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data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Direct and indirect realism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_indirecto" title="Realismo indirecto – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Realismo indirecto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="สัจนิยมโดยตรงและสัจนิยมโดยอ้อม – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัจนิยมโดยตรงและสัจนิยมโดยอ้อม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Frudan_ve_dolayl%C4%B1_ger%C3%A7ek%C3%A7ilik" title="Doğrudan ve dolaylı gerçekçilik – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğrudan ve dolaylı gerçekçilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></span></span> </td> <td> <i>See artikkel räägib kaudsest realismist tajufilosoofias; kaudse realismi kohta mälufilosoofias vaata artiklit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism_(m%C3%A4lu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaudne realism (mälu) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kaudne realism (mälu)</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6739384">.mw-parser-output th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output td.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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0;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Artiklis ei ole piisavalt <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine">viiteid</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Palun aita väiteid kontrollida ja <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit">viiteid lisada</a></small>. <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kaudne realism</b> või (<b>materialistlik</b>) <b>esindusrealism</b> on taju- ja meelefilosoofias tajumise mudel, mille kohaselt isikud ei koge välist maailma sellisena, nagu see tegelikult on, vaid tajuvad välist maailma kontseptuaalse raamistiku vaatelisuse kaudu. Kaudne realism on <a href="/wiki/Ps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Psühholoogia">psühholoogia</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kogemusteadus" title="Kogemusteadus">kogemusteaduse</a> tunnetuse mõtteraami põhialus. </p><p>Kaudse realismi esindajad väidavad, et maailm, mida me enda ümber näeme, on teise reaalse välise maailma sisemine tajutav koopia, mille on loonud meie aju närviprotsessid. See vastandub vahetule või <a href="/wiki/Otsene_realism" title="Otsene realism">otsesele realismile</a>, mis väidab, et me tajume välist maailma otseselt sellisena, nagu see on. Kuigi pealiskaudne kattuvus on olemas, erineb kaudne mudel <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealismi</a> seisukohast, milles väidetakse, et ainult <a href="/wiki/Idee" title="Idee">ideed</a> on reaalsed, kuid <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B5istus" title="Mõistus">mõistusest</a> sõltumatuid asju pole. </p><p>Kaasaegses filosoofias on kaudset realismi kaitsnud <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>. Kaudset realismi pooldasid mitmed varauusaegsed filosoofid, nt <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">G. W. Leibniz</a>, ja <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. </p><p><b>Kaudne realism</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajufilosoofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajufilosoofia (pole veel kirjutatud)">tajufilosoofias</a> on seisukoht, mille järgi <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BC%C3%BCsiline_ese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Füüsiline ese (pole veel kirjutatud)">füüsiliste esemete</a> <a href="/wiki/Taju" title="Taju">taju</a> on vahendatud otseselt tajutavate vaheobjektidega, nii nagu ennast nähakse peeglis või spordivõistlust teleekraanil. Neid vaheobjekte nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Meelteandmed" title="Meelteandmed">meelteandmeteks</a> või ka kuidagi teisiti ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensum (pole veel kirjutatud)">sensum</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Idee" title="Idee">idee</a>", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensibiil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensibiil (pole veel kirjutatud)">sensibiil</a>", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertsept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertsept (pole veel kirjutatud)">pertsept</a>", "<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4htumus" title="Nähtumus">nähtumus</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaudse realismi järgi on meelteandmed <a href="/wiki/Vaimuobjekt" title="Vaimuobjekt">vaimuobjektid</a>, millel on <a href="/wiki/Omadus" title="Omadus">omadused</a>, mis tajujate silmis on kaudselt tajutavatel <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4lismaailm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Välismaailm (pole veel kirjutatud)">välismaailma</a> esemetel, (näiteks <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rvus" title="Värvus">värvus</a>). Tavaliselt peetakse meeleandmeid kahemõõtmelisteks. Välismaailma esemeid tajutakse tänu sellele, et need põhjustavad meelteandmed, millest tajuja on teadlik. Kaudse realismi järgi tajutakse meelteandmeid taju analoogi abil.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaudset realismi on pooldanud teiste seas <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1690: 4.4.3)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1912), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Jules Ayer">Alfred Jules Ayer</a> (1947) ja <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jackson" title="Frank Jackson">Frank Jackson</a> (1977).<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selle seisukoha alternatiivid on <a href="/wiki/Otsene_realism" title="Otsene realism">otsene realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenomenalism" title="Fenomenalism">fenomenalism</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajufenomenalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajufenomenalism (pole veel kirjutatud)">tajufenomenalism</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentsionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intentsionalism (pole veel kirjutatud)">intentsionalism</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disjunktsionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disjunktsionism (pole veel kirjutatud)">disjunktsionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argumendid_kaudse_realismi_kasuks">Argumendid kaudse realismi kasuks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Argumendid kaudse realismi kasuks"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Argumendid kaudse realismi kasuks" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ajaline_distants_füüsilisest_esemest"><span id="Ajaline_distants_f.C3.BC.C3.BCsilisest_esemest"></span>Ajaline distants füüsilisest esemest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajaline distants füüsilisest esemest"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajaline distants füüsilisest esemest" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et valguse kiirus on lõplik, võin ma näha eset, mis on lakanud eksisteerimast. Siis ma ei saa seda eset otseselt tajuda, nagu <a href="/wiki/Otsene_realism" title="Otsene realism">otsene realism</a> ette näeb, küll aga saan ma otseselt tajuda vaheobjekti, mille see ese on minus põhjustanud. Veel enam, ma saan füüsilist eset näha ainult sellisena, nagu ta oli minevikus, järelikult ei taju ma otseselt mitte seda eset, vaid vaheobjekti.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vastuargumendina saab öelda, et taju on põhjuslikult vahendatud ja <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hjustamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Põhjustamine">põhjustamine</a> võtabki aega. Sellepärast võib taju lõpulejõudmise ajal tajutav ese olla lakanud eksisteerimast või selle omadused olla muutunud.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tajus_figureerivad_kujundid">Tajus figureerivad kujundid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Tajus figureerivad kujundid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Tajus figureerivad kujundid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tajus figureerivad näiteks kujutised <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5rkkest" title="Võrkkest">võrkkestal</a>. Seetõttu me näiteks ei näe otseselt välismaailma esemeid, vaid neid <a href="/wiki/Kujutis_(optika)" title="Kujutis (optika)">kujutisi</a>, mis on siis vaheobjektid.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saab vastu väita, et me ei näe selliseid kujutisi nii, nagu me näeme oma kujutist peeglis, vaid need kujutised on lihtsalt taju füsioloogilise põhjusliku mehhanismi koostisosad.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illusiooniargument">Illusiooniargument</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Illusiooniargument"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Illusiooniargument" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Illusiooniargument" title="Illusiooniargument">Illusiooniargument</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Sageli me ei taju esemeid sellistena, nagu need tegelikult on, sealhulgas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optiline_illusioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optiline illusioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">optiliste illusioonide</a> tõttu. Meil võib olla ka <a href="/wiki/Hallutsinatsioon" title="Hallutsinatsioon">hallutsinatsioone</a>. Siis me tajume midagi, mis omadustelt erineb tajutavast füüsilisest esemest või millele ei vastagi füüsilist eset. Kogemus näitab, et see, mida me niimoodi tajume, ei ole mingi muu füüsiline ese, nii et see peab olema vaimuobjekt. Sellisel ebaadekvaatsel tajul peab olema midagi ühist adekvaatse tajuga, sest illusioon ja hallutsinatsioon ei tundu adekvaatest tajust kvalitatiivselt erinevana. See ühine ongi nähtavasti meelteandmed, nii et me tajume alati otseselt meelteandmeid.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illusiooniargumendile toetuvad osaliselt ka <a href="/wiki/Fenomenalism" title="Fenomenalism">fenomenalism</a>, mis eitab vaimust sõltumatu materiaalse maailma olemasolu, ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentsionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intentsionalism (pole veel kirjutatud)">intentsionalism</a>, mille järgi see, mis on ebaadekvaatsele ja adekvaatsele tajule ühine, ei ole mitte objekt, vaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentsionaalne_sisu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intentsionaalne sisu (pole veel kirjutatud)">intentsionaalne sisu</a>. Seevastu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disjunktsionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disjunktsionism (pole veel kirjutatud)">disjunktsionismi</a> järgi ei ole ebaadekvaatsel ja adekvaatsel tajul mitte midagi ühist.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illusiooniargumendile võib vastu väita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adverbialism (pole veel kirjutatud)">adverbialismiga</a>. Kui minu tajumus on ebaadekvaatne, siis ei pea ütlema, et ma tajun mingit objekti, mille omadused on välismaailma objekti omadustest erinevad, näiteks näen (illusiooni tõttu) murtud pliiatsit, vaid võin öelda, et ma näen sirget pliiatsit murtuna. Kui me kirjeldame oma tajuelamust, siis me ei räägi mitte vaimuobjektide visuaalsetest ja lõhnaomadustest, vaid sellest, kuidas või millisena me välismaailma kogeme.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaudse_realismi_raskused">Kaudse realismi raskused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kaudse realismi raskused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kaudse realismi raskused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dualism">Dualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Dualism"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Dualism" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meelteandmete kui siseobjektide olemasolu on vastuolus <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialismiga</a>. Meelteandmed on näiteks kollased, aga materiaalseid kollaseid vaheobjekte pole, nii et need peavad olema mittemateriaalsed objektid <a href="/wiki/Vaim_(mens)" title="Vaim (mens)">vaimus</a>. Kaudsel realismil on mittefüüsiliste esemete <a href="/wiki/Sidumus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidumus">sidumus</a>, mis toob kaasa <a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">dualismi</a>. Dualismi suurim raskus on vaimu ja keha vastastikuse mõju võimalikkuse selgitamine. Kaudne realism peab selgitama, kuidas materiaalne välismaailm saab põhjustada meelteandmed ja kuidas need omakorda saavad osaleda füüsiliste tegude põhjustamises. Selline põhjustamine tundub olevat füüsika seadustega vastuolus: füüsikalise maailmapildi järgi on igal füüsilisel sündmusel füüsiline põhjus. Kaudsel realismil ei jää muud üle kui öelda, et füüsilisel teol on lisaks puhtfüüsilisele põhjusele teine piisav põhjus, millesse on kaasatud meelteandmed. See on vastuolus tavaarusaamaga tegude põhustest, sest tuleb välja, et meelteandmed polegi tegude puhul tarvilikud, näiteks ma saaksin haarata mingi eseme, olemata teadlik selle kohalolust.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raskust valmistab ka küsimus, kuidas saavad mittemateriaalsetel meelteandmetel olla ruumilised omadused, nagu vastastikune asend ning kuju.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taju_loor">Taju loor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Taju loor"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Taju loor" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kui me otseselt tajume ainult meelteandmeid, siis <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4lismaailm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Välismaailm (pole veel kirjutatud)">välismaailma</a> katab otsekui meelteandmete loor. Mis alusel me siis üldse <a href="/wiki/Uskumus" title="Uskumus">usume</a>, et <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4lismaailma_olemasolu" class="mw-redirect" title="Välismaailma olemasolu">välismaailm on olemas</a> või et ta on meelteandmetega kuidagi vastavuses?<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selleks et see oleks tugev argument kaudse realismi kasuks ja <a href="/wiki/Otsene_realism" title="Otsene realism">otsese realismi</a> kahjuks, peab otsene realism olema <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4lismaailmaskeptitsismi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Välismaailmaskeptitsismi (pole veel kirjutatud)">välismaailmaskeptitsismi</a> vastu paremini kaitstud kui kaudne realism, aga pole selge, et see nii on. Otsene realism ei ütle, et tajumused ei või olla ekslikud, vaid ütleb ainult, et maailma adekvaatne tajumine toimub otseselt, mitte vaheobjekti vahendusel. Skeptik saab iga tajuuskumuse tõesuse kahtluse alla panna.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, 1690.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Problems_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Problems of Philosophy (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Problems of Philosophy</a></i>, Oxford University Press: Oxford 1912.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Jules Ayer">Alfred Jules Ayer</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Foundations_of_Empirical_Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge</a></i>, MacMillan: London 1947.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">H. P. Grice</a>. The Causal Theory of Perception. – <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume</i>, 1961, 35, lk 121–152.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jackson" title="Frank Jackson">Frank Jackson</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception:_A_Representative_Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perception: A Representative Theory (pole veel kirjutatud)">Perception: A Representative Theory</a></i>, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1977.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel O'Brien (pole veel kirjutatud)">Daniel O'Brien</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/perc-obj/">Objects of Perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interneti_filosoofiaents%C3%BCklopeedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interneti filosoofiaentsüklopeedia">Interneti filosoofiaentsüklopeedia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iep-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-0">1,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-1">1,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-2">1,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-3">1,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-4">1,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-5">1,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-6">1,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-7">1,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-8">1,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-9">1,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-10">1,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-11">1,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-12">1,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-13">1,13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep_1-14">1,14</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel O'Brien (pole veel kirjutatud)">Daniel O'Brien</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/perc-obj/">Objects of Perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interneti_filosoofiaents%C3%BCklopeedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interneti filosoofiaentsüklopeedia">Interneti filosoofiaentsüklopeedia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Vaim ... ei taju (...) mitte midagi muud kui oma ideid." Ideed on Locke'il midagi meelteandmete sarnast</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&oldid=6694297">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaudne_realism&oldid=6694297</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Epistemoloogia" title="Kategooria:Epistemoloogia">Epistemoloogia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Filosoofia" title="Kategooria:Filosoofia">Filosoofia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Ebapiisavalt_viidatud_artiklid" title="Kategooria:Ebapiisavalt viidatud artiklid">Ebapiisavalt viidatud artiklid</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 09:27, 1. august 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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