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searchaux" style="display:none">Government agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Geological Survey of Canada</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Commission géologique du Canada</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Geological_Survey_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Seal_of_the_Geological_Survey_of_Canada.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Geological_Survey_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Seal_of_the_Geological_Survey_of_Canada.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_Geological_Survey_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Seal_of_the_Geological_Survey_of_Canada.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_Geological_Survey_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1842</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CAD</a> $97 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hon." class="mw-redirect" title="Hon.">Hon.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkinson" title="Jonathan Wilkinson">Jonathan Wilkinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Natural_Resources_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Natural Resources (Canada)">Minister of Energy and Natural Resources</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Geological Survey of Canada</b> (<b>GSC</b>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Commission géologique du Canada</i>, CGC) is a Canadian federal government agency responsible for performing <a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">geological surveys</a> of the country developing Canada's natural resources and protecting the environment. A branch of the Earth Sciences Sector of <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>, the GSC is the country's oldest scientific agency and was one of its first government organizations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In September 1841, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> legislature passed a resolution that authorized the sum of £1,500 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> be granted to the government for the estimated expense of performing a geological survey of the province. In 1842, the Geological Survey of Canada was formed to fulfill this request.<sup id="cite_ref-Unturned_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unturned-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selwyn_GSC_survey_party_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Selwyn_GSC_survey_party_1871.jpg/220px-Selwyn_GSC_survey_party_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Selwyn_GSC_survey_party_1871.jpg/330px-Selwyn_GSC_survey_party_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Selwyn_GSC_survey_party_1871.jpg/440px-Selwyn_GSC_survey_party_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>The First Canadian Pacific R.R. and Geological Survey parties for British Columbia, July 22, 1871. Photographer: Benjamin F Baltzy. Courtesy: Toronto Public Library Digital Collections</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_Survey_of_Canada_building_(69409_LS)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Geological Survey of Canada building in Montreal, 1852–1874" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Geological_Survey_of_Canada_building_%2869409_LS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Geological_Survey_of_Canada_building_%2869409_LS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Geological_Survey_of_Canada_building_%2869409_LS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Geological_Survey_of_Canada_building_%2869409_LS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Geological_Survey_of_Canada_building_%2869409_LS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Geological_Survey_of_Canada_building_%2869409_LS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Geological Survey of Canada building in Montreal, 1852–1874</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Edmond_Logan" title="William Edmond Logan">William Edmond Logan</a> was in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> at the time and made it known that he was interested in participating in this survey. Gaining recommendations from prominent British scientists, Logan was appointed the first GSC director on April 14, 1842. Four months later, Logan arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, to compile the existing body of knowledge of Canada's geology. In the spring of 1843, Logan established the GSC's headquarters in Montreal (in his brother's warehouse and then in a rented house on Great St. James Street (now Saint Jacques Street).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the prominent cartographers and the chief topographical draughtsman was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barlow_(cartographer)" title="Robert Barlow (cartographer)">Robert Barlow</a>, who began his work in 1855. Chemist T. Sterry Hunt joined in the early days and the Survey added <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontological</a> capability in 1856 with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Elkanah_Billings" title="Elkanah Billings">Elkanah Billings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unturned_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unturned-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Aylesworth_Perry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aylesworth Perry">Aylesworth Perry</a> was appointed as acting librarian in 1881 he prepared the catalogue of reference works on <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Mercer_Dawson" title="George Mercer Dawson">George Mercer Dawson</a> became a staff member in 1875, progressed to assistant director in 1883 and finally to director of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-Unturned_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unturned-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Geological Survey of Canada first began allowing women to conduct fieldwork in the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Wilson" title="Alice Wilson">Alice Wilson</a>, the first of these women, lobbied for the inclusion of paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wagner" title="Frances Wagner">Frances Wagner</a> shortly afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this same time, the GSC employed a third woman Dr. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Belyea" title="Helen Belyea">Helen Belyea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programs_and_activities">Programs and activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Programs and activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_Survey_of_Canada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Geological_Survey_of_Canada.JPG/220px-Geological_Survey_of_Canada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Geological_Survey_of_Canada.JPG/330px-Geological_Survey_of_Canada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Geological_Survey_of_Canada.JPG/440px-Geological_Survey_of_Canada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3599" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Geological Survey of Canada building, Ottawa</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1._Geoscience_for_mineral_and_Northern_Development">1. Geoscience for mineral and Northern Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1. Geoscience for mineral and Northern Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada has the geoscience required to attract mineral investment across Canada, to inform sustainable development of the North, and to work with allied countries to become a leading supplier of responsibly developed minerals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2._Geoscience_for_land_management">2. Geoscience for land management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2. Geoscience for land management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada has the geoscience required to inform responsible resource development and environmental stewardship in both terrestrial and marine environments, and to support its <a href="/wiki/Extended_continental_shelf" title="Extended continental shelf">extended continental shelf</a> submissions to the United Nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3._Geoscience_for_climate_and_disaster_resilience">3. Geoscience for climate and disaster resilience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3. Geoscience for climate and disaster resilience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decision makers and communities have access to the geoscience that they need to make Canada more resilient to natural hazards and climate change, and to achieve a net-zero future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Canada" title="Geology of Canada">Geology of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Geological_Survey_of_Canada_Building" title="Former Geological Survey of Canada Building">Former Geological Survey of Canada Building</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Unturned-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unturned_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unturned_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unturned_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christy Vodden (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202001823/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/hist/150_e.php">No Stone Unturned: The First 150 years of the Geological Survey of Canada</a>, Geological Survey of Canada Web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=5106"><i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i>: "Logan, Sir William Edmond"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pauline MacDonald and Rosemarie Pleasant (2004), <i>150 Years Of Library Service</i>, Natural Resources Canada website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2016" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, Bill (7 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/dr-frances-wagner-adventurous-micropaleontologist-flouted-convention/article33250538/">"Dr. Frances Wagner: Adventurous micropaleontologist flouted convention - The Globe and Mail"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Dr.+Frances+Wagner%3A+Adventurous+micropaleontologist+flouted+convention+-+The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Ftechnology%2Fscience%2Fdr-frances-wagner-adventurous-micropaleontologist-flouted-convention%2Farticle33250538%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeological+Survey+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaslow1975" class="citation book cs1">Zaslow, Morris (1975). <i>Reading the Rocks : the story of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1842-1972</i>. Toronto/Ottawa: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_of_Canada" title="Macmillan of Canada">Macmillan Company of Canada</a>/<a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Department of Energy, Mines and Resources</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7705-1303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7705-1303-0"><bdi>978-0-7705-1303-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2931347">2931347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Rocks+%3A+the+story+of+the+Geological+Survey+of+Canada%2C+1842-1972&rft.place=Toronto%2FOttawa&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company+of+Canada%2FDepartment+of+Energy%2C+Mines+and+Resources&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2931347&rft.isbn=978-0-7705-1303-0&rft.aulast=Zaslow&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeological+Survey+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Survey_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/rock/">Life of a Rock Star</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203091006/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/rock/">Archived</a> 2007-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/index_winIFix.asp?forward=http%3A//www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/1925/1935_Jolliffe.htm">1935 Dr. Alfred Jolliffe, Geological Survey of Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217123058/http://www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/index_winIFix.asp?forward=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwnhc.ca%2Ftimeline%2F1925%2F1935_Jolliffe.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706205629/http://williamlogan92.torontopubliclibrary.ca/webDC/logan.jsp">Sir William E. Logan and the Geological Survey of Canada</a>, including Logan's journals, scrapbook and photographs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1128">The Papers of Robert Bell</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_agencies_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government agencies of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_agencies_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">Government agencies of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Border Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Energy_Regulator" title="Canadian Energy Regulator">Energy Regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency" title="Canada Revenue Agency">Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a 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Agency">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">Communications Security Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Service_of_Canada" title="Correctional Service of Canada">Correctional Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_Assessment_Agency_of_Canada" title="Impact Assessment Agency of Canada">Impact Assessment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Superintendent_of_Financial_Institutions" title="Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions">Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Prosecution Service of Canada">Public Prosecution Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_of_Canada" title="Public Service Commission of Canada">Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Canada" title="Service Canada">Service Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Services_Canada" title="Shared Services Canada">Shared Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada" title="Transportation Safety Board of Canada">Transportation Safety Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Government_Departments_of_Canada" title="Template:Government Departments of Canada">Template:Government Departments of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Crown_corporations_of_Canada" title="Template:Crown corporations of Canada">Template:Crown corporations of Canada</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126584253">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1008578-6">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129366-7">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123402815">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123402815">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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