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searchaux" style="display:none">Opera by Philip Glass</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">In the Penal Colony</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">Chamber opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:In_the_penal_colony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/In_the_penal_colony.jpg/260px-In_the_penal_colony.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/In_the_penal_colony.jpg/390px-In_the_penal_colony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/In_the_penal_colony.jpg/520px-In_the_penal_colony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rehearsal for the Swiss premiere in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, May 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Wurlitzer" title="Rudy Wurlitzer">Rudy Wurlitzer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony" title="In the Penal Colony">In the Penal Colony</a>"<br />by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">August 31, 2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000-08-31</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ACT_Theatre" title="ACT Theatre">ACT Theatre</a>, Seattle</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>In the Penal Colony</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">chamber opera</a> in one act and 16 scenes composed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> to an English-language <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Wurlitzer" title="Rudy Wurlitzer">Rudy Wurlitzer</a>. The opera is based on <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>'s German-language short story <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony" title="In the Penal Colony">In the Penal Colony</a></i>. It was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/ACT_Theatre" title="ACT Theatre">ACT Theatre</a> in Seattle, Washington, where it premiered on August 31, 2000. It has a running time of approximately 80 minutes and is scored for two singers (<a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>) and a string quintet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kafka's harrowing story "In the Penal Colony" ("<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">In der Strafkolonie</i></span>") was adapted as a play by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Berkoff" title="Steven Berkoff">Steven Berkoff</a> in 1969. Glass chose to use it as the basis for an opera and selected the creative team. He and his long-time collaborator and former wife <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Akalaitis" title="JoAnne Akalaitis">JoAnne Akalaitis</a> worked on the idea on and off for three years before receiving a commission from <a href="/wiki/ACT_Theatre" title="ACT Theatre">ACT Theatre</a> in Seattle. Akalaitis worked closely with the librettist, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Wurlitzer" title="Rudy Wurlitzer">Rudy Wurlitzer</a>, in adapting the story for the musical stage and directed the premiere production. Glass referred to the work as a "pocket opera" and deliberately chose the small-scale format of a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">chamber opera</a> to increase the likelihood that it would be frequently performed.<sup id="cite_ref-Akalaitis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akalaitis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinzer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinzer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kafka's story, only two of the four characters speak, The Officer and The Visitor, whose roles in the opera are assigned to a <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> respectively. As in the story, The Prisoner and The Guard remain silent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akalaitis added a fifth character for the premiere production, Kafka himself, who serves as a narrator and onlooker.<sup id="cite_ref-Playbill_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playbill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texts for the narration were chosen by Akalaitis from <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka%27s_Diaries" title="Franz Kafka's Diaries">Kafka's diaries</a>. The opera's music is played by a string quintet. In the original production, they appear as musicians from the <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> where the story takes place and are costumed variously as soldiers and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Akalaitis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akalaitis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world premiere performance of the opera on August 31, 2000 at ACT Theatre was a co-production with the <a href="/wiki/Court_Theatre_(Chicago)" title="Court Theatre (Chicago)">Court Theatre</a> in Chicago who staged it later that year. <a href="/wiki/John_Duykers" title="John Duykers">John Duykers</a>, who had created the role of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Tse-tung" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Tse-tung">Mao Tse-tung</a> in Adams's <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon in China (opera)">Nixon in China</a></i>, was The Visitor, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Perry_(bass-baritone)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Perry (bass-baritone) (page does not exist)">Herbert Perry</a>, who had created the role of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> in Glass's <i>The White Raven</i>, was The Officer. Perry's identical twin brother, Eugene, alternated with him in the role. Alan O. Johnson conducted the Metropolitan String Ensemble. The sets were designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Conklin" title="John Conklin">John Conklin</a>, with costumes by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hilferty" title="Susan Hilferty">Susan Hilferty</a> and lighting by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Tipton" title="Jennifer Tipton">Jennifer Tipton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Playbill_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playbill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>In the Penal Colony</i> ran at the ACT Theatre until October 1. The production, directed by JoAnne Akalaitis with the same singers, opened in Chicago at the Court Theatre in December 2000. Its New York City premiere followed in June 2001 when it was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Stage_Company" title="Classic Stage Company">Classic Stage Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinzer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinzer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German premiere was produced in November 2002 by the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Kammeroper" title="Berliner Kammeroper">Berliner Kammeroper</a>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kay_Kuntze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kay Kuntze (page does not exist)">Kay Kuntze</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kuntze" class="extiw" title="de:Kay Kuntze">de</a>]</span>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Aderhold" title="Peter Aderhold">Peter Aderhold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work premiered in France at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Lyon" title="Opéra National de Lyon">Opéra National de Lyon</a> on January 23, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK premiere took place at the Linbury Studio Theatre in London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> on September 15, 2010. On that occasion, it was performed in a production by <a href="/wiki/Music_Theatre_Wales" title="Music Theatre Wales">Music Theatre Wales</a> who then took it on tour to several British cites.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was given three performances in May 2011 at the Theater der Künste in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> as part of the Philip Glass Festival and had its Australian premiere at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art" title="National Institute of Dramatic Art">National Institute of Dramatic Art</a>'s Parade Playhouse in Sydney on April 7, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Age_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicago Fringe Opera gave the opera a Chicago revival with six performances in May 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the original Akalaitis production performed in Seattle, Chicago and New York City, subsequent ones have varied the number of non-speaking roles and the placement of the string ensemble. The Opéra National de Lyon production directed by Richard Brunel added a second non-speaking guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Music Theatre Wales production directed by Michael McCarthy eliminated the guard's role completely.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian production directed by Imara Savage placed the string players off-stage and set the action in a hospital-like corridor.<sup id="cite_ref-Age_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these later productions used the Kafka narrator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kafka_portrait.jpg/150px-Kafka_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Kafka_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> in 1906</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> </th> <th>Premiere cast, August 31, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-Playbill_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playbill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(Conductor: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_O._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan O. Johnson (page does not exist)">Alan O. Johnson</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>The Officer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a> </td> <td>Herbert Perry </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Visitor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Duykers" title="John Duykers">John Duykers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Guard </td> <td>silent role </td> <td>Steven M. Levine </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Prisoner </td> <td>silent role </td> <td>Matt Seidman </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> </td> <td>speaking role </td> <td>Jose Gonzales </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Setting: The remote island <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> of a powerful but unnamed country in 1907</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high-ranking visitor arrives in the penal colony. He was invited there to witness the public execution of a prisoner using a strange machine invented by the former commandant of the colony. The machine slowly carves a description of the condemned man's crimes into his flesh and after hours of excruciating torture kills him. The device is operated by the officer in charge of the prison who is utterly devoted to the machine and to the memory of the deceased commandant who invented it. He is disturbed by the machine's state of disrepair and the growing criticism of its use, including criticism from the island's current commandant. He hopes that the visitor will be impressed by the machine and will speak in favor of its "redemptive powers" to the commandant. The visitor is appalled by the machine but sings "It's always risky interfering in other peoples' business [...] I oppose this procedure, but I will not intervene."<sup id="cite_ref-Kinzer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinzer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the officer realizes that the visitor will not actively support him, he frees the condemned prisoner from the machine and climbs onto it himself, seeking the redemption of a slow and painful death. The machine, however, malfunctions and instead of killing him slowly, kills him almost instantly by piercing his skull. It then self-destructs. The visitor boards a boat and leaves the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording">Recording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Glass: <i>In the Penal Colony</i> – Michael Bennett (The Visitor), <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ebrahim" title="Omar Ebrahim">Omar Ebrahim</a> (The Officer); <a href="/wiki/Music_Theatre_Wales" title="Music Theatre Wales">Music Theatre Wales</a>; Michael Rafferty (conductor). Recorded October 27–28, 2010. Label: Orange Mountain OMM0078<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Novello" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Novello">Chester Novello</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2432&State_3041=2&workId_3041=12579">"Philip Glass: <i>In the Penal Colony</i>"</a>. Retrieved February 27, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akalaitis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akalaitis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akalaitis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Akalaitis, Joanne (June 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/10/arts/theater-adapting-the-horrors-of-a-kafka-story-to-suit-glass-s-music.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm">"Adapting the Horrors Of a Kafka Story To Suit Glass's Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved February 27, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinzer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinzer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinzer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinzer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinzer, Stephen (December 6, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/06/arts/arts-in-america-a-pocket-size-opera-from-a-harrowing-kafka-story.html">"A Pocket-Size Opera From a Harrowing Kafka Story"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved February 27, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In English translations of Kafka's original story, The Visitor is called "The Explorer", The Prisoner is called "The Condemned", and The Guard is called "The Soldier",</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playbill-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Playbill_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Playbill_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Playbill_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehren, Christine (August 31, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/news/article/55131-Seattles-ACT-Goes-In-the-Penal-Colony-w-Glass-Akalaitis-World-Premiere-Aug-31-Oct-1">"Seattle's ACT Goes In the Penal Colony w/ Glass-Akalaitis World Premiere Aug. 31 – Oct. 1"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103014423/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/55131-Seattles-ACT-Goes-In-the-Penal-Colony-w-Glass-Akalaitis-World-Premiere-Aug-31-Oct-1">Archived</a> November 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i>. Retrieved February 27, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/nur-die-schuld-ist-gewiss-berliner-kammeroper--in-the-penal-colony---eine-oper-von-philip-glass-nach-franz-kafkas-erzaehlung--in-der-strafkolonie-,10810590,10038724.html">"Berliner Kammeroper <i>In the Penal Colony</i>: eine Oper von Philip Glass nach Franz Kafkas Erzählung 'In der Strafkolonie'"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung" title="Berliner Zeitung">Berliner Zeitung</a></i>, October 25, 2002 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyon_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyon_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Lyon" title="Opéra National de Lyon">Opéra National de Lyon</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opera-lyon.com/uploads/tx_eopera/Texte_La_Colonie.pdf"><i>Dans la colonie pénitentiaire</i> (Libretto and notes)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Retrieved February 27, 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Church, Michael (September 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/reviews/in-the-penal-colony-music-theatre-wales-linbury-theatre-2080848.html">"In the Penal Colony, Music Theatre Wales, Linbury Theatre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Retrieved February 27, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zürcher Kammerorchester (May 16–22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://napex.net/upload/andreamolino/pdf-Dateien/ZKO_Brosch_Philip_Glass_def.pdf"><i>Philip Glass Festival</i></a>, p. 2. Retrieved February 27, 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Age-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Age_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Age_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCallum, Peter (April 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/redemption-through-glass-darkly-20120408-1wj74.html">"Redemption, through Glass, darkly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. Retrieved February 27, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagofringeopera.com/event/philip-glass-in-the-penal-colony/">"In the Penal Colony"</a>. <i>Chicago Fringe Opera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Fringe+Opera&rft.atitle=In+the+Penal+Colony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagofringeopera.com%2Fevent%2Fphilip-glass-in-the-penal-colony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+the+Penal+Colony+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddocks, Fiona (September 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/19/philip-glass-penal-colony-review">"In the Penal Colony; Don Pasquale; La bohème/Euridice; Chilingirian Quartet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. Retrieved February 27, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise indicated, synopsis based on <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Lyon" title="Opéra National de Lyon">Opéra National de Lyon</a> (2009) and McCallum (April 9, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godfrey, Paul Corfield (March 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2012/Mar12/Glass_colony_OMM0078.htm">"Recording Review: <i>In the Penal Colony</i> Orange Mountain OMM0078"</a>. MusicWeb International. Retrieved February 27, 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121121051946/http://www.philipglass.com/music/compositions/in_the_penal_colony.php"><i>In the Penal Colony</i></a> on the official website of Philip Glass</li> <li>Ozorio, Anne (September 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/09/an_experience_i.php">"An experience In the Penal Colony"</a>. <i>Opera Today</i> (review and production photos of the UK premiere)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony" class="extiw" title="s:In the Penal Colony">"In the Penal Colony" by Franz Kafka</a> in English translation by Ian Johnston on <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title{background-color:#f4bf92}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title{background-color:#bfe0bf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title{background-color:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title{background-color:#d8bfd8}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title{background-color:#b0e0e6}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title{background-color:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist" aria-labelledby="Philip_Glass" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philip_Glass" title="Template:Philip Glass"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philip_Glass" title="Template talk:Philip Glass"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philip_Glass" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philip Glass"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philip_Glass" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Philip_Glass" title="List of compositions by Philip Glass">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Twelve_Parts" title="Music in Twelve Parts">Music in Twelve Parts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glassworks_(composition)" title="Glassworks (composition)">Glassworks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Glass)">String Quartet No. 2</a> (<i>Company</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._4_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 4 (Glass)">String Quartet No. 4</a> (<i>Buczak</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(Glass)" title="The Light (Glass)">The Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passages_(Ravi_Shankar_and_Philip_Glass_album)" title="Passages (Ravi Shankar and Philip Glass album)">Passages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itaipu_(Glass)" title="Itaipu (Glass)">Itaipu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_from_Liquid_Days" title="Songs from Liquid Days">Songs from Liquid Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguas_da_Amazonia" title="Aguas da Amazonia">Aguas da Amazonia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Photographer" title="The Photographer">The Photographer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_Wars:_A_Tree_Is_Best_Measured_When_It_Is_Down" title="The Civil Wars: A Tree Is Best Measured When It Is Down">The Civil Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Juniper_Tree_(opera)" title="The Juniper Tree (opera)">The Juniper Tree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(Glass_opera)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (Glass opera)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Representative_for_Planet_8_(opera)" title="The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (opera)">The Making of the Representative for Planet 8</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1000_Airplanes_on_the_Roof" title="1000 Airplanes on the Roof">1000 Airplanes on the Roof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_Jukebox" title="Hydrogen Jukebox">Hydrogen Jukebox</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_(opera)" title="The Voyage (opera)">The Voyage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orph%C3%A9e_(Glass)" title="Orphée (Glass)">Orphée</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Enfants_terribles_(opera)" title="Les Enfants terribles (opera)">Les Enfants terribles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_et_la_B%C3%AAte_(opera)" title="La Belle et la Bête (opera)">La Belle et la Bête</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsters_of_Grace" title="Monsters of Grace">Monsters of Grace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Raven_(opera)" title="White Raven (opera)">White Raven</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In the Penal Colony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei_(opera)" title="Galileo Galilei (opera)">Galileo Galilei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_a_Voice_(opera)" title="The Sound of a Voice (opera)">The Sound of a Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Barbarians_(opera)" title="Waiting for the Barbarians (opera)">Waiting for the Barbarians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_(opera)" title="Appomattox (opera)">Appomattox</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(opera)" title="Kepler (opera)">Kepler</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_American" title="The Perfect American">The Perfect American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(2014_opera)" title="The Trial (2014 opera)">The Trial</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symphonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Glass)">No. 1</a> (<i>Low</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Glass)">No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Glass)">No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Glass)">No. 4</a> (<i>"Heroes"</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Glass)">No. 5</a> (<i>Choral</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Glass)">No. 6</a> (<i>Plutonian Ode</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Glass)">No. 7</a> (<i>Toltec</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Glass)">No. 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Glass)">No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Glass)">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._11_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 11 (Glass)">No. 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._12_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 12 (Glass)">No. 12</a> (<i>Lodger</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirol_Concerto_for_Piano_and_Orchestra" title="Tirol Concerto for Piano and Orchestra">Piano Concerto No. 1 (<i>Tirol</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Glass)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Glass)">Piano Concerto No. 2 (<i>After Lewis and Clark</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_Concerto_(Glass)" title="Harpsichord Concerto (Glass)">Harpsichord Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto (Glass)">Violin Concerto (withdrawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._1_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 1 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._2_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 2 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 2 (<i>American Four Seasons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_No._1_(Glass)" title="Cello Concerto No. 1 (Glass)">Cello Concerto No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_Fantasy_for_Two_Timpanists_and_Orchestra" title="Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra">Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film scores</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(album)" title="Dracula (album)">Dracula</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass_Ensemble" title="Philip Glass Ensemble">Philip Glass Ensemble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glass:_A_Portrait_of_Philip_in_Twelve_Parts" title="Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts">Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Russell_Davies" title="Dennis Russell Davies">Dennis Russell Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Hwang" title="David Henry Hwang">David Henry Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Reggio" title="Godfrey Reggio">Godfrey Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass_Buys_a_Loaf_of_Bread" title="Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread">Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philip_Glass" title="Category:Philip 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