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labour</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: child labour"> <meta name="keywords" content="child labour"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="child labour"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1977</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: child labour</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1977</span> Root Causes of Child Labour in Hargeisa, Somaliland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdikarim%20Yusuf">Abdikarim Yusuf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study uses data from Somalia to analyse child labour using a descriptive and qualitative method. The study set out to identify root causes of child labour in Hargeisa and its implications for children. The study shows that poverty, droughts, family separation, and loss of properties are primary drivers of child labour in Hargeisa. The study found that children work in very difficult jobs such as car wash, casual work, and shoe shining for boys while girls work as housemaids, selling tea, Khat and sometimes are at risk of exploitation such as sexual abuse, rape and harassment. The majority of the parents responded that they don’t know any policy, act or law that protects children. Men showed greater awareness than the women respondents in recognizing child labour as a child rights violation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abuse" title="abuse">abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child" title=" child"> child</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131490/root-causes-of-child-labour-in-hargeisa-somaliland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1976</span> Child Labour Issue: Practice of Enforecement of Right of the Child in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gift%20Salawa">Gift Salawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Perkins%20Erhijakpor"> Perkins Erhijakpor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henry%20Ukwu"> Henry Ukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study will explore child labour issues in Nigeria because it is capable of affecting the physical and general well-being of children who perform hazardous work. This feat will be achieved through qualitative research methodology. Data collection shall be elicited by oral interviews and documental content analysis to delve on the application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), International Labour Organization ILO and Geneva Convention relating to child labour practices in Nigeria. This will include the relevance of present domestic laws relating to child labour as implemented in Nigeria, together with factors that contribute to the practice of child labour in the country. The oral interview data analysis will be performed by breaking the interview data into significant statements and themes. This shall be done by comparing and determining the commonalities that are prevalent in the participants’ views regarding child labour menace in Nigeria. Presumably, findings from this study shall unveil that a poor educational policy, a widespread poverty level which is mostly prevalent amongst families in the rural areas of the country, a lack of employment for adults, have led to the ineffectiveness of the local child labour laws in Nigeria. These has in turn culminated into a somewhat non-implementation of the international laws of the CRC, ILO and Geneva Declaration on child labour to which the Nigerian government is a signatory. Based on the finding, this study will calls on the government of Nigeria to extend its free educational policy from the elementary, secondary to tertiary educations. The government also has to ensure that offenders of children’s rights should face a severe punishment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title="child labour">child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20policy" title=" educational policy"> educational policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20right" title=" human right"> human right</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection%20right" title=" protection right"> protection right</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58016/child-labour-issue-practice-of-enforecement-of-right-of-the-child-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58016.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1975</span> Child Labour: Enforcement of Right to Promote Child Development in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Salavwa">G. Salavwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Erhijakpor%20Jr."> P. Erhijakpor Jr.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Ukwu"> H. Ukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study will explore child labour issues in Nigeria because it is capable of affecting the physical and general well-being of children who perform hazardous work. This feat will be achieved through qualitative research methodology. Data collection shall be elicited by oral interviews and documental content analysis to delve on the application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), International Labour Organization ILO and Geneva Convention relating to child labour practices in Nigeria. This will include the relevance of present domestic laws relating to child labour as implemented in Nigeria, together with factors that contribute to the practice of child labour in the country. The oral interview data analysis will be performed by breaking the interview data into significant statements and themes. This shall be done by comparing and determining the commonalities that are prevalent in the participants’ views regarding child labour menace in Nigeria. Presumably, findings from this study shall unveil that a poor educational policy, a widespread poverty level which is mostly prevalent amongst families in the rural areas of the country, a lack of employment for adults, have led to the ineffectiveness of the local child labour laws in Nigeria. These has in turn culminated into a somewhat non-implementation of the international laws of the CRC, ILO and Geneva Declaration on child labour to which the Nigerian government is a signatory. Based on the finding, this study will calls on the government of Nigeria to extend its free educational policy from the elementary, secondary to tertiary educations. The government also has to ensure that offenders of children’s rights should face a severe punishment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commonalities" title="commonalities">commonalities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tertiary" title=" tertiary"> tertiary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitution" title=" constitution"> constitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative" title=" qualitative"> qualitative</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55045/child-labour-enforcement-of-right-to-promote-child-development-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1974</span> Adopting Home Nursing as a Remedy for Child Labour in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20O.%20Adeoye">T. O. Adeoye </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Nigeria prior to the arrival of the colonial masters, there used to be good family relationship, things were done through cooperation and community effort, even training and upbringing of a child was the responsibility of every member of the community. The advent of western education and civilization brought about movement of youths from rural to urban areas. Hence the tie that binds the village life is broken, community as a whole is no more responsible for the upbringing or home training of her children any more. The study investigates adoption of home nursing as a remedy for child labour in Nigeria, considered challenges like poverty, broken homes and illiteracy among others. For the purpose of verification, a survey in form of an opinion poll was conducted by means of interview using questionnaires for about 3000 respondents. However, out of the respondents that were interviewed as regard parental poverty and its resultant effect on a child only 14.2% of the respondent strongly disagreed that children work on the street because their parents are poor. The study shows that possible solutions of effective ways of controlling child labour is home nursing and also promoting and advocating for the policies against child labour in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20abuse" title="child abuse">child abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title=" child labour"> child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20problem" title=" psychological problem"> psychological problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Street%20children" title=" Street children"> Street children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21336/adopting-home-nursing-as-a-remedy-for-child-labour-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1973</span> Child Labour and the Challenges of National Security in Nigeria: A Study of Aba Urban, Abia State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anyaogu%20Paul">Anyaogu Paul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study examines the problem of child labour in respect to National security in Nigeria. The current situation reflects a chronic urban poverty, which can compel parents and guardians to send their children and wards of school age to engage in income yielding activities to augment family income. The study sought to explain the basis of child labour, its causes and its effects on its victim and society at large. A social survey research design was employed to select the respondents. A sample size of 250 respondents was selected from targeted population of children below the age of 18 years. A questionnaire instrument was employed to collect data. An accidental sampling technique was employed to select the respondents. The findings revealed that child labour is on the increase and a serious threat to national security and social cohesion. The study recommends that the Nigerian government should enforce the laws on child labour and provide opportunities for job creation for urban dwellers. More so, government should also provide free and compulsory education at primary and secondary school levels of education. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title="child labour">child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20income" title=" family income"> family income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20security" title=" national security"> national security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survey%20research" title=" survey research"> survey research</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35133/child-labour-and-the-challenges-of-national-security-in-nigeria-a-study-of-aba-urban-abia-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1972</span> Study on Status of Child Labour in Metal Fabrication Industries of Kathmandu Valley</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bikas%20Chandra%20Bhattarai">Bikas Chandra Bhattarai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Child labour is the serious issue all over the world. In Nepal, many children are working in different structured and unstructured sector. Metal fabrication is one of the sectors where many children are involved. The present study is carried out to focus on the overall socio-economic condition, psychological aspect, working environment condition and welfare of the child labour. Metal fabrication factories from Kirtipur, Chovar Area, Gongabu, Sitapaila and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu municipality were selected for the study. The structured questionnaire was prepared, and overall 55 children under age 16 were interviewed. Working in metal fabrication factory is risky job for children. The main reason behind child labour is poverty. The working environment in the metal fabrication factory was not found satisfactory. Children are exposed to various types of physical and chemical hazards. Factories are not paying proper attention to safety condition at the workplace. Large number of children is attracted towards smoking and drinking alcohol leading to unnecessary expense of their income. There should be the provision of regular health check up and insurance to the working children. Monitoring from the government level should be implemented for the betterment of working children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title="child labour">child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kathmandu" title=" Kathmandu"> Kathmandu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20fabrication" title=" metal fabrication"> metal fabrication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68134/study-on-status-of-child-labour-in-metal-fabrication-industries-of-kathmandu-valley" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68134.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1971</span> Case Study of Child Labour in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Ali%20Ansari">Ahmad Ali Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Arshad"> Hassan Arshad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basharat%20Hussani"> Basharat Hussani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20Raza"> Adnan Raza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Ali%20Khan"> Ahmad Ali Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Child labor is a kind of an issue which was found all over the world, but now the first world countries like countries in Europe and America (USA) got hold of it up to a large extent but Underdeveloped or the developing countries including Pakistan are still a victim of this issue. The following attempt has been made in this research article to figure out the main reasons of child labor in underdeveloped countries especially in Pakistan and also some of the issues are discussed which are hindering the solution of child labor in Pakistan. In this research we interviewed 70 working children in the area of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Taxila and Hatar who belonged to the different parts of the country and figured out the basic causes of the child labor in Pakistan, what are its bad effects on the young one who is a victim of it and we also put a light on what the government of Pakistan is doing in this context and what the government still have to do. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title="child labour">child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title=" case study"> case study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underdeveloped%20countries" title=" underdeveloped countries"> underdeveloped countries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18547/case-study-of-child-labour-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">664</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1970</span> Phenomenology of Child Labour in Estates, Farms and Plantations in Zimbabwe: A Comparative Analysis of Tanganda and Eastern Highlands Tea Estates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chupicai%20Manuel">Chupicai Manuel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The global efforts to end child labour have been increasingly challenged by adages of global capitalism, inequalities and poverty affecting the global south. In the face the of rising inequalities whose origin can be explained from historical and political economy analysis between the poor and the rich countries, child labour is also on the rise particularly on the global south. The socio-economic and political context of Zimbabwe has undergone serious transition from colonial times through the post-independence normally referred to as the transition period up to the present day. These transitions have aided companies and entities in the business and agriculture sector to exploit child labour while country provided conditions that enhance child labour due to vulnerability of children and anomic child welfare system that plagued the country. Children from marginalised communities dominated by plantations and farms are affected most. This paper explores the experiences and perceptions of children working in tea estates, plantations and farms, and the adults who formerly worked in these plantations during their childhood to share their experiences and perceptions on child labour in Zimbabwe. Childhood theories that view children as apprentices and a human rights perspectives were employed to interrogate the concept of childhood, child labour and poverty alleviation strategies. Phenomenological research design was adopted to describe the experiences of children working in plantations and interpret the meanings they have on their work and livelihoods. The paper drew form 30 children from two plantations through semi-structured interviews and 15 key informant interviews from civil society organisations, international labour organisation, adults who formerly worked in the plantations and the personnel of the plantations. The findings of the study revealed that children work on the farms as an alternative model for survival against economic challenges while the majority cited that poverty compel them to work and get their fees and food paid for. Civil society organisations were of the view that child rights are violated and the welfare system of the country is malfunctional. The perceptions of the majority of the children interviewed are that the system on the plantations is better and this confirmed the socio-constructivist theory that views children as apprentices. The study recommended child sensitive policies and welfare regime that protects children from exploitation together with policing and legal measures that secure child rights. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title="child labour">child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20rights" title=" child rights"> child rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenomenology" title=" phenomenology"> phenomenology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poverty%20reduction" title=" poverty reduction"> poverty reduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42779/phenomenology-of-child-labour-in-estates-farms-and-plantations-in-zimbabwe-a-comparative-analysis-of-tanganda-and-eastern-highlands-tea-estates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1969</span> Sexual Orientation, Household Labour Division and the Motherhood Wage Penalty</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julia%20Hoefer%20Mart%C3%AD">Julia Hoefer Martí</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While research has consistently found a significant motherhood wage penalty for heterosexual women, where homosexual women are concerned, evidence has appeared to suggest no effect, or possibly even a wage bonus. This paper presents a model of the household with a public good that requires both a monetary expense and a labour investment, and where the household budget is shared between partners. Lower-wage partners will do relatively more of the household labour while higher-wage partners will specialise in market labour, and the arrival of a child exacerbates this split, resulting in the lower-wage partner taking on even more of the household labour in relative terms. Employers take this gender-sexuality dyad as a signal for employees’ commitment to the labour market after having a child, and use the information when setting wages after employees become parents. Given that women empirically earn lower wages than men, in a heterosexual couple the female partner will often do more of the household labour. However, as not every female partner has a lower wage, this results in an over-adjustment of wages that manifests as an unexplained motherhood wage penalty. On the other hand, in homosexual couples wage distributions are ex ante identical, and gender is no longer a useful signal to employers as to whether the partner is likely to specialise in household labour or market labour. This model is then tested using longitudinal data from the EU Standards of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) to investigate the hypothesis that women experience different wage effects of motherhood depending on their sexual orientation. While heterosexual women receive a significant motherhood wage penalty of 8-10%, homosexual mothers do not receive any significant wage bonus or penalty of motherhood, consistent with the hypothesis presented above. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title="discrimination">discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motherhood" title=" motherhood"> motherhood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20orientation" title=" sexual orientation"> sexual orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labor%20economics" title=" labor economics"> labor economics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127391/sexual-orientation-household-labour-division-and-the-motherhood-wage-penalty" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127391.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1968</span> Structural Challenges, the Forgotten Elephant in the Quest of Access to Justice: The Case of the South African Labour and Labour Appeal Courts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Joel%20Tchawouo%20Mbiada">Carlos Joel Tchawouo Mbiada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper intends to refrain from debating the different meanings of justice, such as its social or moral meaning, nor to discuss the different theories of justice. This paper focuses on the legal understanding of access to justice to mean access to the court. Using the Labour and Labour Appeal Courts as a case study, this paper investigates whether the composition of the bench, the personnel and state mechanisms to promote access to court offer ideal conditions to access to court. The investigation is benchmarked against the South African new constitutional order underpinned by the concept of social justice to eradicate past injustices. To provide justice to all, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 guarantees the right to access to the court. The question that takes centre stage in this paper is whether litigants are denied the right to access the Labour and Labour Appeal Courts. The paper argues that factors such as the status of the Labour and Labour Appeal Courts, the number of judges, and the building structure prevent litigants from accessing these courts. The paper advocates for a legislative overhaul of the Labour and Labour Appeal Courts structure so that litigants may access the courts. Until such time, the paper argues that the right to access the Labour and Labour Appeal Courts would remain far from the reach of many litigants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20to%20justice" title="access to justice">access to justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20to%20court" title=" access to court"> access to court</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20court" title=" labour court"> labour court</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20appeal%20court" title=" labour appeal court"> labour appeal court</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167777/structural-challenges-the-forgotten-elephant-in-the-quest-of-access-to-justice-the-case-of-the-south-african-labour-and-labour-appeal-courts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1967</span> Children and Migration in Ghana: Unveiling the Realities of Vulnerability and Social Exclusion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Yeboah">Thomas Yeboah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In contemporary times, the incessant movement of northern children especially girls to southern Ghana at the detriment of their education is worrisome. Due to the misplaced mindset of the migrants concerning southern Ghana, majority of them move without an idea of where to stay and what to do exposing them to hash conditions of living. Majority find menial work in cocoa farms, illegal mining and head porterage business. This study was conducted in the Kumasi Metropolis to ascertain the major causes of child migration from the northern part of Ghana to the south and their living conditions. Both qualitative and quantitative tools of data collection and analysis were employed. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 90 migrants below 18 years. Specifically, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used to elicit responses from the units of analysis. The study revealed that the major cause of child migration from northern Ghana to the south is poverty. It was evident that respondents were vulnerable to the new environment in which they lived. They are exposed to harsh environmental conditions; sexual, verbal and physical assault; and harassment from arm robbers. The paper recommends that policy decisions should be able to create an enabling environment for the labour force in the north to ameliorate the compelling effects poverty has on child migration. Efforts should also be made to create a proper psychological climate in the minds of the children regarding their destination areas through sensitization and education. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20migration" title="child migration">child migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability" title=" vulnerability"> vulnerability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20exclusion" title=" social exclusion"> social exclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title=" child labour"> child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana" title=" Ghana"> Ghana</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14825/children-and-migration-in-ghana-unveiling-the-realities-of-vulnerability-and-social-exclusion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14825.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1966</span> Child Soldier in Africa: A Big Challenge to Human Right</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adegboyega%20Adeolapo%20Ola">Adegboyega Adeolapo Ola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerelene%20Jagganath"> Gerelene Jagganath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the greatest challenges of human right in the world, especially African states is the use of child soldiers in armed conflict, constituting a major source of destruction of lives and properties. Mostly, they are in developing countries with the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa, the abduction and employment of children as soldiers is a form of exploitative labour that is tantamount to slavery. Since the end of cold war, Child soldier has increased in Africa countries like Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Uganda. This study examines the main cause of the recruitment and use of child soldiers and its challenges to human right. It further assesses the role of international regional bodies and various governments in curbing child soldiers with a view to proffer suggestions on how to address some of the resultant threat of human right. The study posits that the control of small arms and light weapons is essential in curtailing the spread of child soldier and abuse of human right. This hopefully should result in the sustainability of human/child right in African continent. It is a recommendation of this study that, in order to sustain human right in the region, all Africa leaders, government and regional bodies; such as African Union, Economic Community of West African States, South African Development Community among others, should cooperate and work together to address the issue of illicit small arms, which could eventually lead to child soldier. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arms%20control" title="arms control">arms control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20soldier" title=" child soldier"> child soldier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20right" title=" human right"> human right</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20arms" title=" small arms"> small arms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72721/child-soldier-in-africa-a-big-challenge-to-human-right" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1965</span> Child Marriage and the Law in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kolawole-Amao">Kolawole-Amao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grace%20Titilayo"> Grace Titilayo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Children are the most vulnerable members of the society. The child is a foundation of the society and he/she assures its continuity. Thus, the survival, continuity and the standard of development of human society depends upon the protection, preservation, nurture and development of the child. In other words, the rights of a child must be protected and guaranteed for the assurance of a healthy society. The law is an instrument of social change in any society as well as a potent weapon to combat crime, achieve justice for the people and protect their rights. In Nigeria, child marriage still occurs, though its prevalence varies from one region to another. This paper shall Centre on child rights under the law in Nigeria, child marriage and its impact on the child, obstacles in eliminating child marriages and measures that have been adopted as well as the role of the law and its effect in deterring child marriage in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20rights" title="child rights">child rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20marriage" title=" child marriage"> child marriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37939/child-marriage-and-the-law-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1964</span> The Role of Labour Substitution by Age in the Effect of Fertility on Living Standards: Simulations for Scandinavia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ross%20Guest">Ross Guest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bjarne%20Jensen"> Bjarne Jensen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyses a potentially new consumption dividend from lower fertility arising from imperfect labour substitution by age. A smaller proportion of young workers relative to older workers raises relative youth wages given imperfect labour substitution by age. Discounted lifetime labour income rises which provides a consumption dividend. Simulation results are reported for the four Scandinavian countries, adopting a simple overlapping generations model. Imperfect labour substitution is modelled using a CRESH functional form of an aggregate labour index. The magnitudes of this new consumption dividend from a Low fertility projection compared with a high fertility projection are found to be approximately 4 percent annually, on average over the Scandinavian countries in the very long run, but somewhat lower in the short term. There is some sensitivity to the interest rate and the degree of consumption smoothing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertility" title="fertility">fertility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumption" title=" consumption"> consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20substitution" title=" labour substitution"> labour substitution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13514/the-role-of-labour-substitution-by-age-in-the-effect-of-fertility-on-living-standards-simulations-for-scandinavia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13514.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1963</span> Role of Family for Grooming a Child: A Protective Step for Vulnerable Child</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arpita%20Sabat">Arpita Sabat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanaklata%20Samal"> Kanaklata Samal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A child is the most innocent being on the earth. It is born innocent but the family, the community, the institution and the world at large always butcher its innocence. This paper aims at the role of family for the development of a child in different ethnic or social groups. Family, in fact, is the nucleus in the growth and development of the child. A child grows up with the idea that a family is the world around him. The child tries to emulate consciously or unconsciously from the surrounding. This imitation has serious impact on the development of the child. It even sometimes cripples or stunts the growth of a mind. It results in the disability of the child. All policies about education or changing of curriculum can not bring about a change in the plight of a child’s life unless there is a serious thinking about the role of a family and the contribution of a family to the development of a child. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerable%20child" title="vulnerable child">vulnerable child</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grooming" title=" grooming"> grooming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surrounding" title=" surrounding"> surrounding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=role%20of%20family" title=" role of family"> role of family</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12033/role-of-family-for-grooming-a-child-a-protective-step-for-vulnerable-child" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1962</span> Promoting Child Rights in Africa: The Untold Positive Aspect of the African Culture and Tradition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seraphina%20Bakta">Seraphina Bakta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> On many occasions, the link between human rights and culture in Africa is tainted with speculations that African traditions and culture impede human rights. Seemingly also, literature from Africa highly supports the approach of cultural relativism instead of the universalism approach to human rights. This approach has been regarded by many as an unwillingness to accept human rights as universal. While it has to be appreciated that in different communities, there are positive and negative elements of culture, including in Africa, the positive aspect is hardly seen in African culture. This paper, employed documentary review and interviews to collect data. Various documents were reviewed including international and domestic legal materials and literature. Data from documentary review were verified through interviews in Morogoro and Shinyanga regions in Tanzania. Qualitative approach was used to analyse such data where a thematic content analysis was used. The study found that there are positive aspects of African tradition and culture including those promoting child work (as opposed to child labour); some aspects on child protection which should be embraced. However, still some aspects such as child marriage and inconsistent with child rights. It is pivotal that therefore that measures are be adopted to address them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20rights" title="child rights">child rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customs" title=" customs"> customs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tradition" title=" tradition"> tradition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title=" Africa"> Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188488/promoting-child-rights-in-africa-the-untold-positive-aspect-of-the-african-culture-and-tradition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1961</span> Labour-saving Construction Using Buildability Framework through Strengthening Designers in Delivering More Buildable Designs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Lawal%20A.">Muhammad Lawal A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullateef%20Abdulkarim%20Jimoh"> Abdullateef Abdulkarim Jimoh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is to appraise the labour-saving construction methods achievable using a buildability framework through an improved design system. Adoption of labour-efficient technology and construction techniques will be necessary to supplement good buildable designs. Increased usage of prefabricated, modular, and standardized construction components, simplicity in the design, and the number of integrated elements all work to advance buildable design. The objectives of the study include `determining a more efficient buildability framework for designers to achieve labour-saving construction’. 20 completed building projects in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria, is used as a case study to buttress the proposition that `a more buildable design using buildability frame result in labour-saving in construction adopting a Singapore study approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buildability%20framework" title="buildability framework">buildability framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buildable%20designs" title=" buildable designs"> buildable designs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour-saving%20construction" title=" labour-saving construction"> labour-saving construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161508/labour-saving-construction-using-buildability-framework-through-strengthening-designers-in-delivering-more-buildable-designs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1960</span> Nations in Labour: Incorporating National Narratives in Sociological Models of Cultural Labour</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Lytvynova">Anna Lytvynova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This essay presents labour as a performatively national phenomenon from a cultural perspective. Considering Engels’ proposition of labour as the epicentre of development of social structures and communities, it theorizes the formation and sustainment of group identities through labour identities. Taking labour in the cultural sector as the starting point case study, the essay further enunciates such labour and labour identity as a form of engaged citizenship. In doing so, this piece hopes to arrive at a potential contemporary understanding of labour as having a central and dynamic role in cultural organization and citizenship. A parallel goal is to de-link sociological models of cultural labor from narratives of art and culture as something that stands separate from the 'real world' and the economy and exists in precarity. Combining discourse from cultural sociology, performance studies, and economics and grounding it in historical archive, the essay makes a primarily discursive theoretical contribution. Taking North American theatre organizations as the exemplifying starting point, this project positions cultural workers not solely as workers in a professional industry but as active citizen-subjects who are deeply involved in their society’s democratic processes. The resulting discourse can be used to shape more effective labour policies, as well as help art and cultural organizations find more effective organizational structures to engage the arts in the economic, political, and social spheres. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arts%20labour" title="arts labour">arts labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20sociology" title=" cultural sociology"> cultural sociology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20identity" title=" national identity"> national identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performativity" title=" performativity"> performativity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131272/nations-in-labour-incorporating-national-narratives-in-sociological-models-of-cultural-labour" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1959</span> A Gender Sensitive Labour Policy for Gilgit Baltistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Obaid">Ayesha Obaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdur%20Rehman%20Cheema"> Abdur Rehman Cheema</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is about understanding the role of the gender division of work that has been assigned to men and women in different societies and cultures and its impact on labour force participation through economic development. Development in Gilgit Baltistan has been challenging due to its geographical conditions and the human development indicators are lower than the rest of the Pakistan. Various socioeconomic factors are identified that play an important role in determining the choices and roles men and women undertake for contributing towards the labour force. Our research highlights the areas lagging behind in gender equality in the labour market. The availability and access of gender over these socioeconomic resources determine gender mainstreaming in the labour market. It is a need of time that gender gaps should be addressed at the grass root level by the policy makers to enhance the growth and improve human development indicators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20division%20of%20work" title="gender division of work">gender division of work</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20development" title=" human development"> human development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indicators%20of%20socioeconomic%20factors" title=" indicators of socioeconomic factors"> indicators of socioeconomic factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20force" title=" labour force"> labour force</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37835/a-gender-sensitive-labour-policy-for-gilgit-baltistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1958</span> The Impact of Maternity Leave Reforms: Evidence from Finland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20Troccoli">Claudia Troccoli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Childbearing constitutes one of the key factors affecting labour market differences between men and women, accounting for almost a quarter of the gender wage gap. Family leave policies, such as maternity, paternity, and parental leave, represent potential key policy tools to address these inequalities, as they can promote mothers' job continuity and career progression. This paper analyses four major reforms implemented in Finland between the 1960s and the early 1980s. It studies the effects of these maternity and parental leave extensions on mothers' short- and long-run labour market outcomes. Eligibility to longer leave was determined on the basis of the child's date of birth. Therefore, estimation of the causal effects of the reforms is possible by exploiting random variation in children's birthdates and comparing the outcomes of mothers giving birth just before and just after the reform cutoff date. Overall, the three maternity leave reforms did not significantly improve mothers' earnings or employment rates. On the contrary, the estimates, although imprecise, seem to indicate negative effects on women's labour market outcomes. The extension of parental leave is, on the other hand, the only reform that improved mothers' short- and long-term labour market outcomes, both in terms of earnings and employment rate. At the same time, fathers appeared to be negatively affected by the reform. These results provide suggestive evidence that shareable parental leave might have more beneficial effects on mothers' job continuity, as it weakens the connotation of childcare as a task reserved for mothers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20policies" title="family policies">family policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Finland" title=" Finland"> Finland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20labour%20market%20outcomes" title=" maternal labour market outcomes"> maternal labour market outcomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternity%20leave" title=" maternity leave"> maternity leave</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138054/the-impact-of-maternity-leave-reforms-evidence-from-finland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1957</span> Labour Productivity Measurement and Control Standards for Hotels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kristine%20Joy%20Simpao">Kristine Joy Simpao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improving labour productivity is one of the most enthralling and challenging aspects of managing hotels and restaurant business. The demand to secure countless productivity became an increasingly pivotal role of managers to survive and sustain the business. Besides making business profitable, they are in the doom to make every resource to become productive and effective towards achieving company goal while maximizing the value of organization. This paper examines what productivity means to the services industry, in particular, to the hotel industry. This is underpinned by an investigation of the extent of practice of respondent hotels to the labour productivity aspect in the areas of materials management, human resource management and leadership management and in a way, computing the labour productivity ratios using the hotel simple ratios of productivity in order to find a suitable measurement and control standards for hotels with SBMA, Olongapo City as the locale of the study. The finding shows that hotels labour productivity ratings are not perfect with some practices that are far below particularly on strategic and operational decisions in improving performance and productivity of its human resources. It further proves of the no significant difference ratings among the respondent’s type in all areas which indicated that they are having similar perception of the weak implementation of some of the indicators in the labour productivity practices. Furthermore, the results in the computation of labour productivity efficiency ratios resulted relationship of employees versus labour productivity practices are inversely proportional. This study provides a potential measurement and control standards for the enhancement of hotels labour productivity. These standards should also contain labour productivity customized for standard hotels in Subic Bay Freeport Zone to assist hotel owners in increasing the labour productivity while meeting company goals and objectives effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20productivity" title="labour productivity">labour productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hotel" title=" hotel"> hotel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement%20and%20control" title=" measurement and control"> measurement and control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standards" title=" standards"> standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency%20ratios" title=" efficiency ratios"> efficiency ratios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practices" title=" practices"> practices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69704/labour-productivity-measurement-and-control-standards-for-hotels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1956</span> Efficient Bargaining versus Right to Manage in the Era of Liberalization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panagiota%20Koliousi">Panagiota Koliousi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natasha%20Miaouli"> Natasha Miaouli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We compare product and labour market liberalization under the two trade union bargaining models: the Right-to-Manage (RTM) model and the Efficient Bargaining (EB) model. The vehicle is a dynamic general equilibrium (DGE) model that incorporates two types of agents (capitalists and workers), imperfectly competitive product and labour markets. The model is solved numerically employing common parameter values and data from the euro area. A key message is that product market deregulation is favourable under any labour market structure while opting for labour market deregulation one should provide special attention to the structure of the labour market such as the bargaining system of unions. If the prevailing way of bargaining is the RTM model then restructuring both markets is beneficial for all agents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20structure" title="market structure">market structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20reforms" title=" structural reforms"> structural reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20unions" title=" trade unions"> trade unions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unemployment" title=" unemployment"> unemployment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100389/efficient-bargaining-versus-right-to-manage-in-the-era-of-liberalization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100389.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1955</span> Immigrants in the Polish Labour Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jagoda%20Przybysz">Jagoda Przybysz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description of the immigrants in Poland, especially situation at the labour market. The paper will provide descriptive information on the composition of immigrants in Poland, and how this has changed over time, their socio-economic characteristics, their industry allocation and their labour market outcomes. Then we will investigate various labour market performance indicators (labour force participation, employment, wages and self-employment) for immigrants of different origins based on reached statistics. Individual interviews with immigrants will indicate areas of problems of living in Poland, mostly on labour market. The article shows that immigrants from some ethnic minority groups are more active in selected sectors of labour market. The empirical basis for the work related to the situation on the labor market of foreigners who came to the Poland and live in Lodz. The studies assumed that foreigners work in Poland and operate in different ways being integrated / excluded in varying degrees. Theoretical framework for analysis are: concepts of inclusion and exclusion, the concept of a dual labour market and the concept of social anchors. Completed in the 2014-2016, a pilot study (The forms of individual interviews) with 32 foreigners arrived in the last decade to Lodz. Preliminary studies have enabled the formulation of research issues and have set the future direction of research revealing to the personal experiences of respondents, a group of factors hindering integration and exclusion areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreigners" title="foreigners">foreigners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immigrants" title=" immigrants"> immigrants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20market" title=" labour market"> labour market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poland" title=" Poland"> Poland</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78558/immigrants-in-the-polish-labour-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1954</span> Promoting Incubation Support to Youth Led Enterprises: A Case Study from Bangladesh to Eradicate Hazardous Child Labour through Microfinance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md%20Maruf%20Hossain%20Koli">Md Maruf Hossain Koli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The issue of child labor is enormous and cannot be ignored in Bangladesh. The problem of child exploitation is a socio-economic reality of Bangladesh. This paper will indicate the causes, consequences, and possibilities of using microfinance as remedies of hazardous child labor in Bangladesh. Poverty is one of the main reasons for children to become child laborers. It is an indication of economic vulnerability, inadequate law, and enforcement system and cultural and social inequities along with the inaccessible and low-quality educational system. An attempt will be made in this paper to explore and analyze child labor scenario in Bangladesh and will explain holistic intervention of BRAC, the largest nongovernmental organization in the world to address child labor through promoting incubation support to youth-led enterprises. A combination of research methods were used to write this paper. These include non-reactive observation in the form of literature review, desk studies as well as reactive observation like site visits and, semi-structured interviews. Hazardous Child labor is a multi-dimensional and complex issue. This paper was guided by the answer following research questions to better understand the current context of hazardous child labor in Bangladesh, especially in Dhaka city. The author attempted to figure out why child labor should be considered as a development issue? Further, it also encountered why child labor in Bangladesh is not being reduced at an expected pace? And finally what could be a sustainable solution to eradicate this situation. One of the most challenging characteristics of child labor is that it interrupts a child’s education and cognitive development hence limiting the building of human capital and fostering intergenerational reproduction of poverty and social exclusion. Children who are working full-time and do not attend school, cannot develop the necessary skills. This leads them and their future generation to remain in poor socio-economic condition as they do not get a better paying job. The vicious cycle of poverty will be reproduced and will slow down sustainable development. The outcome of the research suggests that most of the parents send their children to work to help them to increase family income. In addition, most of the youth engaged in hazardous work want to get training, mentoring and easy access to finance to start their own business. The intervention of BRAC that includes classroom and on the job training, tailored mentoring, health support, access to microfinance and insurance help them to establish startup. This intervention is working in developing business and management capacity through public-private partnerships and technical consulting. Supporting entrepreneurs, improving working conditions with micro, small and medium enterprises and strengthening value chains focusing on youth and children engaged with hazardous child labor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title="child labour">child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterprise%20development" title=" enterprise development"> enterprise development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfinance" title=" microfinance"> microfinance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=youth%20entrepreneurship" title=" youth entrepreneurship"> youth entrepreneurship</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102059/promoting-incubation-support-to-youth-led-enterprises-a-case-study-from-bangladesh-to-eradicate-hazardous-child-labour-through-microfinance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102059.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1953</span> Development of Children through the Prism of Pending Bills in India: An Analytical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sunaina">S. Sunaina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Saini"> Neha Saini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Children are considered as future of a country. In order to have a better future, better laws are required in the present, especially for the children. Their development primarily revolves around physical, mental, psychological, emotional and financial facets. Hence the holistic development of a child in the contemporary society is a must in order to secure a better future. The present paper is an endeavour to analyse the development of children in India vis-a-vis The Child Development Bill 2016 and Child Labour (Abolition) Bill 2016 pending before the Indian Parliament. The findings of the study will attempt to highlight the flaws of the Bills and their probable repercussions, supporting the same with Constitutional provisions, judicial precedents, and the international perspective. Finally, the paper will conclude with concrete suggestions to overcome the flaws of the Bills so that the Bills, when passed, can be sincerely implemented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bill" title="bill">bill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repercussion" title=" repercussion"> repercussion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66002/development-of-children-through-the-prism-of-pending-bills-in-india-an-analytical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1952</span> Labour Standards and Bilateral Migration Flows in ASEAN</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rusmawati%20Said">Rusmawati Said</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Kar%20Yee"> N. Kar Yee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaddy%20Haris"> Asmaddy Haris</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study employs a panel data set of ASEAN member states, 17 European Union (EU) countries, 7 American countries and 11 other Asia Pacific countries (China Mainland and Hong Kong SAR are treated as two separated countries) to investigate the role of labour standards in explaining the pattern of bilateral migration flows in ASEAN. Using pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) this study found mixed results. The result varies on how indicators were used to measure the level of labour standards in the empirical analysis. In one side, better labour standards (represented by number of strikes and weekly average working hours) promote bilateral migration among the selected countries. On the other side, increase in cases of occupational injuries lead to an increase in bilateral migration, reflecting that worsen in working conditions do not influence the workers’ decision from moving. The finding from this study become important to policy maker as the issues of massive low skilled workers have a significant impact to the role of labour standard in shaping the migration flows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20standard" title="labour standard">labour standard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASEAN" title=" ASEAN"> ASEAN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economics%20and%20financial%20engineering" title=" economics and financial engineering"> economics and financial engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19241/labour-standards-and-bilateral-migration-flows-in-asean" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1951</span> Health as a Proxy for Labour Productivity: The Impact on Wages in Egypt’s Private Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasmine%20Ahmed%20Shemeis">Yasmine Ahmed Shemeis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Determining the impact of productivity increases on wage levels is often difficult due to the unavailability of individual-level productivity data. Accordingly, we proxy for productivity using a self-perceived measure of health based on the postulated positive relationship between better health and productivity improvements. Using Egypt’s labour market data for the years 2012 and 2018 and utilizing a Maximum Likelihood Estimation method, we address two issues: the endogeneity of health in the estimation of wages and a sample selection bias. Our findings indicate the great value that better health has in enhancing wage levels in Egypt’s private sector. Also, we find that overlooking the endogeneity of health underestimates its effect on wages. Thus, the improvement of health states is likely to be beneficial in improving labour market outcomes in terms of wages as well as labour productivity in Egypt. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour" title="labour">labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Productivity" title=" Productivity"> Productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wages" title=" Wages"> Wages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Endogeneity" title=" Endogeneity"> Endogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sample%20Selection" title=" Sample Selection"> Sample Selection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174454/health-as-a-proxy-for-labour-productivity-the-impact-on-wages-in-egypts-private-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174454.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1950</span> Adult Child Labour Migration and Elderly Parent Health: Recent Evidence from Indonesian Panel Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfiah%20Hasanah">Alfiah Hasanah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvia%20Mendolia"> Silvia Mendolia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleg%20Yerokhin"> Oleg Yerokhin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the impacts of adult child migration on the health of elderly parents left behind. The maternal and children health are a priority of health-related policy in most low and middle-income country, and so there is lack of evidence on the health of older population particularly in Indonesia. With increasing life expectancy and limited access to social security and social services for the elderly in this country, the consequences of increasing number of out-migration of adult children to parent health are important to investigate. This study use Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), the only large-scale continuing longitudinal socioeconomic and health survey that based on a sample of households representing about 83 percent of the Indonesian population in its first wave. Using four waves of IFLS including the recent wave of 2014, several indicators of the self-rated health status, interviewer-rated health status and days of illness are used to estimate the impact of labour out-migration of adult children on parent health status. Incorporate both individual fixed effects to control for unobservable factors in migrant and non-migrant households and the ordered response of self-rated health, this study apply the ordered logit of “Blow-up and Cluster” (BUC ) estimator. The result shows that labour out-migration of adult children significantly improves the self-rated health status of the elderly parent left behind. Findings of this study are consistent with the view that migration increases family resources and contribute to better health care and nutrition of the family left behind. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aging" title="aging">aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20data" title=" panel data"> panel data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-rated%20health" title=" self-rated health"> self-rated health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65838/adult-child-labour-migration-and-elderly-parent-health-recent-evidence-from-indonesian-panel-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65838.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1949</span> 'Refugee Crisis' and Global Labour Relations: Syrian Labour in Turkish Textile Factories </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katarzyna%20Czarnota">Katarzyna Czarnota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inga%20Hajdarowicz"> Inga Hajdarowicz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Political mechanisms of legal, social and economic segregation of refugees and migrants have reproduced and deepened existing hierarchies and inequalities in global labour relations. The consequences of these processes strengthened by current, so called, ‘refugee crisis’, tightening of border regimes, militarisation and closing of Balkan Route, will have a significant impact on future integration policies. One of the fields that require further research is limited access to labour rights of migrants and refugees. Although this phenomenon is experienced by a significant proportion of migrant population, these are the poorest who are also exposed to economic racism. The presentation will tackle the influence of current migration policies on increasing social and class inequalities between migrants, refugees, on the example of Syrian labours in Turkish textile factories. The authors will critically analyse examples of integration policies, especially planned changes in labour law as well as examples of violation of labour rights and exploitation of refugees and migrants in textile factories and industry. The presentation will be based on interviews with Syrian workers, conducted in Turkey and Greece in 2016. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugee%20crisis" title="refugee crisis">refugee crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20racism" title=" economic racism"> economic racism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20labour%20relations" title=" global labour relations"> global labour relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exploatation" title=" exploatation"> exploatation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67110/refugee-crisis-and-global-labour-relations-syrian-labour-in-turkish-textile-factories" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67110.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1948</span> Minimum Wages and Its Impact on Agriculture and Non Agricultural Sectors with Special Reference to Recent Labour Reforms in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bikash%20Kumar%20Malick">Bikash Kumar Malick</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Labour reform is a most celebrated theme for policy makers, at the same time it is also a most misunderstood and skeptical concept even for the educated masses in India. One of the widely focused and discussed topics which needs an in-depth examination is India’s labour laws. It may actually help to reach points to understand the exact requirements in labour reforms by making the labour laws more simple and concise in form and its implementation. It is also a requirement to guide states in India in terms of making laws on it as Indian Constitution itself is federal in form and unitary in spirit. Recently, Codes of Wages Bill has been introduced in Indian Parliament while other three codes are waiting to come in the same line and those codes actually highlight the simplified features of labour laws to enable labour reform in a succinct manner. However, it still brings more confusion in minds of people. To wipe out the confusion and to bring a note and to put it for correlation among the labour reforms of both centre and states which both generates employment and make growth sustainable in India providing clear public understanding. This time is also ripe minimizing the apprehension about all the coming labour laws simplified in different codes in India. This article attempts to highlight the need of labour reform and its possible impact. It also examines the higher rates of minimum wages and its links with its coverage agriculture and nonagricultural sectors (including mines) over the period time. It also takes into consideration of central sphere and in states sphere minimum wage which are linked with Consumer Price Index to bring into account the living standard of workers and to examine the cause and effect between minimum wage and output in both agriculture and non agricultural sector with regression analysis. Increase in minimum wage has actually strengthened the sustainable output. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=codes%20of%20wages" title="codes of wages">codes of wages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indian%20constitution" title=" indian constitution"> indian constitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20wage" title=" minimum wage"> minimum wage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20laws" title=" labour laws"> labour laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20reforms" title=" labour reforms"> labour reforms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82632/minimum-wages-and-its-impact-on-agriculture-and-non-agricultural-sectors-with-special-reference-to-recent-labour-reforms-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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