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</button> <ul id="toc-Criminal_informants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informant_motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informant_motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Informant motivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informant_motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_and_social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_and_social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Labor and social movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_and_social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jailhouse_informants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jailhouse_informants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jailhouse informants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jailhouse_informants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_and_slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_and_slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Terminology and slang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Russia and Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Informant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Секретен сътрудник (държавна сигурност) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Секретен сътрудник (държавна сигурност)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfident" title="Konfident – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konfident" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikker" title="Stikker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stikker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant" title="Informant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhk" title="Nuhk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nuhk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πληροφοριοδότης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληροφοριοδότης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informante" title="Informante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Informante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خبرچین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خبرچین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicateur_(police)" title="Indicateur (police) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indicateur (police)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%A0%9C%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%90" title="정보제공자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정보제공자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Գործ տալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գործ տալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dou%C5%A1nik" title="Doušnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Doušnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informan" title="Informan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Informan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatore" title="Informatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Informatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="הלשנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלשנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informanti" title="Informanti – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Informanti" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatorius" title="Informatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Informatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant" title="Informant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Informant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E8%80%85" title="情報提供者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報提供者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiver" title="Angiver – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Angiver" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osobowe_%C5%BAr%C3%B3d%C5%82o_informacji" title="Osobowe źródło informacji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osobowe źródło informacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informante" title="Informante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Informante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informator" title="Informator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Informator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Осведомитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осведомитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant" title="Informant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Informant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajni_sodelavec" title="Tajni sodelavec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tajni sodelavec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Доушник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Доушник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dou%C5%A1nik" title="Doušnik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Doušnik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmiantaja" title="Ilmiantaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmiantaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiveri" title="Angiveri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Angiveri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Донощик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Донощик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="綫人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="綫人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BE%E6%8A%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="举报人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="举报人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Person who provides information</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a person who provides privileged information. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Informant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Informant (disambiguation)">Informant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Informer" and "Stool pigeon" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Informer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Informer (disambiguation)">Informer (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stool_pigeon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Stool pigeon (disambiguation)">Stool pigeon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Confidential Informant" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Confidential_Informant_(film)" title="Confidential Informant (film)">Confidential Informant (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Payment_to_an_informant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Payment_to_an_informant.jpg/240px-Payment_to_an_informant.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Payment_to_an_informant.jpg/360px-Payment_to_an_informant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Payment_to_an_informant.jpg/480px-Payment_to_an_informant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>A representative from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> congratulates and offers a partial payment to a fully disguised informant whose information led to the neutralization of a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_Philippines" title="Terrorism in the Philippines">terrorist in the Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_page_totally_confidential,_direct_and_immediate_letter_from_the_Minister_of_Finance_to_the_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_about_creating_a_foreign_information_network_for_controlling_smuggling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_page_totally_confidential%2C_direct_and_immediate_letter_from_the_Minister_of_Finance_to_the_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_about_creating_a_foreign_information_network_for_controlling_smuggling.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_page_totally_confidential%2C_direct_and_immediate_letter_from_the_Minister_of_Finance_to_the_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_about_creating_a_foreign_information_network_for_controlling_smuggling.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_page_totally_confidential%2C_direct_and_immediate_letter_from_the_Minister_of_Finance_to_the_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_about_creating_a_foreign_information_network_for_controlling_smuggling.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5224" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>Two-page totally confidential, direct and immediate letter from the Iranian Minister of Finance to the Minister of Foreign Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Hossein_Fatemi" title="Hossein Fatemi">Hossein Fatemi</a>) about creating a foreign information network for controlling smuggling, 15 December 1952</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/informant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:informant"> informant </a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stool_pigeon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stool pigeon"> stool pigeon</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>An <b>informant</b> (also called an <b>informer</b> or, as a <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> term, a "<b>snitch</b>", "<b>rat</b>", "<b>canary</b>", "<b>stool pigeon</b>", "<b>stoolie</b>" or "<b>grass</b>", among other terms)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a person who provides privileged information, or (usually damaging) information intended to be intimate, concealed, or secret, about a person or organization to an agency, often a government or law enforcement agency. The term is usually used within the law-enforcement world, where informants are officially known as <b>confidential human sources</b> (<b>CHS</b>), or <b>criminal informants</b> (<b>CI</b>). It can also refer pejoratively to someone who supplies information without the consent of the involved parties.<sup id="cite_ref-lying_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lying-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is commonly used in politics, industry, entertainment, and academia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a confidential informant or "CI" is "any individual who provides useful and credible information to a <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agency</a> regarding felonious criminal activities and from whom the agency expects or intends to obtain additional useful and credible information regarding such activities in the future".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_informants">Criminal informants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criminal informants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Informants are extremely common in every-day police work, including homicide and narcotics investigations. Any citizen who provides crime-related information to law enforcement by definition is an informant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law enforcement and intelligence agencies may face criticism regarding their conduct towards informants. Informants may be shown leniency for their own crimes in exchange for information, or simply turn out to be dishonest in their information, resulting in the time and money spent acquiring them being wasted. </p><p>Informants are often regarded as <a href="/wiki/Traitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors">traitors</a> by their former criminal associates. Whatever the nature of a group, it is likely to feel strong hostility toward any known informers, regard them as threats and inflict punishments ranging from social ostracism through physical abuse and/or death. Informers are therefore generally protected, either by being segregated while in <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> or, if they are not incarcerated, relocated under a new identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informant_motivation">Informant motivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Informant motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Program_Aids_-_CHS_Assessing.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Program_Aids_-_CHS_Assessing.pdf/page1-220px-Program_Aids_-_CHS_Assessing.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Program_Aids_-_CHS_Assessing.pdf/page1-330px-Program_Aids_-_CHS_Assessing.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Program_Aids_-_CHS_Assessing.pdf/page1-440px-Program_Aids_-_CHS_Assessing.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a> aid for assessing confidential human sources</figcaption></figure> <p>Informants, and especially criminal informants, can be motivated by many reasons. Many informants are not themselves aware of all of their reasons for providing information, but nonetheless do so. Many informants provide information while under stress, duress, emotion and other life factors that can affect the accuracy or veracity of information provided. </p><p>Law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and others should be aware of possible motivations so that they can properly approach, assess and verify informants' information. </p><p>Generally, informants' motivations can be broken down into self-interest, self-preservation and conscience. </p><p>A list of possible motivations includes: </p> <ul><li>Self-Interest: <ul><li>Financial reward.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyman,_D._2010._p264_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyman,_D._2010._p264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pre-trial release from custody.</li> <li>Withdrawal or dismissal of criminal charges.</li> <li>Reduction of sentence.</li> <li>Choice of location to serve sentence.</li> <li>Elimination of rivals or unwanted criminal associates.</li> <li>Elimination of competitors engaged in criminal activities.</li> <li>Diversion of suspicion from their own criminal activities.</li> <li>Revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyman,_D._2010._p264_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyman,_D._2010._p264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Desire to become a spy.</li></ul></li> <li>Self-Preservation: <ul><li>Fear of harm from others.</li> <li>Threat of arrest or charges.</li> <li>Threat of incarceration.</li> <li>Desire for witness protection program.</li></ul></li> <li>Conscience: <ul><li>Desire to leave criminal past.</li> <li>Guilty conscience.</li> <li>Redemption.</li> <li>Mutual respect.</li> <li>Genuine desire to assist law enforcement and society.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Allen_Criminal_Investigation_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Allen_Criminal_Investigation-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor_and_social_movements">Labor and social movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Labor and social movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hired <a href="/wiki/Labor_spies" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor spies">labor spies</a> to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce. They may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers' unionization efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paid informants have often been used by authorities within politically and socially oriented movements to weaken, destabilize and ultimately break them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confidential_Human_Source_Policy_Guide_(redacted).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Confidential_Human_Source_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf/page1-220px-Confidential_Human_Source_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Confidential_Human_Source_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf/page1-330px-Confidential_Human_Source_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Confidential_Human_Source_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf/page1-440px-Confidential_Human_Source_Policy_Guide_%28redacted%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>A redacted version of the FBI policy manual concerning the use of informants</figcaption></figure> <p>Informers alert authorities regarding government officials that are corrupt. Officials may be taking <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribes</a> or be participants in a <a href="/wiki/Money_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Money trail">money loop</a> also called a <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kickback</a>. Informers in some countries receive a percentage of all money recovered by their government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> described a judiciary case which involved the prosecution of a woman suspected to have advised another woman not to marry <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus II</a>: "Neither indeed was there any accuser, until a certain <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Roman Empire">Jew</a>, one charged with other offences, was induced, through hope of pardon, to give false evidence against the innocent. The equitable and vigilant magistrate conducted him out of the city under a guard, lest the populace should have stoned him... The Jew was ordered to the torture till he should speak as he had been instructed... The innocent were condemned to die.... Nor was the promise of pardon made good to the feigned adulterer, for he was fixed to a gibbet, and then he disclosed the whole secret contrivance; and with his last breath he protested to all the beholders that the women died innocent."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criminal informant schemes have been used as cover for politically motivated intelligence offensives.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jailhouse_informants">Jailhouse informants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jailhouse informants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jailhouse informants, who report <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a> (admissions against penal interest) which they claim to have heard while the accused is in <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">pretrial detention</a>, usually in exchange for sentence reductions or other inducements, have been the focus of particular controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of their use are in connection with <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Williams" title="Stanley Williams">Stanley Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Todd_Willingham" title="Cameron Todd Willingham">Cameron Todd Willingham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chicagotribune_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Silverstein" title="Thomas Silverstein">Thomas Silverstein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_%22Eddie%22_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall "Eddie" Conway">Marshall "Eddie" Conway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-James96_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James96-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a suspect in the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Etan_Patz" class="mw-redirect" title="Etan Patz">Etan Patz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCNews_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCNews-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Innocence_Project" title="Innocence Project">Innocence Project</a> has stated that 15% of all wrongful convictions later exonerated because of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> results were accompanied by <a href="/wiki/False_testimony" class="mw-redirect" title="False testimony">false testimony</a> by jailhouse informants. 50% of <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> convictions exonerated by DNA were accompanied by false testimony by jailhouse informants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_slang">Terminology and slang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terminology and slang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Narc (Narcotics)" redirects here. For another usage of the phrase "narc", see <a href="/wiki/Drug_addict" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addict">Drug addict</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">Slang</a> terms for informants include: </p> <ul><li>blabbermouth<sup id="cite_ref-Thesaurus.com_synonyms_for_snitch_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesaurus.com_synonyms_for_snitch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>cheese eater<sup id="cite_ref-rat_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>canary – derives from the fact that canaries sing, and "singing" is underworld or street slang for providing information or talking to the police.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>dog – <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a> term. May also refer to <a href="/wiki/Police_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces">police forces</a> who specialize in surveillance, or police generally.</li> <li>ear – someone who overhears something and tells the authorities.</li> <li>fink – this may refer to the <a href="/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinkerton National Detective Agency">Pinkertons</a> who were used as <a href="/wiki/Plainclothes_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainclothes law enforcement">plain-clothes</a> <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strike-breakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-breakers">strike-breakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>grass<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergrass (informer)">supergrass</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">rhyming slang</a> for "grasshopper", meaning "copper" or "shopper",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having additional associations with the popular song <i><a href="/wiki/Whispering_Grass" title="Whispering Grass">Whispering Grass</a></i> and the phrase "snake in the grass".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>narc – a member of a specialist anti-narcotic <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> agency or <a href="/wiki/Police_intelligence" title="Police intelligence">police intelligence</a> force.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>nark – this may have come from the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> term <i>nak</i> for "nose" or the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> term <i>narquois</i>, which means "cunning", "deceitful", and/or "criminal".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>nose<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentito" title="Pentito">pentito</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> term meaning "one who repents". Originally and most frequently used in reference to <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">Mafia</a> informants,<sup id="cite_ref-Nicaso-Danesi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicaso-Danesi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has also been used to refer to informants for <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Italian paramilitary and terrorist organizations</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Brigate_Rosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigate Rosse">Red Brigades</a><sup id="cite_ref-Drake_2021_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake_2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Prima_Linea" title="Prima Linea">Front Line</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_2021_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake_2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and people who delivered confidential informations to the authorities during the "<a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a>" nationwide judiciary investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicaso-Danesi_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicaso-Danesi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>pursuivant <i>(archaic)</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>rat<sup id="cite_ref-rat_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – informing is commonly referred to as "ratting" in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.</li> <li>snitch<sup id="cite_ref-snitch_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snitch-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – informing is commonly referred to as "snitching", term originally used within the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American community</a> and more recently associated with <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop">hardcore rap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a>, alongside their <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">derivative subgenres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>snout<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>spotter<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>squealer<sup id="cite_ref-snitch_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snitch-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikker" class="extiw" title="da:Stikker">stikker</a> – <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> term meaning "stabber", mainly used in relation to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. During and after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupation of Denmark">Nazi occupation of Denmark</a> (1940–1945), the word has been used specifically to indicate the Danish whistleblowers, agents, and spies which informed the German secret police, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, in order to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a>.</li> <li>stool pigeon or stoolie<sup id="cite_ref-Informer_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Informer-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>tell tale or tell-tale<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>tattle-tale</li> <li>tittle-tattle<sup id="cite_ref-Informer_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Informer-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tout" title="Tout">tout</a> – <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a> term for an informant, often one who informed on the activities of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Troubles#Paramilitaries" title="Outline of the Troubles">Irish paramilitary organizations</a> during "<a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>trick<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">turncoat</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thesaurus.com_synonyms_for_snitch_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesaurus.com_synonyms_for_snitch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>weasel<sup id="cite_ref-Thesaurus.com_synonyms_for_snitch_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesaurus.com_synonyms_for_snitch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>X9 - A slang term in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, possibly inspired by the comic strip <a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_X-9" title="Secret Agent X-9">Secret Agent X-9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abril_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abril-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The term "stool pigeon" originates from the antiquated practice of tying a <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a> to a stool. The bird would flap its wings in a futile attempt to escape. The sound of the wings flapping would attract other pigeons to the stool where a large number of birds could be easily killed or captured.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_notable_individuals">List of notable individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Allen" title="Tim Allen">Tim Allen</a>, actor, who was arrested with cocaine and provided the names of other dealers in exchange for a sentence of three to seven years rather than a possible life imprisonment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Barnes" title="Nicky Barnes">Nicky Barnes</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/The_Council_(drug_syndicate)" title="The Council (drug syndicate)">The Council</a>, which he would later testify against</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitey_Bulger" title="Whitey Bulger">Whitey Bulger</a>, Boston Irish mob boss</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Calabrese" title="Nicholas Calabrese">Nicholas Calabrese</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Made_man" title="Made man">made man</a> who testified against the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Outfit" title="Chicago Outfit">Chicago Outfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carey_(Fenian)" title="James Carey (Fenian)">James Carey</a>, Irish terrorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Flemmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Flemmi">Steve Flemmi</a>, Whitey Bulger's partner-in-crime</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel#Arrests_and_seizures" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Flores twins Pedro and Margarito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Gobbo" title="Nicola Gobbo">Nicola Gobbo</a>, former Australian barrister who provided information on her own clients<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Gravano" title="Sammy Gravano">Sammy Gravano</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Underboss" title="Underboss">underboss</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gambino_crime_family" title="Gambino crime family">Gambino crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6ix9ine" title="6ix9ine">Daniel Hernandez</a> a.k.a. Tekashi 6ix9ine, American rapper, who <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Nine_Trey_Gangsters" title="Trial of the Nine Trey Gangsters">testified</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nine_Trey_Gangsters" title="Nine Trey Gangsters">Nine Trey Gangsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hill" title="Henry Hill">Henry Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family" title="Lucchese crime family">Lucchese crime family</a> associate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lucas_(drug_dealer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Lucas (drug dealer)">Frank Lucas</a>, New York City drug dealer turned informant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massino" title="Joseph Massino">Joseph Massino</a>, the first boss of one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Families" title="Five Families">Five Families</a> in New York City to <a href="/wiki/Turn_state%27s_evidence" title="Turn state's evidence">turn state's evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Reles" title="Abe Reles">Abe Reles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder,_Inc." title="Murder, Inc.">Murder, Inc.</a> hit man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci" title="Freddie Scappaticci">Freddie Scappaticci</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Valachi" title="Joseph Valachi">Joseph Valachi</a>, soldier of the <a href="/wiki/Genovese_crime_family" title="Genovese crime family">Genovese crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Vitale" title="Salvatore Vitale">Salvatore Vitale</a>, former underboss of the <a href="/wiki/Bonanno_crime_family" title="Bonanno crime family">Bonanno crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wershe_Jr." title="Richard Wershe Jr.">Richard Wershe Jr.</a> (commonly known as "White Boy Rick"), the youngest FBI informant ever at age 14</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_Soviet_Union">Russia and Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia and Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A system of informants existed in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and was later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, such people were known as <i>osvedomitel</i> or <i>donoschik</i>, and secretly cooperated with law enforcement agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret-police</a> force <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> and later the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">militsiya</a> or <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>. Officially, those informants were referred to as "secret coworker" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">секретный сотрудник</span>, <i>sekretny sotrudnik</i>) and often were referred by the Russian-derived <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> <i>seksot</i>. In some KGB documents has also been used the designation "source of operational information" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">источник оперативной информации</span>, <i>istochnik operativnoi informatsii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unofficial_collaborator" title="Unofficial collaborator">Unofficial collaborator</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajny_wsp%C3%B3%C5%82pracownik" class="extiw" title="pl:Tajny współpracownik">pl:Tajny współpracownik</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Snitch_Law" title="Snitch Law">Snitch Law</a> and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriota_cooperante" class="extiw" title="es:Patriota cooperante">es:Patriota cooperante</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Informants" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Informants">Informants</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">Agent provocateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguilar%E2%80%93Spinelli_test" title="Aguilar–Spinelli test">Aguilar–Spinelli test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_interrogation" title="Covert interrogation">Covert interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denunciation" title="Denunciation">Denunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentiti">Pentiti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">Plea bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_state%27s_evidence" title="Turn state's evidence">Turn state's evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witness_Protection_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness Protection Program">Witness Protection Program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/informer">"informer"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>. <q><b>2:</b> one that informs against another; <i>specifically</i> : one who makes a practice especially for a financial reward of informing against others for violations of penal laws</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=informer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Finformer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lying-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lying_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Weakest Link: The Dire Consequences of a Weak Link in the Informant Handling and Covert Operations Chain-of-Command" by M Levine. <i>Law Enforcement Executive Forum</i>, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pursuing strategic advantage through political means: A multivariate approach" by DA Schuler, K Rehbein, RD Cramer – <i>Academy of Management Journal</i>, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Reading English for specialized purposes: Discourse analysis and the use of student informants" by A Cohen, H Glasman, PR Rosenbaum-Cohen, <i>TESOL Quarterly</i>, 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/0509/chapter3.htm#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Confidential%20Informant,obtain%20additional%20useful%20and%20credible">"Special Report"</a>. <i>oig.justice.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>. <q>According to the Confidential Informant Guidelines, a confidential informant or "CI" is "any individual who provides useful and credible information to a Justice Law Enforcement Agency (JLEA) regarding felonious criminal activities and from whom the JLEA expects or intends to obtain additional useful and credible information regarding such activities in the future."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oig.justice.gov&rft.atitle=Special+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foig.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchive%2Fspecial%2F0509%2Fchapter3.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520the%2520Confidential%2520Informant%2Cobtain%2520additional%2520useful%2520and%2520credible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmiotto, J., Micheal. <i>Criminal Investigation</i>. 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013. pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyman,_D._2010._p264-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyman,_D._2010._p264_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyman,_D._2010._p264_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, D., Micheal. <i>Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science</i>. 6th ed. Columbia College of Missouri. Pearson, 2010. p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Allen_Criminal_Investigation-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Allen_Criminal_Investigation_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2011" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Bill Van (2011). <i>Criminal investigation : in search of the truth</i> (2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-800011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-800011-0"><bdi>978-0-13-800011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+investigation+%3A+in+search+of+the+truth&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=217&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-13-800011-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Bill+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Private detective agencies and labour discipline in the United States, 1855–1946" by RP Weiss. <i>The Historical Journal</i>, 2009. Cambridge Univ Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Judicial Control of Informants, Spies, Stool Pigeons, and Agent Provocateurs" by RC Donnelly – <i>Yale Law Journal</i>, 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thoughts on a neglected category of social movement participant: The agent provocateur and the informant" by GT Marx – <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLactantius" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.v.xl.html">"On the Deaths of the Persecutors"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Deaths+of+the+Persecutors&rft.au=Lactantius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf07.iii.v.xl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"CIA Assets and the Rise of the Guadalajara Connection" J. Marshall – <i><a href="/wiki/Crime,_Law_and_Social_Change" title="Crime, Law and Social Change">Crime, Law and Social Change</a></i>, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2000/2000scc11/2000scc11.html">scc.lexum.umontreal.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110084712/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2000/2000scc11/2000scc11.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071115033333/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F11%2F30%2F153247">"A Conversation with Death Row Prisoner Stanley Tookie Williams from his San Quentin Cell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>. 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O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449397784" title="Special:BookSources/9781449397784"><bdi>9781449397784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Games%2C+Diversions+%26+Perl+Culture%3A+Best+of+the+Perl+Journal&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781449397784&rft.aulast=Orwant&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GkMNv7PM68C%26q%3Dcanary%2Binformant%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Origin of fink 'informer, hired strikebreaker'" by William Sayers. <i>A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews</i>. 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Treiber, Kyle (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/download/56eac4694759293784fc3cdea6a41935b73428098612bf02849a1bb12bf040d6/163633/14773708211008441.pdf">"The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Criminology" title="European Journal of Criminology">European Journal of Criminology</a></i>. <b>20</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Society_of_Criminology" title="European Society of Criminology">European Society of Criminology</a>: 381–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14773708211008441">10.1177/14773708211008441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-2609">1741-2609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234835036">234835036</a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">1970s in Italy</a> were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">extra-parliamentary organizations</a>, the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Italy">far right movement</a>, and an upsurge in the use of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">politically motivated violence</a> and state repressive measures. [...] The early 1980s were characterized by the appearance of the first <i><a href="/wiki/Pentito" title="Pentito">pentiti</a></i> (justice collaborators), waves of arrests and trials, and the incarceration of several hundreds of radical left activists, many of whom were sentenced to very long terms (22 years and over). According to available data, 4087 activists were detained at the beginning of the 1980s in prisons around the country, including a few hundred in maximum security facilities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=The+failed+amnesty+of+the+%27years+of+lead%27+in+Italy%3A+Continuity+and+transformations+between+%28de%29politicization+and+punitiveness&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=381-400&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234835036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1741-2609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F14773708211008441&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch.lsbu.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F56eac4694759293784fc3cdea6a41935b73428098612bf02849a1bb12bf040d6%2F163633%2F14773708211008441.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake_2021-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_2021_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_2021_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2021" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Richard (2021) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xG0cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT220">"The Blast Furnace of Terrorism: 1979–1980"</a>. <i>The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253057143" title="Special:BookSources/9780253057143"><bdi>9780253057143</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020050360">2020050360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Blast+Furnace+of+Terrorism%3A+1979%E2%80%931980&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+Mystique+and+Terrorism+in+Contemporary+Italy&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=220&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020050360&rft.isbn=9780253057143&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxG0cEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2011" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Colleen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAVqklkq2uUC&pg=PA162">"Dozier, James Lee (1931– )"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._Augustus_Martin" title="C. Augustus Martin">Martin, Gus</a> (ed.). <i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412980166" title="Special:BookSources/9781412980166"><bdi>9781412980166</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011009896">2011009896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dozier%2C+James+Lee+%281931%E2%80%93+%29&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+Terrorism&rft.place=Los+Angeles+and+London&rft.pages=162-163&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011009896&rft.isbn=9781412980166&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAVqklkq2uUC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Speaker and Structure in Donne's Satyre" by NM Bradbury. <i>Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900</i>, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sociology of Confinement: Assimilation and the Prison 'Rat'" by EH Johnson. <i>The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science</i>. 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snitch-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snitch_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snitch_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Reflections on the role of statutory immunity in the criminal justice system" by WJ Bauer – <i>Journal of Criminal Law. & Criminology</i>, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatapoff2009" class="citation book cs1">Natapoff, Alexandra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkMx-o6dNK8C&pg=PA135">"The Role of Rap and Hip Hop"</a>. <i>Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. pp. 135–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814758588" title="Special:BookSources/9780814758588"><bdi>9780814758588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Rap+and+Hip+Hop&rft.btitle=Snitching%3A+Criminal+Informants+and+the+Erosion+of+American+Justice&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=135-138&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780814758588&rft.aulast=Natapoff&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkMx-o6dNK8C%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"snout". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <q>A police informer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=snout&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Instigated Crime" by S Shaw – <i>Alta. LQ</i>, 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Informer-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Informer_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Informer_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Elevating the Role of the Informer: The Value of Secret Information". MW Krasilovsky. <i>ABAJ</i>, 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On Truth and Lie in a Colonial Sense: Kipling's Tales of Tale-telling" by A Hai – <i>ELH</i>, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Telling tales in school" by A Minister. <i>Education 3–13</i>, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2000" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Henry (2000-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/oct/29/northernireland.humanrights">"End of 'touts' in Northern Ireland"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=End+of+%27touts%27+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2000-10-28&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2000%2Foct%2F29%2Fnorthernireland.humanrights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4877704.stm">"The murky world of informers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2006-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+murky+world+of+informers&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F4877704.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prison ministry: hope behind the wall</i> by Dennis W. Pierce – 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abril-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abril_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://super.abril.com.br/coluna/oraculo/de-onde-surgiu-o-termo-x-9">"De onde surgiu o termo X-9?"</a> (in Portuguese). Super Interessante Magazine. 21 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+onde+surgiu+o+termo+X-9%3F&rft.pub=Super+Interessante+Magazine&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuper.abril.com.br%2Fcoluna%2Foraculo%2Fde-onde-surgiu-o-termo-x-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Errol_Fuller" title="Errol Fuller">Fuller, E.</a> (2014). <i>The Passenger Pigeon</i>. Princeton and Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 72–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16295-9"><bdi>978-0-691-16295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passenger+Pigeon&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pages=72-88&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16295-9&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/sep/05/lawyer-x-how-victoria-police-got-it-profoundly-wrong-with-informant-nicola-gobbo">"Lawyer X: how Victoria police got it 'profoundly wrong' with informant Nicola Gobbo"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 2020-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lawyer+X%3A+how+Victoria+police+got+it+%27profoundly+wrong%27+with+informant+Nicola+Gobbo&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2020%2Fsep%2F05%2Flawyer-x-how-victoria-police-got-it-profoundly-wrong-with-informant-nicola-gobbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Ash, Timothy Garton (September 25, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071504/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/09/25/orwells-list/">"Orwell's List"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/09/25/orwells-list/">the original</a> on 2016-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Orwell%27s+List&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Garton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2003%2F09%2F25%2Forwells-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/documents_frames/Sakharov_008.htm">Andropov to the Central Committee. The Demonstration in Red Square Against the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia. September 20, 1968</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132901/http://yale.edu/annals/sakharov/documents_frames/Sakharov_008.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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