Europe and Eurasia | Council on Foreign Relations

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bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But experts say countries aren’t doing enough to limit dangerous global warming. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/index.php/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/index.php/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/index.php/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/index.php/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/index.php/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. 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The United States must act now to reassert its leadership and create pathways for management in this critical strategic domain. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Task Force Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Nina M. Armagno, Jane Harman, <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> and <a href="/bio/anya-schmemann" class="card-article__authors-link">Anya Schmemann</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 11, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. 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Peter McColough Series on International Economics With Michael S. Barr</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/02/Michael%20Barr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="2">Vice Chair for Supervision Michael S. Barr discusses the potential impacts of AI on financial stability and the regulatory considerations surrounding it. The C. 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class="js-view-dom-id-cc8db0d05e98e497c0b6fbeaafd66a406bb1721524081cf41c40c7bd202593f0"> <form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-topic-filters-cards-filters-block" action="/europe-and-eurasia" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-topic-filters-cards-filters-block" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-topics js-form-item-topics"> <label for="edit-topics">Topics</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-topics" id="edit-topics" name="topics" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="338">Defense and Security</option><option value="339">Diplomacy and International Institutions</option><option value="340">Economics</option><option value="341">Energy and Environment</option><option value="342">Health</option><option value="343">Human Rights</option><option value="344">Politics and Government</option><option value="345">Social Issues</option></select> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-regions js-form-item-regions"> <label for="edit-regions">Regions</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-regions" id="edit-regions" name="regions" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="114">Americas</option><option value="115">Asia</option><option value="116">Europe and Eurasia</option><option value="117">Global Commons</option><option value="118">Middle East and North Africa</option><option value="119">Oceania</option><option value="121">Sub-Saharan Africa</option></select> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-type js-form-item-type"> <label for="edit-type">Type</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-type" id="edit-type" name="type" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="1">Articles</option><option value="12">Blogs</option><option value="9">Books</option><option value="7">Conference Calls</option><option value="11">Events</option><option value="0">Explainers</option><option value="4">Interviews</option><option value="8">Podcasts</option><option value="10">Reports</option><option value="5">Slideshows</option><option value="6">Timelines</option><option value="3">Videos</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-topic-filters-cards" type="submit" id="edit-submit-topic-filters-cards" value="Apply" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container krt-grid__list-container--with-breaker"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large timeline card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/timeline/ukraines-struggle-independence-russias-shadow " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Ukraine’s Struggle for Independence in Russia’s Shadow </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2019/11/Ukraine_0.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Ukraine has shown resilience and perseverance despite facing multiple challenges—most notably Russian interference—since it achieved independence in 1991. Russia’s threats have culminated in the annexation of Crimea and Europe’s biggest land battle in eighty years. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Timeline</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 21, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large report card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/report/rebuilding-ukraine " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Rebuilding Ukraine </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/Option%201.2.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">To rebuild Ukraine’s economy successfully, argue the authors, policymakers should help facilitate the return of Ukrainian workers and private investment by developing a long-term recovery strategy. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Report</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Charles Becker, Peter Devine, Aaron Lam, Michelle Schultze and Eva Spektorov </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/center-preventive-action" class="card-article-large__series"> Center for Preventive Action </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large event card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/event/media-briefing-trump-russia-and-future-ukraine " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Media Briefing: Trump, Russia, and the Future of Ukraine </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <span class="card-article-large__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/02/Ukraine%20Media%20Briefing.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"><em>Given recent developments in the Trump administration's approach to Russia and Ukraine, members are invited to join this virtual media briefing with CFR fellows.</em> As the third anniversary of the Russian invasion of Ukraine approaches, CFR experts provide insights on the talks between the United States and Russia, the reactions from Europe, and the path forward for Ukraine. To register for this virtual meeting, please click the<em> Register or Decline</em> button or reply to this email.  <em><strong>Please join the Zoom event at least five minutes before the start of the presentation by using the below details:</strong></em> <strong>Trump, Russia, and the Future of Ukraine</strong> <strong>Zoom Webinar ID</strong>: 848 1398 4959 <strong>Zoom Password</strong>: 862896 For additional analysis by CFR experts, please visit CFR’s Special Initiative on Securing Ukraine’s Future. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/stephen-sestanovich" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Stephen Sestanovich</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/thomas-graham" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Thomas Graham</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/charles-kupchan" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Charles A. Kupchan</a> and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/paul-b-stares" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Paul B. Stares</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 20, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="card-group card-group--krt card-group--bg-color-light-grey "> <div class="card-group__background"></div> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h2 class="card-group__title"> Experts in this Region </h2> <div class="card-group__container"> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/robert-d-blackwill" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Robert D. Blackwill </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Dr. Liana Fix Headshot" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Liana%20Fix_CFR.jpeg?h=8fd9cc16" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/liana-fix" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Liana Fix </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Fellow for Europe </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Thomas Graham Headshot" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Screenshot%202024-02-05%20at%201.01.31%20PM.png" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/thomas-graham" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Thomas Graham </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Distinguished Fellow </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Charles A. Kupchan" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/image/cfr_kupchan_195final.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/charles-kupchan" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Charles A. Kupchan </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Matthijs Headshot" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/MM%20Profile%20Pic%20-%20Sept%202019%20updated_1.jpg?h=57372aa9" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/matthias-matthijs" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Matthias Matthijs </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for Europe </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Sestanovich.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/stephen-sestanovich" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Stephen Sestanovich </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/defense-and-security/cybersecurity" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Cybersecurity </a> </div> <a href="/blog/new-entries-cfr-cyber-operations-tracker-q2-2024 " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> New Entries in the CFR Cyber Operations Tracker: Q2 2024 </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%20%286%29_0.png.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">An update of the Council on Foreign Relations' Cyber Operations Tracker for the period between April and June 2024. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/adam-segal" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Adam Segal</a> and Kyle Fendorf</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 20, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/net-politics" class="card-article-large__series"> Net Politics </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/southeast-asia" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Southeast Asia </a> </div> <a href="/article/trumps-abrupt-turn-russia-and-whether-us-russia-team-could-gain-any-sway-south-and " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Trump’s Abrupt Turn to Russia—and Whether a U.S.-Russia Team Could Gain Any Sway in South and Southeast Asia </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/ASEAN%20Putin.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">President Trump’s new geopolitical strategy of aligning with Russia to counter China is highly controversial and raises questions about its effectiveness and impact on U.S. interests and global politics. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 19, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/health/maternal-and-child-health" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Maternal and Child Health </a> </div> <a href="/blog/women-week-new-report-outlines-staggering-impact-gangs-children-haiti " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Women This Week: New Report Outlines Staggering Impact of Gangs on Children in Haiti </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/children.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Welcome to “Women Around the World: This Week,” a series that highlights noteworthy news related to women and U.S. foreign policy. This week’s post covers February 8 to February 14. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/noel-james" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Noël James</a> and Diya Mehta</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 14, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/women-around-world" class="card-article-large__series"> Women Around the World </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/article/europes-moment-truth-defending-ukraine-and-continent " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Europe’s Moment of Truth on Defending Ukraine—and the Continent </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/NATO_Ukraine_A.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Trump administration is signaling that European allies need to take the lead in securing Ukraine. How they respond has a crucial bearing on Ukraine’s fate and the future of the transatlantic partnership. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/paul-b-stares" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Paul B. Stares</a> and Michael E. O'Hanlon</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 14, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large report card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/report/ukraine-nato-and-war-termination " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Ukraine, NATO, and War Termination </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/Ukraine%2C%20NATO%2C%20and%20War%20Termination%20Cover%20Resized.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The United States has an unquestionable interest in ending the Russia-Ukraine war. Equally imperative, argue Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s Eric Ciaramella and Eric Green, is safeguarding Ukraine’s postwar sovereignty and security while signaling to Russia and other adversaries that attempting to change borders through force will incur a heavy cost. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Report</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Eric Ciaramella and <a href="/expert/eric-green" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Eric Green</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 14, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/center-preventive-action" class="card-article-large__series"> Center for Preventive Action </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large event card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/europe" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Europe </a> </div> <a href="/event/future-transatlantic-relations " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Future of Transatlantic Relations </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <span class="card-article-large__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/02/The%20Future%20of%20Transatlantic%20relations.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Panelists discuss transatlantic ties under a second Trump administration, NATO burden-sharing, and the future of European strategic autonomy.  This meeting is part of CFR’s Transition 2025 series, which examines the major foreign policy issues confronting the Trump administration. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/liana-fix" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Liana Fix</a> , Douglas E. Lute, Catherine E. Sendak, Nathalie Tocci and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/matthias-matthijs" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Matthias Matthijs</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 10, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large event card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/event/securing-ukraines-future-what-should-united-states-do " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Securing Ukraine’s Future: What Should the United States Do? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <span class="card-article-large__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/01/Ukraine.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">President Donald Trump has indicated his desire to bring a speedy end to the war in Ukraine. How this goal will be accomplished, given the numerous obstacles, remains to be seen. In a series of publications, CFR experts on Ukraine and Russia provide a complementary set of policy recommendations aimed at ensuring Ukraine’s survival and success as an independent state. <strong><em>This meeting is part of the Council Special Initiative on Securing Ukraine’s Future and Wachenheim Program on Peace and Security.</em></strong>   </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Event</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">with <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/heidi-crebo-rediker" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Heidi Crebo-Rediker</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/liana-fix" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Liana Fix</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/thomas-graham" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Thomas Graham</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/paul-b-stares" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Paul B. Stares</a> and Karen J. DeYoung</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 30, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/europe-program" class="card-article-large__series"> Europe Program </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large report card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/report/defending-ukraine-absence-nato-security-guarantees " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Defending Ukraine in the Absence of NATO Security Guarantees </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/Cover%20Photo%201%20%281%29.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">A cease-fire deal with Russia will not ensure Ukraine’s long-term security. CFR’s Paul Stares and the Brookings Institution’s Michael O’Hanlon argue for a multilayered defense system that could prevent another invasion while being financially sustainable for Ukraine’s allies. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Report</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/paul-b-stares" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Paul B. Stares</a> and Michael O'Hanlon</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 30, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/center-preventive-action" class="card-article-large__series"> Center for Preventive Action </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/article/securing-ukraines-future-what-should-united-states-do " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Securing Ukraine’s Future: What Should the United States Do? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/Cover%20Photo%203.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As the third anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine looms, President Donald Trump and his administration are working toward bringing the war to a swift end. Five experts lay out recommendations for the Trump administration to ensure Ukraine’s survival and independence in alignment with core U.S. interests. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/heidi-crebo-rediker" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Heidi Crebo-Rediker</a> , <a href="/expert/liana-fix" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Liana Fix</a> , <a href="/expert/thomas-graham" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Thomas Graham</a> , Michael O’Hanlon and <a href="/expert/paul-b-stares" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Paul B. Stares</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 29, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/nuclear-weapons" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Nuclear Weapons </a> </div> <a href="/article/risk-nuclear-war-continues-rise " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Risk of Nuclear War Continues to Rise </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/2024-12-26T181758Z_1990755453_RC26XBAO0QX2_RTRMADP_3_UKRAINE-CRISIS-RUSSIA-PUTIN_0.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As the world became more dangerous in 2024, the use of its most dangerous weapons has become more likely. This trajectory raises the stakes for the new Trump administration as it tries to end wars in Europe and the Middle East and, more broadly, to reverse the ominous path toward the use and proliferation of nuclear weapons that has been accelerated by these conflicts. Vladimir Putin became more aggressive in Ukraine last year, engineering the collapse of the nuclear guardrails built over seven decades between the U.S. and Russia and lowering the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons. He announced that Russian nuclear forces were on full combat alert and soon followed with military exercises to test the readiness of Russia’s non-strategic nuclear forces in a combat scenario. Putin capped the year by launching Russia’s new hypersonic ballistic missile against targets in Ukraine, while formally announcing a revised Russian nuclear doctrine that officially lowered the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons to meet a conventional threat to Russian territory. The revised doctrine also states that an attack against Russia by a non-nuclear power with the participation or support of a nuclear power will be seen as their joint attack on Russia. U.S. defense analysts assess that Russia is not preparing to use nuclear weapons in Ukraine, and Putin’s nuclear threats are dismissed by Ukraine’s supporters as “bluffs” to curtail support for Ukraine. But Putin’s rhetoric and policy revisions have had a significant effect. Prior to the war in Ukraine, it was extremely rare for American or Russian leaders to imply a threat of nuclear use. Putin’s threats have dramatically shifted the lexicon on nuclear use, lowering the psychological barrier for use and reopening a debate in Ukraine on whether that nation needs a nuclear deterrent. Such rhetoric, combined with the change in strategic doctrine, lowers the threshold for using nuclear weapons not only in the current conflict but in future ones. Furthermore, Putin must recognize that, to maintain deterrence, he cannot keep issuing threats before action is eventually required. Russia’s need for support in the Ukraine war and the consequent 2024 Russia-North Korea mutual defense treaty make it more likely that an unpredictable North Korea will gain more sophisticated nuclear knowledge and technology. Russia also led the effort in the U.N. to ease the pressure on North Korea’s nuclear program by vetoing a resolution that would have extended the mandate of the panel tasked with reporting on North Korea compliance with U.N. sanctions. These developments, on the heels of North Korea’s announcement that it would no longer seek reunification and reconciliation with South Korea, have reopened debates in both South Korea and Japan on whether a non-nuclear status still serves their national security interests. Similarly, the Middle East war has undermined nuclear guardrails. Iran may become a nuclear weapons state in response to Israel’s debilitating attacks on it and its proxies. This, in turn, has unleashed speculation as to whether Israel will preempt such a possibility by escalating the conflict with a direct attack on Iran’s nuclear facilities. Iran’s closer cooperation with Russia and China has also increased concerns about further cooperation on developing Iran’s nuclear capacity. Looming over the deterioration of the nuclear guardrails and contributing to lowering the nuclear threshold is China’s rapid expansion of its nuclear force in 2024. As the Defense Department’s recent report on China’s military capabilities explains, China “probably perceives that a stronger nuclear force is needed to deter U.S. intervention, check potential nuclear escalation or first strike, and will allow for increased control of the scope and scale of escalation during a conflict in a way its previously smaller and less diverse nuclear force could not.” Further raising the nuclear risk levels are advancing technologies. AI can dangerously automate the command and control of nuclear weapons. The increased role of nuclear energy to address climate change could increase the spread of nuclear weapons capability, unless diligently addressed. President-elect Donald Trump has indicated that resolving the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East is a top priority for the incoming administration. But solutions to these conflicts must include reversing the acceleration towards the use and spread of nuclear weapons. Risk reduction measures are a feasible starting point. Russia signaled that it hasn’t totally dismissed the need for these types of measures with its notification in advance to the Pentagon before its November launch of its ballistic missile strike in Ukraine. China and India’s reported roles in signaling Putin to deescalate his nuclear threats indicates their understanding of risk reduction. While the inclusion of nuclear risk reduction measures as part of any agreement to end the conflicts may seem like small steps in the face accelerating threats, the understanding of the risks involved is the bedrock for more far-reaching measures. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/lori-esposito-murray" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Lori Esposito Murray</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 28, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/national-security-and-defense-program" class="card-article-large__series"> National Security and Defense Program </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/lebanon" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Lebanon </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/lebanon-how-israel-hezbollah-and-regional-powers-are-shaping-its-future " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Lebanon: How Israel, Hezbollah, and Regional Powers Are Shaping Its Future </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/12/Lebanon2_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">An array of domestic and foreign powers are vying for influence in Lebanon, including the Lebanese Armed Forces, Hezbollah, Israel, Iran, Syria, and the United States. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/jonathan-masters" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Jonathan Masters</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 27, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/ukraine" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Ukraine </a> </div> <a href="/article/art-good-deal-ukraines-strategic-economic-opportunity-united-states " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Art of a Good Deal: Ukraine’s Strategic Economic Opportunity for the United States </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/2024-10-14T063757Z_1078491891_RC2BIAAGRFQA_RTRMADP_3_UKRAINE-CRISIS-DRONES.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As President Donald Trump pursues a quick end to the war in Ukraine, he should recognize that maximizing Ukraine's security in any negotiated settlement is in the long-term economic interests of the United States.  </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/heidi-crebo-rediker" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Heidi Crebo-Rediker</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 24, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/wachenheim-program-peace-and-security" class="card-article-large__series"> Wachenheim Program on Peace and Security </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager="automatic"> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 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