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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceberg_visibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Iceberg visibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceberg_visibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sighting_and_collision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sighting_and_collision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sighting and collision </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sighting_and_collision-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sighting and collision subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sighting_and_collision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Witness_statements_on_the_iceberg_itself" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witness_statements_on_the_iceberg_itself"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Witness statements on the iceberg itself </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witness_statements_on_the_iceberg_itself-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witness_statements_on_the_collision_and_the_ice_on_the_ship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witness_statements_on_the_collision_and_the_ice_on_the_ship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Witness statements on the collision and the ice on the ship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witness_statements_on_the_collision_and_the_ice_on_the_ship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographs_of_the_iceberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographs_of_the_iceberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Photographs of the iceberg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographs_of_the_iceberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultural reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metaphorical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphorical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Metaphorical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphorical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Hardy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Hardy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Thomas Hardy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Hardy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_and_pop_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_and_pop_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Folk and pop culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_and_pop_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museal_and_miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museal_and_miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Museal and miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museal_and_miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/220px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/330px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/440px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The iceberg photographed on the morning of 15 April by the chief steward of the Prinz Adalbert who, before even learning of the collision, noticed a red smear along the iceberg's base</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic-Museum_in_Branson_Missouri_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Titanic-Museum_in_Branson_Missouri_USA.jpg/220px-Titanic-Museum_in_Branson_Missouri_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Titanic-Museum_in_Branson_Missouri_USA.jpg/330px-Titanic-Museum_in_Branson_Missouri_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Titanic-Museum_in_Branson_Missouri_USA.jpg/440px-Titanic-Museum_in_Branson_Missouri_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>'Iceberg' at the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Museum_(Branson,_Missouri)" title="Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)">Titanic Museum in Branson</a>, Missouri, whose building is modeled on the famous ship</figcaption></figure> The unnamed iceberg that sank the <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">Titanic</a> collided with the ship on the night of 14–15 April 1912 in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a>. Of the approximate 2,200 people on board, over 1,500 did not survive. After the disaster, there was interest in the iceberg itself to explain the circumstances of the collision and the resulting damage to the supposedly unsinkable ship. As a result of the Titanic disaster, an <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Patrol" title="International Ice Patrol">International Ice Patrol</a> was founded whose mission was to reduce the dangers of ice to shipping. The most important sources for the iceberg are reports from surviving <a href="/wiki/Crew_of_the_Titanic" title="Crew of the Titanic">crew of the Titanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passengers_of_the_Titanic" title="Passengers of the Titanic">passengers of the Titanic</a>. There is also historical data on the weather and currents in the North Atlantic that may help to shed light on the disaster. Ships took photographs of icebergs near the spot where <a href="/wiki/Lifeboats_of_the_Titanic" title="Lifeboats of the Titanic">Titanic's lifeboats</a> were found. The iceberg is purportedly visible in one of these photographs. The iceberg has become a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> in the cultural reception of the disaster. The iceberg is a counterpart to the luxurious ship, standing for the cold and silent force of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> that cost the lives of so many people. The iceberg became a metaphor in various political and religious contexts, and has appeared in poetry as well as in pop culture. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_fate">Origin and fate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and fate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Greenland_Glacier_Is_Growing.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Major_Greenland_Glacier_Is_Growing.jpeg/220px-Major_Greenland_Glacier_Is_Growing.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Major_Greenland_Glacier_Is_Growing.jpeg/330px-Major_Greenland_Glacier_Is_Growing.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Major_Greenland_Glacier_Is_Growing.jpeg/440px-Major_Greenland_Glacier_Is_Growing.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6707" data-file-height="4471" /></a><figcaption>Greenland with the <a href="/wiki/Ilulissat" title="Ilulissat">Jakobshavn</a> Glacier (white oblong area at the bottom of the picture)</figcaption></figure> It can only be speculated where and when the Titanic iceberg <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calved</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>. Olson, Doescher, and Sinnott suspect the origin of the fatal iceberg in the Jakobshavn Glacier near <a href="/wiki/Disko_Bay" title="Disko Bay">Disko Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>'s west coast. It may have formed in 1910 or 1911 and could have drifted north with the <a href="/wiki/West_Greenland_Current" title="West Greenland Current">West Greenland Current</a> into <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a>, from where it would have drifted south again thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador Current</a>. An iceberg can, for example, be washed up on the coast or run aground. There it melts, or it comes free again and continues its journey south.<a href="#cite_note-moon_titanic_2012-1">[1]</a> The authors also address the question of whether a certain constellation of the Sun, Earth, and Moon may have had an influence. On 4 January 1912, there was a <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">spring tide</a> at the same time that the Moon was closer to the Earth than usual. This could have influenced the calving of icebergs. However, such an iceberg would hardly have reached the site of the Titanic disaster in April of the same year. But the spring tide may have played a role in refloating a stranded iceberg.<a href="#cite_note-moon_titanic_2012-1">[1]</a> Bigg and Wilton doubt that the solar arrangement of the Moon, Earth, and Sun in question was significant. A few days around 4 January would not have had much influence on calving; in winter, moreover, many <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> were blocked by sea ice. There was also increased iceberg formation in other years. When it comes to calving, they tend to think of factors like the water surface temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Titanic_itinerary_atlantic_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1912_Titanic_itinerary_atlantic_EN.svg/220px-1912_Titanic_itinerary_atlantic_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1912_Titanic_itinerary_atlantic_EN.svg/330px-1912_Titanic_itinerary_atlantic_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1912_Titanic_itinerary_atlantic_EN.svg/440px-1912_Titanic_itinerary_atlantic_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>The Titanic's route across the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, with location of the wreck</figcaption></figure> For their part, Bigg and Wilton have tried to show a possible path of the fatal iceberg with the help of <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulations</a>. To do this, they assumed that icebergs at that time originated mainly in the south or southwest of Greenland, whereas today they originate more from the northwest of the island. In 1912, more icebergs were sighted than on average in the 20th century, but it was not an extreme iceberg year. The warm and wet year 1908 created the conditions for a huge iceberg to travel in the early autumn of 1911 near southwest Greenland. This would have traveled west towards <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and been transported south by the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador Current</a> – along the Canadian coast including Newfoundland, the so-called Iceberg Alley. Because of the systematic observations of icebergs at the time (even before the Ice Patrol was established), it is even very likely, according to Bigg and Wilton, that the later fatal iceberg was sighted in the process.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic-Cobh-Harbour-1912.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titanic-Cobh-Harbour-1912.JPG/220px-Titanic-Cobh-Harbour-1912.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titanic-Cobh-Harbour-1912.JPG/330px-Titanic-Cobh-Harbour-1912.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titanic-Cobh-Harbour-1912.JPG/440px-Titanic-Cobh-Harbour-1912.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>The Titanic as she leaves the Irish port of <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Queenstown</a> on 11 April 1912. This was the last stop before the voyage into the North Atlantic.</figcaption></figure> From 10 to 15 April, there was a <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure area</a> over most of the North Atlantic. It remained there for the first three days of the Titanic voyage, ensuring calm seas and clear skies. On 13 April, a depression over Greenland with cold polar air and winds from the northwest drove icebergs south into the shipping lanes. Because of the calm sea, the icebergs hardly created any breakwaters, making them difficult to see at night.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> On its way into the Atlantic and also after the collision, the iceberg melted because of the water temperature. An iceberg exists for about two to three years. Accordingly, if the fatal iceberg calved in 1910 or 1911, it may not have disappeared until the end of 1912 or even during 1913.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> However, considering that the iceberg may have been three years old at the time of the collision, it probably existed for only a week or two after the April 1912 accident, because it may soon have reached the warmer waters of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ice_warnings_in_April_1912">Ice warnings in April 1912</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ice warnings in April 1912">edit</a>]</div> Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith_(sea_captain)" title="Edward Smith (sea captain)">Edward Smith</a> and his officers knew before they left <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> that the drift <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">ice field</a> was larger in extent and more southerly than in previous years. In addition, several radio reports ("marconigrams") were received from other ships during the voyage, warning the Titanic of drifting ice fields and icebergs. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerika14April1912.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amerika14April1912.JPG/220px-Amerika14April1912.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amerika14April1912.JPG/330px-Amerika14April1912.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amerika14April1912.JPG/440px-Amerika14April1912.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>The Marconigram of the Amerika, which came to the <a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_office" title="Hydrographic office">Hydrographic Office</a> in Washington via the Titanic and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Race" title="Cape Race">Cape Race</a>. It reported two <a href="/wiki/Icebergs" class="mw-redirect" title="Icebergs">icebergs</a> seen by the ship at a certain spot on 14 April.</figcaption></figure> The first report came on 12 April at 17:46 from the French ship <a href="/wiki/SS_La_Touraine" title="SS La Touraine">La Touraine</a>, stating that it had sighted thick field ice itself, and that there were ice warnings from the Paris as well, which had seen field ice and two icebergs. On 13 April, Titanic encountered the <a href="/wiki/Furness_Withy" title="Furness Withy">Furness-Withy</a> steamer Rappahannock, which was heading east. Whether the steamer actually reported an ice field to the Titanic by <a href="/wiki/Morse_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Morse lamp">Morse lamp</a> (as some authors claim) is disputed. It was later reported in a newspaper that the Rappahannock had been damaged in an ice field, but the chief officer of the Rappahannock did not mention that he had reported this to the Titanic.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> On the day of the disaster, 14 April, the first information about ice came from the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Caronia_(1904)" title="RMS Caronia (1904)">Caronia</a>. First, at 09:12 (Titanic's board time), the Caronia radioed the Titanic that westbound steamers had reported icebergs, growlers (smaller pieces of ice), and field ice along the 42nd parallel. Smith from the Titanic had the marconigram sent to him answered with thanks.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-8">[8]</a> Secondly, the Dutch ship Noordam radioed a message to the Titanic via the Caronia at 11:47. The Noordam informed about an area north of the 42nd parallel: "much ice reported". Smith also thanked her for this message less than an hour later, via the Caronia. Captain Smith showed this marconigram to Second Officer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lightoller" title="Charles Lightoller">Charles Lightoller</a>, and he had it hung up in the chart room (where it remained the only one).<a href="#cite_note-auto8-8">[8]</a> Later, at 13:49, there was a report from the German steamer <a href="/wiki/USS_America_(ID-3006)" title="USS America (ID-3006)">Amerika</a>. It had passed two large icebergs. This message was sent to the Hydrographic Office in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. With its weak radio equipment, the Amerika itself could not reach the radio station at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Race" title="Cape Race">Cape Race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. However, Titanic's radio cabin received the message and forwarded it to Cape Race (at 21:32). From there, Cape Race telegraphed it on. It is unknown whether the bridge was informed about this message.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Titanic_ice_warnings_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1912_Titanic_ice_warnings_EN.svg/220px-1912_Titanic_ice_warnings_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1912_Titanic_ice_warnings_EN.svg/330px-1912_Titanic_ice_warnings_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1912_Titanic_ice_warnings_EN.svg/440px-1912_Titanic_ice_warnings_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Titanic: Ice warnings on 14 April 1912. Only part of this was known to Captain Smith.</figcaption></figure> At around 13:54, the Titanic received a marconigram from the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Baltic_(1903)" title="RMS Baltic (1903)">Baltic</a>. It was addressed to Captain Smith and reported: <ul><li>The Baltic itself has had fine weather with moderate, variable winds since departure.</li> <li>The Greek steamer <a href="/wiki/SS_Athinai" title="SS Athinai">Athinai</a> had sighted icebergs and extensive drift ice fields during the day. (At a given position on the route of the Titanic.)</li> <li>The German oil tanker Deutschland is unable to manoeuvre due to a lack of coal.</li></ul> Smith had the Baltic thanked at 14:57. Survivor <a href="/wiki/J._Bruce_Ismay" title="J. Bruce Ismay">J. Bruce Ismay</a> later testified that Smith gave him this marconigram without comment. It was not until five hours later that Ismay returned the note to Smith at Smith's request.<a href="#cite_note-wilson_kap7-10">[10]</a> It remains uncertain whether other officers saw the marconigram. Ismay was the director of the <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a>, which owned the Titanic. The incident with the Baltic marconigram fueled suspicions that Ismay had exerted undue influence on the captain to keep the Titanic from slowing down despite ice warnings. Thus, in the enquiries after the disaster, people wondered why Captain Smith showed Ismay the marconigram in the first place, or why Ismay claimed that he and Smith did not say a word when the marconigram was handed to them. Ismay portrayed himself as a simple passenger who had only travelled on the Titanic out of curiosity.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the evening, around 18:30, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Californian" title="SS Californian">Californian</a> observed three large icebergs five miles south of her. She reported this, giving her own position. The Titanic did not learn of this at first, as the device was switched off. It was not until 19:37 that the Titanic received this message, which was addressed to the Antillian.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-12">[12]</a> Bride confirmed the message and passed it on to the bridge. At 21:40 a message came from the <a href="/wiki/SS_Mesaba_(1898)" title="SS Mesaba (1898)">Mesaba</a>. It defined an area between points 42° 0′ N, 49° 0′ W and 41° 15′ N, 50° 18′ W. In this imaginary rectangular area it saw: 'much heavy pack ice and great number large icebergs, also field ice.' There is confirmation that the Titanic received the message, but no indication that the message reached Captain Smith.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-12">[12]</a> Radio operator <a href="/wiki/Jack_Phillips_(wireless_officer)" title="Jack Phillips (wireless officer)">Jack Phillips</a> on the Titanic was very busy: He had a window of only two hours in which to reach Cape Race. Phillips wanted to quickly transmit private messages from passengers. Because other ice warnings had already been received, the message from the Mesaba may no longer have seemed so important to him as to be absolutely necessary to pass on to the bridge. Cyril Evans, the Californian's radio operator, was the last to radio a message to the Titanic at 22:55. As requested by Captain <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lord" title="Stanley Lord">Stanley Lord</a>, Evans wanted to inform the Titanic that the Californian was surrounded by ice. She had stopped. However, the message lacked the abbreviation MSG, and Evans addressed his colleague informally as old man. Phillips interrupted the contact in the straight diction of radio operators: 'Keep out; shut up, I'm working Cape Race.' ('Keep out of it; shut up, I'm working Cape Race.') He continued to relay messages to Cape Race. Evans on the Californian kept listening for a while and then went to bed. In summary, the Titanic knew no system for collecting and evaluating ice warnings or other messages related to <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>. The radio operators were not familiar with navigation and could not assess the significance of a message in terms of content. What was important for them was whether a message was clearly addressed to the captain, and then one of the radio operators sought out the captain. Otherwise, they might send a messenger to the bridge. There was probably no procedure for relaying messages, like the one from the Amerika to the Hydrographic Office.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-13">[13]</a> No one in the ship's command saw all the ice warnings. Of the surviving officers, none later remembered the warnings of the Noordam, the Amerika, Baltic, the California or the Mesaba. Captain Smith, for example, only knew the messages from the Caronia, the Noordam and the Baltic. That's why the men believed the ice was north of their own route. None imagined an iceberg that could cross their path.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iceberg_visibility">Iceberg visibility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iceberg visibility">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Titanic_at_night_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1912_Titanic_at_night_EN.png/220px-1912_Titanic_at_night_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1912_Titanic_at_night_EN.png/330px-1912_Titanic_at_night_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1912_Titanic_at_night_EN.png/440px-1912_Titanic_at_night_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>The possible visibility as the Titanic approached the iceberg (the ship seen from the front)</figcaption></figure> On the night of the disaster, Captain Smith assumed that an iceberg would be discovered in time so that it could still be avoided. The decisive factor for him was that the night in question was clear and cloudless. It was generally believed at the time that on clear, albeit dark, nights one could see an iceberg within one to three nautical miles.<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> According to surviving Second Officer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lightoller" title="Charles Lightoller">Charles Lightoller</a>, he and Smith believed an iceberg was visible at three to four nautical miles. Smith had said that at the slightest sign of haze, the ship should proceed very slowly. The lookouts were instructed to pay particular attention to ice.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In 1925, Fred Zeusler of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> was in charge of the <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Patrol" title="International Ice Patrol">International Ice Patrol</a>. According to his research, a medium-sized iceberg could be seen a nautical mile away on a moonless, dark but clear night. On the night of the Titanic disaster in 1912, Halpern says, the sea was calm and smooth. Therefore, an iceberg could not be seen from the break of the waves. The only light that could have come from an iceberg would have been reflected starlight. Visibility would have been even worse in the low-hanging haze purported to be extant on the night of the ship's sinking, but survivors' testimonies contradict each other as to whether there was any; other ships reported no haze whatsoever. Possible explanations could be that the witnesses understood different things by 'haze', or that instead of haze, the ice field was actually seen, towards which the Titanic was heading and because of which the Californian had already stopped.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sighting_and_collision">Sighting and collision</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sighting and collision">edit</a>]</div> On Sunday 14 April at 23:40 board time, the Titanic collided with an iceberg. Some survivors saw the iceberg with their own eyes, others perceived a dark shadow. There are also statements about pieces of ice that fell from the iceberg onto the ship. Furthermore, there are statements about how contact with the iceberg was heard or felt. After the two men in the Titanic's <a href="/wiki/Crow%27s_nest" title="Crow's nest">crow's nest</a> sighted the iceberg, one of them, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fleet" title="Frederick Fleet">Frederick Fleet</a>, sounded the bell three times to signal that he had seen an object straight ahead of the ship. However, the iceberg may have been seen on the bridge promptly or even simultaneously. According to Fleet's colleague <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Robinson_Lee" title="Reginald Robinson Lee">Reginald Lee</a>, the iceberg was only half a nautical mile away (about 900 metres) when it was sighted. According to the British enquiry after the accident, the iceberg was 1500 feet away (about a quarter of a nautical mile or 457 metres) at the time of the sighting. For a ship moving at 22.5 knots (41.7 kilometres per hour), the iceberg would accordingly have been sighted 40 seconds before impact.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic_porting_around_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Titanic_porting_around_English.svg/220px-Titanic_porting_around_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Titanic_porting_around_English.svg/330px-Titanic_porting_around_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Titanic_porting_around_English.svg/440px-Titanic_porting_around_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>What the evasive manoeuvre may have looked like: the Titanic, coming from the east (on the right in the picture), first goes to the left and then to the right, so that the stern, which is swinging out, does not hit the iceberg. (Bow in blue, stern in red.)</figcaption></figure> The Titanic was still able to steer slightly to port (left) before the impact. Nevertheless, she scraped against the iceberg, which lasted several seconds. As it turned out later, the iceberg caused several leaks on the forward starboard side in the process. Because of the Titanic's high speed, which could not be stopped so quickly, part of the iceberg pressed against the hull below the waterline. This pressure caused rivets to come loose and the outer skin to develop narrow, elongated leaks. Two hours and forty minutes after the impact, the ship sank. Writer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" title="Walter Lord">Walter Lord</a> questions whether the iceberg itself may not have been damaged. During the impact under water on the forward side of the ship, ice could have already been scraped off the iceberg to such an extent that the iceberg no longer caused any leaks on the aft starboard side.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-13">[13]</a> Fitch, Layton and Wormstedt, on the other hand, follow the thesis that the ship was not damaged aft for a different reason. Initially, the helmsman was indeed ordered to turn to the left, but shortly afterwards he was told to let the ship turn to the right. This manoeuvre, ordered by the First Officer <a href="/wiki/William_McMaster_Murdoch" title="William McMaster Murdoch">William M. Murdoch</a>, probably prevented the Titanic from shearing off with its stern and touching the iceberg again.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witness_statements_on_the_iceberg_itself">Witness statements on the iceberg itself</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Witness statements on the iceberg itself">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic%27s_Iceberg_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Titanic%27s_Iceberg_model.jpg/220px-Titanic%27s_Iceberg_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Titanic%27s_Iceberg_model.jpg/330px-Titanic%27s_Iceberg_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Titanic%27s_Iceberg_model.jpg/440px-Titanic%27s_Iceberg_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>At the Titanic Museum Branson: a model of one of those icebergs captured in a photograph near the site of the disaster.</figcaption></figure> The accident happened twenty minutes before <a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">midnight</a>, when hardly anyone was on the decks, owing to why relatively few people saw the iceberg with their own eyes. Witnesses included, above all, the lookouts <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fleet" title="Frederick Fleet">Frederick Fleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Robinson_Lee" title="Reginald Robinson Lee">Reginald Lee</a>, who both survived. Lee was the first of the two to be interviewed in the British enquiry. According to him, the iceberg was a dark mass coming through a haze. As the iceberg passed, he saw a white fringe at the top, and only there. Viewed from astern, one side appeared to be white and the other black. It was higher than the foredeck (which was 55 feet (17 m) above the waterline). The attorney-general suspected that by this time the ship had shed some light on the iceberg; Lee concurred.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Fleet could not remember who saw the iceberg first. He saw a black object high above the water, slightly higher than the foredeck. Unlike Lee, Fleet did not remember any haze.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Other surviving crew members had their own accounts of the iceberg: <ul><li>Quartermaster <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Olliver" title="Alfred Olliver">Alfred Olliver</a> came onto the open bridge from port and saw the tip of the iceberg rushing past the ship.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-21">[20]</a> According to Olliver, the iceberg was about as high as the boat deck or a little higher. He only saw the tip of the iceberg, so he could not estimate its width. Unexpectedly, the iceberg was not white, but a kind of dark blue.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></li> <li>Quartermaster George Rowe stood under the docking bridge at the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> and hurried towards starboard after feeling the vibration. He saw the tall iceberg slide by less than 10 feet (3.0 m) from the ship. He feared the berg would strike the edge of the docking bridge. The iceberg was about 100 ft (30 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></li></ul> Soon after the collision, Captain Smith and several officers had rushed to the bridge. Smith, Murdoch and Fourth Officer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boxhall" title="Joseph Boxhall">Joseph Boxhall</a> went to the starboard side of the bridge to look for the berg. Boxhall (the only survivor among them) was unsure if he still recognised the shape of the berg because his eyes were still adjusting to the darkness.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Perte_du_Plus_Grand_Paquebot_du_Monde_-_Le_%22Titanic%22_a_sombr%C3%A9_apr%C3%A8s_%C3%AAntr%C3%A9_en_collison_avec_un_iceberg_(1912,_Le_Petit_Journal)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Perte_du_Plus_Grand_Paquebot_du_Monde_-_Le_%22Titanic%22_a_sombr%C3%A9_apr%C3%A8s_%C3%AAntr%C3%A9_en_collison_avec_un_iceberg_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-La_Perte_du_Plus_Grand_Paquebot_du_Monde_-_Le_%22Titanic%22_a_sombr%C3%A9_apr%C3%A8s_%C3%AAntr%C3%A9_en_collison_avec_un_iceberg_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Perte_du_Plus_Grand_Paquebot_du_Monde_-_Le_%22Titanic%22_a_sombr%C3%A9_apr%C3%A8s_%C3%AAntr%C3%A9_en_collison_avec_un_iceberg_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-La_Perte_du_Plus_Grand_Paquebot_du_Monde_-_Le_%22Titanic%22_a_sombr%C3%A9_apr%C3%A8s_%C3%AAntr%C3%A9_en_collison_avec_un_iceberg_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Perte_du_Plus_Grand_Paquebot_du_Monde_-_Le_%22Titanic%22_a_sombr%C3%A9_apr%C3%A8s_%C3%AAntr%C3%A9_en_collison_avec_un_iceberg_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-La_Perte_du_Plus_Grand_Paquebot_du_Monde_-_Le_%22Titanic%22_a_sombr%C3%A9_apr%C3%A8s_%C3%AAntr%C3%A9_en_collison_avec_un_iceberg_%281912%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>From <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 28 April 1912: the very earliest depictions of the disaster are fantasy drawings with no knowledge of the size of the iceberg or the nature of the collision.</figcaption></figure> Passengers either noticed the iceberg as a dark shadow or a white mass that passed by the ship, or sighted the iceberg later from the deck: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Rosenbaum" title="Edith Rosenbaum">Edith Rosenbaum</a> looked out from her first-class cabin, shortly after the shaking, onto the enclosed <a href="/wiki/Promenade_deck" title="Promenade deck">promenade deck</a>. She saw a "ghostly wall of white" pass by. George Rheims and Frederick and Jane Hoyt observed something similar.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-23">[22]</a> Rosenbaum then went on deck, where there were only five passengers, including <a href="/wiki/W._T._Stead" title="W. T. Stead">William T. Stead</a>. They saw the pieces of ice on the deck and learned from Francis Millet: "Iceberg. [...] We all turned with renewed interest to the great floating mountain of white. It had drifted some distance to starboard and rose indistinctly and mysteriously in the velvet darkness."<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li> <li>Emma Bucknell and her maid Albina Bazzani saw the iceberg pass by the window in their cabin on D deck. Because of this and the ice on corridors, she dismissed the rumour heard on board that the iceberg was under water. Another woman had said it was higher than D deck, which seemed plausible to Bucknell.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></li> <li>Eleanor Cassebeer was alarmed by the commotion and went to promenade deck A. With Harry Anderson she went towards the bow. Probably from the railing of the promenade deck they saw small pieces of ice lying about. From here they saw the berg rising about 75 to 100 feet (23 to 30 m) out of the sea. They met the ship's designer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews" title="Thomas Andrews">Thomas Andrews</a> there, whose cabin was nearby. It can be surmised that if they saw the iceberg, Andrews likely did as well.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-28">[27]</a></li> <li>Albert and Vera Dick had been woken by the shock and went out onto a deck. Vera remembered seeing the iceberg.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-28">[27]</a></li> <li>William Sloper and stewards had rushed onto the deck and were still able to get a quick look at the iceberg.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witness_statements_on_the_collision_and_the_ice_on_the_ship">Witness statements on the collision and the ice on the ship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Witness statements on the collision and the ice on the ship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png/220px-Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png/330px-Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png/440px-Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>A 15 April 1912 drawing based on 17-year old survivor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Thayer" title="Jack Thayer">Jack Thayer</a>'s description of the sinking, drawn by L. P. Skidmore on the rescue ship Carpathia.</figcaption></figure> A number of passengers later described the experience of the collision as a 'slight shock' or 'jar'. The sound was described by Carrie Chaffee, for example, as if someone was pulling a chain against the side of the ship. Charlotte Collyer experienced the collision as "a long backward jerk, followed by a shorter forward one". Others were not awakened by the impact, or only by the engines stopping soon afterwards, like 12-year-old Ruth Becker. Some went back to sleep; others were extremely concerned.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_steamship_Titanic_RMG_BHC3667.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_steamship_Titanic_RMG_BHC3667.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_steamship_Titanic_RMG_BHC3667.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_steamship_Titanic_RMG_BHC3667.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_steamship_Titanic_RMG_BHC3667.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_steamship_Titanic_RMG_BHC3667.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_steamship_Titanic_RMG_BHC3667.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4361" /></a><figcaption>The iceberg and the Titanic in a 1913 painting by Harry J. Jansen</figcaption></figure> Parts of the iceberg also hit the Titanic's superstructure on the starboard side. As it passed the forward corrugated deck, large pieces of ice broke off and fell onto the deck of the ship.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-21">[20]</a> However, ice from the iceberg could not only be found on the deck: <ul><li>First class passenger Edwin Kimball reported ice entering his cabin through the <a href="/wiki/Porthole" title="Porthole">porthole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-23">[22]</a></li> <li>Margaret Swift and Alice Leader were visited by a man holding ice in his hands. He said it was all over the corridor under the portholes.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-31">[30]</a></li> <li>In the corridor, Emma Bucknell saw that ice had fallen through a broken porthole onto the floor.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-32">[31]</a> She dressed warmly. Back in the corridor she saw two young women talking, one of whom could not believe that the ship had been hit by an iceberg. Bucknell went to the end of the corridor, took pieces of ice and showed them to the women as proof.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-31">[30]</a></li> <li>Edith Rosenbaum saw it on the deck: "Someone suggested a snow fight, but it was too cold for that."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-28">[27]</a></li> <li>Salon steward Alexander Littlejohn saw 2 feet (0.61 m) of ice in the scuppers (drains for rain or sea water) on the starboard side of the forward well deck.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-32">[31]</a></li> <li>Gladys Cherry and her cousin, the <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Leslie,_Countess_of_Rothes" title="Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes">Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nourney" title="Alfred Nourney">Alfred Nourney</a> and the Third Officer Pitman saw ice on the well deck.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></li> <li>Young <a href="/wiki/Jack_Thayer" title="Jack Thayer">Jack Thayer</a> and his parents did not see an iceberg, though his father thought he saw pieces of ice floating in the sea.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Titanic_size_comparison_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1912_Titanic_size_comparison_EN.svg/220px-1912_Titanic_size_comparison_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1912_Titanic_size_comparison_EN.svg/330px-1912_Titanic_size_comparison_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1912_Titanic_size_comparison_EN.svg/440px-1912_Titanic_size_comparison_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of iceberg and ship, according to Bigg and Wilton's estimate of the iceberg. The appearance of the iceberg must remain speculative.</figcaption></figure> Bigg and Wilton describe the Titanic iceberg, based on witness testimony, as 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) high and 400 feet (120 m) long. They assume that only 16.7 per cent of a weathered iceberg is above the water surface. Consequently, the fatal iceberg would have been at least 90 to 185 metres (295 to 607 ft) deep and approximately 125 metres (410 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-35">[34]</a> Icebergs usually melt on the sides. When the centre of gravity is finally too high, an iceberg tips over. If the fatal iceberg was indeed about 125 m (410 ft) long, the total height would have been up to 100 m (330 ft). Above the water surface, it would therefore have been 15 to 17 m (49 to 56 ft) high, which would fit the witness statements about the height (above the water surface). The mass would have been 2 megatons.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-35">[34]</a> According to witnesses, the iceberg had one or two conspicuous peaks, which rules out a table berg.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-36">[35]</a> For size comparison, the Titanic, the largest ship in the world at the time, had a total length of 882 feet and 9 inches (around 269 metres). She was up to 92 feet and 6 inches wide (about 28 metres). Her draught (from waterline to keel) was 34 feet and 6 inches (about 10 metres) in front.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The mastheads, when the ship was fully loaded, were about 205 feet (62.5 metres) above the water.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photographs_of_the_iceberg">Photographs of the iceberg</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Photographs of the iceberg">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_Titanic_iceberg_from_SS_Birma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Possible_Titanic_iceberg_from_SS_Birma.jpg/220px-Possible_Titanic_iceberg_from_SS_Birma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Possible_Titanic_iceberg_from_SS_Birma.jpg/330px-Possible_Titanic_iceberg_from_SS_Birma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Possible_Titanic_iceberg_from_SS_Birma.jpg/440px-Possible_Titanic_iceberg_from_SS_Birma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>The iceberg photographed from Birma</figcaption></figure> Various ships were in the vicinity of the accident, or at the site where the lifeboats were found. Crew members or passengers on such ships took photographs of icebergs. Some of them were said to have been the iceberg that sank the Titanic. The crew of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Birma" title="SS Birma">SS Birma</a> also photographed what they believed to be the iceberg that sank the Titanic. Attempts have been made to match the shape of the icebergs in question with the descriptions, and in some cases a line of red paint (from the hull of the ship) was said to have been seen. It should be borne in mind, however, that the drift was continuously driving the icebergs southwards. Moreover, in that April 1912, nearly 400 icebergs crossed the 48th parallel to the south (at <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, where they have been counted). A certain proportion of these reached the area of the Titanic disaster.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The photographs may nevertheless be of lasting interest. In October 2015, for example, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported on an auction at which one of the iceberg photographs was to be sold. It was a photograph taken aboard the steamer <a href="/wiki/SS_Prinz_Adalbert" title="SS Prinz Adalbert">Prinz Adalbert</a> on the morning of 15 April. A note about it from the photographer, a steward on the ship, reported red paint visible on the iceberg. The photo had hung for decades on the walls of a law firm that provided legal representation to the White Star Line. She had bought it shortly after the accident from another client, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_America_Line" title="Hamburg America Line">Hamburg-Amerika-Linie</a>. This client had heard that the law firm would represent the owners of the Titanic with regard to liability. When the firm closed in 2002, the four partners put the photo with the note of red paint up for auction. The auction house Henry Aldridge & Son in <a href="/wiki/Devizes" title="Devizes">Devizes</a>, England, estimated its value at between £10,000 to £15,000.<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[39]</a> In that CNN report, ice researcher Steve Bruneau explains that the ice of the iceberg behaved like rock during the collision. It is quite possible, he says, that paint was scraped off the ship and pressed into the ice. As long as it did make contact with the water and as long as it stayed cool, the paint could have been visible on the iceberg for a day or more.<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic_Iceberg_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Titanic_Iceberg_1912.jpg/220px-Titanic_Iceberg_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Titanic_Iceberg_1912.jpg/330px-Titanic_Iceberg_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Titanic_Iceberg_1912.jpg/440px-Titanic_Iceberg_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Captain W. F. Wood of the <a href="/wiki/Etonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Etonian">Etonian</a> photographed the iceberg on 12 April, two days before it struck the Titanic</figcaption></figure> In 2020, the same auction house announced another auction. This iceberg photo came from Captain Wood of the SS Etonian and was taken as early as 16:00 on 12 April. Wood gave a position at the time (41° 30′ 0″ N, 49° 30′ 0″ W), and it had turned out to be almost exactly where the Titanic hit her iceberg 40 hours later. In a 1913 letter, Wood described the photograph. Henry Aldridge & Son estimated its value at £12,000.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> (However, the position mentioned is 47 kilometres south-east of the wreck). Another photo of an iceberg mentioned in the literature was taken by Hope Chapin. She was on her honeymoon aboard the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Carpathia" title="RMS Carpathia">Carpathia</a> and took the photo at daybreak.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Carpathia passenger Bernice Palmer also took several pictures of the aftermath of the sinking with her <a href="/wiki/Kodak_Brownie" title="Kodak Brownie">Kodak Brownie</a> camera, including an image alleged to be "the iceberg identified as the one which sank Titanic, almost certainly identified by the survivors".<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-43">[42]</a> She allowed Underwood & Underwood, a New York photography agency, to develop, print and return the pictures along with the tiny sum of $10.00 in exchange for the right to publish the photographs. In the contract she signed, two of the images are described as the "iceberg and icefield run into by the Titanic".<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-43">[42]</a> Bigg and Wilton see the estimated size proportions of the iceberg reflected in the one photographed by Captain de Carteret. He was in command of the Minia, which was searching for bodies at the (supposed) disaster site. According to Bigg and Wilton, the photo shows a red streak of colour.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_reception">Cultural reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural reception">edit</a>]</div> A story has developed around the historic disaster of the passenger liner Titanic with which certain elements are inextricably linked, say Brown, McDonagh and Shultz. These include not only the magnitude of the disaster and the haughty claim of the ship's unsinkability, but also the "nemesis of <a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature" title="Mother Nature">Mother Nature</a>'s iceberg".<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> There are numerous non-fiction books and novels about the Titanic. But it takes two to make a collision, says Philip Morrison in a review of a book by <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biologist</a> Richard Brown. In Voyage of the Iceberg, Brown describes the disaster from the perspective of the iceberg and, moreover, the possible journey of the iceberg along nature and people in the far north.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> A counterpart in poetry is the poem "The Iceberg" by the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._D._Roberts" title="Charles G. D. Roberts">Charles G. D. Roberts</a>. In the first-person perspective, the iceberg, an 'alp afloat,' narrates its life journey from its formation on the glacier to its dissolution in the ocean. In the collision, the broadside of the Titanic creeps under the iceberg, which pierces and tears open the hull with a submerged horn. The funnels crash against the rocky slope and the huge mass of the iceberg sinks down onto the ship, wiping it out. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphorical_use">Metaphorical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metaphorical use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuxuriesVersusLifeboatsPuckMagazine1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/LuxuriesVersusLifeboatsPuckMagazine1912.jpg/220px-LuxuriesVersusLifeboatsPuckMagazine1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/LuxuriesVersusLifeboatsPuckMagazine1912.jpg/330px-LuxuriesVersusLifeboatsPuckMagazine1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/LuxuriesVersusLifeboatsPuckMagazine1912.jpg/440px-LuxuriesVersusLifeboatsPuckMagazine1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5239" data-file-height="7805" /></a><figcaption>An allegorical depiction in the weeks following the disaster (Udo J. Keppler, 1912).</figcaption></figure> Not only the Titanic, which stands for luxury, but also the iceberg has inspired numerous authors and visual artists. It was common to depict the iceberg as a <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Religious authors denounced a lack of respect for God and the forces of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, which included the iceberg. The ice warnings that had been ignored by the Titanic appeared as " <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">the writing on the wall</a>". Meanwhile, in leftist publications, the iceberg was sometimes compared to the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>: It was causing <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> (the Titanic) to sink.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> As a product of a <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> shipyard, the Titanic could also be seen as a symbol of Protestant pride – which was in danger of being sunk by the cool "iceberg dynamics" of <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>. The building and <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">sinking of the Titanic</a> took place at the same time as the debates on Irish <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home Rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In the radio play The Iceberg (1975), <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Parker" title="Stewart Parker">Stewart Parker</a>, a Northern Irish <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, allows the ghosts of two shipyard workers who perished during the construction of the Titanic to speak about the <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Author Stephen Kern sees an analogy between the Titanic disaster and the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a> that helped trigger the <a href="/wiki/World_War_1" class="mw-redirect" title="World War 1">First World War</a>: The icebergs on the steamer's route would stand in an analogy to the eight assassins who waited for <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a>'s carriage.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 2012, for example, Shetsova compared Russia under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> to the Titanic in search of its iceberg.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> New metaphors or perspectives place the fatal iceberg, for example, within the context of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The sea ice is receding and the melting of the Greenland <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> will initially create more icebergs. However, due to global warming, the probability of large icebergs reaching the 45th parallel and endangering shipping there is decreasing.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-36">[35]</a> Sometimes icebergs are no longer seen as a threat, but as the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> source of the future.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Hardy">Thomas Hardy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Thomas Hardy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agia_Napa,_bar_and_entertainment_district_23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agia_Napa%2C_bar_and_entertainment_district_23.JPG/220px-Agia_Napa%2C_bar_and_entertainment_district_23.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agia_Napa%2C_bar_and_entertainment_district_23.JPG/330px-Agia_Napa%2C_bar_and_entertainment_district_23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agia_Napa%2C_bar_and_entertainment_district_23.JPG/440px-Agia_Napa%2C_bar_and_entertainment_district_23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>A bar in <a href="/wiki/Ayia_Napa" title="Ayia Napa">Agia Napa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> As early as 1912, the British poet <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> poetically processed the relationship between the ship and the iceberg,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> in a highly unusual way that defies all expectations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In the much-cited <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poem</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Convergence_of_the_Twain" title="The Convergence of the Twain">The Convergence of the Twain</a>, there is neither suffering nor death; instead, a blind, senseless will is at work, which, in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>, has replaced the personal God of the Bible as a deity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[55]</a> In The Convergence of the Twain, Hardy first imagines the luxurious ship on the ocean floor. While people were building the Titanic, the iceberg was growing in nature. Then, on the night of the disaster, fate brought ship and iceberg together. In scholarly literature, explains Emerson Brown Jr., it has become a commonplace that Hardy's language used indicates <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>. Nor does speaking about two shaken hemispheres uniting simply refer to the two hemispheres of the world. Rather, it goes back to the Greek comedy writer <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>: the gods divided the originally spherical human being into two parts as punishment, and hence comes his urge to unite in the sexual act.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial,_Southampton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg/220px-RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg/330px-RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg/440px-RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The iceberg on a memorial relief for the musicians on the Titanic, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> (England)</figcaption></figure> Furthermore, the poem alludes to marriage as it is discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Man and woman, for example, appear in it as no longer twain, but one flesh, and the creature of cleaving wing (in the King James translation) also refers to this. There are other erotic and Christian references in Hardy's poem.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Thus Hardy sends the 1500 souls into the depths with an 'obscene pun', as <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Bergmann" title="Meredith Bergmann">Meredith Bergmann</a> puts it. Consummation comes describes the sexual union of the ship, conceived as female, with the iceberg. But this line 33 also reflects the last words of the 33-year-old Jesus Christ: consummatum est (It is finished).<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[55]</a> Emerson Brown Jr. says that the poem shows no compassion for the people who perished in the disaster. The dead children of the Third Class or the servants on the Titanic do not appear at all, and at most the rich of the First Class are addressed with the opulence that now lies at the bottom of the sea. Hardy seems to applaud the iceberg, the 'sinister mate'. In Hardy's mythologising, according to Brown, the iceberg provides retribution by giving the ship and those who perished what they deserve.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Hardy, an otherwise sympathetic author who lost two friends on the Titanic,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> did not write the poem at a great distance from the disaster, for the first manuscript is dated 24 April 1912 (nine days after the sinking). On 14 May, a matinée was held at <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a> in London to raise money for the bereaved, and Hardy wrote The Convergence of the Twain for the occasion. Emerson Brown Jr. wonders if the bereaved, who had just lost their loved ones, could appreciate Hardy's witty allusions – his ruthless artistry.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_and_pop_culture">Folk and pop culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Folk and pop culture">edit</a>]</div> There are numerous allusions to the Titanic and its iceberg in American folk culture. In a song by the Dixon Brothers (1938), a band of <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mill</a> workers from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, the iceberg not only slashes the side of the ship but also cuts off the Titanic's pride.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> A more recent example is a song by the Mrs. Ackroyd Band (1999), in which a sad polar bear asks for news about the iceberg on which his family has been living.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> After all, the iceberg appears with or without the Titanic in many popular representations and contexts, for example as a set of ice cubes in a thematically fitting form.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The American comedy format <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> had <a href="/wiki/Bowen_Yang" title="Bowen Yang">Bowen Yang</a> appear as "The Iceberg that sank the Titanic" in 2021. The sketch deals with the inappropriate reaction of celebrities to scandals. The "Iceberg" sees himself as the one under attack, blames the ship, the ocean and the shipping company, reduces the number of victims to 20 to 30 and promotes his new music album.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museal_and_miscellaneous">Museal and miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Museal and miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg/220px-Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg/330px-Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg/440px-Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a>, in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> A place of remembrance for the Titanic is the former site of the <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a> shipyard that built her. Among other things, <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a>, a conference centre and museum, opened <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Quarter" title="Titanic Quarter">on the redeveloped site</a> in the 2012 anniversary year. Local editor Tony Canavan regrets that looking at Titanic Belfast reminds him of the appearance of an iceberg.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> (In fact, the building is meant to reflect the collision of iceberg and ship).<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denver_Mountain_Parks_CO_-_%22Sinking_Titanic_and_Iceberg,%22_Park_of_the_Red_Rocks_(NBY_429940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Denver_Mountain_Parks_CO_-_%22Sinking_Titanic_and_Iceberg%2C%22_Park_of_the_Red_Rocks_%28NBY_429940%29.jpg/220px-Denver_Mountain_Parks_CO_-_%22Sinking_Titanic_and_Iceberg%2C%22_Park_of_the_Red_Rocks_%28NBY_429940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Denver_Mountain_Parks_CO_-_%22Sinking_Titanic_and_Iceberg%2C%22_Park_of_the_Red_Rocks_%28NBY_429940%29.jpg/330px-Denver_Mountain_Parks_CO_-_%22Sinking_Titanic_and_Iceberg%2C%22_Park_of_the_Red_Rocks_%28NBY_429940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Denver_Mountain_Parks_CO_-_%22Sinking_Titanic_and_Iceberg%2C%22_Park_of_the_Red_Rocks_%28NBY_429940%29.jpg/440px-Denver_Mountain_Parks_CO_-_%22Sinking_Titanic_and_Iceberg%2C%22_Park_of_the_Red_Rocks_%28NBY_429940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Two rock formations at <a href="/wiki/Red_Rocks_Park" title="Red Rocks Park">Red Rocks Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> named after the Titanic and the iceberg</figcaption></figure> There is no memorial for the iceberg in the strict sense; it rarely appears on commemorative plaques. In Red Rocks Park (near <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado) there are two rocks named Sinking Titanic and Iceberg.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Large iceberg dummies can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Museum_(Branson,_Missouri)" title="Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)">Titanic museum in Branson, Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Museum_(Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee)" title="Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee)">the one in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee</a>. They are located outside on the buildings, each of which is modelled on the appearance of the Titanic. In the museum in Pigeon Forge there is a large touchable ice installation (4.6 by 8.5 metres) meant to make the coldness of an iceberg tangible. In August 2021, the ice wall collapsed onto three visitors, resulting in their hospitalization. <a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The Northland Discovery Boat Tours offer boat tours off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. When his boat approaches an iceberg, boatman Paul Alcock plays <a href="/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On" title="My Heart Will Go On">the theme music</a> from the 1997 Titanic movie. Some tourists laugh about it, others are moved. The icebergs are the most important reason for someone to go on his tour, he says. Lorraine McGrath from the tourism promotion board of the city of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a> in Newfoundland talks about the fascination that icebergs exert on those who see one for the first time. She is frequently asked by tourists, 'Is that the iceberg that sank the Titanic?' She replies in a good-humored manner, 'No, dear. That's a different one.'<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Three nautical miles equals 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-moon_titanic_2012-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moon_titanic_2012_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moon_titanic_2012_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlsonDoescherSinnott2012" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Donald W.; Doescher, Russell L.; Sinnott, Roger W. (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220183213/https://www.skyandtelescope.com/wp-content/uploads/Titanic+layout.pdf">"Did the Moon Sink the Titanic?"</a> (PDF). Sky and Telescope. pp. 34–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyandtelescope.com/wp-content/uploads/Titanic+layout.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+the+Moon+Sink+the+Titanic%3F&rft.pages=34-39&rft.pub=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft.au=Doescher%2C+Russell+L.&rft.au=Sinnott%2C+Roger+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FTitanic%2Blayout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg+that+sank+the+Titanic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Grant R. Bigg, David J. Wilton: Iceberg risk in the Titanic year of 1912: was it exceptional? In: Weather – April 2014, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 100–104, see p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadja_Podbregar2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nadja Podbregar (2014-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wissenschaft.de/astronomie-physik/neues-zum-titanic-eisberg/">"Neues zum Titanic-Eisberg"</a>. Bild der Wissenschaft (in German). Retrieved 2023-09-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bild+der+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=Neues+zum+Titanic-Eisberg&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.au=Nadja+Podbregar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wissenschaft.de%2Fastronomie-physik%2Fneues-zum-titanic-eisberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg+that+sank+the+Titanic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Megan E. Linkin: Icebergs Ahead!: How Weather Doomed The Titanic. 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May/June 2012, volume 20, no. 3, p. 10/11. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Stewart2012" class="citation web cs1">Linda Stewart (2012-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/is-titanic-building-really-a-carbuncle-on-the-skyline/28774098.html">"Is Titanic building really a carbuncle on the skyline?"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. 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Retrieved 2023-09-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Titanic+museum+iceberg+wall+collapses%2C+injuring+3+visitors&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft.au=David+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F08%2F03%2Fus%2Ftitanic-museum-iceberg-injured-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg+that+sank+the+Titanic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Ian Stalker: Titanic Business. In: Americas. April 2008, volume 60, no. 2, p. 2/3. </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Fitch, Tad and J. Kent Layton, Bill Wormstedt: On a Sea of Glass. The Life & Loss of the RMS Titanic. Amberley, Stroud 2015</li> <li>Halpern, Samuel. Account of the Ship's Journey across the Atlantic. In: Samuel Halpern (Hrsg.): Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic: A Centennial Reappraisal. The History Press, Stroud 2016 (2012), pp. 71–89, see</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00790k2">The Iceberg That Sank the Titanic</a> (BBC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/the-iceberg-resurfaced.html">The Iceberg – Resurfaced?</a> (Encyclopedia Titanica)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-incredible-story-of-the-iceberg-that-sank-the-titanic-180980482/">"The Incredible Story of the Iceberg That Sank the Titanic"</a> (Smithsonian Magazine)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Second-_and_third-class_facilities_on_the_Titanic" title="Second- and third-class facilities on the Titanic">Second and Third class facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Staircase_of_the_Titanic" title="Grand Staircase of the Titanic">Grand Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_aboard_the_Titanic" title="Animals aboard the Titanic">Animals aboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">Sinking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceberg that sank the Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changes_in_safety_practices_after_the_sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the Titanic">Changes in safety practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboats_of_the_Titanic" title="Lifeboats of the Titanic">Lifeboats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Lifeboat_No._1" title="Titanic Lifeboat No. 1">Lifeboat No. 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Wreck_Commissioner%27s_inquiry_into_the_sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry into the sinking of the Titanic">British inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_inquiry_into_the_sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the Titanic">United States inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_the_Titanic" title="Wreck of the Titanic">Wreck of the Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic" title="Legends and myths regarding the Titanic">Legends and myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deck officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith_(sea_captain)" title="Edward Smith (sea captain)">Edward J. Smith</a> (Captain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tingle_Wilde" title="Henry Tingle Wilde">Henry Tingle Wilde</a> (Chief Officer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMaster_Murdoch" title="William McMaster Murdoch">William McMaster Murdoch</a> (First Officer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lightoller" title="Charles Lightoller">Charles H. Lightoller</a> (Second Officer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pitman" title="Herbert Pitman">Herbert Pitman</a> (Third Officer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boxhall" title="Joseph Boxhall">Joseph G. Boxhall</a> (Fourth Officer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lowe" title="Harold Lowe">Harold G. Lowe</a> (Fifth Officer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Paul_Moody" title="James Paul Moody">James Paul Moody</a> (Sixth Officer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bell_(engineer)" title="Joseph Bell (engineer)">Joseph Bell</a> (Machine Room Manager)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crew_of_the_Titanic" title="Crew of the Titanic">Crew members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barrett" title="Frederick Barrett">Frederick Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bride" title="Harold Bride">Harold Bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Denton_Cox" title="William Denton Cox">William Denton Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_of_the_Titanic" title="Crew of the Titanic">Sid Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oliver_Evans" title="Frank Oliver Evans">Frank Oliver Evans</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fleet" title="Frederick Fleet">Frederick Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Gatti_(restaurateur)" title="Luigi Gatti (restaurateur)">Luigi Gatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hichens_(sailor)" title="Robert Hichens (sailor)">Robert Hichens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Jessop" title="Violet Jessop">Violet Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Jewell" title="Archie Jewell">Archie Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joughin" title="Charles Joughin">Charles Joughin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Robinson_Lee" title="Reginald Robinson Lee">Reginald Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Marsden" title="Evelyn Marsden">Evelyn Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mintram" title="William Mintram">William Mintram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Phillips_(wireless_officer)" title="Jack Phillips (wireless officer)">Jack Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Winnold_Prentice" title="Frank Winnold Prentice">Frank Winnold Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Priest" title="Arthur John Priest">Arthur John Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Symons_(sailor)" title="George Symons (sailor)">George Symons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Titanic" title="Musicians of the Titanic">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Hartley" title="Wallace Hartley">Wallace Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Woodward" title="John Wesley Woodward">John Wesley Woodward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passengers_of_the_Titanic" title="Passengers of the Titanic">Passengers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_family" title="Allison family">Allison family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews" title="Thomas Andrews">Thomas Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_IV" title="John Jacob Astor IV">John Jacob Astor IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_John_Bowen" title="David John Bowen">David John Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Butt" title="Archibald Butt">Archibald Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Byles" title="Thomas Byles">Thomas Byles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm_(engineer)" title="Roderick Chisholm (engineer)">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Donald_Douglas" title="Walter Donald Douglas">Walter Donald Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Funk" title="Annie Funk">Annie Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Futrelle" title="Jacques Futrelle">Jacques Futrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_Child_(Titanic_victim)" title="Unknown Child (Titanic victim)">Sidney Leslie Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Guggenheim" title="Benjamin Guggenheim">Benjamin Guggenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harper_(pastor)" title="John Harper (pastor)">John Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Harris" title="Henry B. Harris">Henry B. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Hartley" title="Wallace Hartley">Wallace Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Melville_Hays" title="Charles Melville Hays">Charles Melville Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Elizabeth_Isham" title="Ann Elizabeth Isham">Ann Elizabeth Isham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Austin_Kent" title="Edward Austin Kent">Edward Austin Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Philippe_Lemercier_Laroche" title="Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche">Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Davis_Millet" title="Francis Davis Millet">Francis Davis Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Markland_Molson" title="Harry Markland Molson">Harry Markland Molson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Moore_(businessman)" title="Clarence Moore (businessman)">Clarence Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_Child_(Titanic_victim)" title="Unknown Child (Titanic victim)">Eino Viljami Panula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Ryerson" title="Emily Ryerson">Emily Ryerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Stead" title="W. T. Stead">W. T. Stead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Straus" title="Ida Straus">Ida Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Straus" title="Isidor Straus">Isidor Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Thayer" title="John B. Thayer">John B. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Warren_Sr." title="Frank M. Warren Sr.">Frank M. Warren Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Wick" title="George D. Wick">George D. Wick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dunton_Widener" title="George Dunton Widener">George Dunton Widener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Elkins_Widener" title="Harry Elkins Widener">Harry Elkins Widener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Williams" title="Duane Williams">Duane Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Wright" title="George Henry Wright">George Henry Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Survivors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Abbott" title="Rhoda Abbott">Rhoda Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_family" title="Allison family">Trevor Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Asplund" title="Lillian Asplund">Lillian Asplund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Astor" title="Madeleine Astor">Madeleine Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passengers_of_the_Titanic" title="Passengers of the Titanic">Ruth Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Beesley" title="Lawrence Beesley">Lawrence Beesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Behr" title="Karl Behr">Karl Behr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Bishop" title="Dickinson Bishop">Dickinson Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritz_H%C3%A5kan_Bj%C3%B6rnstr%C3%B6m-Steffansson" title="Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson">Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Bowerman" title="Elsie Bowerman">Elsie Bowerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Browne" title="Francis Browne">Francis Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brown" title="Margaret Brown">Margaret "Molly" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Churchill_Candee" title="Helen Churchill Candee">Helen Churchill Candee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passengers_of_the_Titanic" title="Passengers of the Titanic">Charlotte Drake Cardeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucile_Carter" title="Lucile Carter">Lucile Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Leslie,_Countess_of_Rothes#Titanic_disaster" title="Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes">Gladys Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millvina_Dean" title="Millvina Dean">Millvina Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Duff-Gordon" title="Cosmo Duff-Gordon">Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gibson" title="Dorothy Gibson">Dorothy Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Gracie_IV" title="Archibald Gracie IV">Archibald Gracie IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_John_William_Goldsmith" title="Frank John William Goldsmith">Frank John William Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Haisman" title="Edith Haisman">Edith Haisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Harper" title="Henry S. Harper">Henry S. Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Hart" title="Eva Hart">Eva Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bechstein_Hays" title="Margaret Bechstein Hays">Margaret Bechstein Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masabumi_Hosono" title="Masabumi Hosono">Masabumi Hosono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bruce_Ismay" title="J. Bruce Ismay">J. Bruce Ismay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Ileen_Johnson" title="Eleanor Ileen Johnson">Eleanor Ileen Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Kink" title="Louise Kink">Louise Kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Philippe_Lemercier_Laroche" title="Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche">Louise Laroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mannion" title="Margaret Mannion">Margaret Mannion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marcel_Navratil" title="Michel Marcel Navratil">Michel Marcel Navratil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nourney" title="Alfred Nourney">Alfred Nourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey_Peuchen" title="Arthur Godfrey Peuchen">Arthur Godfrey Peuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Quick" title="Jane Quick">Jane Quick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Quick" title="Jane Quick">Winnifred Quick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Rosenbaum" title="Edith Rosenbaum">Edith Rosenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Leslie,_Countess_of_Rothes" title="Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes">Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Ryerson" title="Emily Ryerson">Emily Ryerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Sandstr%C3%B6m" title="Agnes Sandström">Agnes Sandström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passengers_of_the_Titanic" title="Passengers of the Titanic">Beatrice Sandström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Kimber_Seward" title="Frederic Kimber Seward">Frederic Kimber Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloise_Hughes_Smith" title="Eloise Hughes Smith">Eloise Hughes Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Thayer" title="Jack Thayer">Jack Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Thayer" title="Marian Thayer">Marian Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_West" title="Barbara West">Barbara West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Holmes_White" title="Ella Holmes White">Ella Holmes White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Norris_Williams" title="R. Norris Williams">R. Norris Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Grice_Young" title="Marie Grice Young">Marie Grice Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_and_monuments_to_victims_of_the_Titanic" title="Memorials and monuments to victims of the Titanic">Monuments and memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Street_Gardens#Titanic_Memorial_Bandstand" title="Sturt Street Gardens">Bandstand</a> (Ballarat)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Heroes_of_the_Marine_Engine_Room" title="Memorial to Heroes of the Marine Engine Room">Engine Room Heroes</a> (Liverpool)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial" title="Titanic Engineers' Memorial">Engineers</a> (Southampton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Musicians%27_Memorial" title="Titanic Musicians' Memorial">Musicians</a> (Southampton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial,_Belfast" title="Titanic Memorial, Belfast">Titanic</a> (Belfast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonic_Hall,_Liverpool" title="Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool">Orchestra</a> (Liverpool)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straus_Park" title="Straus Park">Straus Park</a> (New York City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial_(New_York_City)" title="Titanic Memorial (New York City)">Titanic</a> (New York City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Titanic Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Titanic</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt%E2%80%93Millet_Memorial_Fountain" title="Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain">Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titanic_in_popular_culture" title="Titanic in popular culture">Popular culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_legacy_of_the_Titanic" title="Cultural legacy of the Titanic">(cultural legacy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wreck_of_the_Titan:_Or,_Futility" title="The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility">The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_(book)" title="A Night to Remember (book)">A Night to Remember (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_the_Titanic_Bear" title="Polar the Titanic Bear">Polar the Titanic Bear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Titanic" title="List of films about the Titanic">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saved_from_the_Titanic" title="Saved from the Titanic">Saved from the Titanic</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Nacht_und_Eis" title="In Nacht und Eis">In Nacht und Eis</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_hantise" title="La hantise">La hantise</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(film)" title="Atlantic (film)">Atlantic</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantik_(film)" title="Atlantik (film)">Atlantik</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1943_film)" title="Titanic (1943 film)">Titanic</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1953_film)" title="Titanic (1953 film)">Titanic</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_(1958_film)" title="A Night to Remember (1958 film)">A Night to Remember</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_(film)" title="The Unsinkable Molly Brown (film)">The Unsinkable Molly Brown</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raise_the_Titanic_(film)" title="Raise the Titanic (film)">Raise the Titanic</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Titanic" title="Secrets of the Titanic">Secrets of the Titanic</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanica" title="Titanica">Titanica</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chambermaid_on_the_Titanic" title="The Chambermaid on the Titanic">The Chambermaid on the Titanic</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Titanic" title="The Legend of the Titanic">The Legend of the Titanic</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_The_Legend_Goes_On" title="Titanic: The Legend Goes On">Titanic: The Legend Goes On</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Saw_the_Iceberg" title="The Boy Who Saw the Iceberg">The Boy Who Saw the Iceberg</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_the_Abyss" title="Ghosts of the Abyss">Ghosts of the Abyss</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacolino" title="Tentacolino">Tentacolino</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_II_(film)" title="Titanic II (film)">Titanic II</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Six_(film)" title="The Six (film)">The Six</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_666" title="Titanic 666">Titanic 666</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsinkable_(film)" title="Unsinkable (film)">Unsinkable</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Titanic#Television_movies_and_notable_episodes" title="List of films about the Titanic">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_(Kraft_Television_Theatre)" title="A Night to Remember (Kraft Television Theatre)">A Night to Remember</a>" (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.O.S._Titanic" title="S.O.S. Titanic">S.O.S. Titanic</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_The_Complete_Story" title="Titanic: The Complete Story">Titanic: The Complete Story</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1996_miniseries)" title="Titanic (1996 miniseries)">Titanic</a> (1996 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Greater_Love_(1996_film)" title="No Greater Love (1996 film)"> No Greater Love</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Flight_to_Remember" title="A Flight to Remember">"A Flight to Remember" (Futurama)</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(2012_TV_series)" title="Titanic (2012 TV series)">Titanic</a> (2012 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_Blood_and_Steel" title="Titanic: Blood and Steel">Titanic: Blood and Steel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_the_Titanic" title="Saving the Titanic">Saving the Titanic</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_The_Aftermath" title="Titanic: The Aftermath">Titanic: The Aftermath</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Berg_(play)" title="The Berg (play)">The Berg</a> (1929) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_(musical)" title="The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)">The Unsinkable Molly Brown</a> (1960 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(play)" title="Titanic (play)">Titanic</a> (1974) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(musical)" title="Titanic (musical)">Titanic</a> (1997 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Titanic_(song)" title="The Titanic (song)">The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down)</a>" (folk song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Titanic_(Bryars)" title="The Sinking of the Titanic (Bryars)">The Sinking of the Titanic</a> (music composition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture" title="Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture">Titanic</a> (soundtrack album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Titanic" title="Back to Titanic">Back to Titanic</a> (soundtrack album)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On" title="My Heart Will Go On">My Heart Will Go On</a>" (song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nearer,_My_God,_to_Thee#RMS_Titanic_and_SS_Valencia" title="Nearer, My God, to Thee">Nearer, My God, to Thee</a>" (song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanique" title="Titanique">Titanique</a> (musical parody)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dance_Band_on_the_Titanic_(song)" title="Dance Band on the Titanic (song)">Dance Band on the Titanic</a>" (song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Titanic_(Falco_song)" title="Titanic (Falco song)">Titanic</a>" (song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Requiem" title="Titanic Requiem">Titanic Requiem</a> (music composition)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tempest_(Bob_Dylan_song)" title="Tempest (Bob Dylan song)">Tempest</a>" (song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Rising" title="Titanic Rising">Titanic Rising</a> (album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_the_Titanic" title="Search for the Titanic">Search for the Titanic</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_Adventure_Out_of_Time" title="Titanic: Adventure Out of Time">Titanic: Adventure Out of Time</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_Honor_and_Glory" title="Titanic: Honor and Glory">Titanic: Honor and Glory</a> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SeaCity_Museum" title="SeaCity Museum">SeaCity Museum</a> (Southampton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Museum_(Branson,_Missouri)" title="Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)">Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Museum_(Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee)" title="Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee)">Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Museum_of_the_Atlantic" title="Maritime Museum of the Atlantic">Maritime Museum of the Atlantic</a> (Halifax)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanic,_Saskatchewan" title="Titanic, Saskatchewan">Titanic (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Canyon" title="Titanic Canyon">Titanic Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Quarter" title="Titanic Quarter">Titanic Quarter, Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Race" title="Cape Race">Cape Race, Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview_Lawn_Cemetery" title="Fairview Lawn Cemetery">Fairview Lawn Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olivet_Cemetery_(Halifax,_Nova_Scotia)" title="Mount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax, Nova Scotia)">Mount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax, Nova Scotia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrol_Gantry" title="Arrol Gantry">Arrol Gantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic,_Oklahoma" title="Titanic, Oklahoma">Titanic, Oklahoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Baltic_(1903)" title="RMS Baltic (1903)">RMS Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Olympic" title="RMS Olympic">RMS Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMHS_Britannic" title="HMHS Britannic">HMHS Britannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Mount_Temple" title="SS Mount Temple">SS Mount Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Carpathia" title="RMS Carpathia">RMS Carpathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Californian" title="SS Californian">SS Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Mackay-Bennett" title="CS Mackay-Bennett">CS Mackay-Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Birma" title="SS Birma">SS Birma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Frankfurt" title="SS Frankfurt">SS Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replica_Titanic" title="Replica Titanic">Replica Titanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_II" title="Titanic II">Titanic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romandisea_Titanic" title="Romandisea Titanic">Romandisea Titanic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic_Maritime_Memorial_Act" title="RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act">RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_the_Shipwrecked_Vessel_RMS_Titanic" title="Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic">Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blair_(mariner)" title="David Blair (mariner)">David Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cottam" title="Harold Cottam">Harold Cottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Haddock" title="Herbert Haddock">Herbert Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lord" title="Stanley Lord">Stanley Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rostron" title="Arthur Rostron">Arthur Rostron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Historical_Society" title="Titanic Historical Society">Titanic Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_International_Society" title="Titanic International Society">Titanic International Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Titanica" title="Encyclopedia Titanica">Encyclopedia Titanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halomonas_titanicae" title="Halomonas titanicae">Halomonas titanicae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_children_first" title="Women and children first">Women and children first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Circassienne_au_Bain" title="La Circassienne au Bain">La Circassienne au Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(submersible)" title="Titan (submersible)">Titan submersible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_submersible_implosion" title="Titan submersible implosion">implosion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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