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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mandate and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandate_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline of events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Monitoring restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Civilian observer mission</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCE_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/OSCE_logo.svg/150px-OSCE_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/OSCE_logo.svg/225px-OSCE_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/OSCE_logo.svg/300px-OSCE_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_(with_borders_and_towns).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/250px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/375px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/500px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="959" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Ukraine</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">21 March 2014</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 2022</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">700 (in 2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine-closed">www<wbr />.osce<wbr />.org<wbr />/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine-closed</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16730531022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730531022%29.jpg/220px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730531022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730531022%29.jpg/330px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730531022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730531022%29.jpg/440px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730531022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>OSCE SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</b> was an international civilian observer mission of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE) mandated to contribute to reducing tensions and to help foster peace in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The mission was deployed in March 2014, following the Russian <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a> and the outbreak of open <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">conflict in eastern Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission ended on 31 March 2022, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16524364807).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816524364807%29.jpg/220px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816524364807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816524364807%29.jpg/330px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816524364807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816524364807%29.jpg/440px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816524364807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>OSCE SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 2013 <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">protests</a> began in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> as a response to the decision of the then-President of Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>, to abandon the planned <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement">Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After months of protests, the government <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">fell</a> in early 2014 and <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">unrest</a> spread to other regions in Ukraine, in particular the Russian-speaking eastern and southern regions. </p><p>On 1 March 2014, in response to the developing crisis, the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Burkhalter" title="Didier Burkhalter">Didier Burkhalter</a>, proposed establishing a diplomatic contact group and an international observer mission during an address to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> in order to support Ukraine in facilitating a diplomatic solution to the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandate_and_structure">Mandate and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mandate and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission was mandated to: </p> <ol><li>Gather information and report on the situation in the area of operation;</li> <li>Establish and report facts in response to specific incidents and reports of incidents, including those concerning alleged violations of fundamental OSCE principles and commitments;</li> <li>Monitor and support respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities;</li> <li>Establish contact with local, region and national authorities, ethnic and religious groups, and representatives of the local population;</li> <li>Facilitate dialogue on the ground in order to reduce tensions and promote normalisation of the situation;</li> <li>Report on restrictions of the mission's freedom of movement or other impediments to fulfilment of its mandate;</li> <li>Coordinate with and support the work of other OSCE bodies, including the High Commissioner on National Minorities, the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, as well as cooperate with the United Nations, the Council of Europe and other international bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The mandate of the mission covered the territory of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders. In 2020, the SMM consisted of around 700 Observers from 53 OSCE member states and additional local and international staff.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headquarters was located in Kyiv and the mission was headed by the Turkish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Halit_%C3%87evik" title="Yaşar Halit Çevik">Yaşar Halit Çevik</a> who followed <a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Apakan" title="Ertuğrul Apakan">Ertuğrul Apakan</a> in this post.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SMM used modern equipment to monitor the adherence of the parties to the ceasefire including drones and stationary cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission shared its observations publicly in different formats. This included daily reports, spot reports on specific incidents and thematic reports about general trends in their area of operation e.g. on the effect of the conflict on the access to education.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission also has its own YouTube channel where it shares videos of its observations. The most popular of those videos shows a Russian convoy clandestinely entering Ukraine and has amassed over 300.000 views.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_events">Timeline of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16545493819).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816545493819%29.jpg/220px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816545493819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816545493819%29.jpg/330px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816545493819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816545493819%29.jpg/440px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816545493819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>OSCE SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The crisis deteriorated further with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">intervention</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> in March 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unrest in the industrial, Russian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> region of eastern Ukraine would later escalate<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a> between Ukrainian government forces and separatist pro-Russian forces, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">including</a> regular Russian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16730571642).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730571642%29.jpg/220px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730571642%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730571642%29.jpg/330px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730571642%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730571642%29.jpg/440px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816730571642%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>OSCE SMM engaging with the local population in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In an attempt to calm the situation, the OSCE decided to send the first one hundred observers of the Special Monitoring Mission on 21 March 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict, however, continued to escalate regardless until on 5 September 2014 when the first <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a> was signed between parties to the conflict, including Ukraine and the Russian Federation. This established a ceasefire and included provisions that the Special Monitoring Mission would monitor the ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This ceasefire was never fully implemented e.g. the separatists in eastern Ukraine refused to give up control of the border to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the ceasefire only held for a limited time and in early 2015 the war escalated again<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the <a href="/wiki/Package_of_Measures_for_the_Implementation_of_the_Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Protocol">Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Protocol</a> was signed on 12. February 2015 by the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Format" title="Normandy Format">Normandy Format</a> and reaffirmed the monitoring role of the Special Monitoring Mission.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, the mandated maximum strength of the mission was extended to 1000 on March 12, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then the conflict had stabilized but ceasefire violations still regularly occurred and were reported by the SMM. </p><p>In 2017 one monitor was killed and two more wounded when their vehicle struck a landmine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, SMM patrolling was limited to asphalt and concrete roads. SMM monitoring effectiveness suffers from the presence of mines, unexploded ordinances and the low rate at which they are cleared, and from shelling by artillery and threatening behavior of armed personnel. This hinders SMM's ability to monitor the implementation of Minsk Protocol effectively because it restricts their access to areas and presents big risks to the security of SMM's civilian monitors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 February 2022, a number of countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Canada, Slovakia and Albania began withdrawing their observers from the non-Ukrainian government controlled areas of eastern Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-20220213_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20220213-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States withdrew its observers from Ukraine entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-thehill-20220213_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehill-20220213-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final daily report including mapping of ceasefire violations was made on 23 February 2022, which recorded the observation of 1,420 explosions the previous day. The report recorded that in the previous year the mission had observed "36,686 explosions, 26,605 projectiles in flight, 491 muzzle flashes, 524 illumination flares, and at least 54,330 bursts and shots".<sup id="cite_ref-osce-20220223_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osce-20220223-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 February 2022, following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Helga_Schmid" title="Helga Schmid">Helga Schmid</a> announced the temporary evacuation of SMM staff, with a view to resuming work as soon as circumstances on the ground permit.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March 2022 consensus for the extension of the Mission's mandate was not reached, due to Russian opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission subsequently discontinued its operations on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 September 2022, Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine sentenced two former OSCE staff members to 13 years in prison on charges of treason. The OSCE regional authority body, consisting of Ukrainian and Russian representatives, protested the sentencing and urged "their immediate and unconditional release". The arrests came after the OSCE invoked the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Mechanism" title="Moscow Mechanism">Moscow Mechanism</a>, condemning Russia's human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring_restrictions">Monitoring restrictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Monitoring restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OSCE monitoring frequently faces access restrictions and signal jamming of the monitoring UAVs. In 2021 OSCE reported that 62.5% long-range UAV flights "encountered <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">GPS signal interference</a>" with jamming so strong, it occasionally prevented UAV from even taking off.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OSCE has on numerous occasions reported presence of Russian <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> equipment in the separatist-controlled areas<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including specifically anti-UAV <a href="/wiki/Repellent-1" title="Repellent-1">Repellent-1</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 April 2021 OSCE further reported two members of armed formations approaching the monitor team as it prepared to launch an UAV and threatening it will be shot down if launched.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Mission_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine">UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osce.org&rft.atitle=Chairman-in-Office+and+Secretary+General+expressed+regret+that+no+consensus+reached+on+extension+of+mandate+of+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fchairmanship%2F514958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine-closed">"OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (Closed)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine+%28Closed%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fspecial-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine-closed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/19/russian-separatists-in-luhansk-convict-ex-osce-staff-of-treason">"Russian separatists in Luhansk convict ex-OSCE staff of treason"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osce.org&rft.atitle=Latest+from+OSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+%28SMM%29+to+Ukraine+based+on+information+received+as+of+19%3A30+%28Kyiv+time%29%2C+16+August+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fukraine-smm%2F177826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/247216">"Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine, based on information received as of 19:30, 15 June 2016"</a>. <i>www.osce.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416061600/https://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/247216">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osce.org&rft.atitle=Latest+from+OSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+%28SMM%29+to+Ukraine%2C+based+on+information+received+as+of+19%3A30%2C+15+June+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fukraine-smm%2F247216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/448393">"OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) Daily Report 60/2020 issued on 12 March 2020"</a>. <i>www.osce.org</i>. 12 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416061558/https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/448393?download=true">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osce.org&rft.atitle=OSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine+%28SMM%29+Daily+Report+60%2F2020+issued+on+12+March+2020&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fspecial-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine%2F448393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/390236">"Latest from the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), based on information received as of 19:30, 10 August 2018"</a>. <i>www.osce.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215170539/https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/390236">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osce.org&rft.atitle=Latest+from+the+OSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine+%28SMM%29%2C+based+on+information+received+as+of+19%3A30%2C+10+August+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fspecial-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine%2F390236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/2021-04-30%20Daily%20Report.pdf">"Daily Report 99/2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OSCE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502112207/https://www.osce.org/files/2021-04-30%20Daily%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSCE&rft.atitle=Daily+Report+99%2F2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2F2021-04-30%2520Daily%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOSCE2021" class="citation book cs1">OSCE (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/6/491220_0.pdf"><i>A Peaceful presence. The First Five Years of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vienna: OSCE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peaceful+presence.+The+First+Five+Years+of+the+OSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=OSCE&rft.date=2021&rft.au=OSCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2Ff%2Fdocuments%2F4%2F6%2F491220_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine">Official website</a> of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for <br /> Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template talk:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet_dispute" title="Black Sea Fleet dispute">Black Sea Fleet dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum" title="Budapest Memorandum">Budapest Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Munich_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin">2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Main events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Odesa_clashes" title="2014 Odesa clashes">2014 Odesa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_units_which_invaded_the_territory_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine">List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnergate" title="Wagnergate">Wagnergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022 Russian annexation referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Belgorod_Oblast_incursions" title="2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions">2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and<br />reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctioned people and organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_for_the_Sovereignty,_Integrity,_Democracy,_and_Economic_Stability_of_Ukraine_Act_of_2014" title="Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014">Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019)">ICJ case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">ORDLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist_Operation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist Operation Zone">ATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_war_in_Donbas" title="International reactions to the war in Donbas">International reactions to the war in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War">journalists killed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 Crimean status referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Black_Sea_incident" title="2021 Black Sea incident">2021 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis" title="2021–2023 global supply chain crisis">2021–2023 global supply chain crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Eurointegration of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_imagery_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Soviet imagery during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Soviet imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Lend-Lease (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_expulsions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Diplomatic expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_arrest_warrants_for_Vladimir_Putin_and_Maria_Lvova-Belova" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova">ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="LGBT people in the Russo-Ukrainian War">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">Lukoil oil transit dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_energy_crisis" title="Ukrainian energy crisis">Ukrainian energy crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_cyberwarfare" title="Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ukraine_power_grid_hack" title="2015 Ukraine power grid hack">2015 Ukraine power grid hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kyiv_cyberattack" title="2016 Kyiv cyberattack">2016 Kyiv cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkov_leaks" title="Surkov leaks">2016 Surkov leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Ukraine_ransomware_attacks" title="2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks">2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukraine_cyberattacks" title="2022 Ukraine cyberattacks">2022 Ukraine cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_Army_of_Ukraine" title="IT Army of Ukraine">IT Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Anonymous and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ukrainian_cyberattacks_against_Russia" title="2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia">2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Social media in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Media portrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the 2022 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russo-Ukrainian_War_films" title="List of Russo-Ukrainian War films">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian language in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">2014 anti-war protests in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_control_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Control of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_and_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War">Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_electronic_warfare" title="Ukraine and electronic warfare">Ukraine and electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_conscription_crisis" title="Ukrainian conscription crisis">Ukrainian conscription crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Category:Russo-Ukrainian War">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_in_Donbas_(2014–2022)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_in_Donbas" title="Template:War in Donbas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_in_Donbas" title="Template talk:War in Donbas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_in_Donbas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War in Donbas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_in_Donbas_(2014–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas (2014–2022)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li>Followed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">Humanitarian situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_war_in_Donbas" title="International reactions to the war in Donbas">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Sanctioned people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_volunteer_movement_helping_Ukrainian_forces_in_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Civil volunteer movement helping Ukrainian forces in the war in Donbas">Civil volunteer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist_Operation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist Operation Zone">Anti-terrorist Operation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_administrations_(Ukraine)" title="Civil–military administrations (Ukraine)">Civil–military administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2014)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2015)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2016)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2017)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2018)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2019)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2020)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2021)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2022)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemivsk" title="Battle of Artemivsk">Battle of Artemivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sloviansk" title="Siege of Sloviansk">Siege of Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kramatorsk" title="Battle of Kramatorsk">Battle of Kramatorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mariupol_(2014)" title="Battle of Mariupol (2014)">Battle of Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2014)" title="Battles of Sievierodonetsk (2014)">Battles of Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karlivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Karlivka">Battle of Karlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="First Battle of Donetsk Airport">1st Battle of Donetsk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Luhansk_Border_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Luhansk Border Base">Siege of the Luhansk Border Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnyi_Lyman" title="Battle of Krasnyi Lyman">Battle of Krasnyi Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenopillia_rocket_attack" title="Zelenopillia rocket attack">Zelenopillia rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion">Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horlivka" title="Battle of Horlivka">Battle of Horlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilovaisk" title="Battle of Ilovaisk">Battle of Ilovaisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosvitlivka_refugee_convoy_attack" title="Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack">Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novoazovsk" title="Battle of Novoazovsk">Battle of Novoazovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_on_Mariupol_(September_2014)" title="Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014)">Mariupol offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">2nd Battle of Donetsk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">Battle of Debaltseve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyrokyne_standoff" title="Shyrokyne standoff">Shyrokyne standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2015)" title="Battle of Marinka (2015)">Battle of Marinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svitlodarsk" title="Battle of Svitlodarsk">Battle of Svitlodarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2017)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2017)">Battle of Avdiivka (2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Donbas_status_referendums" title="2014 Donbas status referendums">Donbas status referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_Air_Force_Il-76_shootdown" title="2014 Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown">Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Donetsk,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelling of Donetsk, Russia">Shelling of Donetsk, Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_cross-border_shelling_of_Ukraine" title="2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine">2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 shoot-down</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17_shootdown" title="International reactions to the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shootdown">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2166" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2166">UNSC Resolution 2166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wales_summit" title="2014 Wales summit">NATO summit in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements#Minsk_Protocol" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Donbas_general_elections" title="2014 Donbas general elections">Donbas general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_G20_Brisbane_summit" title="2014 G20 Brisbane summit">2014 G20 Brisbane summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volnovakha_bus_attack" title="Volnovakha bus attack">Volnovakha bus attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mariupol_rocket_attack" title="January 2015 Mariupol rocket attack">Mariupol rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Kramatorsk_rocket_attack" title="February 2015 Kramatorsk rocket attack">Kramatorsk rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements#Minsk_II" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk II ceasefire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kharkiv_bombing" title="2015 Kharkiv bombing">Kharkiv bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko#Death" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Assassination of Alexander Zakharchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Donbas_general_elections" title="2018 Donbas general elections">Donbas general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_to_capitulation!" title="No to capitulation!">No to capitulation!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanytsia_Luhanska_kindergarten_bombing" title="Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing">Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> (April 2014 – September 2022)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> (April 2014 – September 2022)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg/23px-War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg/35px-War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg/45px-War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_(confederation)" title="Novorossiya (confederation)">Novorossiya</a> (May 2014 – May 2015) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pro-)<br />Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">Separatist forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_used_by_Russian_separatist_forces_of_the_war_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of equipment used by Russian separatist forces of the war in Donbas">List of equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas#Luhansk_People's_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">Army of the South-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Army" title="Russian Orthodox Army">Russian Orthodox Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Vostok_Battalion" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">Vostok Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmius_Brigade" title="Kalmius Brigade">Kalmius Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_Battalion" title="Sparta Battalion">Sparta Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_Battalion" title="Somalia Battalion">Somalia Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizrak_Brigade" title="Prizrak Brigade">Prizrak Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Political parties and movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Republic_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donetsk Republic (political party)">Donetsk Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Russia_Party" title="New Russia Party">New Russia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic">Communist Party of DPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_to_Luhanshchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace to Luhanshchina">Peace to Luhanshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borotba" title="Borotba">Borotba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Committee_of_Ukraine" title="Antifascist Committee of Ukraine">Antifascist Committee of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Choice" title="Ukrainian Choice">Ukrainian Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Youth_Union" title="Eurasian Youth Union">Eurasian Youth Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Wolves" title="Night Wolves">Night Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Internet Research Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lead figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Vladislav Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Crimean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Aksyonov" title="Sergey Aksyonov">Sergey Aksyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Konstantinov_(politician)" title="Vladimir Konstantinov (politician)">Vladimir Konstantinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Poklonskaya" title="Natalia Poklonskaya">Natalia Poklonskaya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Donetsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antyufeyev" title="Vladimir Antyufeyev">Vladimir Antyufeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Basurin" title="Eduard Basurin">Eduard Basurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Berezin" title="Fyodor Berezin">Fyodor Berezin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Bezler" title="Igor Bezler">Igor Bezler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chumachenko" title="Mikhail Chumachenko">Mikhail Chumachenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Pavel Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Gubareva" title="Ekaterina Gubareva">Ekaterina Gubareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Khakimzyanov" title="Igor Khakimzyanov">Igor Khakimzyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khodakovsky" title="Alexander Khodakovsky">Alexander Khodakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kononov_(Donetsk_People%27s_Republic)" title="Vladimir Kononov (Donetsk People's Republic)">Vladimir Kononov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Pavlov" title="Arsen Pavlov">Arsen Pavlov</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ponomarev_(public_figure)" title="Vyacheslav Ponomarev (public figure)">Vyacheslav Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Purgin" title="Andrei Purgin">Andrei Purgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tolstykh" title="Mikhail Tolstykh">Mikhail Tolstykh</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Alexander Zakharchenko</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Zhurikov" title="Sergei Zhurikov">Sergei Zhurikov</a></li></ul></li> <li>Luhansk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bednov" title="Alexander Bednov">Alexander Bednov</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Bolotov" title="Valery Bolotov">Valery Bolotov</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Karyakin" title="Aleksey Karyakin">Aleksey Karyakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kharitonov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Kharitonov (politician)">Aleksandr Kharitonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Klinchaev" title="Arsen Klinchaev">Arsen Klinchaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kozlov_(politician)" title="Sergey Kozlov (politician)">Sergey Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Mozgovoy" title="Aleksey Mozgovoy">Aleksey Mozgovoy</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pasechnik" title="Leonid Pasechnik">Leonid Pasechnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Plotnitsky" title="Igor Plotnitsky">Igor Plotnitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Tsypkalov" title="Gennadiy Tsypkalov">Gennadiy Tsypkalov</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>Kharkiv <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Zhylin" title="Yevhen Zhylin">Yevhen Zhylin</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelya_Shtepa" title="Nelya Shtepa">Nelya Shtepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Tsaryov" title="Oleg Tsaryov">Oleg Tsaryov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Government of Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Yatsenyuk_government" title="First Yatsenyuk government">1st Yatsenyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yatsenyuk_Government" title="Second Yatsenyuk Government">2nd Yatsenyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groysman_Government" title="Groysman Government">Groysman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tasks_Patrol_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Tasks Patrol Police">Patrol Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro-1_Regiment" title="Dnipro-1 Regiment">Dnipro-1</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces" title="Ukrainian Ground Forces">Ukrainian Ground Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_territorial_defence_battalions" title="Ukrainian territorial defence battalions">Territorial defense battalions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidar_Battalion" title="Aidar Battalion">Aidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Motorized_Infantry_Battalion_(Ukraine)" title="39th Motorized Infantry Battalion (Ukraine)">Dnipro-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Motorized_Infantry_Battalion_(Ukraine)" title="40th Motorized Infantry Battalion (Ukraine)">Kryvbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Motorized_Infantry_Battalion_(Ukraine)" title="42nd Motorized Infantry Battalion (Ukraine)">Rukh Oporu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Assault_Forces" title="Ukrainian Air Assault Forces">Ukrainian Air Assault Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group_(Ukraine)" title="Alpha Group (Ukraine)">Alpha Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan_Press" title="Euromaidan Press">Euromaidan Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Border Guard Service of Ukraine">State Border Guard Service of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_volunteer_battalions" title="Ukrainian volunteer battalions">Volunteer battalions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Sector" title="Right Sector">Right Sector</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lead figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk" title="Arseniy Yatsenyuk">Arseniy Yatsenyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Groysman" title="Volodymyr Groysman">Volodymyr Groysman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Parubiy" title="Andriy Parubiy">Andriy Parubiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Avakov" title="Arsen Avakov">Arsen Avakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Klitschko" title="Vitali Klitschko">Vitali Klitschko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Oleh Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Lutsenko" title="Yuriy Lutsenko">Yuriy Lutsenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentyn_Nalyvaichenko" title="Valentyn Nalyvaichenko">Valentyn Nalyvaichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Heletey" title="Valeriy Heletey">Valeriy Heletey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Poltorak" title="Stepan Poltorak">Stepan Poltorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Koval" title="Mykhailo Koval">Mykhailo Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Kutsyn" title="Mykhailo Kutsyn">Mykhailo Kutsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Makhnitskyi" title="Oleh Makhnitskyi">Oleh Makhnitskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Muzhenko" title="Viktor Muzhenko">Viktor Muzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Yarema" title="Vitaly Yarema">Vitaly Yarema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Liashko" title="Oleh Liashko">Oleh Liashko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Yarosh" title="Dmytro Yarosh">Dmytro Yarosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinat_Akhmetov" title="Rinat Akhmetov">Rinat Akhmetov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Kolomoyskyi" title="Ihor Kolomoyskyi">Ihor Kolomoyskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Taruta" title="Serhiy Taruta">Serhiy Taruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Baluta" title="Ihor Baluta">Ihor Baluta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Semenchenko" title="Semen Semenchenko">Semen Semenchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennadiy_Moskal" title="Hennadiy Moskal">Hennadiy Moskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiya_Savchenko" title="Nadiya Savchenko">Nadiya Savchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tuka" title="George Tuka">George Tuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Zhebrivskyi" title="Pavlo Zhebrivskyi">Pavlo Zhebrivskyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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