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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breakdown_of_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakdown_of_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Breakdown of peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakdown_of_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archidamian_War_(431–421_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archidamian_War_(431–421_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archidamian War (431–421 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archidamian_War_(431–421_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Nicias_(421_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Nicias_(421_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peace of Nicias (421 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Nicias_(421_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicilian_Expedition_(415–413_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicilian_Expedition_(415–413_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicilian_Expedition_(415–413_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Second_War_(413–404_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_War_(413–404_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Second War (413–404 BC)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Second_War_(413–404_BC)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Second War (413–404 BC) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Second_War_(413–404_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athens_recovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athens_recovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Athens recovers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athens_recovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid's_support_for_Sparta_(414–404_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid's_support_for_Sparta_(414–404_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Achaemenid's support for Sparta (414–404 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid's_support_for_Sparta_(414–404_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Athenian_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Athenian_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Athenian defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Athenian_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General and cited references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Classical authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Modern authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peloponnesian War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesiese_oorlog" title="Peloponnesiese oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Peloponnesiese oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesischer_Krieg" title="Peloponnesischer Krieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Peloponnesischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب البيلوبونيسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب البيلوبونيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պելոպոնեսեան Պատերազմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պելոպոնեսեան Պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnes_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Peloponnes müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peloponnes müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="پلوپونز ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پلوپونز ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(431%E2%80%94404)" title="Пелапанеская вайна (431—404) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пелапанеская вайна (431—404)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пелопонески войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пелопонески войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponeski_rat" title="Peloponeski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Peloponeski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_ar_Peloponnesos" title="Brezel ar Peloponnesos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel ar Peloponnesos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Peloponn%C3%A8s" title="Guerra del Peloponnès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra del Peloponnès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelopon%C3%A9sk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Peloponéská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peloponéská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_y_Peloponnesos" title="Rhyfel y Peloponnesos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel y Peloponnesos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesiske_Krig" title="Peloponnesiske Krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peloponnesiske Krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesischer_Krieg" title="Peloponnesischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peloponnesischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesose_s%C3%B5da" title="Peloponnesose sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peloponnesose sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πελοποννησιακός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πελοποννησιακός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Peloponeso" title="Guerra del Peloponeso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra del Peloponeso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponeza_milito" title="Peloponeza milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peloponeza milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponesoko_Gerra" title="Peloponesoko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Peloponesoko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جنگ پلوپونز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ پلوپونز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_P%C3%A9loponn%C3%A8se" title="Guerre du Péloponnèse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Péloponnèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnezyske_Oarloch" title="Peloponnezyske Oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Peloponnezyske Oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_Peilipin%C3%A9ise" title="Cogadh na Peilipinéise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh na Peilipinéise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Peloponeso" title="Guerra do Peloponeso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra do Peloponeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%B0%EB%84%A4%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="펠로폰네소스 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펠로폰네소스 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पेलोपोनेशियन युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेलोपोनेशियन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponeski_rat" title="Peloponeski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Peloponeski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Peloponnesos" title="Perang Peloponnesos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Peloponnesos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Peloponneso" title="Guerra del Peloponneso – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra del Peloponneso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%B3psskagastr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Pelópsskagastríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pelópsskagastríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Peloponneso" title="Guerra del Peloponneso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Peloponneso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלחמה הפלופונסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה הפלופונסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პელოპონესის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პელოპონესის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Pelopon%C3%AAs%C3%AE" title="Şerê Peloponêsî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Peloponêsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Peloponnesiacum" title="Bellum Peloponnesiacum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Peloponnesiacum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelopon%C4%93sas_kar%C5%A1" title="Peloponēsas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Peloponēsas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponeso_karas" title="Peloponeso karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Peloponeso karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponn%C3%A9szoszi_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Peloponnészoszi háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Peloponnészoszi háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="പെലപ്പൊനേഷ്യൻ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെലപ്പൊനേഷ്യൻ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პელოპონესიშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პელოპონესიშ ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesische_Oorlog" title="Peloponnesische Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peloponnesische Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="पेलोपोनेसियन हताः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पेलोपोनेसियन हताः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B9%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ペロポネソス戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペロポネソス戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponneskrigen" title="Peloponneskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peloponneskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponneskrigen" title="Peloponneskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Peloponneskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Pelopon%C3%A8s" title="Guèrra de Peloponès – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Peloponès" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnes_urushi" title="Peloponnes urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Peloponnes urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnees%27schen_Krieg" title="Peloponnees'schen Krieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Peloponnees'schen Krieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_peloponeska_(431%E2%80%93404_p.n.e.)" title="Wojna peloponeska (431–404 p.n.e.) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna peloponeska (431–404 p.n.e.)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Peloponeso" title="Guerra do Peloponeso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Peloponeso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_peloponesiac" title="Războiul peloponesiac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul peloponesiac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пелопоннесская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пелопоннесская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Peloponezit" title="Lufta e Peloponezit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Peloponezit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%C3%BB_Pilupunn%C3%ACsu" title="Guerra dû Pilupunnìsu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra dû Pilupunnìsu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peloponnesian War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelopon%C3%A9zske_vojny" title="Peloponézske vojny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peloponézske vojny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelopone%C5%A1ka_vojna" title="Peloponeška vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peloponeška vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%86%D8%B3" title="شەڕی پێلۆپۆنیسۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی پێلۆپۆنیسۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пелопонески рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пелопонески рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponeski_rat" title="Peloponeski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Peloponeski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesolaissota" title="Peloponnesolaissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peloponnesolaissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesiska_kriget" title="Peloponnesiska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peloponnesiska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பெலோபொன்னேசியன் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெலோபொன்னேசியன் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="สงครามเพโลพอนนีเซียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามเพโลพอนนีเซียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponez_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Peloponez Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peloponez Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelopannes_ur%C5%9Fy" title="Pelopannes urşy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pelopannes urşy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пелопоннеська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пелопоннеська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Peloponnisos" title="Chiến tranh Peloponnisos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Peloponnisos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_ha_Peloponeso" title="Gera ha Peloponeso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gera ha Peloponeso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伯罗奔尼撒战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伯罗奔尼撒战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_P%E1%BA%B9lop%C3%B3n%C3%A9ss%C3%A8" title="Ogun Pẹlopónéssè – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ogun Pẹlopónéssè" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BE%85%E9%82%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="伯羅邦尼斯之戰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伯羅邦尼斯之戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伯罗奔尼撒战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯罗奔尼撒战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33745#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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For the earlier war beginning in 460 BC, see <a href="/wiki/First_Peloponnesian_War" title="First Peloponnesian War">First Peloponnesian War</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by the Greek historian Thucydides, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html 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.ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Peloponnesian War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png/300px-Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png/450px-Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="747" /></a></span><br />The Peloponnesian war alliances at 431 BC. Orange: Athenian Empire and Allies; green: Spartan Confederacy.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>431 – April 25, 404 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Mainland <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a> installed in Athens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_hegemony" title="Spartan hegemony">Spartan hegemony</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>;<br />Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>)<br /><b>Supported by</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> (died in 429 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat"><img alt="Turncoat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> (in exile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archidamus_II" title="Archidamus II">Archidamus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasidas" title="Brasidas">Brasidas</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> (in exile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> At least 18,070 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />unknown number of civilian casualties.</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Second Peloponnesian War</b> (431–404 BC), often called simply the <b>Peloponnesian War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πόλεμος τῶν Πελοποννησίων</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pólemos tō̃n Peloponnēsíōn</i></span>), was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> war fought between <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and their respective allies for the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek world</a>. The war remained undecided until the later intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> in support of Sparta. Led by <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a>, the Spartan fleet (built with Persian subsidies) finally defeated Athens which began a period of <a href="/wiki/Spartan_hegemony" title="Spartan hegemony">Spartan hegemony</a> over Greece.</p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peloponnesian_War" 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title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Peloponnesian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peloponnesian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Peloponnesian War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sybota" title="Battle of Sybota"><i>Sybota</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Potidaea" title="Battle of Potidaea"><i>Potidaea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spartolos" title="Battle of Spartolos">Spartolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhium" title="Battle of Rhium">Rhium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plataea" title="Siege of Plataea">Plataea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilenean_revolt" title="Mytilenean revolt">1st Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanagra_(426_BC)" title="Battle of Tanagra (426 BC)">Tanagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_campaign" title="Aetolian campaign">Aetolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idomene" title="Battle of Idomene">Idomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pylos" title="Battle of Pylos">Pylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria" title="Battle of Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megara" title="Battle of Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delium" title="Battle of Delium">Delium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amphipolis" title="Battle of Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mantinea_(418_BC)" title="Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)">Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hysiae_(417_BC)" title="Battle of Hysiae (417 BC)">Hysiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orneae" title="Battle of Orneae">Orneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melos" title="Siege of Melos">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syme" title="Battle of Syme">Syme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eretria" title="Battle of Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abydos" title="Battle of Abydos">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Notium" title="Battle of Notium">Notium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">2nd Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_wars_of_the_5th_century_BC" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Greek_wars_of_the_5th_century_BC" title="Template:Campaignbox Greek wars of the 5th century BC"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Greek_wars_of_the_5th_century_BC" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Greek wars of the 5th century BC"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Greek_wars_of_the_5th_century_BC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Greek wars of the 5th century BC"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_wars_of_the_5th_century_BC" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Greek wars of the 5th century BC</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">First Persian invasion of Greece</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Punic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Punic Wars">Greco-Punic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Peloponnesian_War" title="First Peloponnesian War">First Peloponnesian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Sacred_War" title="Second Sacred War">Second Sacred War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_War" title="Samian War">Samian War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyle_Campaign" title="Phyle Campaign">Phyle Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase (431–421 BC) was named the Ten Years War, or the Archidamian War, after the Spartan king <a href="/wiki/Archidamus_II" title="Archidamus II">Archidamus II</a>, who invaded <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> several times with the full <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> army of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a>, the alliance network dominated by Sparta (then known as Lacedaemon). The <a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a> of Athens rendered this strategy ineffective, while the superior navy of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (Athens' alliance) raided the Peloponnesian coast to trigger rebellions within Sparta. The precarious <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nicias" title="Peace of Nicias">Peace of Nicias</a> was signed in 421 BC and lasted until 413 BC. Several proxy battles took place during this period, notably the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mantinea_(418_BC)" title="Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)">battle of Mantinea</a> in 418 BC, won by Sparta against an ad-hoc alliance of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Elis" title="Ancient Elis">Elis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantineia" title="Mantineia">Mantinea</a> (both former Spartan allies), <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, and Athens. The main event was the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a>, between 415 and 413 BC, during which Athens lost almost all its navy in the attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, an ally of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. </p><p>The Sicilian disaster prompted the third phase of the war (413–404 BC), named the Decelean War, or the Ionian War, when the Persian Empire supported Sparta to recover the suzerainty of the Greek cities of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, incorporated into the Delian League at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a>. With Persian money, Sparta built a massive fleet under the leadership of Lysander, who won a streak of decisive victories in the Aegean Sea, notably at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Aegospotamos</a>, in 405 BC. Athens capitulated the following year and lost all its empire. Lysander imposed puppet <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a> on the former members of the Delian League, including Athens, where the regime was known as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>. The Peloponnesian War was followed ten years later by the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> (394–386 BC), which, although it ended inconclusively, helped Athens regain its independence from Sparta. </p><p>The Peloponnesian War changed the ancient Greek world. Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece, poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens was devastated and never regained its pre-war prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society, the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> Athens and oligarchic Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made war a common occurrence in the Greek world. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Ancient Greek warfare</a>, originally a limited and formalized form of conflict, was transformed into an all-out struggle between <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, complete with mass atrocities. Shattering religious and cultural taboos, devastating vast swathes of countryside, and destroying whole cities, the Peloponnesian War marked the dramatic end to the fifth century BC and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">golden age of Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_sources">Historic sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_STC_24058_(B)_-_Thucydides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Houghton_STC_24058_%28B%29_-_Thucydides.jpg/220px-Houghton_STC_24058_%28B%29_-_Thucydides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Houghton_STC_24058_%28B%29_-_Thucydides.jpg/330px-Houghton_STC_24058_%28B%29_-_Thucydides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Houghton_STC_24058_%28B%29_-_Thucydides.jpg/440px-Houghton_STC_24058_%28B%29_-_Thucydides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption><i>Eight bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre written by <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> the sonne of <a href="/wiki/Olorus" title="Olorus">Olorus</a>. Interpreted with faith and diligence immediately out of the Greeke by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> secretary to ye late <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_2nd_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire">Earle of Deuonshire</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The main historical source for most of the war is the detailed account in <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Peloponnesian War">The History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. He states that he began writing his history as soon as the war broke out and took his information from first-hand accounts, including events he witnessed himself. An Athenian who fought in the early part of the war, Thucydides was exiled in 423 BC and settled in the Peloponnese, where he spent the rest of the war collecting sources and writing his history. Scholars regard Thucydides as reliable and neutral between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"widespread_conviction_that_Thucydides_was_an_especially_reliable,_objective,_and_trustworthy_reporter_of_information"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"widespread_conviction_that_Thucydides_was_an_especially_reliable,_objective,_and_trustworthy_reporter_of_information"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A partial exception are the lengthy speeches he reports, which Thucydides admits are not accurate records of what was said, but his interpretation of the general arguments presented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"Even_more_problematic_are_the_speeches_that_he_put_into_the_mouths_of_important_individuals,_while_admitting_the_impossibility_of_recording_them_verbatim"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"Even_more_problematic_are_the_speeches_that_he_put_into_the_mouths_of_important_individuals,_while_admitting_the_impossibility_of_recording_them_verbatim"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative begins several years before the war, explaining why it began, then reports events year-by-year. The main limitation of Thucydides' work is that it is incomplete: the text ends abruptly in 411 BC, seven years before the conclusion of the war. </p><p>The account was continued by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, a younger contemporary, in the first book of his <i><a href="/wiki/Hellenica" title="Hellenica">Hellenica</a></i>. This directly follows Thucydides' final sentence and provides a similar record, on the topics of the war's conclusion and aftermath. Born in Athens, Xenophon spent his military career as a <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a>, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> and for Sparta in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and Greece. Exiled from Athens for these actions, he retired to live in Sparta, where he wrote <i>Hellenica</i> around 40 years after the war had ended. His account is generally considered favourable to Sparta.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A briefer account of the whole war is provided by the Sicilian historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> in books 12 and 13 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i>. Written in the first century BC, these books appear to be based heavily (possibly entirely) upon an earlier <a href="/wiki/Universal_history_(genre)" title="Universal history (genre)">universal history</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ephorus" title="Ephorus">Ephorus</a>, written in the century after the war, which is now <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman-Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> wrote biographies of four of the major commanders in the war (<a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a>) in his <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>. Plutarch's focus was on the character and morality of these men, but he does provide some details on the progress of the war that are not recorded elsewhere. Written in the first century AD, Plutarch based his work on earlier accounts which are now lost. </p><p>More limited information on the war is derived from <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, such as the walls of <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> and grave of <a href="/wiki/Brasidas" title="Brasidas">Brasidas</a>, excavated in the 20th century. Some buildings and artworks produced during the war have survived, such as the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a> temple and <a href="/wiki/Grave_Stele_of_Hegeso" title="Grave Stele of Hegeso">Grave Stele of Hegeso</a>, both in Athens; these provide no information on military activity but do reflect civilian life during the war. Several plays by the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> were written and set during the war (particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Peace_(play)" title="Peace (play)">Peace</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a></i>), but these are works of comedic fiction with little historical value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_of_the_Athenian_Tribute_List,_425-424_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fragment_of_the_Athenian_Tribute_List%2C_425-424_BCE.jpg/220px-Fragment_of_the_Athenian_Tribute_List%2C_425-424_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fragment_of_the_Athenian_Tribute_List%2C_425-424_BCE.jpg/330px-Fragment_of_the_Athenian_Tribute_List%2C_425-424_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fragment_of_the_Athenian_Tribute_List%2C_425-424_BCE.jpg/440px-Fragment_of_the_Athenian_Tribute_List%2C_425-424_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of the Athenian Tribute List, 425–424 BC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> summarised the situation before the war as: "The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Lacedaemon</a>, made war inevitable".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearly 50 years before the War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. Its empire began as a small group of city-states, called the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> – from the island of <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, on which they kept their treasury – that formed to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> were over. After defeating the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> in the year 480 BC, Athens led the coalition of Greek city-states that continued the Greco-Persian Wars with attacks on Persian territories in the Aegean and Ionia. What ensued was a period which Thucydides called the <a href="/wiki/Pentecontaetia" title="Pentecontaetia">Pentecontaetia</a>, in which Athens increasingly became an empire,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city-states. Athens brought under its control all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies, ushering in a period now called the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Empire">Athenian Empire</a>. By mid-century, the Persians had been driven out of the Aegean and had ceded control of vast territories to Athens. Athens had greatly increased its own power; a number of its formerly independent allies were reduced, over the course of the century, to the status of tribute-paying subject states of the Delian League. This tribute was used to fund a powerful fleet and, after the middle of the century, massive public works in Athens, causing resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friction between Athens and the Peloponnesian states, including Sparta, began early in the Pentecontaetia. In the wake of the departure of the Persians from Greece, Sparta sent ambassadors to persuade Athens not to reconstruct their walls, but was rebuffed. Without the walls, Athens would have been defenseless against a land attack and subject to Spartan control.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action then, they "secretly felt aggrieved".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflict between the states flared up again in 465 BC, when a <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">helot</a> revolt broke out in Sparta. The Spartans summoned forces from all of their allies, including Athens, to help them suppress the revolt. Athens sent out a sizable contingent (4,000 <a href="/wiki/Hoplites" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoplites">hoplites</a>), but upon its arrival, this force was dismissed by the Spartans, while those of all the other allies were permitted to remain. According to Thucydides, the Spartans did this out of fear that the Athenians would switch sides and support the helots; the offended Athenians repudiated their alliance with Sparta.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the rebellious helots were finally forced to surrender and permitted to evacuate the state, the Athenians settled them at the strategic city of <a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos#Antiquity" title="Nafpaktos">Naupaktos</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 459 BC, there was a war between Spartan allies <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>, which were neighbors of Athens. Athens took advantage of the war to make an alliance with Megara, giving Athens a critical foothold on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a>. A 15-year conflict, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Peloponnesian_War" title="First Peloponnesian War">First Peloponnesian War</a>, ensued, in which Athens fought intermittently against Sparta, Corinth, <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, and a number of other states. For a time during this conflict, Athens controlled not only Megara but also <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>. But at its end, a massive Spartan invasion of Attica forced Athens to cede the lands it had won on the Greek mainland, and Athens and Sparta recognized each other's right to control their respective alliance systems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was officially ended by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_Peace" title="Thirty Years' Peace">Thirty Years' Peace</a>, signed in the winter of 446/5 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakdown_of_peace">Breakdown of peace</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/290px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/435px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/580px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>The Delian League in 431 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thirty Years' Peace was first tested in 440 BC, when Athens's powerful ally <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> <a href="/wiki/Samian_War" title="Samian War">rebelled from its alliance with Athens</a>. The rebels quickly secured the support of a Persian <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a>, and Athens faced the prospect of revolts throughout its empire. The Spartans, whose intervention would have been the trigger for a massive war to determine the fate of the empire, called a congress of their allies to discuss the possibility of war with Athens. Sparta's powerful ally Corinth was notably opposed to intervention, and the congress voted against war with Athens. The Athenians crushed the revolt, and peace was maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more immediate events that led to war involved Athens and Corinth. After a defeat by their colony of <a href="/wiki/Korkyra_(polis)" title="Korkyra (polis)">Corcyra</a>, a sea power that was not allied to either Sparta or Athens, Corinth began to build an allied naval force. Alarmed, Corcyra sought alliance with Athens. Athens discussed with both Corcyra and Corinth, and made a defensive alliance with Corcyra. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sybota" title="Battle of Sybota">Battle of Sybota</a>, a small contingent of Athenian ships played a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. In order to uphold the Thirty Years' Peace, the Athenians were instructed not to intervene in the battle unless it was clear that Corinth would invade Corcyra. However, the Athenian ships participated in the battle, and the arrival of additional Athenian <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">triremes</a> was enough to dissuade the Corinthians from exploiting their victory, thus sparing much of the routed Corcyrean and Athenian fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this, Athens instructed <a href="/wiki/Potidaea" title="Potidaea">Potidaea</a> in the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, to tear down its walls, send hostages to Athens, dismiss the Corinthian magistrates from office, and refuse the magistrates that Corinth would send in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outraged, the Corinthians encouraged Potidaea to revolt and assured them that they would ally with them should they revolt from Athens. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Potidaea" title="Battle of Potidaea">Battle of Potidaea</a>, the Corinthians unofficially aided Potidaea by sneaking contingents of men into the <a href="/wiki/Siegecraft_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Siegecraft in Ancient Greece">besieged</a> city to help defend it. This directly violated the Thirty Years' Peace, which stipulated that the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League would respect each other's autonomy and internal affairs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Potidaea_431_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Potidaea_431_BCE.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Potidaea_431_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Potidaea_431_BCE.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Potidaea_431_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Potidaea_431_BCE.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Potidaea_431_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Potidaea" title="Battle of Potidaea">Battle of Potidaea</a> (432 BC): Athenians against Corinthians. Scene of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> saving <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>. 18th century engraving.</figcaption></figure> <p>A further provocation was Athens in 433/2 BC imposing trade sanctions on Megarian citizens (once more a Spartan ally after the First Peloponnesian War). It was alleged that the Megarians had desecrated the <i><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></i>. These sanctions, known as the <a href="/wiki/Megarian_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Megarian decree">Megarian decree</a>, were largely ignored by <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, but some modern economic historians have noted that forbidding Megara to trade with the prosperous Athenian empire would have been disastrous for the Megarans, and so have considered the sanctions a contributing causing of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians who attribute responsibility for the war to Athens cite this event as the main cause.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the request of Corinth, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens, to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly. This debate was also attended by an uninvited delegation from Athens, which also asked to speak, and became the scene of a debate between the Athenians and the Corinthians. Thucydides reports that the Corinthians condemned Sparta's inactivity until then, warning Sparta that if it remained passive, it would soon be outflanked and without allies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Athenians reminded the Spartans of Athens's record of military success and opposition to Persia, warned them of confronting such a powerful state, and encouraged Sparta to seek arbitration as provided by the Thirty Years' Peace.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spartan king <a href="/wiki/Archidamus_II" title="Archidamus II">Archidamus II</a> spoke against the war, but the opinion of the hawkish ephor <a href="/wiki/Sthenelaidas" title="Sthenelaidas">Sthenelaidas</a> prevailed in the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Spartan ecclesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of the Spartan assembly voted to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace, essentially declaring war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archidamian_War_(431–421_BC)"><span id="Archidamian_War_.28431.E2.80.93421_BC.29"></span>Archidamian War (431–421 BC)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelopennesian_War,_Walls_Protecting_the_City,_431_B.C..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_City%2C_431_B.C..JPG/220px-Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_City%2C_431_B.C..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_City%2C_431_B.C..JPG/330px-Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_City%2C_431_B.C..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_City%2C_431_B.C..JPG/440px-Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_City%2C_431_B.C..JPG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>The walls surrounding Athens</figcaption></figure> <p>The first years of the Peloponnesian war are known as the Archidamian War (431–421 BC), after Sparta's king <a href="/wiki/Archidamus_II" title="Archidamus II">Archidamus II</a>. </p><p>Sparta and its allies, except for Corinth, were almost exclusively land-based, and able to summon large armies which were nearly unbeatable (thanks to the legendary <a href="/wiki/Spartan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartan Army">Spartan forces</a>). The Athenian Empire, although based in the peninsula of Attica, spread out across the islands of the Aegean Sea; Athens drew its immense wealth from tribute paid by these islands. Athens maintained its empire through naval power. Thus, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles. </p><p>The Spartan strategy during the Archidamian War was to invade the land around Athens. While this invasion deprived Athenians of the productive land around their city, Athens maintained access to the sea, and did not suffer much. Many of the citizens of Attica abandoned their farms and moved inside the <a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a>, which connected Athens to its port of <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>. At the end of the first year of the war, Pericles gave his famous <a href="/wiki/Pericles%27_Funeral_Oration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericles' Funeral Oration">Funeral Oration</a> (431 BC). </p><p>The Spartans also occupied Attica for periods of only three weeks at a time; in the tradition of earlier <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> warfare, the soldiers were expected to go home to participate in the harvest. Moreover, Spartan slaves, known as helots, needed to be kept under control, and could not be left unsupervised for long. The longest Spartan invasion, in 430 BC, lasted just 40 days. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perikles_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perikles_bust.jpg/150px-Perikles_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perikles_bust.jpg/225px-Perikles_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perikles_bust.jpg/300px-Perikles_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a>,</i> or general, <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet. The Athenian fleet, the dominant Greek naval force, went on the offensive, winning at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus_(429_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Naupactus (429 BC)">Naupactus</a>. In 430 BC, <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Athens" title="Plague of Athens">an outbreak of a plague</a> hit Athens. The plague ravaged the densely packed city, and in the long run, was a significant cause of its final defeat. The plague wiped out over 30,000 citizens, sailors and soldiers, including Pericles and his sons. Roughly one-third to two-thirds of the Athenian population died. Athenian manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague. The fear of plague was so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica was abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy. </p><p>After the death of Pericles, the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative, defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies. Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was <a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a>, a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy. Led militarily by a clever new general <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a> (not to be confused with the later Athenian orator <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>), the Athenians managed some successes as they continued their naval raids on the Peloponnese. Athens stretched their military activities into <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, quelled the <a href="/wiki/Mytilenean_revolt" title="Mytilenean revolt">Mytilenean revolt</a> and began fortifying posts around the Peloponnese. One of these posts was near <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> on a tiny island called <a href="/wiki/Sphacteria" title="Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a>, where the first war turned in Athens's favor. The post off Pylos exploited Sparta's dependence on the helots, slaves who worked the fields while its citizens trained to be soldiers. The Pylos post began attracting helot runaways. In addition, the fear of a revolt of helots emboldened by the nearby Athenians drove the Spartans to attack the post. Demosthenes outmaneuvered the Spartans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pylos" title="Battle of Pylos">Battle of Pylos</a> in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender. But weeks later he proved unable to finish them off. Instead, the inexperienced Cleon boasted in the Assembly that he could end the affair, and did win a great victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria" title="Battle of Sphacteria">Battle of Sphacteria</a>. In a shocking turn of events, 300 Spartan hoplites encircled by Athenian forces surrendered. The Spartan image of invincibility took significant damage. The Athenians jailed Sphacterian hostages in Athens and resolved to execute the captured Spartans if a Peloponnesian army invaded Attica again. </p><p>After these battles, the Spartan general <a href="/wiki/Brasidas" title="Brasidas">Brasidas</a> raised an army of allies and helots and marched the length of Greece to the Athenian colony of <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> in Thrace. Amphipolis controlled several nearby <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> mines whose that supplied much of the Athenian war fund. A force led by <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> was dispatched but arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis; Thucydides was exiled for this, and, as a result, had conversations with both sides of the war which inspired him to record its history. Both Brasidas and Cleon were killed in Athenian efforts to retake Amphipolis (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amphipolis" title="Battle of Amphipolis">Battle of Amphipolis</a>). The Spartans and Athenians agreed to exchange the hostages for the towns captured by Brasidas, and signed a truce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_of_Nicias_(421_BC)"><span id="Peace_of_Nicias_.28421_BC.29"></span>Peace of Nicias (421 BC)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nicias" title="Peace of Nicias">Peace of Nicias</a></div> <p>With the death of <a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brasidas" title="Brasidas">Brasidas</a>, both zealous war hawks for their nations, the Peace of Nicias was able to last six years. However, it was a time of constant skirmishes in and around the Peloponnese. While the Spartans refrained from action themselves, some of their allies began to talk of revolt. They were supported in this by <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, a powerful Peloponnesian state that had remained independent of Lacedaemon. With the support of the Athenians, the Argives forged a coalition of democratic states in the Peloponnese, including the powerful states of <a href="/wiki/Mantinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantinea">Mantinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Elis" title="Ancient Elis">Elis</a>. Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed, and the leadership of the Spartan king <a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis</a> was called into question. Emboldened, the Argives and their allies, with the support of a small Athenian force under <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>, moved to seize the city of <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a>, near Sparta. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mantinea_(418_BC)" title="Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)">Battle of Mantinea</a> was the largest land battle within Greece during the Peloponnesian War. The Lacedaemonians, with their neighbors the Tegeans, faced the combined armies of Argos, Athens, Mantinea, and <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>. In the battle, the allied coalition scored early successes, but failed to capitalize on them, which allowed the Spartan elite forces to defeat them. The result was a complete victory for the Spartans, which rescued their city from the brink of strategic defeat. The democratic alliance was broken up, and most of its members were reincorporated into the Peloponnesian League. With its victory at Mantinea, Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of utter defeat, and re-established its hegemony throughout the Peloponnese. </p><p>In the summer of 416 BC, during a truce with Sparta, Athens invaded the neutral island of <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Melos</a>, and demanded that Melos ally with them against Sparta, or be destroyed. The Melians rejected this, so the Athenian army laid siege to their city and eventually captured it in the winter. After the city's fall, the Athenians executed all the adult men,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sold the women and children into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sicilian_Expedition_(415–413_BC)"><span id="Sicilian_Expedition_.28415.E2.80.93413_BC.29"></span>Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BC)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_the_Athenian_army_at_Syracuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Destruction_of_the_Athenian_army_at_Syracuse.jpg/180px-Destruction_of_the_Athenian_army_at_Syracuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Destruction_of_the_Athenian_army_at_Syracuse.jpg/270px-Destruction_of_the_Athenian_army_at_Syracuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Destruction_of_the_Athenian_army_at_Syracuse.jpg/360px-Destruction_of_the_Athenian_army_at_Syracuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>Destruction of the Athenian army at Syracuse</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th year of the war, word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> was under attack from Syracuse, the main city of Sicily. The people of Syracuse were ethnically <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorian</a> (as were the Spartans), while the Athenians, and their ally in Sicilia, were Ionian. </p><p>The Athenians felt obliged to help their ally. They also held visions, rallied on by <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>, who ultimately led an expedition, of conquering all of Sicily. Syracuse was not much smaller than Athens, and conquering all of Sicily would bring Athens immense resources. In the final preparations for departure, the <a href="/wiki/Hermai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermai">hermai</a> (religious statues) of Athens were mutilated by unknown persons, and Alcibiades was charged with religious crimes. Alcibiades demanded that he be put on trial at once, so that he could defend himself before the expedition. However, the Athenians allowed Alcibiades to go on the expedition without being tried (many believed in order to better plot against him). After arriving in Sicily, Alcibiades was recalled to Athens for trial. Fearing that he would be unjustly condemned, Alcibiades defected to Sparta and <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a> was placed in charge of the mission. After his defection, Alcibiades claimed to the Spartans that the Athenians planned to use Sicily as a springboard for the conquest of all of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, and to use the resources and soldiers from these new conquests to conquer the Peloponnese. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelop_war_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pelop_war_en.png/220px-Pelop_war_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pelop_war_en.png/330px-Pelop_war_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pelop_war_en.png/440px-Pelop_war_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Sicily and the Peloponnesian War</figcaption></figure> <p>The Athenian force consisted of over 100 ships and some 5,000 infantry and light-armored troops. Cavalry was limited to about 30 horses, which proved to be no match for the large and highly trained Syracusan cavalry. Upon landing in Sicily, several cities immediately joined the Athenian cause. But instead of attacking, Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged. With winter approaching, the Athenians withdrew into their quarters and spent the winter gathering allies. The delay allowed Syracuse to request help from Sparta, who sent their general <a href="/wiki/Gylippus" title="Gylippus">Gylippus</a> to Sicily with reinforcements. Upon arriving, he raised a force from several Sicilian cities, and went to the relief of Syracuse. He took command of the Syracusan troops, and in a series of battles defeated the Athenian forces, and prevented them from invading the city. </p><p>Nicias then sent word to Athens asking for reinforcements. Demosthenes was chosen and led another fleet to Sicily, joining his forces with those of Nicias. More battles ensued and again, the Syracusans and their allies defeated the Athenians. Demosthenes argued for a retreat to Athens, but Nicias at first refused. After additional setbacks, Nicias seemed to agree to a retreat until a bad omen, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a>, delayed withdrawal. The delay was costly and forced the Athenians into a major sea battle in the Great Harbor of Syracuse. The Athenians were thoroughly defeated. Nicias and Demosthenes marched their remaining forces inland in search of friendly allies. The Syracusan cavalry rode them down mercilessly, eventually killing or enslaving all who were left of the mighty Athenian fleet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Second_War_(413–404_BC)"><span id="The_Second_War_.28413.E2.80.93404_BC.29"></span>The Second War (413–404 BC)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelopennesian_War,_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase,_431_-_404_B.C..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG/220px-Pelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG/330px-Pelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG/440px-Pelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>The key actions of each phase</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. On the advice of Alcibiades, they fortified <a href="/wiki/Decelea" title="Decelea">Decelea</a>, near Athens, and prevented the Athenians from making use of their land year round. The fortification of Decelea prevented overland supplies to Athens, and forced all supplies to be brought in by sea at greater expense. More significantly, the nearby silver mines were totally disrupted, with as many as 20,000 Athenian slaves freed by the Spartan hoplites at Decelea. With the treasury and emergency reserve of 1,000 talents dwindling, the Athenians were forced to demand even more tribute from her subject allies, further increasing tensions and the threat of rebellion within the Empire. </p><p>Corinth, Sparta, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, to drive off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing, the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies decisively defeated the Athenians on land; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which defeated the Athenian fleet when they tried to withdraw. The Athenian army tried to withdraw overland to friendlier Sicilian cities, but was divided and defeated. The entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold into slavery. </p><p>Following the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily, it was widely believed that the end of the Athenian Empire was at hand. Their treasury was nearly empty, its docks were depleted, and many of the Athenian youth were dead or imprisoned in a foreign land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athens_recovers">Athens recovers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_return_of_Alcibiades_to_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_return_of_Alcibiades_to_Athens.jpg/220px-The_return_of_Alcibiades_to_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_return_of_Alcibiades_to_Athens.jpg/330px-The_return_of_Alcibiades_to_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_return_of_Alcibiades_to_Athens.jpg/440px-The_return_of_Alcibiades_to_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>The triumphal return of <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> to Athens in 407 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>After the destruction of the Sicilian Expedition, Lacedaemon encouraged the revolt of Athens's tributary allies, and indeed, much of Ionia rose in revolt. The Syracusans sent their fleet to the Peloponnesians, and the Persians decided to support the Spartans with money and ships. Revolt and faction threatened in Athens itself. </p><p>The Athenians managed to survive for several reasons. First, their foes lacked initiative. Corinth and Syracuse were slow to bring their fleets into the Aegean, and Sparta's other allies were also slow to furnish troops or ships. The Ionian states that rebelled expected protection, and many rejoined the Athenian side. The Persians were slow to send promised funds and ships, frustrating battle plans. </p><p>At the start of the war, the Athenians had prudently put aside some money and 100 ships that were to be used only as a last resort. </p><p>These ships were then released, and served as the core of the Athenians' fleet throughout the rest of the war. An <a href="/wiki/Athenian_coup_of_411_BC" title="Athenian coup of 411 BC">oligarchical revolution</a> occurred in Athens, in which a group of 400 seized power. Peace with Sparta might have been possible, but the Athenian fleet, now based on the island of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, refused the change. In 411 BC, this fleet engaged the Spartans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syme" title="Battle of Syme">Battle of Syme</a>. The fleet appointed Alcibiades their leader, and continued the war in Athens's name. Their opposition led to the reinstitution of a democratic government in Athens within two years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_between_Cyrus_the_Younger_and_Lysander,_by_Francesco_Antonio_Grue_(1618-1673),_maiolica_with_a_dusting_technique,_Castelli_manufacture,_Abruzzo._Italy,_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Meeting_between_Cyrus_the_Younger_and_Lysander%2C_by_Francesco_Antonio_Grue_%281618-1673%29%2C_maiolica_with_a_dusting_technique%2C_Castelli_manufacture%2C_Abruzzo._Italy%2C_17th_century.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Meeting_between_Cyrus_the_Younger_and_Lysander%2C_by_Francesco_Antonio_Grue_%281618-1673%29%2C_maiolica_with_a_dusting_technique%2C_Castelli_manufacture%2C_Abruzzo._Italy%2C_17th_century.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Meeting_between_Cyrus_the_Younger_and_Lysander%2C_by_Francesco_Antonio_Grue_%281618-1673%29%2C_maiolica_with_a_dusting_technique%2C_Castelli_manufacture%2C_Abruzzo._Italy%2C_17th_century.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Encounter between <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a> (left), Achaemenid satrap of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>, and Spartan general <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> (right), in <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>. The encounter was related by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Xaverio_Grue" title="Francesco Antonio Xaverio Grue">Francesco Antonio Grue</a> (1618–1673).</figcaption></figure> <p>Alcibiades, while condemned as a traitor, still carried weight in Athens. He prevented the Athenian fleet from attacking Athens; instead, he helped restore democracy by more subtle pressure. He also persuaded the Athenian fleet to attack the Spartans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">battle of Cyzicus</a> in 410. In the battle, the Athenians obliterated the Spartan fleet, and succeeded in re-establishing the financial basis of the Athenian Empire. </p><p>Between 410 and 406, Athens won a continuous string of victories, and eventually recovered large portions of its empire. All of this was due, in no small part, to Alcibiades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid's_support_for_Sparta_(414–404_BC)"><span id="Achaemenid.27s_support_for_Sparta_.28414.E2.80.93404_BC.29"></span>Achaemenid's support for Sparta (414–404 BC)</h3></div> <p>From 414 BC, <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> had started to resent increasing Athenian power in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean sea">Aegean</a>. He had his satrap <a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a> make alliance with <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> against <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. In 412 BC, this led to the Persian reconquest of most of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tissaphernes also helped fund the Peloponnesian fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Facing the resurgence of Athens, from 408 BC, Darius II decided to continue the war against <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and give stronger support to the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a>. He sent his son <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a> into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> as <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> Major and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, and general commander (<i>Karanos</i>, κἀρανος) of the Persian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Cyrus allied with the Spartan general <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a>. In him, Cyrus found a man willing to help him become king, just as Lysander himself hoped to become absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince. Thus, Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander in the Peloponnesian War. When Cyrus was recalled to <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> by his dying father <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius</a>, he gave Lysander the revenues from all of his cities of Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyrus the Younger would later obtain the support of the Spartans in return, after having asked them "to show themselves as good friend to him, as he had been to them during their war against Athens", when he led his own expedition to <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> in 401 BC in order to topple his brother, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Athenian_defeat">The Athenian defeat</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysander_outside_the_walls_of_Athens_19th_century_lithograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lysander_outside_the_walls_of_Athens_19th_century_lithograph.jpg/150px-Lysander_outside_the_walls_of_Athens_19th_century_lithograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lysander_outside_the_walls_of_Athens_19th_century_lithograph.jpg/225px-Lysander_outside_the_walls_of_Athens_19th_century_lithograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lysander_outside_the_walls_of_Athens_19th_century_lithograph.jpg/300px-Lysander_outside_the_walls_of_Athens_19th_century_lithograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Lysander outside the <a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">walls of Athens</a>; 1899 lithograph</figcaption></figure> <p>The faction hostile to Alcibiades triumphed in Athens following a minor Spartan victory by their skillful general <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> at the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Notium" title="Battle of Notium">battle of Notium</a> in 406 BC. Alcibiades was not re-elected general by the Athenians and he exiled himself from the city. He would never again lead Athenians in battle. Athens won the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">battle of Arginusae</a>. The Spartan fleet under <a href="/wiki/Callicratidas" title="Callicratidas">Callicratidas</a> lost 70 ships and the Athenians lost 25 ships. But, due to bad weather, the Athenians were unable to rescue their stranded crews or finish off the Spartan fleet. Despite their victory, these failures caused outrage in Athens and led to a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae#Trial_of_the_generals" title="Battle of Arginusae">controversial trial</a>. The trial resulted in the execution of six of Athens's top naval commanders. Athens's naval supremacy would now be challenged without several of its most able military leaders and a demoralized navy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_mort_d%27Alcibiade_Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/La_mort_d%27Alcibiade_Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry_1791.jpg/220px-La_mort_d%27Alcibiade_Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/La_mort_d%27Alcibiade_Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry_1791.jpg/330px-La_mort_d%27Alcibiade_Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/La_mort_d%27Alcibiade_Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry_1791.jpg/440px-La_mort_d%27Alcibiade_Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4214" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>In 404 BC, the Athenian General <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> was assassinated by Persian soldiers, who may have been following the orders of Satrap <a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a>, at the instigation of Lysander.<sup id="cite_ref-Isocrates_16.40_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isocrates_16.40-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alcibiades39_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alcibiades39-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>La mort d'<a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiade</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ch%C3%A9ry" title="Philippe Chéry">Philippe Chéry</a>, 1791</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike some of his predecessors, the new Spartan general, Lysander, was not a member of the Spartan royal families and was also formidable in naval strategy; he was an artful diplomat, who had even cultivated good personal relationships with the Achaemenid prince <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a>, son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>. Seizing its opportunity, the Spartan fleet sailed at once to the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, the source of Athens's <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a>. Threatened with starvation, the Athenian fleet had no choice but to follow. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Battle of Aegospotami</a>, destroying 168 ships. Only 12 Athenian ships escaped, and several of these sailed to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, carrying the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> (general) <a href="/wiki/Conon" title="Conon">Conon</a>, who was anxious not to face the judgment of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Assembly</a>. </p><p>Facing starvation and disease from the prolonged <a href="/wiki/Siegecraft_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Siegecraft in Ancient Greece">siege</a>, Athens surrendered in 404 BC, and its allies soon surrendered as well. The democrats at <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, loyal to the bitter last, held on slightly longer, and were allowed to flee with their lives. The surrender stripped Athens of its walls, its fleet, and all of its overseas possessions. Corinth and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved. However, the Spartans announced their refusal to destroy a city that had done a good service at a time of greatest danger to Greece, and took Athens into their own system. Athens was "to have the same friends and enemies" as Sparta.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <p>The overall effect of the war in Greece proper was to replace the Athenian Empire with a Spartan empire. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">battle of Aegospotami</a>, Sparta took over the Athenian empire and kept all its tribute revenues for itself; Sparta's allies, who had made greater sacrifices in the war than had Sparta, got nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a short time, Athens was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>, a reactionary regime set up by Sparta. In 403 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchs</a> were overthrown and a democracy was restored by <a href="/wiki/Thrasybulus" title="Thrasybulus">Thrasybulus</a>. </p><p>Although the hegemony of Athens was broken, the Attic city completed the recovery of its autonomy in the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> and continued to play an active role in Greek politics. Sparta was later defeated by Thebes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a> in 371 BC. A few decades later, the rivalry between Athens and Sparta ended when Macedonia became the most powerful entity in Greece and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> unified all of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek world">Greek world</a> except Sparta, which was later subjugated by Philip's son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> in 331 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A symbolic peace treaty was signed by the mayors of modern <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta,_Laconia" title="Sparta, Laconia">Sparta</a> 2,500 years after the war ended, on March 12, 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Strauss: <i>Athens After the Peloponnesian War: Class, Faction and Policy 403–386 B.C.</i>, New York 2014, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.mu.edu/meissnerd/thucydides.html">"Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War"</a>. <i>academic.mu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBS+Working+Knowledge&rft.atitle=What+History%27s+Biggest+Wars+Teach+Us+About+Leading+in+Peace&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbswk.hbs.edu%2Fitem%2Fwhat-historys-biggest-wars-teach-us-about-leading-in-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, <i>The Ancient Greeks</i>, 528–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, Introduction xxiii–xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"widespread_conviction_that_Thucydides_was_an_especially_reliable,_objective,_and_trustworthy_reporter_of_information"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"widespread_conviction_that_Thucydides_was_an_especially_reliable,_objective,_and_trustworthy_reporter_of_information"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley2021">Morley 2021</a>, page 43, "widespread conviction that Thucydides was an especially reliable, objective, and trustworthy reporter of information".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"Even_more_problematic_are_the_speeches_that_he_put_into_the_mouths_of_important_individuals,_while_admitting_the_impossibility_of_recording_them_verbatim"-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley2021page_43,_"Even_more_problematic_are_the_speeches_that_he_put_into_the_mouths_of_important_individuals,_while_admitting_the_impossibility_of_recording_them_verbatim"_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley2021">Morley 2021</a>, page 43, "Even more problematic are the speeches that he put into the mouths of important individuals, while admitting the impossibility of recording them verbatim".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatto" class="citation journal cs1">Gatto, Martina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2022/2022.04.23/">"Review of: Xenophon and Sparta"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review" title="Bryn Mawr Classical Review">Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660">1055-7660</a>. <q>several deceptive passages in the Hellenika benefit the Spartans' reputation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of%3A+Xenophon+and+Sparta&rft.issn=1055-7660&rft.aulast=Gatto&rft.aufirst=Martina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcr.brynmawr.edu%2F2022%2F2022.04.23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200&layout=&loc=1.23.1">1.23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, <i>The Ancient Greeks</i>, 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+1.89.1">1.89–93</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+1.92.1">1.92.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+1.102.1">1.102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+1.103.1">1.103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 16–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic calendar">Hellenic calendar</a>, years ended at midsummer; as a result, some events cannot be dated to a specific year of the modern calendar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, Book I, 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200&layout=&loc=1.56">1.56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, <i>The Ancient Greeks</i>, 454–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckley <i>Aspects of Greek History</i>, 319–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+1.68.1">1.67–71</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+1.73.1">1.73–75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ste. Croix, <i>Origins of the Peloponnesian War</i>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides. <i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i>, 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"><i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i></a>, 5.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollin1851" class="citation book cs1">Rollin, Charles (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancienthistorye03rollgoog"><i>The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians</i></a>. W. Tegg and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancienthistorye03rollgoog/page/n123">110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+History+of+the+Egyptians%2C+Carthaginians%2C+Assyrians%2C+Babylonians%2C+Medes+and+Persians%2C+Grecians%2C+and+Macedonians&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=W.+Tegg+and+Company&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancienthistorye03rollgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryMeiggs1956" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WnSkMUSbgjgC"><i>A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great</i></a>. London: Macmillan. pp. 397, 540.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Greece+to+the+death+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.place=London&rft.pages=397%2C+540&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Meiggs%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnSkMUSbgjgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The winter following Tissaphernes put Iasus in a state of defence, and passing on to Miletus distributed a month's pay to all the ships as he had promised at Lacedaemon, at the rate of an Attic drachma a day for each man." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927003437/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Thuc.%208.29.1"><i>Perseus Under Philologic: Thuc. 8.29.1</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Thuc.%208.29.1">the original</a> on 2020-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perseus+Under+Philologic%3A+Thuc.+8.29.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperseus.uchicago.edu%2Fperseus-cgi%2Fcitequery3.pl%3Fdbname%3DGreekFeb2011%26getid%3D1%26query%3DThuc.%25208.29.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2002" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Cynthia (2002). "Numismatic Problems in the Achaemenid West: The Undue Modern Influence of 'Tissaphernes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004350908/B9789004350908-s018.xml"><i>Numismatic Problems in the Achaemenid West: The Undue Modern Influence of 'Tissapherness'<span></span></i></a>. pp. 301–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004350908_018">10.1163/9789004350908_018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35090-8"><bdi>978-90-04-35090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Numismatic+Problems+in+the+Achaemenid+West%3A+The+Undue+Modern+Influence+of+%27Tissaphernes%27&rft.btitle=Numismatic+Problems+in+the+Achaemenid+West%3A+The+Undue+Modern+Influence+of+%27Tissapherness%27&rft.pages=301-19&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004350908_018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35090-8&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004350908%2FB9789004350908-s018.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peloponnesian War"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peloponnesian_War">"Peloponnesian War" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–76, see page 75. <q>the whole position was changed by the appointment of Cyrus the Younger as satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia and Cappadocia. His arrival coincided with the appointment of Lysander (c. Dec. 408) as Spartan admiral</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peloponnesian+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=71-76%2C+see+page+75&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He then assigned to Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his father." in Xenophon, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085747/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Xen.%20Hell.%202.1.12">Hellenica</a></i> 2.1.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon. Tr. H. G. Dakyns. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm">Anabasis</a></i> I.I. Project Gutenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. Ed. by A.H. Clough. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/674/pg674.html">Lysander</a>", <i>Plutarch's Lives</i>. 1996. Project Gutenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownson1886" class="citation book cs1">Brownson, Carlson L. (Carleton Lewis) (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/xenophon03xeno/page/20"><i>Xenophon;</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. pp. I-2–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenophon%3B&rft.pages=I-2-22&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.+%3A+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Brownson&rft.aufirst=Carlson+L.+%28Carleton+Lewis%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fxenophon03xeno%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isocrates_16.40-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isocrates_16.40_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isocrates, <i>Concerning the Team of Horses</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0144&layout=&loc=16.40">16.40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck" class="citation book cs1">Peck, H. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aid%3Dalcibiades"><i>Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0062%253Aid%253Dalcibiades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation book cs1">Smith, W. <i>New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography</i>. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Classical+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography&rft.pages=39&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcibiades39-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alcibiades39_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Alcibiades</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182&query=chapter%3D%2339&layout=&loc=Alc.%2038.1">39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon, <i>Hellenica</i>, 2.2.20,404/3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC"><i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/12/Athens-Sparta-sign-peace-pact/9963826606800/">"Athens, Sparta sign peace pact"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i>. March 12, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Athens%2C+Sparta+sign+peace+pact&rft.date=1996-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1996%2F03%2F12%2FAthens-Sparta-sign-peace-pact%2F9963826606800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_authors">Classical authors</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hellenica" title="Hellenica">Hellenica</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i> (Pericles, Alcibiades, Lysander).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_authors">Modern authors</h3></div> <ul><li>Bagnall, Nigel. <i>The Peloponnesian War: Athens, Sparta, And The Struggle For Greece</i>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34215-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34215-2">0-312-34215-2</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">Cawkwell, George</a>. <i>Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1997 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16430-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16430-3">0-415-16430-3</a>; paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16552-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16552-0">0-415-16552-0</a>).</li> <li>Hanson, Victor Davis. <i>A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, 2005 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6095-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-6095-8">1-4000-6095-8</a>); New York: Random House, 2006 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6970-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6970-7">0-8129-6970-7</a>).</li> <li>Heftner, Herbert. <i>Der oligarchische Umsturz des Jahres 411 v. Chr. und die Herrschaft der Vierhundert in Athen: Quellenkritische und historische Untersuchungen</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-37970-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-631-37970-6">3-631-37970-6</a>).</li> <li>Hutchinson, Godfrey. <i>Attrition: Aspects of Command in the Peloponnesian War</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-323-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86227-323-5">1-86227-323-5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Kagan, Donald</a>: <ul><li><i>The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1969 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0501-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0501-7">0-8014-0501-7</a>); 1989 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9556-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9556-3">0-8014-9556-3</a>).</li> <li><i>The Archidamian War</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0889-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0889-X">0-8014-0889-X</a>); 1990 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9714-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9714-0">0-8014-9714-0</a>).</li> <li><i>The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1367-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1367-2">0-8014-1367-2</a>); 1991 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9940-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9940-2">0-8014-9940-2</a>).</li> <li><i>The Fall of the Athenian Empire</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1935-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1935-2">0-8014-1935-2</a>); 1991 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9984-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9984-4">0-8014-9984-4</a>).</li> <li><i>The Peloponnesian War</i>. New York: Viking, 2003 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03211-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03211-5">0-670-03211-5</a>); New York: Penguin, 2004 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-200437-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-200437-5">0-14-200437-5</a>); a one-volume version of his earlier tetralogy.</li></ul></li> <li>Kallet, Lisa. <i>Money and the Corrosion of Power in Thucydides: The Sicilian Expedition and its Aftermath</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22984-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22984-3">0-520-22984-3</a>).</li> <li><a href="//doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2018.1508634" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/09636412.2018.1508634">Kirshner, Jonathan. 2018. "Handle Him with Care: The Importance of Getting Thucydides Right". <i>Security Studies</i>.</a></li> <li>Krentz, Peter. <i>The Thirty at Athens</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1450-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1450-4">0-8014-1450-4</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2021" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Neville (13 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPk_EAAAQBAJ&dq=thucydides+reliability&pg=PA43">"Thucydides Legacy in Grand Strategy"</a>. In Balzacq, Thierry; Krebs, Ronald R. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257662-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257662-0"><bdi>978-0-19-257662-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thucydides+Legacy+in+Grand+Strategy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Grand+Strategy&rft.pages=41-56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-257662-0&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPk_EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthucydides%2Breliability%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._de_Ste._Croix" title="G. E. M. de Ste. Croix">G. E. M. de Ste. Croix</a>, <i>The Origins of the Peloponnesian War</i>, London, Duckworth, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-0640-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-0640-9">0-7156-0640-9</a></li> <li><i>The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War</i>, edited by Robert B. Strassler. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">The Free Press</a>, 1996 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82815-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82815-4">0-684-82815-4</a>); 1998 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82790-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82790-5">0-684-82790-5</a>).</li> <li>Roberts, Jennifer T. <i>The Plague of War: Athens, Sparta, and the Struggle for Ancient Greece</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999664-3">978-0-19-999664-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Peloponnesian_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peloponnesian War"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peloponnesian_War">"Peloponnesian War" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 71–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peloponnesian+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=71-76&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeloponnesian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war-by-thucydides">LibriVox: The History of the Peloponnesian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Domain">Public Domain</a> Audiobooks in the US – 20:57:23 hours, at least 603.7 MB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crawley" title="Richard Crawley">Richard Crawley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7142"><i>The History of the Peloponnesian War</i></a> (translation of Thukydides's books – in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org">Project Gutenberg</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laconia.org/gen_info_literature/Peloponnesian_war.htm">Peloponnesian war</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829152736/http://lycurgus.org/">Peloponnesian war</a> on Lycurgus.org (archived 29 August 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_wars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_wars" title="Template:Ancient Greek wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Ancient Greek wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Messenian_War" title="First Messenian War">First Messenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelantine_War" title="Lelantine War">Lelantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Messenian_War" title="Second Messenian War">Second Messenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian%E2%80%93Milesian_War" title="Lydian–Milesian War">Lydian–Milesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sacred_War" title="First Sacred War">First Sacred War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Wars" title="Sicilian Wars">Sicilian Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeginetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeginetan War">Aeginetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Messenian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Messenian War">Third Messenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Peloponnesian_War" title="First Peloponnesian War">First Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sacred_War" title="Second Sacred War">Second Sacred War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_War" title="Samian War">Samian War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyle_Campaign" title="Phyle Campaign">Phyle Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_War" title="Boeotian War">Boeotian War</a></li> <li>Wars of the <a href="/wiki/Theban_hegemony" title="Theban hegemony">Theban hegemony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theban%E2%80%93Spartan_War" title="Theban–Spartan War">Theban–Spartan War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(357%E2%80%93355_BC)" title="Social War (357–355 BC)">Social War <span style="font-size:85%;">(357–355 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_War" title="Foreign War">Foreign War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Expansion of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamian_War" title="Lamian War">Lamian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the <i>Diadochi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid%E2%80%93Nabataean_confrontations" title="Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations">Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus%27_invasion_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese">Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_War" title="Chremonidean War">Chremonidean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Seleucid–Parthian Wars">Seleucid–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomenean_War" title="Cleomenean War">Cleomenean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyttian_War" title="Lyttian War">Lyttian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(220%E2%80%93217_BC)" title="Social War (220–217 BC)">Social War <span style="font-size:85%;">(220–217 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(205%E2%80%93200_BC)" title="Cretan War (205–200 BC)">Cretan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Seleucid War">Roman–Seleucid War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetolian War">Aetolian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Nabis" title="War against Nabis">War against Nabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Dynastic_Wars" title="Seleucid Dynastic Wars">Seleucid Dynastic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33745#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119436095">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119436095">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="peloponéská válka (431-404 př. Kr.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138578&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX464103">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4345037">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540819005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02738215X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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