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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Битка при Пилос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Пилос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Pylos" title="Schlacht von Pylos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Pylos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Pilos" title="Batalla de Pilos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Pilos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Pylos" title="Bataille de Pylos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Pylos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Pilo" title="Battaglia di Pilo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Pilo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קרב פילוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב פילוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Pylos" title="Slag bij Pylos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Pylos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Pylos" title="Slaget ved Pylos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Pylos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Битва при Пилосе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Пилосе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Битка код Пилоса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Пилоса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Pilosa" title="Bitka kod Pilosa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Pilosa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloksen_taistelu" title="Pyloksen taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyloksen taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பைலோஸ் சமர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைலோஸ் சமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96" title="Битва при Пілосі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Пілосі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E5%A8%84%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="派娄斯之战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="派娄斯之战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q670128#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pylos" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Pylos&params=36_55_N_21_42_E_type:event_region:GR-17"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°42′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.917°N 21.700°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.917; 21.700</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Naval battle during the Peloponnesian War (425 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Pylos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphakteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sphakteria.jpg/220px-Sphakteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sphakteria.jpg/330px-Sphakteria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sphakteria.jpg/440px-Sphakteria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>425 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Pylos&params=36_55_N_21_42_E_type:event_region:GR-17"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°42′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.917°N 21.700°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.917; 21.700</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Thrasymelidas,<br /><a href="/wiki/Brasidas" title="Brasidas">Brasidas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>50 ships</li> <li>90 hoplites</li> <li>~540 light troops</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>60 ships</li> <li>Unknown troops</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 8 ships</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 18 ships<br />420 hoplites captured</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Peloponnesian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Peloponnesian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Peloponnesian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peloponnesian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War"><span class="wrap">Peloponnesian War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sybota" title="Battle of Sybota"><i>Sybota</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Potidaea" title="Battle of Potidaea"><i>Potidaea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spartolos" title="Battle of Spartolos">Spartolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhium" title="Battle of Rhium">Rhium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plataea" title="Siege of Plataea">Plataea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilenean_revolt" title="Mytilenean revolt">1st Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanagra_(426_BC)" title="Battle of Tanagra (426 BC)">Tanagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_campaign" title="Aetolian campaign">Aetolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idomene" title="Battle of Idomene">Idomene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria" title="Battle of Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megara" title="Battle of Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delium" title="Battle of Delium">Delium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amphipolis" title="Battle of Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mantinea_(418_BC)" title="Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)">Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hysiae_(417_BC)" title="Battle of Hysiae (417 BC)">Hysiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orneae" title="Battle of Orneae">Orneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melos" title="Siege of Melos">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syme" title="Battle of Syme">Syme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eretria" title="Battle of Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abydos" title="Battle of Abydos">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Notium" title="Battle of Notium">Notium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">2nd Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The naval <b>Battle of Pylos</b> took place in 425 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> at the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, on the present-day <a href="/wiki/Navarino_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarino Bay">Bay of Navarino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, and was an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> victory over Sparta. An Athenian fleet had been driven ashore at Pylos by a storm, and, at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a>, the Athenian soldiers fortified the peninsula, and a small force was left there when the fleet departed again. The establishment of an Athenian garrison in Spartan territory frightened the Spartan leadership, and the Spartan army, which had been ravaging <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis</a>, ended their expedition (the expedition only lasted 15 days) and marched home, while the Spartan fleet at <a href="/wiki/Corcyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcyra">Corcyra</a> sailed to Pylos. </p><p>Demosthenes had five <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">triremes</a> and their complements of soldiers as a garrison, and was reinforced by 40 <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a> from a Messenian ship that happened to stop at Pylos. In total, Demosthenes probably had about 600 men, only 90 of which were hoplites. He sent two of his triremes to intercept the Athenian fleet and inform <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurymedon_(strategos)" title="Eurymedon (strategos)">Eurymedon</a> of his danger. The Spartans, meanwhile, had 43 triremes and a large land army. Finding himself thus outnumbered, Demosthenes pulled his remaining three triremes up on land and armed their crews with whatever weapons were at hand. He placed the largest part of his force at the strongly fortified point facing the land. Demosthenes then hand-picked 60 hoplites and a few archers and brought them to the point where he anticipated the Spartans would launch their amphibious assault. Demosthenes expected that the Spartans would hit the south-west corner of the peninsula where the defensive wall was the weakest and the land was most suitable for a landing. The Spartans attacked where Demosthenes had expected, and the Athenians were faced with simultaneous assaults from land and sea. The Athenians held off the Spartans for a day and a half, however, causing the Spartans to cease their attempts to storm Pylos and instead settled in for a siege. </p><p>While the Spartans' siege preparations were underway, the Athenian fleet, 50 triremes strong, arrived from <a href="/wiki/Zacynthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacynthus">Zacynthus</a>. The Spartans failed to blockade the entrance of the harbour, so the Athenians were able to sail in and catch the Spartans unprepared; the Spartan fleet was decisively defeated, and the Athenians gained control of the harbour. In doing so, they trapped 420 Spartan hoplites on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sphacteria" title="Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a>, off Pylos. 120 of these were from the <a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a> class, and their peril threw the Spartan government into a panic. Members of the government were dispatched to the scene, and negotiated an armistice on the spot; the entire Spartan fleet was surrendered to the Athenians as a guarantee for Spartan good conduct, and ambassadors were sent to Athens to seek a permanent peace. When these negotiations failed, the Athenians retained possession of the Spartan ships on a pretext, and settled in to besiege the hoplites on Sphacteria; eventually, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria" title="Battle of Sphacteria">Battle of Sphacteria</a>, those hoplites were captured and taken as hostages to Athens. Pylos remained in Athenian hands, and was used as a base for raids into Spartan territory and as a refuge for fleeing Spartan <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">Helots</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 425 BC, an Athenian fleet commanded by Eurymedon and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a> aboard as an advisor, sailed from Athens to campaign in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and assist Athens' democratic allies at <a href="/wiki/Corcyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcyra">Corcyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demosthenes held no official position at the time, but was a <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a>-elect for the Hellenic year that would begin in midsummer 425, and the two generals had been instructed to allow him to use the fleet around the Peloponnese if he wished. Once the fleet was at sea, Demosthenes revealed his plan, which he had previously kept secret; he wished to land at and fortify Pylos, which he believed to be a particularly promising site for a forward outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Pylos was a good distance from Sparta by march, and commanded an excellent harbour in the Bay of Navarino.).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generals rejected this plan, but Demosthenes caught a stroke of luck when a storm blew and drove the fleet to the shore at Pylos. Even then the generals refused to order the fortification of the promontory, and Demosthenes was similarly rebuffed when he attempted to appeal directly to the troops and subordinate commanders; only when the boredom of waiting out the storm overcame the Athenians did they set to work building fortifications. Once they began, however, the Athenians worked hard and quickly, and the promontory was fortified and defensible within a few days. The fleet sailed off towards <a href="/wiki/Corcyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcyra">Corcyra</a>, where a Spartan fleet of 60 ships was operating, leaving Demosthenes with five ships and their complements of sailors and soldiers to defend the new fort. </p><p>The Spartan government was initially unconcerned with the Athenians' presence at Pylos, assuming that they would soon depart. Once it became clear, however, that Demosthenes and his men intended to hold the site, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Sparta">Eurypontid</a> king of Sparta, <a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis</a>, who was at the head of an army ravaging <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, turned for home, cutting his invasion short after only 15 days in Athenian territory. Once he reached home, Spartan forces immediately moved towards Pylos, the fleet at Corcyra was ordered to sail there immediately, and a summons was sent out calling allied states around the Peloponnese to send troops. The Spartan fleet managed to slip past the Athenian fleet at <a href="/wiki/Zacynthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacynthus">Zacynthus</a>, but Demosthenes anticipated its arrival and dispatched two of his triremes to inform the Athenian fleet of Pylos' plight; that fleet set out for Pylos as soon as it received the news. Pylos, meanwhile, had been reinforced by the arrival of a privateer with a cargo of arms, which were distributed to the sailors, and by a Messenian pinnace, which brought 40 more <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a> to defend the peninsula. (Donald Kagan has asserted that these apparently fortuitous arrivals must have been the result of planning by Demosthenes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) To meet the imminent Spartan attack, Demosthenes divided his force, placing most of his men at the point where the promontory touched the mainland, while he with 60 hoplites and a few archers waited at the point facing out to sea where the Athenian wall was weakest. When the Spartan fleet arrived, the Spartans prepared to blockade the entrance to the harbour by placing hoplites on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sphacteria" title="Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a>, which was in the middle of the entrance, and planned to place ships in the gaps on either side of that island when the Athenian fleet arrived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spartans assaulted the Athenian fortifications on Pylos from both land and sea.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sea attack came exactly where Demosthenes had expected it would, and he was thus in place to meet it with his men. The landing was difficult at the point of attack, so only a few of the 43 triremes were able to approach the beach at a time. The Spartan captains, following the example of <a href="/wiki/Brasidas" title="Brasidas">Brasidas</a>, drove their ships into the rocky shore to give their men a chance to disembark and drive the Athenians back, but the defenders refused to give, and repeated waves of attacks failed to break them. The tactic of trying to land troops on a beach facing stiff hoplite resistance was known to be notoriously difficult during this era.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attacks continued for an entire day and then part of the next, but after that the Spartans resigned themselves to a siege and dispatched several ships to bring wood for building siege engines. </p><p>On the day after the cessation of attacks, however, the Athenian fleet arrived from Zacynthus. It was too late that day to attack, so the Athenians spent the night on a nearby island, hoping to draw the Spartans out into the open sea to battle. The Spartans refused to take this bait, but the next morning the Athenians sailed in both entrances to the harbour, which the Spartans had failed to block, and quickly routed the Spartan fleet (Donald Kagan has suggested that the Spartans' failure to blockade the entrances indicates that they could not do so, and that their plan was thus fatally flawed from the outset).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuit was limited by the size of the harbour, but the Athenians captured some triremes at sea and then landed to attempt to seize the Spartan ships once they reached land. A fierce fight ensued, in which the Athenians were eventually unable to seize more than a few ships, withdrawing after heavy casualties had been suffered by both sides. At the end of the battle, the Athenians controlled the harbour, and were able to sail freely around the island of Sphacteria; they guarded the island closely, ensuring that the hoplites trapped there were unable to escape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_spartan_shield-loot_from_the_Battle_of_Pylos_(425_BC)._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bronze_spartan_shield-loot_from_the_Battle_of_Pylos_%28425_BC%29._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg/220px-Bronze_spartan_shield-loot_from_the_Battle_of_Pylos_%28425_BC%29._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bronze_spartan_shield-loot_from_the_Battle_of_Pylos_%28425_BC%29._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg/330px-Bronze_spartan_shield-loot_from_the_Battle_of_Pylos_%28425_BC%29._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bronze_spartan_shield-loot_from_the_Battle_of_Pylos_%28425_BC%29._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg/440px-Bronze_spartan_shield-loot_from_the_Battle_of_Pylos_%28425_BC%29._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4502" /></a><figcaption>Bronze spartan shield-loot from the Battle of Pylos (425 BC). <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Agora Museum">Ancient Agora Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>News of the crisis at Pylos shocked the government of Sparta, and members of the government were immediately dispatched to the scene to negotiate an armistice.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reaction to the potential capture of a mere 420 soldiers may seem extreme, but is explained by the fact that the 120 <a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiates</a> on the island composed probably one tenth of that elite class, on which the Spartan government was based. The Spartan negotiators met with the Athenian generals at Pylos and quickly arranged an immediate cessation of hostilities. The Spartans were permitted to take food to the men on the island, and sent an embassy to Athens immediately to negotiate for a more permanent peace; all the Spartan ships, meanwhile, were surrendered to the Athenians as security for Spartan good conduct. </p><p>When the negotiators reached Athens, they made a speech to the Athenian assembly in which they argued that the Athenians should take advantage of the opportunity they had to make peace. The Spartans, they claimed, had suffered a misfortune not through incapacity or overreaching, but through mere bad luck; the Athenians should seize this opportunity to have peace with them on good terms. This proposal, however, met with derision from the Athenian statesman <a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a>; he demanded far harsher terms, which would have given Athens control over <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> and compelled Sparta to abandon several important allies. In his speech, he recalled the concessions Athens had been forced to make in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_Peace" title="Thirty Years' Peace">Thirty Years' Peace</a> of 445 BC, when the Athenians had been at a similar momentary disadvantage. Cleon's terms, Donald Kagan has argued, represented a recognition that the Athenians had little to gain from a peace which surrendered the advantage they had just won without impairing the Spartans' ability to make war, while they might secure far better terms in the future by pressing their advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Spartans asked to discuss these proposals in private, Cleon demanded that they say whatever they had to say in public. By doing so, he guaranteed that the Spartans would be forced to cut off the negotiations (since they could hardly discuss betraying their allies in public), hastening the moment when the Athenians would be free to move against Sphacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spartan ambassadors returned home, and the armistice at Pylos came to an end. The Athenians, alleging that the Spartans had violated the terms of the armistice by attacking their wall, refused to hand the Spartan ships back over. Both sides settled in to fight out the fate of the men on Sphacteria; the result would be decided later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria" title="Battle of Sphacteria">Battle of Sphacteria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, all information in this section is drawn from Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4/4:2" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4/4:2">4.2-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 140. There has been some dispute among scholars over the geography of Pylos, with a few suggesting that the harbor in question is not the Bay of Navarino but actually the lagoon of Osmyn Ago on the north side of Pylos, but these arguments have won little traction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, all details of the battle are drawn from Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4/4:11" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4/4:11">4.11-14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson, <i>The Landmark Thucydides</i>, page 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, all details of the aftermath are drawn from Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4/4:15" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4/4:15">4.15-23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 145-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 146</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_D._Hanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor D. Hanson">Hanson, Victor D.</a> <i>The Landmark Thucydides</i> (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Kagan, Donald</a> <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> (Penguin Books, 2003). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03211-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03211-5">0-670-03211-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThucydides" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"><i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i> </a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crawley" title="Richard Crawley">Richard Crawley</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Peloponnesian+War&rft.au=Thucydides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pylos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670128#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2018001175">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012408565905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&oldid=1244722754">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pylos&oldid=1244722754</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:425_BC" title="Category:425 BC">425 BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:420s_BC_conflicts" title="Category:420s BC conflicts">420s BC conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Messenia" title="Category:Ancient Messenia">Ancient Messenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Pylos" title="Category:History of Pylos">History of Pylos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_ancient_Athens" title="Category:Naval battles involving ancient Athens">Naval battles involving ancient Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_Sparta" title="Category:Naval battles involving Sparta">Naval battles involving Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="Category:Naval battles of the Peloponnesian War">Naval battles of the Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 September 2024, at 19:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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