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<span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Free pronouns</span> </div> </a> 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Medial (dependent) verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medial_(dependent)_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_verbal_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_verbal_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Other verbal affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_verbal_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adverbial_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbial_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>Adverbial affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbial_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kâte language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kâte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Kate" title="Yaren Kate – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Kate" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_K%C3%A2te" title="Pagsasao a Kâte – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Kâte" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikate" title="Kikate – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikate" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Kate" title="Lenga Kate – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Kate" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_k%C3%A2te" title="Język kâte – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kâte" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Кате (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Kâte</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kɔtɛ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula" title="Huon Peninsula">Huon Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Huon_languages" title="Huon languages">Huon</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Eastern Huon<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kâte</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kmg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kmg">kmg</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kate1253">kate1253</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Kâte</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan language</a> spoken by about 6,000 people in the <a href="/wiki/Finschhafen" title="Finschhafen">Finschhafen</a> District of <a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterre–Huon">Finisterre–Huon</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a> language family (McElhanon 1975, Ross 2005). It was adopted for teaching and mission work among speakers of Papuan languages by the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea</a> in the early 1900s and at one time had as many as 80,000 second-language speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Kâte means 'forest', an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> for the inlanders on the tip of the Huon peninsula, excepting the people living along the Mape River (Flierl and Strauss 1977). The coastal people to the south, mostly speaking Jabêm, are called Hâwec 'sea' and those to the north, speaking Momare and Migabac, are called Sopâc 'grass'. These were geographical rather than language names. The indigenous glossonyms referred to smaller linguistics units that can be called dialects. McElhanon (1974: 16) identifies five dialects at the time of earliest mission contact in 1886, each named according to how they pronounce a common word or phrase. </p> <ul><li>Wana ('where?'), the southernmost dialect</li> <li>Wamorâ ('why?')</li> <li>Mâgobineng ('they are saying it') or Bamotâ ('why?'), nearly extinct in 1974</li> <li>Parec, already extinct by 1974</li> <li>Wemo ('what?') or Wena, adopted as the mission lingua franca</li></ul> <p>Wana and Wemo are nearly identical, but they differ considerably from Mâgobineng and Wamorâ, to such an extent that these might be considered to be three closely related languages. Parec was probably a transitional dialect between Wemo and Wamorâ. The Kâte dialects formed a chain with the neighboring Mape dialects. All dialects of the chain are being supplanted by Wemo (Suter 2014: 19). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kâte distinguishes six vowels. The low back vowel <i>â</i> (representing /ɔ/)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sounds like the vowel of UK English <i>law</i> or <i>saw</i> (Pilhofer 1933: 14). Length is not distinctive. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/e/ is heard as [ɛ] when before sounds /t͡s ɾ ʔ/ as well as nasal consonants.</li> <li>/ɔ/ can also be heard in sporadic variation as [ɒ].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The glottal stop, written <i>-c</i>, only occurs after a vowel and Pilhofer first describes it as a vowel feature that distinguishes, for instance, <i>bo</i> 'sugarcane' from <i>boc</i> 'very' and <i>si</i> 'planting' from <i>sic</i> 'broth'. However, McElhanon (1974) notes that final glottal stop is barely phonemic in the Wemo dialect, but corresponds to a wider variety of syllable-final consonants in Western <a href="/wiki/Huon_languages" title="Huon languages">Huon languages</a> (<i>-p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ</i>), which are neutralized (to <i>-c, -ŋ</i>) in the Eastern Huon languages, including Kâte. Pilhofer (1933) writes the lateral flap with an <i>l</i>, but Schneuker (1962) and Flierl and Strauss (1977) write it with an <i>r</i>. </p><p>The fricatives <i>f</i> and <i>w</i> are both labiodentals, according to Pilhofer (1933), but bilabials, according to Flierl and Strauss (1977). Alveopalatal <i>z</i> and <i>ʒ</i> are affricates, [ts] and [dz] respectively, but they otherwise pattern like the stops, except that <i>z</i> only occurs between vowels, while <i>ʒ</i> occurs morpheme-initially (Flierl and Strauss 1977: xv). Both Pilhofer (1933: 15) and Flierl and Strauss (1977) describe the labiovelars <i>q</i> and <i>ɋ</i> as coarticulated and simultaneously released [kp] and [gb], respectively. (The letter <i>ɋ</i> is a curly <i>q</i> with hooked tail that cannot properly be rendered if it is missing from system fonts.) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant"><small>prenasal</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd͡z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ͡b</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless"><small>voiceless</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>/d/ in word-medial position is heard as a flapped [d̆].</li> <li>/f/ before vowels /i, e/ is heard as a bilabial [ɸ].</li> <li>/j/ can also be heard as a fricative [ç] when before front vowels.</li> <li>/ɾ/ can be heard as a voiced lateral [ɺ] when before front vowels.</li> <li>/w/ can be heard as a fricative [β] when before vowels /u, o, ɔ/.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_pronouns">Free pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Free pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike pronouns in most Papuan languages, Kâte free pronouns distinguish <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">inclusive and exclusive</a> in the 1st person, presumably due to <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> influence. However, this distinction is not maintained in pronominal affixes. The table of free pronouns is from Pilhofer (1933: 51-52). Personal pronouns are only used to refer to animate beings. Demonstratives are used to refer to inanimates. </p><p>Like nouns, free pronouns can occur in subject or object positions in clauses, although the longer form of the singular pronouns (<i>noni, goki, eki</i>) can only occur in subject position (Schneuker 1962: 28). Like nouns, free pronouns can also occur with directional affixes and case-marking postpositions, as in <i>no-raonec</i> 'from me'. <i>go-raopec</i> 'toward you', <i>nâhe-hec</i> 'with him and me', <i>jaŋe tâmiric</i> 'without them'. The forms in parentheses ending in <i>-c</i> are "emphatic pronouns" and can be added to regular pronouns, as in <i>go gahac</i> 'you yourself' or <i>jahe jahac</i> 'they themselves'. </p><p>The free pronouns can also be appended to nouns to indicate </p> <ol><li><b>number</b>, as in <i>ŋic jaŋe</i> (man 3pl) 'the men' and <i>qaqazu nâŋe</i> (teacher 1pl) 'we teachers';</li> <li><b>definiteness</b>, as in <i>ŋokac e</i> (woman 3sg) 'the woman';</li> <li><b>person</b>, as in qaqazu-ge no (teacher-2sg 1sg) 'me your teacher'.</li></ol> <p>A free pronoun coreferent with the head noun frequently marks the end of a <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> and the resumption of the matrix sentence, as in: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋic</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">monda-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Monday-on</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ware-wec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʒira</p><p style="margin: 0px;">here</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fo-wec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ŋic monda-o ware-wec e ʒira mi fo-wec</p><p style="display: none;">man Monday-on come-3SG.FPST 3SG here not sleep-3SG.FPST</p><p style="clear: left;">'the man who came on Monday did not stay here'. (Schneuker 1962: 31-32)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Free pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Singular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Dual</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Plural</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">1st person</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">exclusive</a> </th> <td>no(ni) (nahac) </td> <td>nâhe (nâhâc) </td> <td>nâŋe (nâŋâc) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">inclusive</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>nâhâc </td> <td>nâŋâc </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">2nd person</a> </th> <td>go(ki) (gahac) </td> <td>ŋohe (ŋahac) </td> <td>ŋoŋe (ŋaŋac) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">3rd person</a> </th> <td>e(ki) (jahac) </td> <td>jahe (jahac) </td> <td>jaŋe (jaŋac) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genitive_pronouns">Genitive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genitive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kâte has two types pronominal <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitives</a>: possessive suffixes on nouns, and preposed free pronouns suffixed with <i>-re</i> after final vowels or <i>-ne</i> after forms ending in <i>-c</i> (glottal stop) (Pilhofer 1933: 54-57; Schneuker 1962: 27-32). The latter suffix resembles the invariable <i>-ne</i> that turns nouns into adjectives, as in <i>opâ</i> 'water' > <i>opâ-ne</i> 'watery', <i>hulili</i> 'rainbow' > <i>hulili-ne</i> 'rainbow-colored', <i>hâmoc</i> 'death' > <i>hâmoc-ne</i> 'dead', or <i>fiuc</i> 'theft' > <i>fiuc-ne</i> 'thievish' (Pilhofer 1933: 49). Examples of preposed possessive pronouns include <i>no-re fic</i> 'my house'; <i>no nahac-ne fic</i> 'my very own house'; <i>e-re hâmu</i> 'his/her coconut palm'; <i>jaŋe-re wiak</i> 'their concern/matter' (Schneuker 1962: 28). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a> suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-nane</td> <td>-nâhec</td> <td>-nâŋec </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-ge</td> <td>-ŋekic</td> <td>-ŋeŋic </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-ticne/-ne</td> <td>-jekic</td> <td>-jeŋic </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_object_suffixes">Direct object suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Direct object suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct object (<a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>) suffixes come between verb stems and the subject-marking suffixes. Simple vowel-final verb stems are obligatorily affixed with <i>-c</i> before accusative suffixes, except when the 3rd person singular object suffix is zero. Compare <i>mamac-zi hone-c-gu-wec</i> 'father saw me' vs. <i>mamac-zi hone-wec</i> 'father saw him/her'. (Pilhofer 1933: 38-43; Schneuker 1962: 29-30) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">Accusative</a> suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-(c)nu-</td> <td>-(c)nâfo-</td> <td>-(c)nâpo- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-(c)gu-</td> <td>-(c)ŋofa-</td> <td>-(c)ŋopa- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>- -</td> <td>-(c)jofa-</td> <td>-(c)jopa- </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Naru</p><p style="margin: 0px;">girl</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋokac</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jajahec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bafi-c-jofa-wec.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">help-c-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3DU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Naru e ŋokac jajahec bafi-c-jofa-wec.</p><p style="display: none;">girl 3SG woman two help-c-3DU.ACC-3SG.FPST</p><p style="clear: left;">'The girl helped two women.' (Schneuker 1962: 30)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect_object_suffixes">Indirect object suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indirect object suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect object (<a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>) suffixes come between dative verb stems and the subject-marking suffixes (Pilhofer 1933: 40-43; Schneuker 1962: 30), </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-nare-</td> <td>-nâcte-</td> <td>-nâre- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-gare-</td> <td>-ŋacte-</td> <td>-ŋare- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-cne-</td> <td>-jacte-</td> <td>-jare- </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Neŋgoc-ge-zi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mother-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nânâ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba-ware-gare-wec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hold-come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Neŋgoc-ge-zi nânâ ba-ware-gare-wec me?</p><p style="display: none;">mother-2SG-ERG food hold-come-2SG.DAT-3SG.FPST Q</p><p style="clear: left;">Did your mother bring you some food?' (Schneuker 1962: 31)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_morphology">Verb morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verb morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_(independent)_verbs"><span id="Final_.28independent.29_verbs"></span>Final (independent) verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final (independent) verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each finite independent verb is suffixed to show <a href="/wiki/Verb_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb tense">tense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical person</a> of the subject. There are five tense forms: <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">past</a>, far past, <a href="/wiki/Near_future_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Near future tense">near future</a>, and far <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>. <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animate</a> subjects are marked for three persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular, dual, plural), although the same suffixes are used for both 2nd and 3rd person dual and plural. Inanimate subjects are only marked as 3rd person singular. Durative <a href="/wiki/Tense-aspect-mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense-aspect-mood">aspect</a> can be conveyed by adding <i>-e-</i> before the present tense marker or <i>-ju-</i> before the near past tense marker. Two <a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative</a> moods can be signaled by subtracting final <i>-mu</i> from the near future tense suffix (to elicit more immediate responses) or substituting a different but similar set of final subject markers (to elicit responses over longer-terms). (Pilhofer 1933: 26-32) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Present tense (± durative -e-) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-(e)kopac</td> <td>-(e)koperec</td> <td>-(e)ŋgopeneŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-(e)komec/-kic</td> <td>-(e)kopirec</td> <td>-(e)ŋgopieŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-(e)kac</td> <td>-(e)kopirec</td> <td>-(e)ŋgopieŋ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Near past tense (± durative -ju-) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-(ju)pac</td> <td>-(ju)perec</td> <td>-(ju)mbeneŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-(ju)mec</td> <td>-(ju)pirec</td> <td>-(ju)mbieŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-(ju)jec</td> <td>-(ju)pirec</td> <td>-(ju)mbieŋ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Far past tense </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-po</td> <td>-pec</td> <td>-mbeŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-meŋ</td> <td>-pic</td> <td>-mbiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-wec</td> <td>-pic</td> <td>-mbiŋ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Near future tense (> hortative without -mu) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-pe-mu</td> <td>-nac-mu</td> <td>-naŋ-mu </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-c-mu</td> <td>-nic-mu</td> <td>-niŋ-mu </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-oc-mu</td> <td>-nic-mu</td> <td>-niŋ-mu </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Far future tense (rarely used) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-zo-kopac</td> <td>-zo-koperec</td> <td>-nʒo-ŋgopeneŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-zo-komec/-zo-kic</td> <td>-zo-kopirec</td> <td>-nʒo-ŋgopieŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-zo-kac</td> <td>-zo-kopirec</td> <td>-nʒo-ŋgopieŋ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Far future <a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-ze-pac</td> <td>-ze-perec</td> <td>-nʒe-peneŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-ze-mec</td> <td>-ze-pirec</td> <td>-nʒe-pieŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-ze-jec</td> <td>-ze-pirec</td> <td>-nʒe-pieŋ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medial_(dependent)_verbs"><span id="Medial_.28dependent.29_verbs"></span>Medial (dependent) verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medial (dependent) verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kâte displays canonical <a href="/wiki/Switch-reference" title="Switch-reference">switch-reference</a> (<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="switch-reference" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SR</abbr>) verb morphology. Coordinate-dependent (clause-medial) verbs are not marked for tense (or mood), but only for whether their actions are sequential, simultaneous, or durative in relation to the next verb in the SR clause chain. If the subject is the same (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="same subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SS</abbr>) as that of the next verb, its person and number is not marked. Verbs are suffixed for person and number only when their subject changes (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="different-subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DS</abbr>). One dependent verb may be marked for both Durative and Simultaneous if its duration is extended enough to overlap with the beginning of the event described by the next clause. (Pilhofer 1933: 35-36) The examples come from Schneuker (1962). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Same-subject (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="same subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SS</abbr>) suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Sequential (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SEQ</abbr>)</td> <td>-râ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simultaneous (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>)</td> <td>-huc </td></tr> <tr> <td>Durative (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="durative aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUR</abbr>)</td> <td>-ku </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hata-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">road-on</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ra-huc</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="same subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">homa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">snake</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moc</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hone-po.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Hata-o ra-huc homa moc hone-po.</p><p style="display: none;">road-on go-SIM.SS snake one see-1SG.FPST</p><p style="clear: left;">'Going along the road I saw a snake.' (1962: 98)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sequential subject-change (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SEQ</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="different-subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DS</abbr>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-pe</td> <td>-pere</td> <td>-pene </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-te</td> <td>-pire</td> <td>-pie </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-me</td> <td>-pire</td> <td>-pie </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hoe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rain</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-me</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hit-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SEQ</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">work</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">behe-mbeneŋ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">abandon-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Hoe he-me gie behe-mbeneŋ.</p><p style="display: none;">rain hit-SEQ.3SG work abandon-1PL.PST</p><p style="clear: left;">'We quit work when it rained.' (1962: 115)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Simultaneous subject-change (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="different-subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DS</abbr>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-ha-pe</td> <td>-ha-pere</td> <td>-ha-pene </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-ha(ŋ)-tec</td> <td>-ha-pire</td> <td>-ha-pie </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-ha-me</td> <td>-ha-pire</td> <td>-ha-pie </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Go</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gie-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">work-at</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ju-haŋ-tec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stay-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">neŋgoc-ge-zi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mother-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ware-jec.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Go gie-o ju-haŋ-tec neŋgoc-ge-zi ware-jec.</p><p style="display: none;">2SG work-at stay-SIM-2SG mother-2SG-ERG come-3SG.PST</p><p style="clear: left;">'Your mother came while you were at work.' (1962: 105)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Durative subject-change (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="durative aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="different-subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DS</abbr>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-ku-pe</td> <td>-ku-pere</td> <td>-ku-pene </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-ku-te</td> <td>-ku-pire</td> <td>-ku-pie </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-ku-me</td> <td>-ku-pire</td> <td>-ku-pie </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hoe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rain</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-ku-me</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hit-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="durative aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hata</p><p style="margin: 0px;">road</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sâqore-wec.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.bad-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Hoe he-ku-me hata sâqore-wec.</p><p style="display: none;">rain hit-DUR-3SG road go.bad-3SG.FPST</p><p style="clear: left;">'It rained a long time and the road became a mess.' (1962: 123)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Durative/Simultaneous subject-change (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="durative aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="different-subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DS</abbr>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-ku-ha-pe</td> <td>-ku-ha-pere</td> <td>-ku-ha-pene </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-ku-ha-te</td> <td>-ku-ha-pire</td> <td>-ku-ha-pie </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-ku-ha-me</td> <td>-ku-ha-pire</td> <td>-ku-ha-pie </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Woŋec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wait</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋe-ku-ha-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dwell-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="durative aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fisi-mbiŋ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arrive-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Woŋec ŋe-ku-ha-pe fisi-mbiŋ.</p><p style="display: none;">wait dwell-DUR-SIM-1SG arrive-3SG.FPST</p><p style="clear: left;">'After I had been waiting a long time, he appeared.' (1933: 36)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_verbal_affixes">Other verbal affixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other verbal affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adverbial_affixes">Adverbial affixes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adverbial affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small class of adverbial intensifying affixes can be added before final inflectional suffixes (Pilhofer 1933: 81-82). Examples include <i>-fâre-</i> 'all, together'; <i>-jâmbâŋke-</i> 'truly'; <i>-hâmo-</i> 'well, thoroughly'; <i>saricke-</i> 'well, skillfully'; <i>sanaŋke-</i> 'firmly, permanently'; <i>-(b)ipie-</i> 'futilely, in vain'. Sentence examples from Schneuker (1962: 154-158) follow. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">No</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">motec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jaza-fâre-pac</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tell-all-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">No motec jaza-fâre-pac</p><p style="display: none;">1SG boy tell-all-1SG.PST</p><p style="clear: left;">'I told all the boys.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Motec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jaŋe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mamasiri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">play</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e-jâmbâŋke-mbiŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do-truly-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Motec jaŋe mamasiri e-jâmbâŋke-mbiŋ</p><p style="display: none;">boy 3PL play do-truly-3PL.FPST</p><p style="clear: left;">'The boys really played.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nânâ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʒâ-hâmo-kac</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cook-thoroughly-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nânâ mi ʒâ-hâmo-kac</p><p style="display: none;">food not cook-thoroughly-3SG.PRES</p><p style="clear: left;">'The food isn't cooked thoroughly.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fic</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kecʒi-zi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋe-sanaŋke-ocmu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">last-permanently-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Fic kecʒi-zi ŋe-sanaŋke-ocmu</p><p style="display: none;">house this-ERG last-permanently-3SG.FUT</p><p style="clear: left;">'This house will last forever.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Soŋaŋ-zi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">elder-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dâŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">word</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mu-ipie-wec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak-in.vain-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="far past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FPST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Soŋaŋ-zi dâŋ mu-ipie-wec</p><p style="display: none;">elder-ERG word speak-in.vain-3SG.FPST</p><p style="clear: left;">'The elder spoke in vain.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages#Evolution" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon languages § Evolution</a></div> <p>Below are some Kâte (Wemo dialect) reflexes of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans-New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans-New Guinea">proto-Trans-New Guinea</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley</a> (2012):<sup id="cite_ref-Pawley-pTNG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley-pTNG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans-New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans-New Guinea">proto-Trans-New Guinea</a></th> <th>Kâte (Wemo dialect) </th></tr> <tr> <td>*ma- ‘<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr> clitic’</td> <td>mi </td></tr> <tr> <td>*masi ‘orphan’</td> <td>mɔsiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*me(l,n)e ‘tongue’</td> <td>(na)meŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mundun ‘internal organs’</td> <td>munduŋ ‘egg’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mV(k,ŋ)V[C] + t(e,i)- ‘vomit’</td> <td>maŋuzo </td></tr> <tr> <td>*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’</td> <td>bɔriʔ ‘glitter, flash of lightning, etc.’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*amu ‘breast’</td> <td>ameʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*[nd,s]umu[n,t]V ‘hair’</td> <td>tsiminuŋ ‘stiff coarse hair’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kumV- ‘die’</td> <td>hɔmozo </td></tr> <tr> <td>*(n)iman ‘louse’</td> <td>imeŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*na ‘<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>’</td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>*na- ‘eat’</td> <td>nɔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ni ‘<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>’</td> <td>ne(n) ‘<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>’, ne(t) ‘<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2DU</abbr>’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kan(a,e)ne ‘left (side)’</td> <td>(?) kpana </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mundun ‘internal organs’</td> <td>munduŋ ‘egg’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mbalaŋ ‘flame’</td> <td>bɔruŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’</td> <td>butoŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mbeŋga(-masi) ‘orphan’</td> <td>bekɔ ‘widow and child’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*sambV ‘cloud’</td> <td>sambɔŋ ‘sky’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mbena ‘arm’</td> <td>me </td></tr> <tr> <td>*(mb,p)ututu- ‘to fly’</td> <td>(?) fururuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’</td> <td>tofeʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tVk- ‘cut, cut off’</td> <td>tɔʔ(ne) </td></tr> <tr> <td>*(nd,t)a- ‘take’</td> <td>lomedial </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mundun ‘internal organs’</td> <td>munduŋ ‘inner yolk of egg’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*(ŋg,k)atata ‘dry’</td> <td>(?) kereŋke </td></tr> <tr> <td>*sambV ‘cloud’</td> <td>sambɔŋ ‘sky’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*masi ‘widow’</td> <td>masiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’</td> <td>(?) tofeʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ŋga ‘<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>’</td> <td>go </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mbeŋga(-masi) ‘orphan’</td> <td>bekɔ ‘widow and child’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kumV- ‘die’</td> <td>hɔmo </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’</td> <td>(?) kpana </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’</td> <td>(?) kpit(seʔ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’</td> <td>bɔriʔ ‘glitter, flash of lightning, etc.’ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kmg/">Kâte</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHitch2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hitch, Doug (2017). "Vowel spaces and systems". <i>Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL)</i>. <b>38</b>: 34. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125442142">125442142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics+%28TWPL%29&rft.atitle=Vowel+spaces+and+systems&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125442142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hitch&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%A2te+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlierlStrauss1977">Flierl & Strauss (1977)</a>, pp. xiv–xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawley-pTNG-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pawley-pTNG_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley, Andrew</a> (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". <i>History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages</i> (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F38602">1885/38602</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-1959">0023-1959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History%2C+Contact+and+Classification+of+Papuan+Languages&rft.atitle=How+reconstructable+is+proto+Trans+New+Guinea%3F+Problems%2C+progress%2C+prospects&rft.issue=Language+%26+Linguistics+in+Melanesia+Special+Issue+2012%3A+Part+I&rft.pages=88-164&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F38602&rft.issn=0023-1959&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%A2te+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlierlStrauss1977" class="citation book cs1">Flierl, Wilhelm; Strauss, Hermann, eds. (1977). <i>Kâte dictionary</i>. Series C-41. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%A2te+dictionary&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Series+C-41&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%A2te+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McElhanon, K. A. (1974). The glottal stop in Kâte. <i>Kivung</i> 7: 16-22.</li> <li>McElhanon, K.A. (1975). North-Eastern Trans-New Guinea Phylum languages. In "New Guinea area languages and language study, vol. 1: Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene," ed. by S.A. Wurm, pp. 527–567. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</li> <li>Pilhofer, G. (1933). <i>Grammatik der Kâte-Sprache in Neuguinea.</i> Vierzehntes Beiheft zur Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</li> <li>Pilhofer, G. (1953). <i>Vocabulary of the Kâte language.</i> Madang: Lutheran Mission Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a> (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622" title="Special:BookSources/0858835622"><bdi>0858835622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pronouns+as+a+preliminary+diagnostic+for+grouping+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=15-66&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0858835622&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%A2te+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schneuker, Carl L. (1962). <i>Kâte Language Handbook.</i> Madang: Lutheran Mission Press.</li> <li>Suter, Edgar. (2010). The optional ergative in Kâte. In <i>A journey through Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: Papers in honour of Andrew Pawley,</i> ed. by John Bowden, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and Malcolm Ross, pp. 423–437. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</li> <li>Suter, Edgar (2014). Kâte he 'hit' and qa 'hit': a study in lexicology. "Language and Linguistics in Melanesia" 32.1: 18-57.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A2te_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/kmg" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/kmg">Kâte language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/kmg">OLAC resources in and about the Kâte language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000240/http://www.language-archives.org/language/kmg">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Materials on Kâte are included in the open access <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell" title="Arthur Capell">Arthur Capell</a> collections (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1">AC1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2">AC2</a>) held by <a href="/wiki/Paradisec" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisec">Paradisec</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/search?language_code=kmg">Other collections with Kâte materials</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paradisec" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisec">Paradisec</a></li></ul> <div style="display:none;"> <p>FPST:far past SIM:simultaneous SR:switch-reference </p> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Languages of Papua New Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanab_language" title="Amanab language">Amanab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bugawac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedua_language" title="Dedua language">Dedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatmul_language" title="Iatmul language">Iatmul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kâte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovai_language" title="Kovai language">Kovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Kuanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurti_language" title="Kurti language">Kurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seim_language" title="Seim language">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekgini_language" title="Nekgini language">Nekgini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaing_language" title="Ngaing language">Ngaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobonob_language" title="Nobonob language">Nobonob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numanggang_language" title="Numanggang language">Numanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyindrou_language" title="Nyindrou language">Nyindrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Pele-Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burum_language" title="Burum language">Somba-Siawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangga_language" title="Tangga language">Tangga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobo language">Tobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Uneapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Ura language (Papua New Guinea)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Papuan<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoye_language" title="Akoye language">Akoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angaataha_language" title="Angaataha language">Angaataha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankave_language" title="Ankave language">Ankave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamtai_language" title="Hamtai language">Hamtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasa_language" title="Kamasa language">Kamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawacha_language" title="Kawacha language">Kawacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menya_language" title="Menya language">Menya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeyoka_language" title="Safeyoka language">Safeyoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbari_language" title="Simbari language">Simbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuami_language" title="Susuami language">Susuami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainae_language" title="Tainae language">Tainae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagwoia_language" title="Yagwoia language">Yagwoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yipma_language" title="Yipma language">Yipma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awin_language" title="Awin language">Awin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_language" title="Pa language">Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binanderean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruga_language" title="Baruga language">Baruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binandere_language" title="Binandere language">Binandere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewage_language" title="Ewage language">Ewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korafe_language" title="Korafe language">Korafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokaiva_language" title="Orokaiva language">Orokaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suena_language" title="Suena language">Suena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekora_language" title="Yekora language">Yekora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_language" title="Zia language">Zia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimele_language" title="Aimele language">Aimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beami_language" title="Beami language">Beami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edolo_language" title="Edolo language">Edolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluli_language" title="Kaluli language">Kaluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasua_language" title="Kasua language">Kasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobasulu_language" title="Onobasulu language">Onobasulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_language" title="Sonia language">Sonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuave_language" title="Chuave language">Chuave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_language" title="Dom language">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golin_language" title="Golin language">Golin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandawo_language" title="Kandawo language">Kandawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaugel_language" title="Kaugel language">Kaugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maring_language" title="Maring language">Maring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narak_language" title="Narak language">Narak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_language" title="Nii language">Nii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomane_language" title="Nomane language">Nomane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-Yui_language" title="Salt-Yui language">Salt-Yui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_language" title="Sinasina language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembagla_language" title="Tembagla language">Tembagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahgi_language" title="Wahgi language">Wahgi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="New Ireland languages">New Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanamaket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanamaket language">Fanamaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Kuanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siar language">Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwar_Feni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwar Feni language">Warwar Feni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna–Pogaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_language" title="Duna language">Duna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogaya_language" title="Pogaya language">Pogaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubuan_languages" title="East Kutubuan languages">East Kutubuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiwaga_language" title="Fiwaga language">Fiwaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foi_language" title="Foi language">Foi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fembe_language" title="Fembe language">Fembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobasi_language" title="Gobasi language">Gobasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konai_language" title="Konai language">Konai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubo_language" title="Kubo language">Kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoodee_language" title="Odoodee language">Odoodee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Samo language (New Guinea)">Samo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angal_language" title="Angal language">Angal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_language" title="Nete language">Bisorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipili_language" title="Ipili language">Ipili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewa_language" title="Kewa language">Kewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaka_language" title="Kyaka language">Kyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembena_language" title="Lembena language">Lembena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samberigi_language" title="Samberigi language">Samberigi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keoru_language" title="Keoru language">Keoru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opao_language" title="Opao language">Opao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokolo_language" title="Orokolo language">Orokolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaripi_language" title="Toaripi language">Toaripi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairuma_language" title="Tairuma language">Tairuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok%E2%80%93Oksapmin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok–Oksapmin languages">Ok–Oksapmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_language" title="Mian language">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setaman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaman language">Setaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suganga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suganga language">Suganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefol_language" title="Telefol language">Telefol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urap language">Urap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadibi_language" title="Dadibi language">Dadibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folopa_language" title="Folopa language">Folopa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abom_language" title="Abom language">Abom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramu_language" title="Baramu language">Baramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitur_language" title="Bitur language">Bitur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirio_Papuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirio Papuan language">Tirio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Were_language" title="Were language">Were</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikobi_language" title="Ikobi language">Ikobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omati_language" title="Omati language">Omati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumu_language" title="Rumu language">Rumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu–Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Ramu–Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finisterre–Huon_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Template:Finisterre–Huon languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Template talk:Finisterre–Huon languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finisterre–Huon languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finisterre–Huon_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finisterre_languages" title="Finisterre languages">Finisterre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erap</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finongan_language" title="Finongan language">Finongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusan language">Gusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamaa_language" title="Mamaa language">Mamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Munkip language">Munkip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakama_language" title="Nakama language">Nakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nek_language" title="Nek language">Nek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimi_language" title="Nimi language">Nimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuk_language" title="Nuk language">Nuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numanggang_language" title="Numanggang language">Numanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Manda_language" title="Ma Manda language">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_language" title="Uri language">Uri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gusap–Mot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_language" title="Iyo language">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madi_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madi language (Papuan)">Madi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neko_language" title="Neko language">Neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekgini_language" title="Nekgini language">Nekgini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaing_language" title="Ngaing language">Ngaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_language" title="Rawa language">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufim_language" title="Ufim language">Ufim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uruwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakam language">Sakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Som_language" title="Som language">Som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukna_language" title="Nukna language">Nukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yau language">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weliki_language" title="Weliki language">Weliki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wantoat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awara_language" title="Awara language">Awara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wantoat_language" title="Wantoat language">Wantoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuma-Irumu_language" title="Tuma-Irumu language">Tuma-Irumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaro%27o_language" title="Asaro'o language">Asaro'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgebi_language" title="Bulgebi language">Bulgebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenan_language" title="Degenan language">Degenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forak_language" title="Forak language">Forak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guya_language" title="Guya language">Guya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwahatike_language" title="Gwahatike language">Gwahatike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratayak_language" title="Muratayak language">Muratayak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yupna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonkiman_language" title="Bonkiman language">Bonkiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domung_language" title="Domung language">Domung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma language (Papuan)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankina_language" title="Nankina language">Nankina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yopno_language" title="Yopno language">Yopno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yout_Wam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yout Wam language">Yout Wam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huon_languages" title="Huon languages">Huon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedua_language" title="Dedua language">Dedua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kâte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovai_language" title="Kovai language">Kovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kube_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kube language">Kube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mape_language" title="Mape language">Mape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migabac_language" title="Migabac language">Migabac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momare_language" title="Momare language">Momare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sene_language" title="Sene language">Sene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobo language">Tobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burum_language" title="Burum language">Burum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borong_language" title="Borong language">Borong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinalakna_language" title="Kinalakna language">Kinalakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komba_language" title="Komba language">Komba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumokio_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumokio language">Kumokio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mese language">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabak_language" title="Nabak language">Nabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomu_language" title="Nomu language">Nomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ono_language" title="Ono language">Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selepet_language" title="Selepet language">Selepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialum_language" title="Sialum language">Sialum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbe_language" title="Timbe language">Timbe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3201059#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img 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