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a>, a successful Broadway producer.<sup id="cite_ref-Branden150_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden150-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britting337_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting337-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbott decided to produce and direct the adaptation; he hired <a href="/wiki/Scenic_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenic designer">scenic designer</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Aronson" title="Boris Aronson">Boris Aronson</a>, who was also a Russian immigrant, to create the sets.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rand hoped the theatrical adaptation of her novel would create interest among Hollywood producers in doing a film version. This hope was bolstered when <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> studio invested in the stage production,<sup id="cite_ref-Britting337_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting337-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was retitled <i>The Unconquered</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rand had a bad experience with the Broadway production of <i>Night of January 16th</i> because of script changes mandated by the producer, so she insisted on having final approval of any revisions to <i>The Unconquered</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller126_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britting338_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting338-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production was quickly troubled as Abbott requested many changes that Rand refused. To facilitate rewrites, Abbott asked experienced playwright <a href="/wiki/S._N._Behrman" title="S. N. Behrman">S. N. Behrman</a> to work with Rand as a <a href="/wiki/Script_doctor" title="Script doctor">script doctor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britting338_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting338-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbott also decided to replace actor <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">John Davis Lodge</a>, who was hired to play Andrei.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller126_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although she was much older,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leontovich planned to star as college-aged Kira.<sup id="cite_ref-Branden150_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden150-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britting337_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting337-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbott and Rand developed concerns about Leontovich's approach to the role during rehearsals. Rand later described Leontovich's performance as "<a href="/wiki/Overacting" title="Overacting">ham</a> all over the place", which Rand attributed to Leontovich's background with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Preview_(theatre)" title="Preview (theatre)">preview</a> production opened in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> on December 25, 1939, with Leontovich playing Kira alongside <a href="/wiki/Onslow_Stevens" title="Onslow Stevens">Onslow Stevens</a> as Leo and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Jagger" title="Dean Jagger">Dean Jagger</a> as Andrei.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rand's husband, <a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor_(actor,_born_1897)" title="Frank O'Connor (actor, born 1897)">Frank O'Connor</a>, was cast in a minor role as a GPU officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller126_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening night was complicated by a last-minute accident when <a href="/wiki/Howard_Freeman" title="Howard Freeman">Howard Freeman</a>, who was playing Morozov, fell from the theatre's upper tier and fractured his <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>. No replacement was ready, so his part was read from the script rather than performed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baltimore production closed on December 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard484_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard484-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:347px;max-width:347px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_Craig_(1936_still).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of Helen Craig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Helen_Craig_%281936_still%29.jpg/166px-Helen_Craig_%281936_still%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Helen_Craig_%281936_still%29.jpg/249px-Helen_Craig_%281936_still%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Helen_Craig_%281936_still%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenie_Leontovich_Tovarich_1939_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of Eugenie Leontovich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eugenie_Leontovich_Tovarich_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Eugenie_Leontovich_Tovarich_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eugenie_Leontovich_Tovarich_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Eugenie_Leontovich_Tovarich_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eugenie_Leontovich_Tovarich_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg/346px-Eugenie_Leontovich_Tovarich_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Prior to the Broadway opening, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Craig_(actress)" title="Helen Craig (actress)">Helen Craig</a> (left) replaced <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Leontovich" title="Eugenie Leontovich">Eugenie Leontovich</a> (right) as the play's lead actress.</div></div></div></div> <p>After negative reviews for the preview, Abbott cancelled a Broadway debut planned for January 3, 1940, so he could recast and Rand could make script changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard484_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard484-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rand and Abbott agreed to fire Leontovich. Rand delivered the news so that Abbott did not have to confront his longtime friend.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbott made several other cast changes, including replacing Stevens with <a href="/wiki/John_Emery_(actor)" title="John Emery (actor)">John Emery</a> and replacing <a href="/wiki/Doro_Merande" title="Doro Merande">Doro Merande</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hall" title="Ellen Hall">Ellen Hall</a> as Bitiuk.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard484_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard484-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Broadway production, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Craig_(actress)" title="Helen Craig (actress)">Helen Craig</a> took the lead role as Kira.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller126_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rand made the updates to the script that Abbott requested, but she had lost confidence in the production. She did not usually drink, but got drunk before the <a href="/wiki/Dress_rehearsal" title="Dress rehearsal">dress rehearsal</a> to "cut off any emotional reaction" to the "disaster".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final preview performance was staged on February 12, 1940, as a benefit for the <a href="/wiki/Home_for_Hebrew_Infants" title="Home for Hebrew Infants">Home for Hebrew Infants</a>, a New York orphanage.<sup id="cite_ref-Britting344_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting344-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play opened on Broadway the next day at the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre" title="Samuel J. Friedman Theatre">Biltmore Theatre</a>, but closed after five days following scathing reviews and just six performances.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For more than 70 years after its production, the play was unpublished and available only as a typescript stored at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> published a volume with both the final script and an earlier version, edited by Robert Mayhew.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayn_Rand_(1943_Talbot_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Ayn Rand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg/255px-Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg/340px-Ayn_Rand_%281943_Talbot_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> adapted the play from her novel, <i>We the Living</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Russian winter of 1924, Leo Kovalensky returns to his apartment in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a><sup id="cite_ref-city_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after spending two months in jail. The Soviet government has executed his father and expropriated his family's property, including the apartment building. Leo's lover, Kira Argounova, welcomes him home and moves in with him, despite his status as a suspected <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a>. </p><p>A few months later, a panel led by Pavel Syerov questions Kira. They are evaluating the ideological suitability of students at the college where she studies engineering. She admits her bourgeois heritage and refuses to become an <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informant</a> against Leo. Andrei Taganov, a <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> officer, expels her. After the meeting, Andrei tells Kira that he admires the bravery she showed in defying the panel. He hopes that in a future world everyone can express themselves openly, but until then people like her must suffer. Since she will lose her <a href="/wiki/Ration_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration card">ration card</a> for being expelled, he offers to get her a job in a railroad office. </p><p>Kira begs officials in the railroad office to help Leo go to a <a href="/wiki/Crimean" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean">Crimean</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a> for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> he contracted while in jail. They refuse to help a former aristocrat. Andrei comes to the office with Stepan Timoshenko to confront Andrei's old friend Syerov with evidence that he helps smuggle <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> goods. Syerov promises to end his involvement. Kira asks Andrei for his help with Leo. He refuses, but when Kira becomes upset, he kisses her and admits he has been thinking about her since their previous meeting. Kira tells Andrei she loves him, but no one must know of their affair. </p><p>The second act begins six months later. Syerov is in charge of the railroad office and conspires with another official, Karp Morozov, to divert food shipments for the black market. They arrange for Leo, who has just returned from his treatment in Crimea (secretly funded by Andrei's gifts to Kira), to open a store that will sell the stolen goods. Kira warns Leo that his involvement could lead him to a <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a>. Andrei, who has supported Kira as his mistress, proposes marriage. In response, she suggests they should break up. He tells her it is too late for them to separate, because she has changed his view of life. </p><p>Timoshenko brings Andrei evidence of Syerov and Morozov's ongoing black market activities. Kira realizes this will implicate Leo as well. She asks Andrei to drop the case, but he refuses. Syerov and Morozov are arrested, but are not charged because they have influence with the local GPU chief. The chief orders Andrei to arrest Leo for a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> and execution. Andrei is disillusioned by the corruption he has witnessed. When he goes to Leo's home to make the arrest, he discovers that Kira also lives there. </p><p>In the third act, after Leo's arrest, Kira finds Andrei preparing for a speech to a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> meeting. She declares she is proud that she did what was necessary to save Leo from tuberculosis, and she expresses contempt for the Communist ideology that would have let him die. Andrei says he understands and accepts responsibility for making her suffer. When she leaves, Andrei confronts Syerov and insists that he use his influence to secure Leo's release. When Andrei gives his speech, he deviates from his prepared remarks to speak in favor of freedom and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>. </p><p>Andrei commits suicide, and afterwards Kira admits to Leo that she was Andrei's mistress. Leo tells her that he is leaving town with Antonina Pavlovna, Morozov's former mistress, to be her <a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">gigolo</a>. Kira says she will also leave to attempt an escape across the border. Leo warns that she will be killed, but she says she has already lost everything that matters, except her human spirit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast_and_characters">Cast and characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cast and characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The characters and cast from the Broadway production are given below:<sup id="cite_ref-NYTreview_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTreview-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Emery_01_Rocketship_X-M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John Emery sitting at a desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/John_Emery_01_Rocketship_X-M.jpg/170px-John_Emery_01_Rocketship_X-M.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/John_Emery_01_Rocketship_X-M.jpg/255px-John_Emery_01_Rocketship_X-M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/John_Emery_01_Rocketship_X-M.jpg/340px-John_Emery_01_Rocketship_X-M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Emery_(actor)" title="John Emery (actor)">John Emery</a> played Leo Kovalensky.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Cast of the Broadway production </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Broadway cast </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Student </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ballantyne_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ballantyne (actor)">Paul Ballantyne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Boy Clerk </th> <td>William Blees </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">G.P.U. Chief </th> <td>Marshall Bradford </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Comrade Sonia </th> <td>Georgiana Brand </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Comrade Voronov </th> <td>Horace Cooper </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Stepan Timoshenko </th> <td>George Cotton </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Kira Argounova </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_Craig_(actress)" title="Helen Craig (actress)">Helen Craig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Girl Clerk </th> <td>Virginia Dunning </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Upravdom </th> <td>Cliff Dunstan </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Leo Kovalensky </th> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Emery_(actor)" title="John Emery (actor)">John Emery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Karp Morozov </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Howard_Freeman" title="Howard Freeman">Howard Freeman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Comrade Bitiuk </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hall" title="Ellen Hall">Ellen Hall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Andrei Taganov </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dean_Jagger" title="Dean Jagger">Dean Jagger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Assistant G.P.U. Chief </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor_(actor,_born_1897)" title="Frank O'Connor (actor, born 1897)">Frank O'Connor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Soldier </th> <td>John Parrish </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Antonina Pavlovna </th> <td>Lea Penman </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Malashkin </th> <td>Edwin Philips </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pavel Syerov </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pierson_(director)" title="Arthur Pierson (director)">Arthur Pierson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Party Club Attendant </th> <td>George Smith </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Older Examiner </th> <td>J. Ascher Smith </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Neighbor </th> <td>Ludmilla Toretzka </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatic_analysis">Dramatic analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dramatic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The play follows the basic plot and themes from <i>We the Living</i>. The plot in both is about a woman having an affair with a powerful man in order to save another man she loves. Rand acknowledged that similar plots had been used in many previous works of fiction, citing the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i> as an example. She varied from traditional versions of the plot by making the powerful man an idealist who is in love with the woman and unaware of her other lover, rather than a villain who knowingly exploits her.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play significantly streamlines the story: Kira's family is omitted, and the plot begins with her living with Leo. Some of the characterizations are also changed: Leo is more passive, and Andrei is portrayed less sympathetically.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aronson's sets were elaborate and expensive. He designed them to evoke pre-revolutionary Czarist architecture, but with a red color theme to reflect the use of that color by the Communists. A press report described them as "massive" and "decadent". The sets were placed on two 18-foot turntables that could be spun around to allow rapid changes between scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_Federal_Theater_Project_in_New_York-Living_Newspaper-_AAA_Plowed_Under_-_NARA_-_195706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowd on the sidewalk in front of the lighted marquee of the Biltmore Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/WPA_Federal_Theater_Project_in_New_York-Living_Newspaper-_AAA_Plowed_Under_-_NARA_-_195706.jpg/220px-WPA_Federal_Theater_Project_in_New_York-Living_Newspaper-_AAA_Plowed_Under_-_NARA_-_195706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/WPA_Federal_Theater_Project_in_New_York-Living_Newspaper-_AAA_Plowed_Under_-_NARA_-_195706.jpg/330px-WPA_Federal_Theater_Project_in_New_York-Living_Newspaper-_AAA_Plowed_Under_-_NARA_-_195706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/WPA_Federal_Theater_Project_in_New_York-Living_Newspaper-_AAA_Plowed_Under_-_NARA_-_195706.jpg/440px-WPA_Federal_Theater_Project_in_New_York-Living_Newspaper-_AAA_Plowed_Under_-_NARA_-_195706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption>The play ran at the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre" title="Samuel J. Friedman Theatre">Biltmore Theatre</a> for less than a week.</figcaption></figure> <p>The play was a box office failure and received mostly negative reviews. Critics were positive about the acting and Aronson's set design, but strongly negative about the writing and direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Britting344_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting344-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewer Arthur Pollock called the play "slow-moving, uninspired soup".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described it as a "confusing" mixture of "sentimental melodrama" and political discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTreview_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTreview-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Print_syndication" title="Print syndication">syndicated</a> review by <a href="/wiki/Ira_Wolfert" title="Ira Wolfert">Ira Wolfert</a> complained the story had "complications ... too numerous to mention".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reviewer for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> quipped that the play was "as interminable as the <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">five-year plan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Britting346_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting346-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically minded reviewers attacked the play from viewpoints across the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britting344_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting344-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Masses" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Masses">The New Masses</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alvah_Bessie" title="Alvah Bessie">Alvah Bessie</a> said the play was "deadly dull" and called Rand "a fourth-rate hack".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> reviewers described the play as unrealistic, even when they sympathized with its message.<sup id="cite_ref-Britting344_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting344-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Hartung" title="Philip T. Hartung">Philip T. Hartung</a> called the play "a confused muddle" and recommended the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka" title="Ninotchka">Ninotchka</a></i> as better anti-Soviet entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the right, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World-Telegram" title="New York World-Telegram">New York World-Telegram</a></i> drama critic Sidney B. Whipple complained the play understated the dangers of Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Britting346_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting346-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the play's failure, Rand concluded her script was bad, and it was a mistake to attempt a theatrical adaptation of <i>We the Living</i>; she decided the novel "was not proper stage material".<sup id="cite_ref-Britting347_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting347-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She thought that Abbot was more suited to comedy than drama, and that his efforts as producer and director had made the play even worse.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographers of Rand have described the play as "a complete failure",<sup id="cite_ref-Britting344_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting344-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "a resounding flop",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a "critical fiasco and professional embarrassment".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theatre historian William Torbert Leonard described it as a "turgid adaptation" that "failed to enchant even the curious".<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard484_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard484-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Unconquered</i> was the last of Rand's plays to be produced in her lifetime, and she did not write any new plays after 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Britting347_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britting347-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She turned her attention to finishing her novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a></i>, which was published in 1943 and became a bestseller.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbott, who had a long track record on Broadway, was not strongly impacted by the failure of <i>The Unconquered</i>. His next production, the crime drama <i>Goodbye in the Night</i>, written by Jerome Mayer, opened a few weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-city-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-city_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-city_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrograd, formerly known as Saint Petersburg, was renamed Leningrad in January 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the city is referred to as "Petrograd" in Rand's script.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources differ about Leontovich's year of birth, but she was at least 39 when she was cast in the play.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman was replaced by Ralph Morehouse for the remaining preview performances, but resumed the role on Broadway.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard484_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard484-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranden1986">Branden 1986</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRand2014">Rand 2014</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2004">Britting 2004</a>, pp. 14–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2004">Britting 2004</a>, pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2004">Britting 2004</a>, pp. 34–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2009">Burns 2009</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, pp. 336–337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, pp. 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1993">Collins 1993</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branden150-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branden150_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branden150_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranden1986">Branden 1986</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britting337-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britting337_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting337_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting337_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14673169/the_baltimore_sun/">"Russ Stage Artist Depicts Home Land"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. December 23, 1939. p. 20 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Russ+Stage+Artist+Depicts+Home+Land&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1939-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F14673169%2Fthe_baltimore_sun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayhew2014">Mayhew 2014</a>, p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller126-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heller126_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller126_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller126_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller126_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britting338-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britting338_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting338_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiebman2017">Liebman 2017</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, p. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeonard1983">Leonard 1983</a>, p. 483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkley1939">Kirkley 1939</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard484-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard484_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard484_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard484_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard484_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard484_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeonard1983">Leonard 1983</a>, p. 484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranden1986">Branden 1986</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britting344-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britting344_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting344_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting344_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting344_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting344_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranden1986">Branden 1986</a>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerinn1990">Perinn 1990</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSvanberg2014">Svanberg 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTreview-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTreview_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTreview_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0CE4DB1131E43ABC4C52DFB466838B659EDE">"The Play: <i>The Unconquered</i>"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 14, 1940. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Play%3A+The+Unconquered&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1940-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE4DB1131E43ABC4C52DFB466838B659EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRand2000">Rand 2000</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayhew2014">Mayhew 2014</a>, pp. viii–ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, pp. 339–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1940">Pollock 1940</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfert1940">Wolfert 1940</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britting346-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britting346_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting346_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBessie1940">Bessie 1940</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartung1940">Hartung 1940</a>, p. 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britting347-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britting347_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britting347_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritting2014">Britting 2014</a>, p. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rand, Ayn. "The Publishing History of <span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i>We the Living</i></span>". Unpublished essay quoted in <a href="#CITEREFRalston2012">Ralston 2012</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranden1986">Branden 1986</a>, pp. 150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2009">Burns 2009</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranden1986">Branden 1986</a>, pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMantle1940">Mantle 1940</a>, p. 35</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessie1940" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Bessie" title="Alvah Bessie">Bessie, Alvah</a> (February 27, 1940). "One for the Ashcan". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Masses" title="New Masses">New Masses</a></i>. pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Masses&rft.atitle=One+for+the+Ashcan&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=1940-02-27&rft.aulast=Bessie&rft.aufirst=Alvah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranden1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Branden" title="Barbara Branden">Branden, Barbara</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand"><i>The Passion of Ayn Rand</i></a>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19171-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19171-5"><bdi>0-385-19171-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12614728">12614728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+Ayn+Rand&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12614728&rft.isbn=0-385-19171-5&rft.aulast=Branden&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritting2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Britting" title="Jeff Britting">Britting, Jeff</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aynrand00jeff"><i>Ayn Rand</i></a>. Overlook Illustrated Lives series. New York: Overlook Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-406-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-406-0"><bdi>1-58567-406-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56413971">56413971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Overlook+Illustrated+Lives+series&rft.pub=Overlook+Duckworth&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56413971&rft.isbn=1-58567-406-0&rft.aulast=Britting&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faynrand00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritting2014" class="citation book cs1">Britting, Jeff (2014). "Adapting <i>We the Living</i> for the Stage". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). <i>The Unconquered</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 335–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42873-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42873-8"><bdi>978-1-137-42873-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912971550">912971550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adapting+We+the+Living+for+the+Stage&rft.btitle=The+Unconquered&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=335-347&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912971550&rft.isbn=978-1-137-42873-8&rft.aulast=Britting&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2009" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Jennifer (2009). <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_the_Market" title="Goddess of the Market"><i>Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532487-7"><bdi>978-0-19-532487-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/313665028">313665028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+of+the+Market%3A+Ayn+Rand+and+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F313665028&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532487-7&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1993" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Glenn (April 3, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/03/obituaries/eugenie-leontovich-93-actress-playwright-and-teacher-is-dead.html">"Eugenie Leontovich, 93, Actress, Playwright and Teacher, Is Dead"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eugenie+Leontovich%2C+93%2C+Actress%2C+Playwright+and+Teacher%2C+Is+Dead&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1993-04-03&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F04%2F03%2Fobituaries%2Feugenie-leontovich-93-actress-playwright-and-teacher-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartung1940" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Hartung" title="Philip T. Hartung">Hartung, Philip T.</a> (March 1, 1940). "The Stage and Screen: <i>The Unconquered</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a></i>. p. 412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonweal&rft.atitle=The+Stage+and+Screen%3A+The+Unconquered&rft.pages=412&rft.date=1940-03-01&rft.aulast=Hartung&rft.aufirst=Philip+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2009" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Anne C. (2009). <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_and_the_World_She_Made" title="Ayn Rand and the World She Made"><i>Ayn Rand and the World She Made</i></a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51399-9"><bdi>978-0-385-51399-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/229027437">229027437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand+and+the+World+She+Made&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F229027437&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51399-9&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Anne+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkley1939" class="citation news cs1">Kirkley, Donald (December 26, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26135126/the_baltimore_sun/">"The Stage"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. p. 8 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Stage&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1939-12-26&rft.aulast=Kirkley&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F26135126%2Fthe_baltimore_sun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1983" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, William Torbert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broadwayboundgui00leon"><i>Broadway Bound: A Guide to Shows that Died Aborning</i></a>. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1652-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-1652-0"><bdi>0-8108-1652-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/239756089">239756089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway+Bound%3A+A+Guide+to+Shows+that+Died+Aborning&rft.place=Metuchen%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F239756089&rft.isbn=0-8108-1652-0&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=William+Torbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbroadwayboundgui00leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman2017" class="citation book cs1">Liebman, Roy (2017). <i>Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7685-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-7685-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994710962">994710962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway+Actors+in+Films%2C+1894-2015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994710962&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7685-5&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantle1940" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burns_Mantle" title="Burns Mantle">Mantle, Burns</a> (March 19, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33146284/daily_news/">"<i>Goodbye in the Night</i> Shiver Drama about Assorted Lunatics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">Daily News</a></i>. p. 35 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Goodbye+in+the+Night+Shiver+Drama+about+Assorted+Lunatics&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1940-03-19&rft.aulast=Mantle&rft.aufirst=Burns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F33146284%2Fdaily_news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayhew2014" class="citation book cs1">Mayhew, Robert, ed. (2014). <i>The Unconquered</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42873-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42873-8"><bdi>978-1-137-42873-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912971550">912971550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unconquered&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912971550&rft.isbn=978-1-137-42873-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerinn1990" class="citation book cs1">Perinn, Vincent L. (1990). <i>Ayn Rand: First Descriptive Bibliography</i>. Rockville, Maryland: Quill & Brush. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9610494-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9610494-8-0"><bdi>0-9610494-8-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23216055">23216055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%3A+First+Descriptive+Bibliography&rft.place=Rockville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Quill+%26+Brush&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23216055&rft.isbn=0-9610494-8-0&rft.aulast=Perinn&rft.aufirst=Vincent+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1940" class="citation news cs1">Pollock, Arthur (January 14, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4205298/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/">"<i>The Unconquered</i> Has Its Day – A Dull One"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a></i>. p. 6 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=The+Unconquered+Has+Its+Day+%E2%80%93+A+Dull+One&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1940-01-14&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F4205298%2Fthe_brooklyn_daily_eagle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalston2012" class="citation book cs1">Ralston, Richard E. (2012). "Publishing <i>We the Living</i>". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). <i>Essays on Ayn Rand's We the Living</i> (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 159–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4969-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-4969-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769323240">769323240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Publishing+We+the+Living&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ayn+Rand%27s+We+the+Living&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=159-170&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769323240&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4969-0&rft.aulast=Ralston&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand2000" class="citation book cs1">Rand, Ayn (2000). Boeckmann, Tore (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fiction:_A_Guide_for_Writers_and_Readers" title="The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers"><i>The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers</i></a>. New York: Plume. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-28154-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-28154-7"><bdi>0-452-28154-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934792412">934792412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Fiction%3A+A+Guide+for+Writers+and+Readers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934792412&rft.isbn=0-452-28154-7&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Ayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand2014" class="citation book cs1">Rand, Ayn (2014). "<i>The Unconquered</i> (1939/40)". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). <i>The Unconquered</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 181–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42873-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-42873-8"><bdi>978-1-137-42873-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912971550">912971550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Unconquered+%281939%2F40%29&rft.btitle=The+Unconquered&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181-289&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912971550&rft.isbn=978-1-137-42873-8&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Ayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvanberg2014" class="citation web cs1">Svanberg, Carl (September 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ari.aynrand.org/introducing-ayn-rands-the-unconquered/">"Introducing Ayn Rand's <i>The Unconquered</i>"</a>. <i>Impact Today</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_Institute" title="Ayn Rand Institute">Ayn Rand Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Impact+Today&rft.atitle=Introducing+Ayn+Rand%27s+The+Unconquered&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.aulast=Svanberg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fari.aynrand.org%2Fintroducing-ayn-rands-the-unconquered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfert1940" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Wolfert" title="Ira Wolfert">Wolfert, Ira</a> (February 18, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33102919/the_indianapolis_star/">"<i>The Unconquered</i> Is Full of Complications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">The Indianapolis Star</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/North_American_Newspaper_Alliance" title="North American Newspaper Alliance">North American Newspaper Alliance</a>. p. 2 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=The+Unconquered+Is+Full+of+Complications&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1940-02-18&rft.aulast=Wolfert&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F33102919%2Fthe_indianapolis_star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Unconquered+%281940+play%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/10908"><i>The Unconquered</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ayn_Rand" title="Template:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ayn_Rand" title="Template talk:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ayn_Rand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ayn_Rand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ayn_Rand_and_Objectivism" title="Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism">Bibliography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthem_(novella)" title="Anthem (novella)">Anthem</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(novel)" title="Ideal (novel)">Ideal</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_New_Intellectual" title="For the New Intellectual">For the New Intellectual</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Objectivist_Epistemology" title="Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology">Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fiction:_A_Guide_for_Writers_and_Readers" title="The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers">The Art of Fiction</a></i> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collected essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Selfishness" title="The Virtue of Selfishness">The Virtue of Selfishness</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal" title="Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Manifesto" title="The Romantic Manifesto">The Romantic Manifesto</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Left:_The_Anti-Industrial_Revolution" title="The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution">The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It" title="Philosophy: Who Needs It">Philosophy: Who Needs It</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pawn" title="Red Pawn">Red Pawn</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_Letters_(1945_film)" title="Love Letters (1945 film)">Love Letters</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Came_Along" title="You Came Along">You Came Along</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)"><i>The Fountainhead</i></a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_January_16th" title="Night of January 16th">Night of January 16th</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(play)" title="Ideal (play)">Ideal</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Unconquered</a></i> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Early_Ayn_Rand" title="The Early Ayn Rand">The Early Ayn Rand</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Letters of Ayn Rand">Letters of Ayn Rand</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Journals of Ayn Rand">Journals of Ayn Rand</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_5-3000" title="Liberty 5-3000">Liberty 5-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_Shrugged_characters" title="List of Atlas Shrugged characters">List of <i>Atlas Shrugged</i> characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galt" title="John Galt">John Galt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_January_16th_(film)" title="The Night of January 16th (film)"><i>The Night of January 16th</i></a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living_(film)" title="We the Living (film)"><i>We the Living</i></a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)"><i>The Fountainhead</i></a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gawaahi" title="Gawaahi">Gawaahi</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_(film_series)" title="Atlas Shrugged (film series)"><i>Atlas Shrugged</i> (film series)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_I" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part I"><i>Part I</i></a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_II" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part II"><i>Part II</i></a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_Part_III:_Who_Is_John_Galt%3F" title="Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?"><i>Part III</i></a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Unconquered</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(play)" title="The Fountainhead (play)">The Fountainhead</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_homosexuality" title="Objectivism and homosexuality">Objectivism and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randian_hero" title="Randian hero">Randian hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Ayn_Rand_Studies" title="The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies">The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_movement" title="Objectivist movement">Objectivist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_periodicals" title="Objectivist periodicals">Objectivist periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_and_the_World_She_Made" title="Ayn Rand and the World She Made">Ayn Rand and the World She Made</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand:_A_Sense_of_Life" title="Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life">Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand:_The_Russian_Radical" title="Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical">Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ayn_Rand_Cult" title="The Ayn Rand Cult">The Ayn Rand Cult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_the_Market" title="Goddess of the Market">Goddess of the Market</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day:_My_Years_with_Ayn_Rand" title="Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand"><i>Judgment Day</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand">The Passion of Ayn Rand</a></i> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand_(film)" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand (film)"><i>The Passion of Ayn Rand</i></a> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Is_Ayn_Rand%3F" title="Who Is Ayn Rand?">Who Is Ayn Rand?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&oldid=1219045633">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Unconquered_(1940_play)&oldid=1219045633</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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