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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hydrometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pangani_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangani_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pangani Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangani_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commerce</span> 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class="mw-page-title-main">Pangani River</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Пангані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пангані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Пангани (река) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пангани (река)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani_(suba)" title="Pangani (suba) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pangani (suba)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pangani" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani_(Fluss)" title="Pangani (Fluss) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pangani (Fluss)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Ποταμός Πανγκάνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποταμός Πανγκάνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pangani" title="Río Pangani – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Pangani" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رودخانه پانگانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودخانه پانگانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pangani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani_(rijeka)" title="Pangani (rijeka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pangani (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugezi_wa_Pangani" title="Umugezi wa Pangani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umugezi wa Pangani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani_(mto)" title="Pangani (mto) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pangani (mto)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani_(kuksa)" title="Pangani (kuksa) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Pangani (kuksa)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panganis" title="Panganis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Panganis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani_(rivier)" title="Pangani (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pangani (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pangani" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pangani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Пангани (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пангани (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangani_(flod)" title="Pangani (flod) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pangani (flod)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Пангані (річка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пангані (річка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="潘加尼河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="潘加尼河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in northeastern Tanzania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Pangani River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangani_River_in_Bushiri_Ward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pangani_River_in_Bushiri_Ward.jpg/250px-Pangani_River_in_Bushiri_Ward.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pangani_River_in_Bushiri_Ward.jpg/375px-Pangani_River_in_Bushiri_Ward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pangani_River_in_Bushiri_Ward.jpg/500px-Pangani_River_in_Bushiri_Ward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pangani River in <a href="/wiki/Bushiri" title="Bushiri">Bushiri</a> ward.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panganirivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Panganirivermap.png/250px-Panganirivermap.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Panganirivermap.png/375px-Panganirivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Panganirivermap.png/500px-Panganirivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1043" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of River Pangani</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">Mto Pangani</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manyara_Region" title="Manyara Region">Manyara Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arusha_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Arusha District Council">Arusha District Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meru_District,_Arusha" title="Meru District, Arusha">Meru District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arusha_City_Council,_Arusha" title="Arusha City Council, Arusha">Arusha City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hai_District,_Kilimanjaro" title="Hai District, Kilimanjaro">Hai District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshi_District,_Kilimanjaro" title="Moshi District, Kilimanjaro">Moshi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mwanga_District,_Kilimanjaro" title="Mwanga District, Kilimanjaro">Mwanga District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same_District,_Kilimanjaro" title="Same District, Kilimanjaro">Same District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korogwe_District,_Tanga" title="Korogwe District, Tanga">Korogwe District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korogwe_Town_Council,_Tanga" title="Korogwe Town Council, Tanga">Korogwe Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muheza_District,_Tanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Muheza District, Tanga">Muheza District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangani_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangani District">Pangani District</a>,</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arusha_District_Council,_Arusha" title="Arusha District Council, Arusha">Arusha District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> at the town of <a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangani_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangani District">Pangani District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">500km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">43,650 km<sup>2</sup> (16,850 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">27 m<sup>3</sup>/s (950 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkomazi,_Pangani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mkomazi, Pangani (page does not exist)">Mkomazi</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luengera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luengera (page does not exist)">Luengera</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lumoromo; Fukda; Mkalami</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-157-47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-157-47.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-157-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-157-47.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-157-47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-157-47.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-157-47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Pangani Hydro Electric Scheme</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Pangani River</b> (<i>Mto Pangani</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>), (also called <b>Luffu</b> and <b>Jipe Ruvu</b>, especially in older sources, and probably once called <b>Rhaptus</b>) is a major river of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. It has two main sources:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ruvu_Jipe_River" title="Ruvu Jipe River">Ruvu</a>, which rises as <a href="/wiki/River_Lumi,_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lumi, Tanzania">Lumi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a>, passes through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Jipe" title="Lake Jipe">Lake Jipe</a>, and empties into the <a href="/wiki/Nyumba_ya_Mungu_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir">Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kikuletwa_River" title="Kikuletwa River">Kikuletwa River</a>, coming from the west and mainly fed by rivers of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru_(Tanzania)" title="Mount Meru (Tanzania)">Mount Meru</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a>, which also enters into the Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a>. Just after leaving the reservoir the stream becomes the main Pangani, which empties into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a> at the Tangan port town of <a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-INTELLIGENCER1852_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INTELLIGENCER1852-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of its length the river flows along the regional borders of <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manyara_Region" title="Manyara Region">Manyara Region</a>, before flowing into <a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a>, which contains the 68 MW Pangani Power Station and the <a href="/wiki/Pangani_Falls_Dam" title="Pangani Falls Dam">Pangani Falls Dam</a>. There are several inhabited islands within the river. The river is full of crocodiles; hippopotami are scarcer in its lower parts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A main source of Pangani originates on Kilimanjaro, where it is the <a href="/wiki/River_Lumi,_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lumi, Tanzania">River Lumi</a>. Lake Jipe may be considered a backwater of the Lumi.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer1891_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer1891-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below Lake Jipe and above the falls, the river is referred to as "Ruvu".<sup id="cite_ref-BritainShaw1875_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritainShaw1875-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formerly the main course towards the sea was alternatively called "Ruvu" and "Pangani".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays that has been settled as "Pangani" from the Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir to the Ocean. While the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili (language)">Swahili</a> call it "<i>Pangani</i>" (meaning distribute or arrange),<sup id="cite_ref-Hodd2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodd2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is called "<i>Luffu</i>" by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasambara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasambara (page does not exist)">Wasambara</a> (indigenous to the Nderema area, on the three ridges nearer the coast) and the <a href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Zigua</a> (who live on the river's islands).<sup id="cite_ref-INTELLIGENCER1852_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INTELLIGENCER1852-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritainShaw1875_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritainShaw1875-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all authorities agree that the river "Rhaptus" of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographical</a> maps is the Pangani of modern maps.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings1891_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings1891-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pangani is 500 kilometres (310 mi) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-iwmnet.eu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwmnet.eu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Source</dt></dl> <p>One source of the river rises in Kilimanjaro, about 120 miles (190 km) from the sea. Known as the Lumi in this area, its course runs through Lake Jipe. The other is at Mount Meru in the west and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Kikuletwa_River" title="Kikuletwa River">Kikuletwa</a>. Like all African rivers, its depth varies with the season. The river is highest around May and lowest around October. Another source is the <a href="/wiki/Saunyi_River" title="Saunyi River">Saunyi River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kilindi_District,_Tanga" title="Kilindi District, Tanga">Kilindi District</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg/220px-Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg/330px-Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg/440px-Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Pangani River through Bushiri ward of Pangani District</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Midsection</dt></dl> <p>It is navigable for small craft between the lake and the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_H%C3%B6hnel" title="Ludwig von Höhnel">Höhnel Cataracts</a>, a series of rapids.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewin1924_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewin1924-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below the Höhnel Cataracts, it has numerous tributaries, and many islands with villages on them. The stream is strongest above <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koleni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koleni (page does not exist)">Koleni</a>, within 5 miles of the Pangani Falls, where the river is narrow. This section is not navigable for any considerable distance on account of the falls, which are about 30 miles (48 km) from the mouth. Approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) from the mouth, dense <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">mangrove swamp</a> covers the flatland between the hills on either side. In this area, near Teufelsfelsen, are higher land, a fertile area, and the arid <a href="/wiki/Masai_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Steppe">Masai Steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iwmnet.eu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwmnet.eu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this bank is Mount Kovu Kovu, 360 feet (110 m) in height, while on the south bank is a ridge 400 feet (120 m) high. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pombwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pombwe (page does not exist)">Pombwe</a>, one of the principal settlements on the river, is situated about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Kovu Kovu. Above Pombwe, the West African oil palm grows, while below Pombwe, the trees are chiefly areca and coconut palms.<sup id="cite_ref-AfricaPilot1916_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfricaPilot1916-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village of Lemkuna and the hamlet of Ngage are on the river's west bank, while Mvungwe and Meserani are on its eastern bank.<sup id="cite_ref-Catchment_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catchment-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Mouth</dt></dl> <p>The mouth is located 52 kilometres (32 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodd2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodd2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river is tidal for a distance of 22 miles (35 km) from the entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-AfricaPilot1916_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfricaPilot1916-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern side of the entrance is marked by a perpendicular bluff named Bweni, about 200 feet (61 m) high; there is a village of the same name, Bweni, situated here. The northern side of the entrance is a flat sandy beach that extends from the head of the bay. There are several settlements at the entrance, two on the northern and two on the southern bank. Historically, the town of <a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a>, on the river's left bank, had a reputation for fevers.<sup id="cite_ref-Africapilot1878_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africapilot1878-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, by Pangani town, the river is about 600 feet (180 m) in breadth, and 12–15 feet (3.7–4.6 m) deep. </p> <dl><dt>Tributaries</dt></dl> <p>Several tributaries coming from the <a href="/wiki/Pare_Mountains" title="Pare Mountains">Pare Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Usambara_Mountains" title="Usambara Mountains">Usambara Mountains</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasegiia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasegiia (page does not exist)">Wasegiia</a> wilderness join the Pangani in its course. These include the Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau and Mnyusi.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal1959_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal1959-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrometry">Hydrometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hydrometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Average monthly flow of Pangani measured at the hydrological station in <a href="/wiki/Korogwe" title="Korogwe">Korogwe</a> Estate, about 110 km above the mouth in m³ / s (1959–77).<sup id="cite_ref-GRDC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRDC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pangani flows stimulate time-dependent, like most rivers in the region. </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_oz8muhhli7xr7759mav9ra2ifqw584j"></map><img usemap="#timeline_oz8muhhli7xr7759mav9ra2ifqw584j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/oz8muhhli7xr7759mav9ra2ifqw584j.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pangani_Basin">Pangani Basin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pangani Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pangani Basin (PB) is one of Tanzania's nine drainage basins. Extending from the northern highlands to Tanzania's north-eastern coastline, the PB is approximately 56,300 square kilometres (21,700 sq mi) in size, of which 4,880 square kilometres (1,880 sq mi) is within Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five sub-basins comprise the basin: the Pangani River (43,650 square kilometres (16,850 sq mi)), the <a href="/wiki/Umba_River_(Tanzania)" title="Umba River (Tanzania)">Umba River</a> (8,070 square kilometres (3,120 sq mi)), the <a href="/wiki/Msangazi_River" title="Msangazi River">Msangazi River</a> (5,030 square kilometres (1,940 sq mi)), the <a href="/wiki/Zigi_River" title="Zigi River">Zigi River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mkulumuzi_River" title="Mkulumuzi River">Mkulumuzi River</a> plus other coastal rivers (2,080 square kilometres (800 sq mi)).<sup id="cite_ref-MiniGrids_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiniGrids-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these empty into the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-PBWB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBWB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_Basin_Water_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangani Basin Water Board (page does not exist)">Pangani Basin Water Board</a> (PBWB) was established in July 1991 under the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No. 42 of 1974. Its headquarters is in the <a href="/wiki/Moshi,_Tanzania" title="Moshi, Tanzania">Moshi</a> municipality in the Kilimanjaro Region. Its other two offices are in <a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBWB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBWB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PBWB consists of ten professionals from public institutions and private sector LGAs, UWSAs, and other committees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The river system is under pressure because of conflicting water uses and major overallocations of its water. Many farmers rely on the river for irrigation. Damming projects along the river have reduced the river's flow from several hundred cubic metres per second to less than 40 cubic metres per second (1,400 cu ft/s). This has affected coastal communities, which have seen large reductions in fish populations and saltwater intrusion<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River_Basin_Management_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangani River Basin Management Project (page does not exist)">Pangani River Basin Management Project</a> was established to manage the basin's water resources. It receives technical assistance from the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN), the <a href="/wiki/SNV_Netherlands_Development_Organisation" title="SNV Netherlands Development Organisation">SNV Netherlands Development Organisation</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=GIZ_German_Development_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GIZ German Development Organisation (page does not exist)">GIZ German Development Organisation</a> and the local non-governmental organization <a href="/w/index.php?title=PAMOJA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAMOJA (page does not exist)">PAMOJA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project also receives funds from the government of Tanzania, IUCN, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Environment_Facility" title="Global Environment Facility">Global Environment Facility</a> through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commerce">Commerce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a good deal of trade here, dhows loading and unloading on the river. Produce is brought down the river, principally on rafts made of the Moale palm, which are then broken up and become articles of commerce. In 1878, the most common crop cultivated on the river's banks was reported to be sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-Africapilot1878_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africapilot1878-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&q=River+Mkomazi+tansania&pg=PA1"><i>Pangani basin: a situation analysis</i></a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782831707600" title="Special:BookSources/9782831707600"><bdi>9782831707600</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pangani+basin%3A+a+situation+analysis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9782831707600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW9bRbbgft8C%26q%3DRiver%2BMkomazi%2Btansania%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani">Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INTELLIGENCER1852-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INTELLIGENCER1852_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INTELLIGENCER1852_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhYFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA93"><i>THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCER</i></a> (Now in the public domain. ed.). 1852. pp. 93–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+CHRISTIAN+MISSIONARY+INTELLIGENCER&rft.pages=93-&rft.edition=Now+in+the+public+domain.&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhYFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer1891-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer1891_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1891" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Hans (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog"><i>Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro</i></a>. G. Philip & son. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog/page/n431">321</a>–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+East+African+glaciers%3A+an+account+of+the+first+ascent+of+Kilimanjaro&rft.pages=321-&rft.pub=G.+Philip+%26+son&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facrosseastafric00meyegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritainShaw1875-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritainShaw1875_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritainShaw1875_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNew1875" class="citation journal cs1">New, Charles (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318">"Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London</i>. <b>19</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1799979">10.2307/1799979</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1799979">1799979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Journey+from+the+Pangani%2C+via+Wadigo%2C+to+Mombasa&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=1875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1799979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1799979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=New&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nQMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf the map <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_500k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6590061-mombasa-sb-37-2.jpg">Sheet SB 37/2, Series Y401, by War Office 1946</a> of 1946 and this map from 1960 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_250k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6595692-lushoto-sb-37-2.jpg">Sheet SB-37-2 Series Y503, Edition 1-TSD, Published by the Survey Division, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Water, Tanganyika 1960</a>, both showing "Pangani or Ruvu River" as name</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodd2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodd2002_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodd2002_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodd2002" class="citation book cs1">Hodd, Michael (22 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCFrdRKB8hYC&pg=PA383"><i>East Africa handbook</i></a>. pp. 383–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-65-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-65-1"><bdi>978-1-900949-65-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Africa+handbook&rft.pages=383-&rft.date=2002-03-22&rft.isbn=978-1-900949-65-1&rft.aulast=Hodd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCFrdRKB8hYC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings1891-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings1891_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Geographical_Society_(Great_Britain)1891" class="citation book cs1">Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zv4QAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA524"><i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography</i></a> (Now in the public domain. ed.). Edward Stanford. pp. 524–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+and+monthly+record+of+geography&rft.pages=524-&rft.edition=Now+in+the+public+domain.&rft.pub=Edward+Stanford&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Royal+Geographical+Society+%28Great+Britain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzv4QAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwmnet.eu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwmnet.eu_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwmnet.eu_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin">"Pangani Basin"</a>. IWMNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin">the original</a> on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pangani+Basin&rft.pub=IWMNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwmnet.eu%2Findex.php%2Fresearch%2Fpangani-basin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewin1924-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewin1924_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewin1924" class="citation book cs1">Lewin, Evans (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajWmBSO_vH8C"><i>Africa</i></a> (Now in the public domain. ed.). Clarendon press. p. 108<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=Now+in+the+public+domain.&rft.pub=Clarendon+press&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajWmBSO_vH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfricaPilot1916-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AfricaPilot1916_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfricaPilot1916_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Hydrographic_Office1916" class="citation book cs1">United States. Hydrographic Office (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ"><i>Africa Pilot: South and east coasts of Africa from Cape of Good Hope to Ras Hafun</i></a> (Now in the public domain. ed.). Hydrographic office under the authority of the secretary of the navy. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ/page/n402">392</a>–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Pilot%3A+South+and+east+coasts+of+Africa+from+Cape+of+Good+Hope+to+Ras+Hafun&rft.pages=392-&rft.edition=Now+in+the+public+domain.&rft.pub=Hydrographic+office+under+the+authority+of+the+secretary+of+the+navy&rft.date=1916&rft.au=United+States.+Hydrographic+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catchment-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catchment_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QmHvdkVNLEgC&pg=PA34"><i>Catchment ecosystems and downstream water : the value of water resources in the Pangani basin, Tanzania</i></a>. IUCN. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-8177-49-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-8177-49-5"><bdi>978-955-8177-49-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catchment+ecosystems+and+downstream+water+%3A+the+value+of+water+resources+in+the+Pangani+basin%2C+Tanzania&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.isbn=978-955-8177-49-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmHvdkVNLEgC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africapilot1878-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Africapilot1878_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Africapilot1878_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Hydrographic_Office1878" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Hydrographic Office (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog"><i>Africa pilot: South and east coasts of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Guardafui, including the islands in Mozambique Channel</i></a> (Now in the public domain ed.). Printed for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog/page/n339">327</a>, 328–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+pilot%3A+South+and+east+coasts+of+Africa%2C+from+the+Cape+of+Good+Hope+to+Cape+Guardafui%2C+including+the+islands+in+Mozambique+Channel&rft.pages=327%2C+328-&rft.edition=Now+in+the+public+domain&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Hydrographic+Office%2C+Admiralty&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Hydrographic+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricapilot02offigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal1959-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Journal1959_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xLAQAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene</i></a>. Staples and Staples, Ltd. 1959. p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+tropical+medicine+and+hygiene&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Staples+and+Staples%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw6xLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRDC-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRDC_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1289200.html">GRDC - The Pangani in Korogwe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhattBossioEnforsGordon2006" class="citation book cs1">Bhatt, Yogesh Chandra; Bossio, Deborah; Enfors, E.; Gordon, L.; Kongo, V.; Kosgei, J. R.; Makurira, H.; Masuki, K.; Mul, M.; Tumbo, S. D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9qZIXK-XtIC&pg=PA10"><i>Smallholder system innovations in integrated watershed management (SSI): Strategies of water for food and environmental security in drought-prone tropical and subtropical agro-ecosystems</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9090-634-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9090-634-6"><bdi>978-92-9090-634-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smallholder+system+innovations+in+integrated+watershed+management+%28SSI%29%3A+Strategies+of+water+for+food+and+environmental+security+in+drought-prone+tropical+and+subtropical+agro-ecosystems&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=International+Water+Management+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-9090-634-6&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Yogesh+Chandra&rft.au=Bossio%2C+Deborah&rft.au=Enfors%2C+E.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+L.&rft.au=Kongo%2C+V.&rft.au=Kosgei%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Makurira%2C+H.&rft.au=Masuki%2C+K.&rft.au=Mul%2C+M.&rft.au=Tumbo%2C+S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9qZIXK-XtIC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiniGrids-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiniGrids_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663">"Pangani Basin Water Board"</a>. Mini Grids Information Portal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pangani+Basin+Water+Board&rft.pub=Mini+Grids+Information+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minigrids.go.tz%2Fen%2FDirectory%2FDetails%2Fc4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBWB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBWB_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBWB_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/#">"Pangani Basin"</a>. Pangani Basin Water Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panganibasin.com/">the original</a> on 2011-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pangani+Basin&rft.pub=Pangani+Basin+Water+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panganibasin.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/water/wp_where_we_work/wp_our_work_projects/wp_our_work_pan/">"Pangani River Basin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pangani+River+Basin&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fabout%2Fwork%2Fprogrammes%2Fwater%2Fwp_where_we_work%2Fwp_our_work_projects%2Fwp_our_work_pan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APangani+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pangani_River" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pangani River">Pangani River</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HlrMnhN16wo/TJpJQSLfKTI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/B093LT_qbUs/s1600/eamap.jpg">Map showing the river</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405214734/http://www.svt.ntnu.no/geo/Forskning/Pangani/Bilder/Pang_medium_ok.gif">Map showing river basin</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pangani_River&params=5_26_S_38_58_E_region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°26′S</span> <span class="longitude">38°58′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.433°S 38.967°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-5.433; 38.967</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Tanzania" title="Template:Rivers of Tanzania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Tanzania" title="Template talk:Rivers of Tanzania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Tanzania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Tanzania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers_of_Tanzania90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Tanzania" title="List of rivers of Tanzania">Rivers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Tanzania" title="List of rivers of Tanzania">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_River" title="Ambala River">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangala_River" title="Bangala River">Bangala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gombe_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gombe River (page does not exist)">Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ruaha_River" title="Great Ruaha River">Great Ruaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafufu_River" title="Kafufu River">Kafufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagera_River" title="Kagera River">Kagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalambo_River" title="Kalambo River">Kalambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhumuka_River" title="Luhumuka River">Luhumuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujenda_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lujenda River">Lujenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukuledi_River" title="Lukuledi River">Lukuledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lumi,_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lumi, Tanzania">Lumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpungu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumpungu River">Lumpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magamba_River" title="Magamba River">Magamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagarasi_River" title="Malagarasi River">Malagarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manonga_River" title="Manonga River">Manonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_River" title="Mara River">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matandu_River" title="Matandu River">Matandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbezi_River" title="Mbezi River">Mbezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbwemkuru_River" title="Mbwemkuru River">Mbwemkuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkulumuzi_River" title="Mkulumuzi River">Mkulumuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkuzu_River" title="Mkuzu River">Mkuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moyowosi_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moyowosi River (page does not exist)">Moyowosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpiji_River" title="Mpiji River">Mpiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msangazi_River" title="Msangazi River">Msangazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakaliza_River" title="Myakaliza River">Myakaliza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguya River (page does not exist)">Nguya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pangani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruchugi_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruchugi River (page does not exist)">Ruchugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufiji_River" title="Rufiji River">Rufiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurubu_River" title="Rurubu River">Rurubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvu_River" title="Ruvu River">Ruvu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">Ruvuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvyironza_River" title="Ruvyironza River">Ruvyironza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu_River" title="Semu River">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibiti_River" title="Sibiti River">Sibiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simiyu_River" title="Simiyu River">Simiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarangire_River" title="Tarangire River">Tarangire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugalla_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugalla River (page does not exist)">Ugalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umba_River_(Tanzania)" title="Umba River (Tanzania)">Umba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wami_River" title="Wami River">Wami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wembere_River" title="Wembere River">Wembere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigi_River" title="Zigi River">Zigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheli_River" title="Cheli River">Cheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaru_River" title="Mwaru River">Mwaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506955#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506955#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506955#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315529249">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4560542-7">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&oldid=1171910789">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangani_River&oldid=1171910789</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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