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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sand dunes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand_dunes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warrego_Valles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warrego_Valles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Warrego Valles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warrego_Valles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Craters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Craters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Mars_quadrangles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Mars_quadrangles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other Mars quadrangles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Mars_quadrangles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactive_Mars_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactive_Mars_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Interactive Mars map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactive_Mars_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumasia_(cuadr%C3%A1ngulo)" title="Thaumasia (cuadrángulo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thaumasia (cuadrángulo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrangle_de_Thaumasia" title="Quadrangle de Thaumasia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quadrangle de Thaumasia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3" title="थाउमेसिया चतुष्कोण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थाउमेसिया चतुष्कोण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadr%C3%A2ngulo_de_Thaumasia" title="Quadrângulo de Thaumasia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quadrângulo de Thaumasia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuadr%C3%A0ngo%C5%82o_de_Thaumasia" title="Cuadràngoło de Thaumasia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cuadràngoło de Thaumasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thaumasia_quadrangle&params=47.5_S_90_W_globe:mars_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°30′S</span> <span class="longitude">90°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.5°S 90°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-47.5; -90</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Map of Mars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Thaumasia <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(geography)" title="Quadrangle (geography)">quadrangle</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS-Mars-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-mola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USGS-Mars-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-mola.png/300px-USGS-Mars-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-mola.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USGS-Mars-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-mola.png/450px-USGS-Mars-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-mola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USGS-Mars-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-mola.png/600px-USGS-Mars-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-mola.png 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2999" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Thaumasia quadrangle from <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter</a> (MOLA) data. The highest elevations are red and the lowest are blue.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thaumasia_quadrangle&params=47.5_S_90_W_globe:mars_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°30′S</span> <span class="longitude">90°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.5°S 90°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-47.5; -90</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA00185-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-19980605.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PIA00185-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-19980605.jpg/300px-PIA00185-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-19980605.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PIA00185-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-19980605.jpg/450px-PIA00185-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-19980605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PIA00185-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-19980605.jpg/600px-PIA00185-MC-25-ThaumasiaRegion-19980605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6994" data-file-height="5029" /></a><figcaption>Image of the Thaumasia Quadrangle (MC-25). The northern part includes Thaumasia plateau. The southern part contains heavily cratered highland terrain and relatively smooth, low plains, such as <a href="/wiki/Aonia_Planum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aonia Planum">Aonia Planum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icaria_Planum" title="Icaria Planum">Icaria Planum</a>. Parts of <a href="/wiki/Solis_Planum" title="Solis Planum">Solis Planum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aonia_Terra" title="Aonia Terra">Aonia Terra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Planum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Planum">Bosporus Planum</a> are also found in this quadrangle. The east-central part includes <a href="/wiki/Lowell_(Martian_crater)" title="Lowell (Martian crater)">Lowell Crater</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Thaumasia quadrangle</b> is one of a series of <a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">30 quadrangle maps of Mars</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) <a href="/wiki/Astrogeology_Research_Program" title="Astrogeology Research Program">Astrogeology Research Program</a>. The Thaumasia <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(geography)" title="Quadrangle (geography)">quadrangle</a> is also referred to as MC-25 (Mars Chart-25).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name comes from <a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a>, the god of the clouds and celestial apparitions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thaumasia quadrangle covers the area from 60° to 120° west longitude and 30° to 65° south latitude on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. The Thaumasia quadrangle contains many different regions or parts of many regions: <a href="/wiki/Solis_Planum" title="Solis Planum">Solis Planum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icaria_Planum" title="Icaria Planum">Icaria Planum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aonia_Terra" title="Aonia Terra">Aonia Terra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aonia_Planum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aonia Planum">Aonia Planum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Planum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Planum">Bosporus Planum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thaumasia_Planum" title="Thaumasia Planum">Thaumasia Planum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first major networks of stream channels, called Warrego Valles, were discovered here by early orbiters. Another sign of water is the presence of gullies carved into steep slopes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martian_gullies">Martian gullies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Martian gullies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a> are common in some parts of Mars. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Martian gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Usually, each gully has an alcove, channel, and apron. Some studies have found that gullies occur on slopes that face all directions,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others have found that the greater number of gullies are found on poleward facing slopes, especially from 30-44 S.<sup id="cite_ref-planetary.brown.edu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary.brown.edu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most popular involve liquid water coming from an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>, from melting at the base of old <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>, or from the melting of ice in the ground when the climate was warmer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One variation of this model is that rising hot <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layer that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain conditions the ice that is mixed in the mantle could melt and flow down the slopes and make gullies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is shown below in the picture of the Ptolemaeus Crater Rim, as seen by <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_047333_1215gullies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ESP_047333_1215gullies.jpg/170px-ESP_047333_1215gullies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ESP_047333_1215gullies.jpg/255px-ESP_047333_1215gullies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ESP_047333_1215gullies.jpg/340px-ESP_047333_1215gullies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Wide view of gullies in Ross Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</figcaption></figure> <p>The ice-rich mantle may be the result of climate changes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles. Water vapor will condense on the particles, then fall down to the ground due to the additional weight of the water coating. When Mars is at its greatest tilt or obliquity, up to 2 cm of ice could be removed from the summer ice cap and deposited at midlatitudes. This movement of water could last for several thousand years and create a snow layer of up to around 10 meters thick.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulating the remaining ice.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurements of altitudes and slopes of gullies support the idea that snowpacks or glaciers are associated with gullies. Steeper slopes have more shade which would preserve snow.<sup id="cite_ref-planetary.brown.edu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary.brown.edu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher elevations have far fewer gullies because ice would tend to sublimate more in the thin air of the higher altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few gullies are found in the Thaumasia region; however, a few are present in the lower elevations like the one pictured below in <a href="/wiki/Ross_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross Crater">Ross Crater</a>. </p><p>The third theory might be possible since climate changes may be enough to simply allow ice in the ground to melt and thus form the gullies. During a warmer climate, the first few meters of ground could thaw and produce a "debris flow" similar to those on the dry and cold Greenland east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the gullies occur on steep slopes only a small decrease of the shear strength of the soil particles is needed to begin the flow. Small amounts of liquid water from melted ground ice could be enough.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calculations show that a third of a mm of runoff can be produced each day for 50 days of each Martian year, even under current conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sand_dunes">Sand dunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sand dunes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dune_network_ESP_031138_1380_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dune_network_ESP_031138_1380_01.jpg/220px-Dune_network_ESP_031138_1380_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dune_network_ESP_031138_1380_01.jpg/330px-Dune_network_ESP_031138_1380_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dune_network_ESP_031138_1380_01.jpg/440px-Dune_network_ESP_031138_1380_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2839" /></a><figcaption>Wide view of field of intersecting dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</figcaption></figure> <p>Many places on Mars have sand dunes. Some craters in Thaumasia show dark blotches in them. High resolution photos show that the dark markings are dark sand dunes. Dark sand dunes probably contain the igneous rock basalt.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brashear_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Brashear Crater">Brashear Crater</a>, pictured below, is one crater with dark dunes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warrego_Valles">Warrego Valles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Warrego Valles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Orbiter">Viking Orbiter</a> images, showed a network of branching valleys in Thaumasia called <a href="/wiki/Warrego_Valles" title="Warrego Valles">Warrego Valles</a>. These networks are evidence that Mars may have once been warmer, wetter, and perhaps had precipitation in the form of rain or snow. A study with the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">Thermal Emission Imaging System</a> (THEMIS) and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera" title="Mars Orbiter Camera">Mars Orbiter Camera</a> (MOC) support the idea that Warrego Valles was formed from precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first glance they resemble river valleys on Earth. But sharper images from more advanced cameras reveal that the valleys are not continuous. They are very old and may have suffered from the effects of erosion. A picture below shows some of these branching valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craters">Craters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Craters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikilampland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wikilampland.jpg/220px-Wikilampland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wikilampland.jpg/330px-Wikilampland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wikilampland.jpg/440px-Wikilampland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lampland_Crater_(Martian_Crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampland Crater (Martian Crater)">Lampland Crater</a>, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)</figcaption></figure> <p>The density of impact craters is used to determine the surface ages of Mars and other solar system bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older the surface, the more craters present. Crater shapes can reveal the presence of ground ice. </p><p>The area around craters may be rich in minerals. On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground. Water from the melting ice dissolves minerals, and then deposits them in cracks or faults that were produced with the impact. This process, called hydrothermal alteration, is a major way in which ore deposits are produced. The area around Martian craters may be rich in useful ores for the future colonization of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on the earth have documented that cracks are produced and that secondary minerals veins are deposited in the cracks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Images from satellites orbiting Mars have detected cracks near impact craters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great amounts of heat are produced during impacts. The area around a large impact may take hundreds of thousands of years to cool.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many craters once contained lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because some crater floors show deltas, we know that water had to be present for some time. Dozens of deltas have been spotted on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deltas form when sediment is washed in from a stream entering a quiet body of water. It takes a bit of time to form a delta, so the presence of a delta is exciting; it means water was there for a time, maybe for many years. Primitive organisms may have developed in such lakes; hence, some craters may be prime targets for the search for evidence of life on the Red Planet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Channels">Channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valley_networks_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley networks (Mars)">Valley networks (Mars)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg/220px-Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg/330px-Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg/440px-Branched_Channels_from_Viking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Branched channels in Thaumasia quadrangle, as seen by Viking Orbiter.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early 1970s with the <a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, a study published in June 2017, calculated that the volume of water needed to carve all the channels on Mars was even larger than the proposed ocean that the planet may have had. Water was probably recycled many times from the ocean to rainfall around Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Mars_quadrangles">Other Mars quadrangles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other Mars quadrangles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="center"><div class="noresize thumb tnone" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:622px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:382px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:620px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clickable image of the 30 cartographic quadrangles of Mars, defined by the USGS.[54][55] Quadrangle numbers (beginning with MC for "Mars Chart")[56] and names link to the corresponding articles. North is at the top; 0°N 180°W / 0°N 180°W / 0; -180 is at the far left on the equator. The map images were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor. ( view talk )"><img alt="Mars Quad Map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/620px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/930px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/1240px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_0x189" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:189px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FF0000;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thaumasia_quadrangle&params=0_N_180_W_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°N</span> <span class="longitude">180°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 180°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; -180</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></div> <div id="annotation_287x189" style="position:absolute; left:287px; top:189px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FF0000;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thaumasia_quadrangle&params=0_N_0_W_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°N</span> <span class="longitude">0°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N -0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; -0</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></div> <div id="annotation_284x63" style="position:absolute; left:284px; top:63px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FF0000;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thaumasia_quadrangle&params=90_N_0_W_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">90°N</span> <span class="longitude">0°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">90°N -0°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">90; -0</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></div> <div id="annotation_288x17" style="position:absolute; left:288px; top:17px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle" title="Mare Boreum quadrangle">MC-01</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_276x30" style="position:absolute; left:276px; top:30px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle" title="Mare Boreum quadrangle">Mare Boreum</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_57x92" style="position:absolute; left:57px; top:92px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle" title="Diacria quadrangle">MC-02</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_57x105" style="position:absolute; left:57px; top:105px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle" title="Diacria quadrangle">Diacria</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_150x92" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:92px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle" title="Arcadia quadrangle">MC-03</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_148x105" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:105px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle" title="Arcadia quadrangle">Arcadia</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_243x92" style="position:absolute; left:243px; top:92px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Mare Acidalium quadrangle">MC-04</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_226x105" style="position:absolute; left:226px; top:105px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Mare Acidalium quadrangle">Mare Acidalium</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_336x92" style="position:absolute; left:336px; top:92px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">MC-05</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_319x105" style="position:absolute; left:319px; top:105px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_429x92" style="position:absolute; left:429px; top:92px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Casius_quadrangle" title="Casius quadrangle">MC-06</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_429x105" style="position:absolute; left:429px; top:105px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Casius_quadrangle" title="Casius quadrangle">Casius</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_522x92" style="position:absolute; left:522px; top:92px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Cebrenia quadrangle">MC-07</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_518x105" style="position:absolute; left:518px; top:105px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Cebrenia quadrangle">Cebrenia</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_60x156" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle" title="Amazonis quadrangle">MC-08</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_55x169" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle" title="Amazonis quadrangle">Amazonis</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_126x156" style="position:absolute; left:126px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">MC-09</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_125x169" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_191x156" style="position:absolute; left:191px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">MC-10</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_181x169" style="position:absolute; left:181px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_258x156" style="position:absolute; left:258px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle" title="Oxia Palus quadrangle">MC-11</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_249x169" style="position:absolute; left:249px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle" title="Oxia Palus quadrangle">Oxia Palus</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_323x156" style="position:absolute; left:323px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle" title="Arabia quadrangle">MC-12</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_323x169" style="position:absolute; left:323px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle" title="Arabia quadrangle">Arabia</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_389x156" style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle" title="Syrtis Major quadrangle">MC-13</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_378x169" style="position:absolute; left:378px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle" title="Syrtis Major quadrangle">Syrtis Major</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_454x156" style="position:absolute; left:454px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle" title="Amenthes quadrangle">MC-14</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_448x169" style="position:absolute; left:448px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle" title="Amenthes quadrangle">Amenthes</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_520x156" style="position:absolute; left:520px; top:156px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle" title="Elysium quadrangle">MC-15</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_518x169" style="position:absolute; left:518px; top:169px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle" title="Elysium quadrangle">Elysium</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_60x202" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle" title="Memnonia quadrangle">MC-16</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_54x215" style="position:absolute; left:54px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle" title="Memnonia quadrangle">Memnonia</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_126x202" style="position:absolute; left:126px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle">MC-17</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_120x215" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle">Phoenicis</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_191x202" style="position:absolute; left:191px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle" title="Coprates quadrangle">MC-18</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_187x215" style="position:absolute; left:187px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle" title="Coprates quadrangle">Coprates</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_258x202" style="position:absolute; left:258px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">MC-19</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_248x215" style="position:absolute; left:248px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_323x202" style="position:absolute; left:323px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle" title="Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle">MC-20</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_319x215" style="position:absolute; left:319px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle" title="Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle">Sabaeus</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_389x202" style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle" title="Iapygia quadrangle">MC-21</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_389x215" style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle" title="Iapygia quadrangle">Iapygia</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_454x202" style="position:absolute; left:454px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle" title="Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle">MC-22</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_447x215" style="position:absolute; left:447px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle" title="Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle">Tyrrhenum</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_520x202" style="position:absolute; left:520px; top:202px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">MC-23</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_522x215" style="position:absolute; left:522px; top:215px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_57x253" style="position:absolute; left:57px; top:253px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Phaethontis quadrangle">MC-24</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_48x266" style="position:absolute; left:48px; top:266px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Phaethontis quadrangle">Phaethontis</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_150x253" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:253px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MC-25</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_142x266" style="position:absolute; left:142px; top:266px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thaumasia</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_243x253" style="position:absolute; left:243px; top:253px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Argyre_quadrangle" title="Argyre quadrangle">MC-26</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_243x266" style="position:absolute; left:243px; top:266px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Argyre_quadrangle" title="Argyre quadrangle">Argyre</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_336x253" style="position:absolute; left:336px; top:253px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle" title="Noachis quadrangle">MC-27</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_334x266" style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:266px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle" title="Noachis quadrangle">Noachis</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_429x253" style="position:absolute; left:429px; top:253px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Hellas_quadrangle" title="Hellas quadrangle">MC-28</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_430x266" style="position:absolute; left:430px; top:266px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Hellas_quadrangle" title="Hellas quadrangle">Hellas</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_522x253" style="position:absolute; left:522px; top:253px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">MC-29</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_519x266" style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:266px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_289x326" style="position:absolute; left:289px; top:326px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle" title="Mare Australe quadrangle">MC-30</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_276x339" style="position:absolute; left:276px; top:339px; font-size:8px; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border:#151B8D 1px solid;padding:0 4px; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle" title="Mare Australe quadrangle">Mare Australe</a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mars Quad Map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/620px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/930px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg/1240px-MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg" title="File:MGS MOC Wide Angle Map of Mars PIA03467.jpg"> </a></div><span style="margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Clickable" class="mw-redirect" title="Clickable">Clickable image</a> of the 30 cartographic <a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">quadrangles</a> of Mars, defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mapping_mars_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mapping_mars-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quadrangle numbers (beginning with MC for "Mars Chart")<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and names link to the corresponding articles. North is at the top; <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thaumasia_quadrangle&params=0_N_180_W_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°N</span> <span class="longitude">180°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 180°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; -180</span></span></span></a></span></span> is at the far left on the <a href="/wiki/Mars#Geography" title="Mars">equator</a>. The map images were taken by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a>. <div style="float: right;">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_Quads_-_By_Name" title="Template:Mars Quads - By Name"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_Quads_-_By_Name" title="Template talk:Mars Quads - By Name"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li></ul></div>)</div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactive_Mars_map">Interactive Mars map</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interactive Mars map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/620px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="620" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/930px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, 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coords="248,140,278,136,300,173,271,181" alt="Margaritifer Terra" title="Margaritifer Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Mie_(crater)" shape="poly" coords="527,81,528,95,541,94,540,80" alt="Mie crater" title="Mie crater" /><area href="/wiki/Milankovi%C4%8D_(Martian_crater)" shape="poly" coords="88,66,98,67,98,75,86,76" alt="Milankovič crater" title="Milankovič crater" /><area href="/wiki/Nepenthes_Mensae" shape="poly" coords="482,145,474,160,503,181,511,164" alt="Nepenthes Mensae" title="Nepenthes Mensae" /><area href="/wiki/Nereidum_Montes" shape="poly" coords="228,243,265,233,268,245,248,244,241,251" alt="Nereidum Montes" title="Nereidum Montes" /><area href="/wiki/Nilosyrtis_Mensae" shape="poly" coords="435,125,411,117,416,106,434,115" alt="Nilosyrtis Mensae" title="Nilosyrtis Mensae" /><area href="/wiki/Noachis_Terra" shape="poly" coords="341,191,283,237,278,305,363,309,388,223" alt="Noachis Terra" title="Noachis Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Olympica_Fossae" shape="poly" coords="134,117,156,119,151,139,136,134" alt="Olympica Fossae" title="Olympica Fossae" /><area href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" shape="poly" coords="111,119,137,144,106,156,100,137" alt="Olympus Mons" title="Olympus Mons" /><area href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" shape="poly" coords="39,302,40,325,598,325,598,302" alt="Planum Australe" title="Planum Australe" /><area href="/wiki/Promethei_Terra" shape="poly" coords="513,320,525,185,473,185,453,321" alt="Promethei Terra" title="Promethei Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Protonilus_Mensae" shape="poly" coords="363,62,359,72,391,94,393,86" alt="Protonilus Mensae" title="Protonilus Mensae" /><area href="/wiki/Sirenum" shape="poly" coords="43,207,89,210,92,242,44,252" alt="Sirenum" title="Sirenum" /><area href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars#Plana" shape="poly" coords="390,256,407,271,391,276,381,265" alt="Sisyphi Planum" title="Sisyphi Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Solis_Planum" shape="poly" coords="166,179,223,197,198,234,163,230" alt="Solis Planum" title="Solis Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Syria_Planum" shape="poly" coords="162,181,173,191,163,201,151,191" alt="Syria Planum" title="Syria Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Tantalus_Fossae" shape="poly" coords="171,66,183,69,169,89,160,87" alt="Tantalus Fossae" title="Tantalus Fossae" /><area href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" shape="poly" coords="207,87,225,74,239,112,208,141,197,161" alt="Tempe Terra" title="Tempe Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" shape="poly" coords="526,185,592,192,593,321,512,320" alt="Terra Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria" /><area href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" shape="poly" coords="399,137,440,170,420,196,384,213,353,198,345,183" alt="Terra Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea" /><area href="/wiki/Terra_Sirenum" shape="poly" coords="45,232,168,256,186,320,49,319" alt="Terra Sirenum" title="Terra Sirenum" /><area href="/wiki/Tharsis_Montes" shape="poly" coords="156,138,174,151,139,203,117,187" alt="Tharsis Montes" title="Tharsis Montes" /><area href="/wiki/Tractus_Catena" shape="poly" coords="164,110,172,114,166,127,160,122" alt="Tractus Catena" title="Tractus Catena" /><area href="/wiki/Tyrrhena_Terra" shape="poly" coords="450,173,507,193,501,228,456,219,436,210" alt="Tyrrhena Terra" title="Tyrrhena Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Ulysses_Patera" shape="poly" coords="129,150,144,162,135,166,127,162" alt="Ulysses Patera" title="Ulysses Patera" /><area href="/wiki/Uranius_Patera" shape="poly" coords="173,123,182,125,180,133,172,130" alt="Uranius Patera" title="Uranius Patera" /><area href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="402,22,404,84,463,127,518,134,527,104,521,79,539,72,546,88,520,135,591,61,591,23" alt="Utopia Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" shape="poly" coords="168,166,258,185,246,204,163,186" alt="Valles Marineris" title="Valles Marineris" /><area href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" shape="poly" coords="40,15,40,38,598,38,599,15" alt="Vastitas Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis" /><area href="/wiki/Xanthe_Terra" shape="poly" coords="234,135,260,169,253,180,224,172" alt="Xanthe Terra" title="Xanthe Terra" /></map><figcaption><span style="margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/12px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/24px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>. Hover <span class="nomobile">your mouse</span> over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevations</a>, based on data from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter</a> on NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i>. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004120000000000000♠"></span>+12 to +8 km</span>); followed by pinks and reds (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003800000000000000♠"></span>+8 to +3 km</span>); yellow is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0 km</span>; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2996200000000000000♠"></span>−8 km</span>). <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Axes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar regions</a> are noted. <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">Mars Rovers map</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_memorials_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and memorials on Mars">Mars Memorial map</a></i>) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_map" title="Template talk:Mars map">discuss</a>)</span></div></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunes">Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiWish_program" title="HiWish program">HiWish program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">list of quadrangles on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Gullies" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Gullies">Martian Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network (Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. "Geodesy and Cartography" in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. <i>Mars.</i> University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PIA03467%3A+The+MGS+MOC+Wide+Angle+Map+of+Mars&rft.series=Photojournal&rft.pub=NASA+%2F%26%2332%3BJet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.date=2002-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2FPIA03467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThaumasia+quadrangle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lorenz, R. 2014. The Dune Whisperers. The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14</li> <li>Lorenz, R., J. Zimbelman. 2014. Dune Worlds: How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumasia_quadrangle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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quadrangle layout"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_quadrangle_layout" title="Template talk:Mars quadrangle layout"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_quadrangle_layout" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars quadrangle layout"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quadrangles_on_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles on Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:2px 0 0 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="24">MC-01 <a href="/wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle" title="Mare Boreum quadrangle">Mare Boreum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Mare_Boreum_quadrangle" title="Category:Mare Boreum quadrangle">(features)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="4" style="width:16%">MC-02 <a href="/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle" title="Diacria quadrangle">Diacria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Diacria_quadrangle" title="Category:Diacria quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="width:17%">MC-03 <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle" title="Arcadia quadrangle">Arcadia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Arcadia_quadrangle" title="Category:Arcadia quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="width:17%">MC-04 <a href="/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Mare Acidalium quadrangle">Acidalium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Category:Mare Acidalium quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="width:17%">MC-05 <a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Category:Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="width:17%">MC-06 <a href="/wiki/Casius_quadrangle" title="Casius quadrangle">Casius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Casius_quadrangle" title="Category:Casius quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="width:16%">MC-07 <a href="/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Cebrenia quadrangle">Cebrenia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Category:Cebrenia quadrangle">(features)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-08 <a href="/wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle" title="Amazonis quadrangle">Amazonis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Amazonis_quadrangle" title="Category:Amazonis quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-09 <a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Category:Tharsis quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-10 <a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Category:Lunae Palus quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-11 <a href="/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle" title="Oxia Palus quadrangle">Oxia Palus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Oxia_Palus_quadrangle" title="Category:Oxia Palus quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-12 <a href="/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle" title="Arabia quadrangle">Arabia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabia_quadrangle" title="Category:Arabia quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-13 <a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle" title="Syrtis Major quadrangle">Syrtis Major</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Syrtis_Major_quadrangle" title="Category:Syrtis Major quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-14 <a href="/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle" title="Amenthes quadrangle">Amenthes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Amenthes_quadrangle" title="Category:Amenthes quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width:12.5%">MC-15 <a href="/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle" title="Elysium quadrangle">Elysium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Elysium_quadrangle" title="Category:Elysium quadrangle">(features)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="3">MC-16 <a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle" title="Memnonia quadrangle">Memnonia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Memnonia_quadrangle" title="Category:Memnonia quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3">MC-17 <a href="/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle">Phoenicis Lacus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Category:Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3">MC-18 <a href="/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle" title="Coprates quadrangle">Coprates</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Coprates_quadrangle" title="Category:Coprates quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3">MC-19 <a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer Sinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Category:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3">MC-20 <a href="/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle" title="Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle">Sinus Sabaeus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle" title="Category:Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3">MC-21 <a href="/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle" title="Iapygia quadrangle">Iapygia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Iapygia_quadrangle" title="Category:Iapygia quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3">MC-22 <a href="/wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle" title="Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle">Mare Tyrrhenum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle" title="Category:Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="3">MC-23 <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Category:Aeolis quadrangle">(features)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="4">MC-24 <a href="/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Phaethontis quadrangle">Phaethontis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Category:Phaethontis quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4">MC-25 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thaumasia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Thaumasia_quadrangle" title="Category:Thaumasia quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4">MC-26 <a href="/wiki/Argyre_quadrangle" title="Argyre quadrangle">Argyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Argyre_quadrangle" title="Category:Argyre quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4">MC-27 <a href="/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle" title="Noachis quadrangle">Noachis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Noachis_quadrangle" title="Category:Noachis quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4">MC-28 <a href="/wiki/Hellas_quadrangle" title="Hellas quadrangle">Hellas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellas_quadrangle" title="Category:Hellas quadrangle">(features)</a> </td> <td colspan="4">MC-29 <a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Eridania_quadrangle" title="Category:Eridania quadrangle">(features)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="24">MC-30 <a href="/wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle" title="Mare Australe quadrangle">Mare Australe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Mare_Australe_quadrangle" title="Category:Mare Australe quadrangle">(features)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars" title="Template:Mars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars" title="Template talk:Mars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mars" title="Outline of Mars">Outline of Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areography" title="Areography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_general_circulation_model" title="Mars general circulation model">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dust_devils" title="Martian dust devils">Dust devil tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_methane_on_Mars" title="Natural methane on Mars">Methane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars" title="List of terrae on Mars">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus (Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander#Landing_zone" title="Mars Polar Lander">Ultimi Scopuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Physical<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">"Canals"</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">Craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Descriptor_terms_(feature_types)" title="Planetary nomenclature">Labyrinthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">by height</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Observed rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_chaos_terrain_on_Mars" title="List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Meteorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_cracks_on_Mars" title="Mud cracks on Mars">Mud cracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_theory" title="Mars ocean theory">Ocean theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander_on_Mars" title="True polar wander on Mars">polar wander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Recurring slope lineae (RSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">"Swiss cheese" feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis#Location_and_Size" title="Tharsis">Tharsis bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars" title="Astronomy on Mars">Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtoc" title="Limtoc">Limtoc crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire_(crater)" title="Voltaire (crater)">Voltaire crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Mars" title="Solar eclipses on Mars">Solar eclipses on Mars</a></li> <li>Satellite transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planetary transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mercury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars-crossers</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31" title="(101429) 1998 VF31">1998 VF<sub>31</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7" title="(121514) 1999 UJ7">1999 UJ<sub>7</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2" title="(311999) 2007 NS2">2007 NS<sub>2</sub></a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Artificial objects on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" title="Mars in fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_scientist" title="Martian scientist">Martian scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mars" title="Flag of Mars">Flag of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" 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