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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimalist_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimalist_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Minimalist composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimalist_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى تقليلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى تقليلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_minimalista" title="Música minimalista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música minimalista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_minimalista" title="Música minimalista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música minimalista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalismus_(hudba)" title="Minimalismus (hudba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minimalismus (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalistisk_musik" title="Minimalistisk musik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minimalistisk musik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Music" title="Minimal Music – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minimal Music" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(muusika)" title="Minimalism (muusika) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Minimalism (muusika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μινιμαλιστική μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μινιμαλιστική μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_minimalista" title="Música minimalista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música minimalista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika_minimalista" title="Musika minimalista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musika minimalista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="موسیقی مینیمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی مینیمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_minimaliste" title="Musique minimaliste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique minimaliste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_minimalista" title="Música minimalista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música minimalista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EB%A9%80_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="미니멀 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미니멀 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մինիմալ երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինիմալ երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_minimalista" title="Musica minimalista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica minimalista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה מינימליסטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה מינימליסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="მინიმალიზმი (მუსიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინიმალიზმი (მუსიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_minima" title="Musica minima – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica minima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalistin%C4%97_muzika" title="Minimalistinė muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Minimalistinė muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalista_zene" title="Minimalista zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Minimalista zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Минималистичка музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минималистичка музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalistische_muziek" title="Minimalistische muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minimalistische muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ミニマル・ミュージック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミニマル・ミュージック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalistisk_musikk" title="Minimalistisk musikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minimalistisk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musike_minimalisse" title="Musike minimalisse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Musike minimalisse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalizm_(muzyka)" title="Minimalizm (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minimalizm (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_minimalista" title="Música minimalista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música minimalista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_minimalist%C4%83" title="Muzică minimalistă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică minimalistă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Минимализм (музыка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минимализм (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalizam_(muzika)" title="Minimalizam (muzika) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Minimalizam (muzika)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalizam_(muzika)" title="Minimalizam (muzika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minimalizam (muzika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalistinen_musiikki" title="Minimalistinen musiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minimalistinen musiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist_m%C3%BCzik" title="Minimalist müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minimalist müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Мінімалізм (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінімалізм (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E7%B4%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Minimal music</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Early 1960s, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">totalism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a><sup id="cite_ref-coxwarner.301_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coxwarner.301-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Minimal music</b> (also called <b>minimalism</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-However_1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-However_1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> or other compositional practice that employs limited or minimal musical materials. Prominent features of minimalist music include <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">repetitive</a> patterns or <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">pulses</a>, steady <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonant harmony</a>, and reiteration of musical <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrases</a> or smaller units. It may include features such as <a href="/wiki/Phase_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase shift">phase shifting</a>, resulting in what is termed <a href="/wiki/Phase_music" title="Phase music">phase music</a>, or process techniques that follow strict rules, usually described as <a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">process music</a>. The approach is marked by a non-narrative, non-<a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleological</a>, and non-<a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">representational</a> approach, and calls attention to the activity of <a href="/wiki/Listening" title="Listening">listening</a> by focusing on the internal processes of the music.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The approach originated on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a> in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Area">Bay Area</a>, where <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> were studying and living at the time. After the three composers moved to the East Coast, their music became associated with the New York <a href="/wiki/Downtown_music" title="Downtown music">Downtown scene</a> of the mid-1960s, where it was initially viewed as a form of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> called the <i>New York Hypnotic School.</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western art music</a> tradition, the American composers <a href="/wiki/Moondog" title="Moondog">Moondog</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> are credited with being among the first to develop compositional techniques that exploit a minimal approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Mertens_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mertens-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-However_1994_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-However_1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-young2000_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young2000-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement originally involved dozens of composers, although only five (Young, Riley, Reich, Glass, and later <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>) emerged to become publicly associated with American minimal music; other lesser known pioneers included <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Johnson_(composer)" title="Dennis Johnson (composer)">Dennis Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jennings" title="Terry Jennings">Terry Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Maxfield" title="Richard Maxfield">Richard Maxfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros" title="Pauline Oliveros">Pauline Oliveros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phill_Niblock" title="Phill Niblock">Phill Niblock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Tenney" title="James Tenney">James Tenney</a>. In Europe, the music of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Skempton" title="Howard Skempton">Howard Skempton</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liane_Radigue" title="Éliane Radigue">Éliane Radigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martland" title="Steve Martland">Steve Martland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a> exhibits minimalist traits. </p><p>It is unclear where the term <i>minimal music</i> originates. Steve Reich has suggested that it is attributable to Michael Nyman, an assertion that two scholars, Jonathan Bernard, and Dan Warburton, have also made in writing. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> believes <a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Tom Johnson</a> coined the phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_1993,_87_and_126_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_1993,_87_and_126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brief_history">Brief history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Brief history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "minimal" was perhaps first used in relation to music in 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, who "deduced a recipe for the successful 'minimal-music' happening from the entertainment presented by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Moorman" title="Charlotte Moorman">Charlotte Moorman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nam_June_Paik" title="Nam June Paik">Nam June Paik</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Institute of Contemporary Arts">ICA</a>", which included a performance of <i>Springen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henning_Christiansen" title="Henning Christiansen">Henning Christiansen</a> and a number of unidentified performance-art pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyman later expanded his definition of minimal music in his 1974 book <i>Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond</i>. Tom Johnson, one of the few composers to self-identify as minimalist, also claims to have been first to use the word as new music critic for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. He describes "minimalism": </p> <blockquote><p>The idea of minimalism is much larger than many people realize. It includes, by definition, any music that works with limited or minimal materials: pieces that use only a few notes, pieces that use only a few words of text, or pieces written for very limited instruments, such as antique cymbals, bicycle wheels, or whiskey glasses. It includes pieces that sustain one basic electronic rumble for a long time. It includes pieces made exclusively from recordings of rivers and streams. It includes pieces that move in endless circles. It includes pieces that set up an unmoving wall of saxophone sound. It includes pieces that take a very long time to move gradually from one kind of music to another kind. It includes pieces that permit all possible pitches, as long as they fall between C and D. It includes pieces that slow the tempo down to two or three notes per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Already in 1965 the art historian Barbara Rose had named La Monte Young's <i>Dream Music</i>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>'s characteristically soft dynamics, and various unnamed composers "all, to a greater or lesser degree, indebted to <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>" as examples of "minimal art",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not specifically use the expression "minimal music". </p><p>The most prominent minimalist composers are <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Coolidge_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="John Coolidge Adams">John Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who have been associated with this compositional approach include <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jennings" title="Terry Jennings">Terry Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Tom Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parsons_(composer)" title="Michael Parsons (composer)">Michael Parsons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Skempton" title="Howard Skempton">Howard Skempton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(composer)" title="Dave Smith (composer)">Dave Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Tenney" title="James Tenney">James Tenney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_White_(composer)" title="John White (composer)">John White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walters_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among African-American composers, the minimalist aesthetic was embraced by figures such as jazz musician <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(pianist)" title="John Lewis (pianist)">John Lewis</a> and multidisciplinary artist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Eastman" title="Julius Eastman">Julius Eastman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early compositions of Glass and Reich are somewhat austere, with little embellishment on the principal <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">theme</a>. These are works for small instrumental ensembles, of which the composers were often members. In Glass's case, these ensembles comprise organs, winds—particularly saxophones—and vocalists, while Reich's works have more emphasis on mallet and percussion instruments. Most of Adams's works are written for more traditional <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">European classical music</a> instrumentation, including full <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a>, and solo piano. </p><p>The music of Reich and Glass drew early sponsorship from art galleries and museums, presented in conjunction with visual-art minimalists like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(artist)" title="Robert Morris (artist)">Robert Morris</a> (in Glass's case), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a>, and the filmmaker Michael Snow (as performers, in Reich's case).<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_1993,_87_and_126_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_1993,_87_and_126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_development">Early development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The music of <a href="/wiki/Moondog" title="Moondog">Moondog</a> of the 1940s and '50s, which was based on <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> developing statically over steady pulses in often unusual time signatures influenced both Philip Glass and Steve Reich. Glass has written that he and Reich took Moondog's work "very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>'s 1958 composition <i><a href="/wiki/Trio_for_Strings" title="Trio for Strings">Trio for Strings</a></i> consists almost entirely of long <a href="/wiki/Musical_tone" title="Musical tone">tones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">rests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-he_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_an_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-he_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_an-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as an origin point for minimalist music.<sup id="cite_ref-he_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_an_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-he_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_an-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first minimalist compositions was <i>November</i> by Dennis Johnson, written in 1959. A work for solo piano that lasted around six hours, it demonstrated many features that would come to be associated with minimalism, such as diatonic tonality, phrase repetition, additive process, and duration. La Monte Young credits this piece as the inspiration for his own magnum opus, <i>The Well-Tuned Piano.</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a> wrote a string quartet in pure, uninflected C major.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is this relevant to minimalism in some way? (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the early 1960s, Riley made two electronic works using tape delay, <i>Mescalin Mix</i> (1960-1962) and <i>The Gift</i> (1963), which injected the idea of repetition into minimalism. In 1964, Riley's <i><a href="/wiki/In_C" title="In C">In C</a></i> made persuasively engaging textures from the layered performance of repeated melodic phrases. The work is scored for any group of instruments and/or voices. Keith Potter writes "its fifty-three modules notated on a single page, this work has frequently been viewed as the beginning of musical minimalism."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by his work with Terry Riley on the premiere of <i>In C</i>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> produced three works—<i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Rain" title="It's Gonna Rain">It's Gonna Rain</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Come_Out_(Reich)" title="Come Out (Reich)">Come Out</a></i> for tape, and <i><a href="/wiki/Piano_Phase" title="Piano Phase">Piano Phase</a></i> for live performers—that introduced the idea of phase shifting, or allowing two identical phrases or sound samples played at slightly different speeds to repeat and slowly go out of phase with each other. Starting in 1968 with <i>1 + 1</i>, Philip Glass wrote a series of works that incorporated additive process (form based on sequences such as 1, 1 2, 1 2 3, 1 2 3 4) into the repertoire of minimalist techniques; these works included <i>Two Pages</i>, <i>Music in Fifths</i>, <i>Music in Contrary Motion</i>, and others. Glass was influenced by Ravi Shankar and Indian music from the time he was assigned a film score transcription of music by Ravi Shankar into western notation. He realized that in the West time is divided like a <i>slice of bread</i>; Indians and other cultures take small units and string them together.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Richard E. Rodda, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Minimalist' music is based upon the <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">repetition</a> of slowly changing <a href="/wiki/Common_chord_(music)" title="Common chord (music)">common chords</a> [chords that are diatonic to more than one key, or else triads, either just major, or major and minor—see: <a href="/wiki/Common_tone_(scale)" title="Common tone (scale)">common tone</a>] in steady rhythms, often overlaid with a lyrical melody in long, arching phrases...[It] utilizes repetitive melodic patterns, consonant harmonies, motoric rhythms, and a deliberate striving for aural beauty."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timothy Johnson holds that, as a style, minimal music is primarily continuous in form, without disjunct sections. A direct consequence of this is an uninterrupted texture made up of interlocking rhythmic patterns and pulses. It is in addition marked by the use of bright timbres and an energetic manner. Its harmonic sonorities are distinctively simple, usually diatonic, often consist of familiar triads and seventh chords, and are presented in a slow harmonic rhythm. Johnson disagrees with Rodda, however, in finding that minimal music's most distinctive feature is the complete absence of extended melodic lines. Instead, there are only brief melodic segments, thrusting the organization, combination, and individual characteristics of short, repetitive rhythmic patterns into the foreground.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a> described minimal music in 1994: </p> <blockquote><p>Because there is little sense of goal-directed motion, [minimal] music does not seem to move from one place to another. Within any musical segment, there may be some sense of direction, but frequently the segments fail to lead to or imply one another. They simply follow one another.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Kyle Gann</a> puts it, the tonality used in minimal music lacks "goal-oriented European association[s]".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a> lists the following qualities as possible characteristics of minimal music:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silence" title="Silence">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Concept</a> music</li> <li>Brevity</li> <li>Continuities: requiring slow <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</a> of one or more <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">parameters</a> [implying length]</li> <li>Phase and <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">pattern</a> music, including repetition [implying length]</li></ul> <p>Famous pieces that use this technique are the <i>number</i> section of Glass' <i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i>, Reich's <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape-loop</a> pieces <i><a href="/wiki/Come_Out_(Reich)" title="Come Out (Reich)">Come Out</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Rain" title="It's Gonna Rain">It's Gonna Rain</a></i>, and Adams' <i><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Loops" title="Shaker Loops">Shaker Loops</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Robert Fink offers a summary of some notable critical reactions to minimal music: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... perhaps it can be understood as a kind of social pathology, as an aural sign that American audiences are primitive and uneducated (<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>); that kids nowadays just want to get <a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-term effects of cannabis">stoned</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Donal Henahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Schonberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Schonberg">Harold Schonberg</a> in the New York Times); that traditional Western cultural values have eroded in the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">liberal wake of the 1960s</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lipman" title="Samuel Lipman">Samuel Lipman</a>); that minimalist repetition is dangerously seductive propaganda, akin to <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s speeches and <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a>); even that the <a href="/wiki/Commodity-fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity-fetishism">commodity-fetishism</a> of modern capitalism has fatally trapped the autonomous self in minimalist <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Elliott Carter maintained a consistent critical stance against minimalism and in 1982 he went so far as to compare it to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in stating that "one also hears constant repetition in the speeches of Hitler and in advertising. It has its dangerous aspects."<sup id="cite_ref-Fink_2005,_63_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fink_2005,_63-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked in 2001 how he felt about minimal music he replied that "we are surrounded by a world of minimalism. All that junk mail I get every single day repeats; when I look at television I see the same advertisement, and I try to follow the movie that's being shown, but I'm being told about <a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">cat food</a> every five minutes. That is minimalism."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fink notes that Carter's general loathing of the music is representative of a form of musical snobbery that dismisses repetition more generally. Carter has even criticised the use of repetition in the music of <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, stating that "I cannot understand the popularity of that kind of music, which is based on repetition. In a civilized society, things don't need to be said more than three times."<sup id="cite_ref-Fink_2005,_63_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fink_2005,_63-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ian_MacDonald" title="Ian MacDonald">Ian MacDonald</a> claimed that minimalism is the "passionless, sexless and emotionally blank soundtrack of the <a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a>, its utopian selfishness no more than an expression of human passivity in the face of <a href="/wiki/Mass-production" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-production">mass-production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">The Bomb</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2010]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2010)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2010]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2010)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Steve Reich has argued that such criticism is misplaced. In 1987 he stated that his compositional output reflected the popular culture of postwar American consumer society because the "elite European-style <a href="/wiki/Serial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial music">serial music</a>" was simply not representative of his cultural experience. Reich stated that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Stockhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berio" class="mw-redirect" title="Berio">Berio</a>, and Boulez were portraying in very honest terms what it was like to pick up the pieces after World War II. But for some American in 1948 or 1958 or 1968—in the real context of tailfins, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> and millions of burgers sold—to pretend that instead we're really going to have the darkbrown <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> is a lie, a musical lie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2005118_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2005118-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Kyle Gann</a>, himself a minimalist composer, has argued that minimalism represented a predictable return to simplicity after the development of an earlier style had run its course to extreme and unsurpassable complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallels include the advent of the simple Baroque <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">continuo</a> style following elaborate <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> and the simple early classical <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a> following <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s monumental advances in Baroque <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>. In addition, critics have often overstated the simplicity of even early minimalism. Michael Nyman has pointed out that much of the charm of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>'s early music had to do with perceptual phenomena that were not actually played, but resulted from subtleties in the phase-shifting process.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the music often does not sound as simple as it looks. </p><p>In Gann's further analysis, during the 1980s minimalism evolved into less strict, more complex styles such as <a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">postminimalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalism_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalism (music)">totalism</a>, breaking out of the strongly framed repetition and stasis of early minimalism, and enriching it with a confluence of other rhythmic and structural influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann2001_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann2001-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_music">In popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Minimal pop" redirects here. For other avant-garde pop music subgenres, see <a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Avant-pop</a>.</div> <p>Minimal music has had some influence on developments in popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-Cagney2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cagney2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">experimental rock</a> act <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a> had a connection with the New York down-town scene from which minimal music emerged, rooted in the close working relationship of <a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>, the latter influencing Cale's work with the band.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terry Riley's album <i><a href="/wiki/A_Rainbow_in_Curved_Air" title="A Rainbow in Curved Air">A Rainbow in Curved Air</a></i> (1969) was released during the era of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">flower power</a>, becoming the first minimalist work to have crossover success, appealing to rock and jazz audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Cagney2012_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cagney2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music theorist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harrison_(musicologist)" title="Daniel Harrison (musicologist)">Daniel Harrison</a> coined <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Smiley_Smile" title="Smiley Smile">Smiley Smile</a></i> (1967) an experimental work of "protominimal rock", elaborating: "[The album] can almost be considered a work of <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical tradition">Western classical tradition</a>, and its innovations in the musical language of rock can be compared to those that introduced <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal</a> and other nontraditional techniques into that classical tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison199747_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison199747-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of specific experimental rock genres such as <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">space rock</a> (from the 1980s), <a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a> was influenced by minimal music.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip Sherburne has suggested that noted similarities between minimal forms of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> and American minimal music could easily be accidental. Much of the music technology used in dance music has traditionally been designed to suit loop-based compositional methods, which may explain why certain stylistic features of styles such as <a href="/wiki/Minimal_techno" title="Minimal techno">minimal techno</a> sound similar to minimal art music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherburne2006322_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherburne2006322-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group who clearly did have an awareness of the American minimal tradition is the British <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a> act <a href="/wiki/The_Orb" title="The Orb">The Orb</a>. Their 1990 production "<a href="/wiki/Little_Fluffy_Clouds" title="Little Fluffy Clouds">Little Fluffy Clouds</a>" features a sample from Steve Reich's work <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Counterpoint" title="Electric Counterpoint">Electric Counterpoint</a></i> (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-Emmerson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmerson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further acknowledgement of Steve Reich's possible influence on electronic dance music came with the release in 1999 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reich_Remixed" title="Reich Remixed">Reich Remixed</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tribute album which featured reinterpretations by artists such as <a href="/wiki/DJ_Spooky" title="DJ Spooky">DJ Spooky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantronik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantronik">Mantronik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ishii" title="Ken Ishii">Ken Ishii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coldcut" title="Coldcut">Coldcut</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Emmerson_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmerson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minimalist_composers">Minimalist composers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minimalist composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minimalist_composers" title="List of minimalist composers">List of minimalist composers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">Holy minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-coxwarner.301-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coxwarner.301_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox & Warner 2004, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgDgCOSHPysC&pg=PA301">301</a> (in "Thankless Attempts at a Definition of Minimalism" by <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Kyle Gann</a>): "Certainly many of the most famous minimalist pieces relied on a motorick 8th-note beat, although there were also several composers like Young and Niblock interested in drones with no beat at all. ... Perhaps “steady-beat-minimalism” is a criterion that could divide the minimalist repertoire into two mutually exclusive bodies of music, pulse-based music versus drone-based music.Steve Reich is thought of as the godfather of minimalism"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-However_1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-However_1994_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-However_1994_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Minimalism in music has been defined as an aesthetic, a style, and a technique, each of which has been a suitable description of the term at certain points in the development of minimal music. However, two of these definitions of minimalism—aesthetic and style—no longer accurately represent the music that is often given that label." Johnson 1994, 742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/9147162a-f36f-41df-a67a-9952d41c161e">"A minimal guide to minimalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Music" title="BBC Music">BBC Music</a></i>. September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Music&rft.atitle=A+minimal+guide+to+minimalism&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Farticles%2F9147162a-f36f-41df-a67a-9952d41c161e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1994, 744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kostelanetz and Flemming 1997, 114–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mertens-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mertens_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mertens 1983, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, writing in the preface of Mertens' book refers to the style as "so-called minimal music" (Mertens 1983, 8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The term 'minimal music' is generally used to describe a style of music that developed in America in the late 1960s and 1970s; and that was initially connected with the composers La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass" (Sitsky 2002, 361).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-young2000-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-young2000_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">Young, La Monte</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melafoundation.org/theatre.pdf">"Notes on The Theatre of Eternal Music and <i>The Tortoise, His Dreams and Journeys</i>"</a> (original <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melafoundation.org/theatre.pdf">PDF file</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331015833/http://www.melafoundation.org/theatre.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), 2000, Mela Foundation, www.melafoundation.org—Historical account and musical essay where Young explains why he considers himself the originator of the style vs. Tony Conrad and John Cale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kostelanetz and Flemming 1997, 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard_1993,_87_and_126-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_1993,_87_and_126_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_1993,_87_and_126_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard 1993, 87 and 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warburton 1988, 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nyman 1968, 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1989, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose 1965, 58, 65, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter 2001; Schönberger 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2013_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2013">Anderson 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walters_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2003" class="citation news cs1">Walters, John L. (24 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/jan/24/artsfeatures4">"Gavin Bryars proves less is the new more"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gavin+Bryars+proves+less+is+the+new+more&rft.date=2003-01-24&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2003%2Fjan%2F24%2Fartsfeatures4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Giddins" class="citation book cs1">Giddins, Gary (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsofjazzfir0000gidd"><i>Visions of Jazz: The First Century</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195132416" title="Special:BookSources/0195132416"><bdi>0195132416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Jazz%3A+The+First+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0195132416&rft.au=Giddins%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionsofjazzfir0000gidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfe2016" class="citation news cs1">Woolfe, Zachary (28 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/arts/music/minimalist-composer-julius-eastman-dead-for-26-years-crashes-the-canon.html">"Minimalist Composer Julius Eastman, Dead for 26 Years, Crashes the Canon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223092948/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/arts/music/minimalist-composer-julius-eastman-dead-for-26-years-crashes-the-canon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span> – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Minimalist+Composer+Julius+Eastman%2C+Dead+for+26+Years%2C+Crashes+the+Canon&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.aulast=Woolfe&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F30%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fminimalist-composer-julius-eastman-dead-for-26-years-crashes-the-canon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glass 2007, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-he_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_an-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-he_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_an_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-he_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_an_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2001" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, Eric (2001). <i>he New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=he+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gann 2010, 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Keith (2011). "Terry Riley's In C (Review)". <i>Music and Letters</i>. <b>92</b> (1): 171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2Fgcq097">10.1093/ml/gcq097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+and+Letters&rft.atitle=Terry+Riley%27s+In+C+%28Review%29&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2Fgcq097&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/20th/minimalism.html">"Minimalism"</a>. <i>public.wsu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151213062323/http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/20th/minimalism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=public.wsu.edu&rft.atitle=Minimalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.wsu.edu%2F~delahoyd%2F20th%2Fminimalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodda, 2 & 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1994, 748.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer 1994, 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gann 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cope 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink 2005, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fink_2005,_63-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fink_2005,_63_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fink_2005,_63_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink 2005, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink 2005, 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2010]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2010)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2010]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2010)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2003">MacDonald 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2005118-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2005118_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFink2005">Fink 2005</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gann 1997, 184–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nyman 1974, 133–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann2001-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann2001_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGann2001">Gann 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cagney2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cagney2012_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cagney2012_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCagney2012" class="citation web cs1">Cagney, Liam (August 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinfinimusic.com/uk/features/series/classical-connections/minimalism-meets-pop">"Classical Connections Minimalism meets Pop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sinfini_Music" title="Sinfini Music">Sinfini Music</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303141708/http://www.sinfinimusic.com/uk/features/series/classical-connections/minimalism-meets-pop">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Connections+Minimalism+meets+Pop&rft.pub=Sinfini+Music&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Cagney&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinfinimusic.com%2Fuk%2Ffeatures%2Fseries%2Fclassical-connections%2Fminimalism-meets-pop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unterberger, Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000224638/biography">John Cale</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison199747-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison199747_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1997">Harrison 1997</a>, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandford2013" class="citation book cs1">Sandford, Jon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuMsBgAAQBAJ&q=Krautrock+minimalism&pg=PA353"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture</i></a>. Routledge Press. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136816031" title="Special:BookSources/9781136816031"><bdi>9781136816031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+German+Culture&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Routledge+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136816031&rft.aulast=Sandford&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuMsBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DKrautrock%2Bminimalism%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/ma0000012255">Space rock</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlush2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Blush" title="Steven Blush">Blush, Steven</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezTpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA266"><i>New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-08361-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-08361-6"><bdi>978-1-250-08361-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Rock%3A+From+the+Rise+of+The+Velvet+Underground+to+the+Fall+of+CBGB&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-250-08361-6&rft.aulast=Blush&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezTpDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/ma0000002790">Post-Rock</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherburne2006322-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherburne2006322_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherburne2006">Sherburne (2006)</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmerson-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emmerson_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emmerson_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmerson 2007, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/27570">Reich Remixed:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111222845/http://www.discogs.com/release/27570">Archived</a> 2012-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> album track listing at www.discogs.com</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>22 Strickland, Edward, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001) </p><p>35 Strickland, Edward, American Composers: Dialogues on Contemporary Music (Indiana University Press, 1991), p. 46, quoted in Fink (2005), 118. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Virginia (2013). "Systems and Other Minimalism in Britain". In Keith Potter; <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Kyle Gann</a>; Pwyll ap Siôn (eds.). <i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music</i>. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. pp. 80–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3549-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3549-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-3549-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Systems+and+Other+Minimalism+in+Britain&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Minimalist+and+Postminimalist+Music&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=80-106&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-3549-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bernard, Jonathan W. 1993. "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music" title="Perspectives of New Music">Perspectives of New Music</a></i> 31, no. 1 (Winter): 86–132. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833043">833043</a></li> <li>Bernard, Jonathan W. 2003. "Minimalism, Postminimalism, and the Resurgence of Tonality in Recent American Music". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music (journal)">American Music</a></i> 21, no. 1 (Spring): 112–133. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250558">3250558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">Cope, David</a>. 1997. <i>Techniques of the Contemporary Composer</i>. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864737-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864737-8">0-02-864737-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Emmerson_(composer)" title="Simon Emmerson (composer)">Emmerson, Simon</a>. 2007. <i>Music, Electronic Media, and Culture</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2005" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khosyjk0ShYC"><i>Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music as Cultural Practice</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24036-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24036-7"><bdi>0-520-24036-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repeating+Ourselves%3A+American+Minimal+Music+as+Cultural+Practice&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24036-7&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkhosyjk0ShYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Gann, Kyle</a>. 1997. <i>American Music in the Twentieth Century</i>. Schirmer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864655-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864655-X">0-02-864655-X</a>.</li> <li>Gann, Kyle. 1987. "Let X = X: Minimalism vs. Serialism." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i> (24 February): 76.</li> <li>Gann, Kyle. 1998. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kylegann.com/postminimalism.html">A Forest from the Seeds of Minimalism: An Essay on Postminimal and Totalist Music</a>". KyleGann.com.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGann2001">Gann, Kyle. 2001. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040811/http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=1536">Minimal Music, Maximal Impact: Minimalism's Immediate Legacy: Postminimalism</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Music_Box" class="mw-redirect" title="New Music Box">New Music Box</a></i> (November 1) (Accessed 4 February 2012).</cite></li> <li>Gann, Kyle. 2006. <i>Music Downtown: Writings from the Village Voice</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22982-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22982-7">0-520-22982-7</a>.</li> <li>Gann, Kyle. 2010. "Reconstructing November". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music (journal)">American Music</a></i> 28, no. 4 (Winter): 481–491. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Famericanmusic.28.4.0481">10.5406/americanmusic.28.4.0481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Garland_(composer)" title="Peter Garland (composer)">Garland, Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>. 2001. "Jennings, Terry". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Girard, Johan. 2010. <i>Répétitions: L'esthétique musicale de Terry Riley, Steve Reich et Philip Glass</i>. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87854-494-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87854-494-7">978-2-87854-494-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Glass, Philip</a>. 2007. "Preface". In Scotto, Robert M. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogMYAQAAIAAJ">Moondog, the Viking of 6th Avenue: The Authorized Biography</a></i>. Los Angeles: Process. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9760822-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9760822-8-6">978-0-9760822-8-6</a>.</li> <li>Gotte, Ulli. 2000. <i>Minimal Music: Geschichte, Asthetik, Umfeld</i>. Taschenbücher zur Musikwissenschaft, 138. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7959-0777-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7959-0777-2">3-7959-0777-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harrison_(musicologist)" title="Daniel Harrison (musicologist)">Harrison, Daniel</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lipscomb.umn.edu/rock/docs/Harrison1997_BeachBoys.pdf">"After Sundown: The Beach Boys' Experimental Music"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Covach, John; Boone, Graeme M. (eds.). <i>Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199880126" title="Special:BookSources/9780199880126"><bdi>9780199880126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=After+Sundown%3A+The+Beach+Boys%27+Experimental+Music&rft.btitle=Understanding+Rock%3A+Essays+in+Musical+Analysis&rft.pages=33-57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780199880126&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lipscomb.umn.edu%2Frock%2Fdocs%2FHarrison1997_BeachBoys.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Johnson, Timothy A. 1994. "Minimalism: Aesthetic, Style, or Technique?" <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i> 78, no. 4 (Winter): 742–73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/742508">742508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Johnson, Tom</a>. 1989. <i>The Voice of New Music: New York City 1972–1982 – A Collection of Articles Originally Published by <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. Eindhoven, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Het_Apollohuis" title="Het Apollohuis">Het Apollohuis</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-71638-09-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-71638-09-X">90-71638-09-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kostelanetz" title="Richard Kostelanetz">Kostelanetz, Richard</a>, and R. Flemming. 1997. <i>Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books.</li> <li>Linke, Ulrich. 1997. <i>Minimal Music: Dimensionen eines Begriffs</i>. Folkwang-Texte vol. 13. Essen: Die blaue Eule. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89206-811-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89206-811-9">3-89206-811-9</a>.</li> <li>Lovisa, Fabian R. 1996. <i>Minimal-music: Entwicklung, Komponisten, Werke</i>. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2003" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Ian (2003). <i>The People's Music</i>. London: Pimlico Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84413-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84413-093-2"><bdi>1-84413-093-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84413-093-2&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mertens, Wim. 1983. <i>American Minimal Music: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass</i>. Translated by J. Hautekiet; preface by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>. London: Kahn & Averill; New York: Alexander Broude. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900707-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-900707-76-3">0-900707-76-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Meyer, Leonard B.</a> 1994. <i>Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture</i>, second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5">0-226-52143-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Nyman, Michael</a>. 1968. "Minimal Music". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> 221, no. 7320 (11 October): 518–519.</li> <li>Nyman, Michael. 1974. <i>Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond</i>. London: Studio Vista <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-289-70182-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-289-70182-1">0-289-70182-1</a>; reprinted 1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65383-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65383-5">0-521-65383-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parsons_(composer)" title="Michael Parsons (composer)">Parsons, Michael</a>. 1974. "Systems in Art and Music". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i> 117, no. 1604 (October): 815–818. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/960175">960175</a></li> <li>Perlein, Gilbert, and Bruno Corà (eds). 2000. <i>Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial!</i> Catalog of an exhibition held at the Musée d'art moderne et d'art contemporain, Nice, April 28 – September 4, 2000, and the Museo Pecci, Prato, September 23, 2000 – January 10, 2001. New York: Delano Greenidge Editions, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929445-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929445-08-3">978-0-929445-08-3</a>.</li> <li>Potter, Keith. 2000. <i>Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass</i>. Music in the Twentieth Century series. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48250-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48250-X">0-521-48250-X</a>.</li> <li>Potter, Keith. 2001. "Minimalism". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.</li> <li>Rodda, Richard E. (1999). Liner notes, <i>Violin Concertos of John Adams & Philip Glass</i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McDuffie" title="Robert McDuffie">Robert McDuffie</a> (violin). Telarc, CD-80494.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose" title="Barbara Rose">Rose, Barbara</a>. 1965. "ABC Art". <i>Art in America</i> 53, no. 5 (October–November): 57–69.</li> <li>Schönberger, Elmer. 2001. "Andriessen: (4) Louis Andriessen". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.</li> <li>Schwarz, K. Robert. 1996. <i>Minimalists</i>. 20th Century Composers Series. London: Phaidon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3381-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3381-9">0-7148-3381-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Shelley, Peter James (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1773/24092"><i>Rethinking Minimalism: At the Intersection of Music Theory and Art Criticism</i></a> (Ph.D thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rethinking+Minimalism%3A+At+the+Intersection+of+Music+Theory+and+Art+Criticism&rft.degree=Ph.D&rft.inst=University+of+Washington&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Peter+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1773%2F24092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherburne2006" class="citation book cs1">Sherburne, Philip (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgDgCOSHPysC&pg=PA319">"Digital Discipline: Minimalism in House and Techno"</a>. In Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel (eds.). <i>Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music</i>. New York: Continuum. pp. 319–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1615-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1615-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-1615-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Digital+Discipline%3A+Minimalism+in+House+and+Techno&rft.btitle=Audio+Culture%3A+Readings+in+Modern+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=319-326&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1615-5&rft.aulast=Sherburne&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgDgCOSHPysC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sitsky" title="Larry Sitsky">Sitsky, Larry</a>. 2002. <i>Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313017239" title="Special:BookSources/0313017239">0313017239</a></li> <li>Strickland, Edward. 1993. <i>Minimalism: Origins</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-35499-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-35499-4">0-253-35499-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21388-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21388-6">0-253-21388-6</a> (pbk, corrected and somewhat revised printing, 2000). Chapter T, pp. 241–256, reprinted as Strickland 1997.</li> <li>Strickland, Edward. 1997. "Minimalism: T (1992)". In <i>Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kostelanetz" title="Richard Kostelanetz">Richard Kostelanetz</a> and Robert Flemming, 113–130. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21491-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21491-9">0-520-21491-9</a>. Reprint of a chapter from Strickland 1993.</li> <li>Sweeney-Turner, Steve. 1995. "Weariness and Slackening in the Miserably Proliferating Field of Posts." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i> 136, no. 1833 (November): 599–601. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1003498">1003498</a></li> <li>Warburton, Dan. 1988. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music." <i><a href="/wiki/Int%C3%A9gral_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intégral (journal)">Intégral</a></i> 2:135–159. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40213909">40213909</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevaux,_Christophe2020" class="citation book cs1">Levaux, Christophe (2020). <i>We Have Always Been Minimalist: The Construction and Triumph of a Musical Style</i>. Translated by Rose Vekony. Oakland (Ca.): University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29526-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29526-1"><bdi>978-0-520-29526-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Have+Always+Been+Minimalist%3A+The+Construction+and+Triumph+of+a+Musical+Style&rft.place=Oakland+%28Ca.%29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29526-1&rft.au=Levaux%2C+Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimal+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051022102140/http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/genresearch.pl?genre=minimalist">Art of the States: minimalist</a> minimalist works by American composers, including audio samples.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211134326/http://arted.osu.edu/160/11_MinimalMusic.php">Art and Music Since 1945: Introduction to Minimal Music</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>'s Department of Art Education.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=31tp00">Minimal Music, Maximal Impact</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804213027/http://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=31tp00">Archived</a> 2011-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Kyle Gann</a>, with a more comprehensive list of early minimalists.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minimal_music" title="Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minimal_music" title="Template talk:Minimal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minimal_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minimal music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimalist_composers" title="List of minimalist composers">Composers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ten_Holt" title="Simeon ten Holt">Simeon ten Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Tom Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">Holy minimalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_music" title="Phase music">Phasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">Repetition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapping_Music" title="Clapping Music">Clapping Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Different_Trains" title="Different Trains">Different Trains</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Lines" title="Eight Lines">Eight Lines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Organs" title="Four Organs">Four Organs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_C" title="In C">In C</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Rain" title="It's Gonna Rain">It's Gonna Rain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi" title="Koyaanisqatsi">Koyaanisqatsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Gates" title="Phrygian Gates">Phrygian Gates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piano_Phase" title="Piano Phase">Piano Phase</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rainbow_in_Curved_Air" title="A Rainbow in Curved Air">A Rainbow in Curved Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tuned_Piano" title="The Well-Tuned Piano">The Well-Tuned Piano</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetitive music">Repetitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minimal_music_(Electronica)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minimal_music_(EDM)_footer" title="Template:Minimal music (EDM) footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minimal_music_(EDM)_footer" title="Template talk:Minimal music (EDM) footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal_music_(EDM)_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal music (EDM) footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minimal_music_(Electronica)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minimal music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">Electronica</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowercase_(music)" title="Lowercase (music)">Lowercase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhouse" title="Microhouse">Microhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_techno" title="Minimal techno">Minimal techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_house" title="Tech house">Tech house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avant-garde_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avant-garde" title="Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde" title="Template talk:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avant-garde_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature<br />and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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