CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cape Breton Island - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"575486fd-7428-451e-b314-8d0cacd8334f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cape_Breton_Island","wgTitle":"Cape Breton Island","wgCurRevisionId":1258817301,"wgRevisionId":1258817301,"wgArticleId":5724,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1: long volume value","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "Use dmy dates from October 2019","Use Canadian English from April 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Mi'kmaq-language text","Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from August 2014","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013","Articles prone to spam from August 2014","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Cape Breton Island","British North America","Canadian Gaelic","Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas","Geographic regions of Nova Scotia","Islands of Nova Scotia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cape_Breton_Island","wgRelevantArticleId":5724,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":46.294999999999995,"lon":-60.669999999999995},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q188489","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg/1200px-Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="889"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg/800px-Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="593"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg/640px-Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="474"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cape Breton Island - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cape_Breton_Island rootpage-Cape_Breton_Island skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cape+Breton+Island" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cape+Breton+Island" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cape+Breton+Island" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cape+Breton+Island" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Île_Royale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Île_Royale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Île Royale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Île_Royale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seven_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Seven Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colony_of_Cape_Breton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colony_of_Cape_Breton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colony of Cape Breton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colony_of_Cape_Breton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_with_Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_with_Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Merger with Nova Scotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_with_Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lowlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lowlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Lowlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lowlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Breton_Hills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Breton_Hills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Cape Breton Hills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Breton_Hills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highlands_and_the_Northern_Plateau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highlands_and_the_Northern_Plateau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Highlands and the Northern Plateau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highlands_and_the_Northern_Plateau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Breton_coastal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Breton_coastal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Cape Breton coastal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Breton_coastal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hydrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religious groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Traditional music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photo_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Photo gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape Breton Island</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaap-Breton-eiland" title="Kaap-Breton-eiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaap-Breton-eiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidwicn%C3%A6s%C4%ABeg" title="Lidwicnæsīeg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lidwicnæsīeg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جزيرة كيب بريتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة كيب بريتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_del_Cabu_Bret%C3%B3n" title="Islla del Cabu Bretón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla del Cabu Bretón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_du_Cap-Breton" title="Île du Cap-Breton – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Île du Cap-Breton" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyp-Breton" title="Keyp-Breton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keyp-Breton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="کئیپ برتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کئیپ برتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_H%C3%A1i-ph%C4%AB%E2%81%BF_T%C3%B3" title="Breton Hái-phīⁿ Tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Breton Hái-phīⁿ Tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF-%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кейп-Брэтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кейп-Брэтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кейп Бретон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кейп Бретон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap_Breton_Insl" title="Kap Breton Insl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kap Breton Insl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_ar_C%27hab_Breton" title="Enez ar C'hab Breton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enez ar C'hab Breton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_del_Cap_Bret%C3%B3" title="Illa del Cap Bretó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa del Cap Bretó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cape Breton Island" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" title="Cape Breton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Cape_Breton" title="Ynys Cape Breton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" title="Cape Breton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap-Breton-Insel" title="Kap-Breton-Insel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kap-Breton-Insel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" title="Cape Breton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%80_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Κέιπ Μπρετόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέιπ Μπρετόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_del_Cabo_Bret%C3%B3n" title="Isla del Cabo Bretón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla del Cabo Bretón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulo_de_Breton-Kabo" title="Insulo de Breton-Kabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insulo de Breton-Kabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_uhartea" title="Cape Breton uhartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cape Breton uhartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جزیره کیپ برتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره کیپ برتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_du_Cap-Breton" title="Île du Cap-Breton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île du Cap-Breton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaap_Bretoneil%C3%A2n" title="Kaap Bretoneilân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaap Bretoneilân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_Cheap_Bhreatainn" title="Oileán Cheap Bhreatainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileán Cheap Bhreatainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilean_Cheap_Bhreatainn" title="Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilean_Cheap_Bhreatainn" title="Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Cabo_Bret%C3%B3n" title="Illa de Cabo Bretón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa de Cabo Bretón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%84%B4%EC%84%AC" title="케이프브레턴섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케이프브레턴섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%83_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Քեյփ Բրետոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քեյփ Բրետոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" title="Cape Breton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Tanjung_Breton" title="Pulau Tanjung Breton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Tanjung Breton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_del_Capo_Bretone" title="Isola del Capo Bretone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola del Capo Bretone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="האי קייפ ברטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האי קייפ ברטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E-%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კეიპ-ბრეტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კეიპ-ბრეტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кейп-Бретон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кейп-Бретон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Capitis_Britonum" title="Insula Capitis Britonum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Capitis Britonum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keipbretona" title="Keipbretona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Keipbretona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keip_Bretono_sala" title="Keip Bretono sala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keip Bretono sala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton-foki-sziget" title="Breton-foki-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Breton-foki-sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جزيره كيب بريتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيره كيب بريتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Bretoneiland" title="Cape Bretoneiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cape Bretoneiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6" title="ケープ・ブレトン島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケープ・ブレトン島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" title="Cape Breton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" title="Cape Breton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_oroli" title="Cape Breton oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Cape Breton oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" title="Cape Breton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_do_Cabo_Bret%C3%A3o" title="Ilha do Cabo Bretão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha do Cabo Bretão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Capul_Breton" title="Insula Capul Breton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Capul Breton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кейп-Бретон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кейп-Бретон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cape Breton Island" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cape Breton Island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_(otok)" title="Cape Breton (otok) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cape Breton (otok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BF_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кејп Бретон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кејп Бретон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_(otok)" title="Cape Breton (otok) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cape Breton (otok)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Bretonin_saari" title="Cape Bretonin saari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cape Bretonin saari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap_Breton%C3%B6n" title="Kap Bretonön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kap Bretonön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เกาะเคปเบรตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะเคปเบรตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Кейп-Бретон (острів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кейп-Бретон (острів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Cape_Breton" title="Đảo Cape Breton – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Cape Breton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_Breton_(pur%C3%B4)" title="Cabo Breton (purô) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cabo Breton (purô)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E9%A1%BF%E8%A7%92%E5%B2%9B" title="布雷顿角岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布雷顿角岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E9%A1%BF%E8%A7%92%E5%B2%9B" title="布雷顿角岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布雷顿角岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188489#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cape_Breton_Island" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cape_Breton_Island" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cape_Breton_Island" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&oldid=1258817301" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cape_Breton_Island&id=1258817301&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCape_Breton_Island"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCape_Breton_Island"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cape_Breton_Island&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188489" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cape_Breton_Island&params=46_17_42_N_60_40_12_W_scale:1000000_region:CA-NS_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°17′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">60°40′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.29500°N 60.67000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.29500; -60.67000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in Nova Scotia, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cape Breton" redirects here. For the municipality, see <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cape Breton (disambiguation)">Cape Breton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cape Breton</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Île du Cap-Breton</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">French</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Inc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Inc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Unama'ki</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmawi'simk</a>)</li> <li><i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg/260px-Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg/390px-Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg/520px-Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cape Breton is located in Nova Scotia"><img alt="Cape Breton is located in Nova Scotia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg/260px-Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg/390px-Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg/520px-Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.125%;left:83.521%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cape Breton"><img alt="Cape Breton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Cape Breton</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cape_Breton_Island&params=46_17_42_N_60_40_12_W_scale:1000000_region:CA-NS_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°17′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">60°40′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.29500°N 60.67000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.29500; -60.67000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">10,311 km<sup>2</sup> (3,981 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">77th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">535 m (1755 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Hill_(Nova_Scotia)" title="White Hill (Nova Scotia)">White Hill</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a> (pop. 93,694<sup id="cite_ref-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_CBRM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_CBRM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Cape Bretoner<sup id="cite_ref-Table_from_Language_Portal_of_Canada_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Table_from_Language_Portal_of_Canada-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">132,019<sup id="cite_ref-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Table_from_Statistics_Canada-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">12.8/km<sup>2</sup> (33.2/sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cape Breton Island</b> (French: <i lang="fr">île du Cap-Breton</i>, formerly <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-Royale_(New_France)" title="Île-Royale (New France)">île Royale</a></i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Ceap Breatainn</i> or <i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a>: <i lang="mic">Unamaꞌki</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Incb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Incb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a rugged and irregularly shaped island<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Atlantic coast of North America and part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10,311 km<sup>2</sup> (3,981 sq mi) island accounts for 18.7% of Nova Scotia's total area. Although the island is physically separated from the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_peninsula" title="Nova Scotia peninsula">Nova Scotia peninsula</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Canso" title="Strait of Canso">Strait of Canso</a>, the 1,385 m (4,544 ft) long <a href="/wiki/Canso_Causeway" title="Canso Causeway">Canso Causeway</a> connects it to mainland Nova Scotia. The island is east-northeast of the mainland with its northern and western coasts fronting on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> with its western coast forming the eastern limits of the <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Strait" title="Northumberland Strait">Northumberland Strait</a>. The eastern and southern coasts front the Atlantic Ocean with its eastern coast also forming the western limits of the <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Strait" title="Cabot Strait">Cabot Strait</a>. Its landmass slopes upward from south to north, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands" title="Cape Breton Highlands">highlands</a> of its northern cape. One of the world's larger saltwater lakes, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or</a></i></span> ("Golden Arm" in French), dominates the island's centre. </p><p>The total population at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Canadian Census">2016 census</a> numbered 132,010 Cape Bretoners, which is approximately 15% of the provincial population.<sup id="cite_ref-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Table_from_Statistics_Canada-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cape Breton Island has experienced a decline in population of approximately 2.9% since the 2011 census. Approximately 75% of the island's population is in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a> (CBRM), which includes all of Cape Breton County and is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Cape_Breton" title="Industrial Cape Breton">Industrial Cape Breton</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cape Breton Island takes its name from its easternmost point, Cape Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been named after the <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascon</a> fishing port of <a href="/wiki/Capbreton" title="Capbreton">Capbreton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more probably takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a> of northwestern France. A Portuguese <i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">mappa mundi</a></i> of 1516–20 includes the label "terra q(ue) foy descuberta por Bertomes" in the vicinity of the Gulf of St Lawrence, which means "land discovered by Bretons".<sup id="cite_ref-ganong_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganong-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Cape Breton" first appears on a map of 1516, as <i>C(abo) dos Bretoes</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ganong_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganong-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became the general name for both the island and the cape toward the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cape Breton Island's first residents were likely <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">archaic</a> maritime natives, ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq people</a>. These peoples and their progeny inhabited the island (known as Unama'ki) for several thousand years and continue to live there to this day. Their traditional lifestyle centred around hunting and fishing because of the unfavourable agricultural conditions of their maritime home. This ocean-centric lifestyle did, however, make them among the first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> to discover European explorers and sailors fishing in the St Lawrence Estuary. Italian explorer (sailing for the British crown) <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> reportedly visited the island in 1497.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, European histories and maps of the period are of too poor quality to be sure whether Cabot first visited <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> or Cape Breton Island. This discovery is commemorated by Cape Breton's <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Trail" title="Cabot Trail">Cabot Trail</a>, and by the Cabot's Landing Historic Site & Provincial Park, near the village of <a href="/wiki/Dingwall,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dingwall, Nova Scotia">Dingwall</a>. </p><p>The local Mi'kmaq peoples began trading with European fishermen when the fishermen began landing in their territories as early as the 1520s. In about 1521–22, the Portuguese under <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a> established a fishing colony on the island. As many as two hundred settlers lived in a village, the name of which is not known, located according to some historians at what is now <a href="/wiki/Ingonish,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingonish, Nova Scotia">Ingonish</a> on the island's northeastern peninsula. These fishermen traded with the local population but did not maintain a permanent settlement. This Portuguese colony's fate is unknown, but it is mentioned as late as 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1627–29)">Anglo-French War</a> of 1627 to 1629, under <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/David_Kirke" title="David Kirke">Kirkes</a> took <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_4th_Lord_Ochiltree" title="James Stewart, 4th Lord Ochiltree">James Stewart, 4th Lord Ochiltree</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> planted a colony on Unama'ki at <a href="/wiki/Baleine,_Nova_Scotia" title="Baleine, Nova Scotia">Baleine, Nova Scotia</a>, and Alexander's son, <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Stirling" title="William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling">William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling</a>, established the first incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">"New Scotland"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>). These claims, and larger ideals of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> were the first time the island was incorporated as European territory, though it would be several decades later that treaties would actually be signed. However, no copies of these treaties exist. </p><p>These Scottish triumphs, which left <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sable_Island" title="Cape Sable Island">Cape Sable</a> as the only major French holding in North America, did not last.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles I's haste to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant the new North American gains would be bargained away in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which established which European power had laid claim over the territories. </p><p>The French quickly defeated the Scots at <a href="/wiki/Baleine,_Nova_Scotia" title="Baleine, Nova Scotia">Baleine</a>, and established the first European settlements on Île Royale, which is present-day <a href="/wiki/Englishtown,_Nova_Scotia" title="Englishtown, Nova Scotia">Englishtown</a> (1629) and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s,_Nova_Scotia" title="St. Peter's, Nova Scotia">St. Peter's</a> (1630). These settlements lasted only one generation, until <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Denys" title="Nicolas Denys">Nicolas Denys</a> left in 1659. The island did not have any European settlers for another fifty years before those communities along with <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisbourg (community)">Louisbourg</a> were re-established in 1713, after which point European settlement was permanently established on the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Île_Royale"><span id=".C3.8Ele_Royale"></span>Île Royale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Île Royale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_de_Pastour_de_Costebelle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Philippe_de_Pastour_de_Costebelle.png/170px-Philippe_de_Pastour_de_Costebelle.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Philippe_de_Pastour_de_Costebelle.png/255px-Philippe_de_Pastour_de_Costebelle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Philippe_de_Pastour_de_Costebelle.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Pastour_de_Costebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe de Pastour de Costebelle">Philippe de Pastour de Costebelle</a>, 1st Governor of Île Royale, only known image of a French Governor</figcaption></figure> <p>Known as <i>Île Royale</i> ("Royal Island") to the French, the island also saw active settlement by France. After the French ceded their claims to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadian</a> mainland to the British by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> in 1713, the French relocated the population of <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance, Newfoundland</a>, to <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-Royale_(New_France)" title="Île-Royale (New France)">Île Royale</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> was established in the central eastern part at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sainte_Anne_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Sainte Anne (Nova Scotia)">Sainte Anne</a>. As the harbour at Sainte Anne experienced icing problems, it was decided to build a much larger fortification at <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a> to improve defences at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> and to defend France's fishing fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French also built the <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg_Lighthouse" title="Louisbourg Lighthouse">Louisbourg Lighthouse</a> in 1734, the first lighthouse in Canada and one of the first in North America. In addition to Cape Breton Island, the French colony of Île Royale also included <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Île Saint-Jean</a>, today called Prince Edward Island, and <a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%8Eles-de-la-Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine">Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/300px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/450px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/600px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a> itself was one of the most important commercial and military centres in New France. Louisbourg was captured by New Englanders<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with British naval assistance in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">Siege of Louisbourg (1745)</a><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by British forces in 1758. The French population of Île Royale was deported to France after each siege. While French settlers returned to their homes in Île Royale after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> was signed in 1748,<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fortress was demolished after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">second siege</a> in 1758. Île Royale remained formally part of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> until it was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1763. It was then merged with the adjacent British colony of Nova Scotia (present-day peninsular Nova Scotia and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>). Acadians who had been <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expelled</a> from Nova Scotia and Île Royale were permitted to settle in Cape Breton beginning in 1764,<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established communities in northwestern Cape Breton, near <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ticamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Chéticamp">Chéticamp</a>, and southern Cape Breton, on and near <a href="/wiki/Isle_Madame" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle Madame">Isle Madame</a>. </p><p>Some of the first British-sanctioned settlers on the island following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> were Irish, although upon settlement they merged with local French communities to form a culture rich in music and tradition. From 1763 to 1784, the island was administratively part of the colony of Nova Scotia<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was governed from <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a>. </p><p>The first permanently settled <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> community on Cape Breton Island was <a href="/wiki/Judique,_Nova_Scotia" title="Judique, Nova Scotia">Judique</a>, settled in 1775 by Michael Mor MacDonald. He spent his first winter using his upside-down boat for shelter, which is reflected in the architecture of the village's Community Centre. He composed a song about the area called "O 's àlainn an t-àite", or "O, Fair is the Place." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions,_1781_(inset).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png/440px-The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png/660px-The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png/880px-The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Waller Prentice, <a href="/wiki/84th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Highland_Emigrants)" title="84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)">84th Regiment</a>, 4 January 1780, shipwrecked off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Breton">Cape Breton</a>, Nova Scotia by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pollard_(engraver)" title="Robert Pollard (engraver)">Robert Pollard</a> (1784)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, on 1 November 1776, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a>, the father of the American Navy, set sail in command of <i>Alfred</i> to free hundreds of American prisoners working in the area's coal mines. Although winter conditions prevented the freeing of the prisoners, the mission did result in the capture of <i>Mellish</i>, a vessel carrying a vital supply of winter clothing intended for <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>'s troops in Canada. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Hierlihy" title="Timothy Hierlihy">Major Timothy Hierlihy</a> and his regiment on board <i>HMS Hope</i> worked in and protected the coal mines at Sydney Cape Breton from privateer attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sydney, Cape Breton provided a vital supply of coal for Halifax throughout the war. The British began developing the mining site at Sydney Mines in 1777. On 14 May 1778, Major Hierlihy arrived at Cape Breton. While there, Hierlihy reported that he "beat off many piratical attacks, killed some and took other prisoners."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few years into the war, there was also <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Cape_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle off Cape Breton">a naval engagement</a> between French ships and a British convoy off Sydney, Nova Scotia, near Spanish River (1781), Cape Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French ships, fighting with the Americans, were re-coaling and defeated a British convoy. Six French and 17 British sailors were killed, with many more wounded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colony_of_Cape_Breton">Colony of Cape Breton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colony of Cape Breton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1784, Britain split the colony of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> into three separate colonies: New Brunswick, Cape Breton Island, and present-day peninsular Nova Scotia, in addition to the adjacent colonies of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">St. John's Island</a> (renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798) and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>. The colony of Cape Breton Island had its capital at <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Sydney</a> on its namesake harbour fronting on <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Bay_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Spanish Bay (Nova Scotia)">Spanish Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Strait" title="Cabot Strait">Cabot Strait</a>. Its first Lieutenant-Governor was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Frederick_Wallet_DesBarres" title="Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres">Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres</a> (1784–1787) and his successor was <a href="/wiki/William_Macarmick" title="William Macarmick">William Macarmick</a> (1787). </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> emigrated to the Canadian colonies, including Cape Breton. <a href="/wiki/David_Mathews" title="David Mathews">David Mathews</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, emigrated with his family to Cape Breton in 1783. He succeeded Macarmick as head of the colony and served from 1795 to 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1799 to 1807, the military commandant was <a href="/wiki/John_Despard" title="John Despard">John Despard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brother of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Edward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An order forbidding the granting of land in Cape Breton, issued in 1763, was removed in 1784. The mineral rights to the island were given over to the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a> by an order-in-council. The British government had intended that the Crown take over the operation of the mines when Cape Breton was made a colony, but this was never done, probably because of the rehabilitation cost of the mines. The mines were in a neglected state, caused by careless operations dating back at least to the time of the final fall of Louisbourg in 1758. </p><p>Large-scale shipbuilding began in the 1790s, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooners</a> for local trade, moving in the 1820s to larger <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantines</a>, mostly built for British ship owners. Shipbuilding peaked in the 1850s, marked in 1851 by the <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">full-rigged ship</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Clarendon_(ship)" title="Lord Clarendon (ship)">Lord Clarendon</a></i>, which was the largest wooden ship ever built in Cape Breton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_with_Nova_Scotia">Merger with Nova Scotia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Merger with Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1820, the colony of Cape Breton Island was merged for the second time with Nova Scotia. This development is one of the factors which led to large-scale industrial development in the Sydney Coal Field of eastern Cape Breton County. By the late 19th century, as a result of the faster shipping, expanding fishery and industrialization of the island, exchanges of people between the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> and Cape Breton increased, beginning a cultural exchange that continues to this day. </p><p>The 1920s were some of the most violent times in Cape Breton. They were marked by several severe labour disputes. The famous murder of <a href="/wiki/William_Davis_(miner)" title="William Davis (miner)">William Davis</a> by strike breakers, and the seizing of the <a href="/wiki/New_Waterford,_Nova_Scotia" title="New Waterford, Nova Scotia">New Waterford</a> power plant by striking miners led to a major union sentiment that persists to this day in some circles. <a href="/wiki/William_Davis_Miners%27_Memorial_Day" title="William Davis Miners' Memorial Day">William Davis Miners' Memorial Day</a> continues to be celebrated in coal mining towns to commemorate the deaths of miners at the hands of the coal companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The turn of the 20th century saw Cape Breton Island at the forefront of scientific achievement with the now-famous activities launched by inventors <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>. </p><p>Following his successful invention of the telephone and being relatively wealthy, Bell acquired land near <a href="/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck, Nova Scotia">Baddeck</a> in 1885. He chose the land, which he named <i><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh</a></i>, largely due to its resemblance to his early surroundings in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. He established a summer estate complete with research laboratories, working with deaf people including <a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a>, and continued to invent. Baddeck would be the site of his experiments with <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoil</a> technologies as well as the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a>, financed by his wife <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a>. These efforts resulted in the first powered flight in Canada when the <a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA <i>Silver Dart</i></a> took off from the ice-covered waters of <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a>. Bell also built the forerunner to the <a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator">iron lung</a> and experimented with breeding sheep. </p><p>Marconi's contributions to Cape Breton Island were also quite significant, as he used the island's geography to his advantage in transmitting the first North American trans-Atlantic radio message<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from a station constructed at Table Head in <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glace Bay, Nova Scotia">Glace Bay</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a receiving station at <a href="/wiki/Poldhu" title="Poldhu">Poldhu</a> in Cornwall, England. Marconi's pioneering work in Cape Breton marked the beginning of modern radio technology. Marconi's station at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marconi_and_Marconi_Wireless_Station_National_Historic_Sites_Towers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marconi and Marconi Wireless Station National Historic Sites Towers (page does not exist)">Marconi Towers</a>, on the outskirts of Glace Bay, became the chief communication centre for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> through to the early years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Promotions for tourism beginning in the 1950s recognized the importance of the Scottish culture to the province, as the provincial government started encouraging the use of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a> once again. The establishment of funding for the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_College_of_Celtic_Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts">Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts</a> and formal Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Language_courses" class="mw-redirect" title="Language courses">language courses</a> in public schools are intended to address the near-loss of this culture to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> into Anglophone Canadian culture. </p><p>In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a> was partially reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, using the labour of unemployed coal miners. Since 2009, this <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> has attracted an average of 90,000 visitors per year.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_Island.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cape_Breton_Island.png/300px-Cape_Breton_Island.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cape_Breton_Island.png/450px-Cape_Breton_Island.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cape_Breton_Island.png/600px-Cape_Breton_Island.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Map of select municipalities on Cape Breton Island</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_Island_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cape_Breton_Island_map.png/300px-Cape_Breton_Island_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cape_Breton_Island_map.png/450px-Cape_Breton_Island_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cape_Breton_Island_map.png/600px-Cape_Breton_Island_map.png 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption>Travel map of Cape Breton Island, with major highways and freeways marked</figcaption></figure> <p>The irregularly-shaped rectangular island is about 100 km wide and 150 long, for a total of 10,311 square kilometres (3,981 sq mi) in area.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It lies in the southeastern extremity of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>. Cape Breton is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_peninsula" title="Nova Scotia peninsula">Nova Scotia peninsula</a> by the very deep <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Canso" title="Strait of Canso">Strait of Canso</a>. The island is joined to the mainland by the <a href="/wiki/Canso_Causeway" title="Canso Causeway">Canso Causeway</a>. </p><p>Cape Breton Island is composed of rocky shores, rolling farmland, glacial valleys, barren headlands, highlands, woods and plateaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island is characterized by a number of elevations of ancient <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> rising up from the south to the north, and contrasted with eroded lowlands. The bedrock of blocks that developed in different places around the globe, at different times, and then were fused together via <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roland_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roland-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cape Breton is formed from three <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a>. These are fragments of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> formed on a <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> and attached by <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accretion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">suture</a> to crust lying on another plate. Each of these has its own distinctive geologic history, which is different from that of the surrounding areas. The southern half of the island formed from the <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalon terrane</a>, which was once a <a href="/wiki/Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinent">microcontinent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> era. It is made up of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> that formed near what is now called Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the northern half of the island is on the Bras d'Or terrane (part of the <a href="/wiki/Ganderia" title="Ganderia">Ganderia</a> terrane). It contains volcanic and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> formed off the coast of what is now <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third terrane is the relatively small Blair River <a href="/wiki/Inliers_and_outliers_(geology)" title="Inliers and outliers (geology)">inlier</a> on the far northwestern tip. It contains the oldest rock in the Maritimes, formed up to 1.6 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rocks, which can be seen in the Polletts Cove - Aspy Fault Wilderness Area north of <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" title="Pleasant Bay, Nova Scotia">Pleasant Bay</a>, are likely part of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>, a large area of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> that forms the core of the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> continent. </p><p>The Avalon and Bras d'Or terranes were pushed together about 500 million years ago when the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> was formed. The Blair River inlier was sandwiched in between the two when <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurussia</a> was formed 450-360 million years ago, at which time the land was found in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>. This collision also formed the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. Associated <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a> is now visible as the canyons of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands" title="Cape Breton Highlands">Cape Breton Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, the area was flooded, which created <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> layers such as <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a>. Later, most of the island was tropical forest which later formed coal deposits. </p><p>Much later, the land was shaped by repeated <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> which left <a href="/wiki/Striation_(geology)" title="Striation (geology)">striations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a>, <a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valleys</a>, and carved the Bras d'Or Lake from the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of U-shaped valleys are those of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ticamp_River" title="Chéticamp River">Chéticamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grande-Anse_River" title="Grande-Anse River">Grande Anse</a>, and Clyburn River valleys. Other valleys have been eroded by water, forming V-shaped valleys and <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a>. Cape Breton has many fault lines but few earthquakes. Since the North American continent is moving westward, earthquakes tend to occur on the western edge of the continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Sydney </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.05em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">153</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.08em;height:1.7em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.78em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−1</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.58em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.562em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">128</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.94em;height:1.76em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−2</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.44em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">130</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.66em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.16em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.666em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">133</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.68em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.32em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.18em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.064em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">103</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.54em;height:2.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.62em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.938em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">97</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.54em;height:2.18em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.77em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">89</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.52em;height:2.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.62em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.004em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">100</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.62em;height:1.96em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.58em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.374em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">119</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.82em;height:1.94em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.32em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.858em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">143</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.86em;height:1.66em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.52em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.36em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">156</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.04em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.46em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.54em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">167</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.42em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−5</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-CCN_Sydney_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCN_Sydney-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.05em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.08em;height:1.7em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.78em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.58em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">15</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.562em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.94em;height:1.76em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.44em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.66em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.16em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.666em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.68em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.32em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.18em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.064em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.54em;height:2.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.62em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.04em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.938em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.54em;height:2.18em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">65</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.04em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.77em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.52em;height:2.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.62em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.004em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.62em;height:1.96em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.58em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.374em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.82em;height:1.94em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.32em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.858em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.86em;height:1.66em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.52em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.36em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">40</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.04em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.46em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.54em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.42em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The warm summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> is moderated by the proximity of the cold, oftentimes polar <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador Current</a> and its warmer counterpart the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, both being dominant currents in the North Atlantic Ocean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lowlands">Lowlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lowlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are lowland areas in along the western shore, around Lake Ainslie, the Bras d'Or watershed, <a href="/wiki/Boularderie_Island" title="Boularderie Island">Boularderie Island</a>, and the Sydney coalfield. They include salt marshes, coastal beaches, and freshwater wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1800s, many areas were cleared for farming or timber. Many farms were abandoned from the 1920s to the 1950s with fields being reclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">white spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_rubrum" title="Acer rubrum">red maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">white birch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">balsam fir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher slopes are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis" title="Betula alleghaniensis">yellow birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acer_saccharum" title="Acer saccharum">sugar maple</a>. In sheltered areas with sun and drainage, <a href="/wiki/New_England%E2%80%93Acadian_forests" title="New England–Acadian forests">Acadian forest</a> is found. Wetter areas have <a href="/wiki/Larix_laricina" title="Larix laricina">tamarack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a>. The weather station at Ingonish records more rain than anywhere else in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behind barrier beaches and dunes at <a href="/wiki/Aspy_Bay" title="Aspy Bay">Aspy Bay</a> are <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a>. The Aspy, Clyburn, and Ingonish rivers have all created <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> which support populations of black ash, <a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">fiddle head</a> fern, <a href="/wiki/Decodon_verticillatus" title="Decodon verticillatus">swamp loosestrife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepias_incarnata" title="Asclepias incarnata">swamp milkweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neottia_bifolia" title="Neottia bifolia">southern twayblade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria">bloodroot</a>. </p><p>Red sandstone and white gypsum cliffs can be observed throughout this area. Bedrock is Carboniferous sedimentary with <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, shale, and sandstone. Many <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial processes">fluvial</a> remains from are glaciation found here. Mining has been ongoing for centuries, and more than 500 mine openings can be found, mainly in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karst</a> topography is found in Dingwall, South Harbour, Plaster Provincial Park, along the Margaree and Middle Rivers, and along the north shore of Lake Ainslie. The presence of gypsum and limestone increases soil <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and produces some rich wetlands which support <a href="/wiki/Calliergon_giganteum" title="Calliergon giganteum">giant spear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paludella_squarrosa" title="Paludella squarrosa">tufted fen</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, as well as vascular plants like <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cape_Breton_Hills">Cape Breton Hills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cape Breton Hills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This ecosystem is spread throughout Cape Breton and is defined as hills and slopes 150-300m above sea level, typically covered with Acadian forest.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It includes <a href="/wiki/North_Mountain_(Nova_Scotia)" title="North Mountain (Nova Scotia)">North Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kellys_Mountain" title="Kellys Mountain">Kellys Mountain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_Hills_(Nova_Scotia)" title="East Bay Hills (Nova Scotia)">East Bay Hills</a>. </p><p>Forests in this area were cleared for timber and agriculture and are now a mosaic of habitats depending on the local terrain, soils and <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a>. Typical species include ironwood, white ash, beech, sugar maple, red maple, and yellow birch. The understory can include striped maple, <a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">beaked hazelnut</a>, fly <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle" title="Honeysuckle">honeysuckle</a>, club mosses and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>. Ephemerals are visible in the spring, such as <a href="/wiki/Dicentra_cucullaria" title="Dicentra cucullaria">Dutchman's breeches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claytonia" title="Claytonia">spring beauty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ravines, shade tolerant trees like <a href="/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis" title="Tsuga canadensis">hemlock</a>, white pine, <a href="/wiki/Picea_rubens" title="Picea rubens">red spruce</a> are found. Less well-drained areas are forested with balsam fir and black spruce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Highlands_and_the_Northern_Plateau">Highlands and the Northern Plateau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Highlands and the Northern Plateau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Highlands comprise a <a href="/wiki/Table_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Table (landform)">tableland</a> in the northern portions of <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Inverness" title="Municipality of the County of Inverness">Inverness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Victoria" title="Municipality of the County of Victoria">Victoria</a> counties. </p><p>An extension of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian mountain chain</a>, elevations average 350 metres at the edges of the plateau and rise to more than 500 metres at the centre. The area has broad, gently rolling hills bisected with deep valleys and steep-walled canyons. A majority of the land is a <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> of balsam fir, with some white birch, white spruce, mountain ash, and heart-leaf birch.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern and western edges of the plateau, particularly at high elevations, resemble arctic <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. Trees 30–90 high, overgrown with <a href="/wiki/Cladonia_rangiferina" title="Cladonia rangiferina">reindeer lichens</a>, can be 150 years old. At very high elevations some areas are exposed bedrock without any vegetation apart from <a href="/wiki/Cladonia" title="Cladonia">Cladonia</a> lichens. There are many barrens, or <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heaths</a>, dominated by bushy species of the <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a> family. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a>, killed by <a href="/wiki/Choristoneura" title="Choristoneura">spruce budworm</a> in the late 1970s, has reestablished at lower elevations, but not at higher elevations due to moose <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browsing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a> is slow, leaving thick layers of <a href="/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">plant litter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">Ground cover</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Oclemena_acuminata" title="Oclemena acuminata">wood aster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">twinflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>, wood <a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">sorrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clintonia_borealis" title="Clintonia borealis">bluebead lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptis" title="Coptis">goldthread</a>, various ferns, and <a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley" title="Lily of the valley">lily-of-the-valley</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidago_macrophylla" title="Solidago macrophylla">large-leaved goldenrod</a> at higher elevations. The <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> can include <a href="/wiki/Acer_pensylvanicum" title="Acer pensylvanicum">striped maple</a>, mountain ash, ferns, and <a href="/wiki/Acer_spicatum" title="Acer spicatum">mountain maple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near water, <a href="/wiki/Betula_pumila" title="Betula pumila">bog birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rowan" title="Rowan">mountain-ash</a> are found. There are many open <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> populated with stunted <a href="/wiki/Larix_laricina" title="Larix laricina">tamarack</a> and black spruce. Poor drainage has led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">peatlands</a> which can support <a href="/wiki/Trichophorum_cespitosum" title="Trichophorum cespitosum">tufted clubrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amelanchier_bartramiana" title="Amelanchier bartramiana">Bartram's serviceberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carex_exilis" title="Carex exilis">coastal sedge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">bakeapple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cape_Breton_coastal">Cape Breton coastal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cape Breton coastal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern shore is unique in that while not at a high elevation, it has a cool climate with much rain and fog, strong winds, and low summer temperatures. It is dominated by a boreal forest of black spruce and balsam fir. Sheltered areas support tolerant hardwoods such as white birch and red maple. Many salt marshes, fens, and bogs are found there.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many beaches on the highly crenelated coastline. Unlike elsewhere on the island, these are rocky and support plants unlike those of sandy beaches. The coast provides habitat for common coast bird species like <a href="/wiki/Common_eider" title="Common eider">common eider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">black legged kittiwake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_guillemot" title="Black guillemot">black guillemot</a>, whimbrel, and <a href="/wiki/Great_cormorant" title="Great cormorant">great cormorant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land is drained into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> via the rivers <a href="/wiki/Aspy_River" title="Aspy River">Aspy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_River" title="Sydney River">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mira_River_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Mira River (Nova Scotia)">Mira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framboise_River" title="Framboise River">Framboise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaree_River" title="Margaree River">Margaree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ticamp_River" title="Chéticamp River">Chéticamp</a>. The largest freshwater lake is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ainslie" title="Lake Ainslie">Lake Ainslie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local government on the island is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Inverness" title="Municipality of the County of Inverness">Municipality of the County of Inverness</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Richmond" title="Municipality of the County of Richmond">Municipality of the County of Richmond</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Victoria" title="Municipality of the County of Victoria">Municipality of the County of Victoria</a>, along with the Town of <a href="/wiki/Port_Hawkesbury" title="Port Hawkesbury">Port Hawkesbury</a>. </p><p>The island has five <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eskasoni_First_Nation" title="Eskasoni First Nation">Eskasoni</a> (the largest in population and land area), <a href="/wiki/Membertou_First_Nation" title="Membertou First Nation">Membertou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagmatcook_First_Nation" title="Wagmatcook First Nation">Wagmatcook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waycobah_First_Nation" title="Waycobah First Nation">Waycobah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potlotek_First_Nation" title="Potlotek First Nation">Potlotek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glace_Bay_Shul,_August_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Glace_Bay_Shul%2C_August_2012.jpg/220px-Glace_Bay_Shul%2C_August_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Glace_Bay_Shul%2C_August_2012.jpg/330px-Glace_Bay_Shul%2C_August_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Glace_Bay_Shul%2C_August_2012.jpg/440px-Glace_Bay_Shul%2C_August_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>The former Congregation Sons of Israel synagogue, in Glace Bay. In 1902, the synagogue was Nova Scotia's first purpose-built synagogue. It permanently closed in July 2010. To the left is the also closed Talmud Torah community centre. This was the location of the Hebrew school and functions like Bar Mitzvah and wedding dinners.</figcaption></figure> <p>The island's residents can be grouped into five main cultures: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a>, Irish, and English, with respective languages <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADkmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Míkmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">French</a>, and English alongside several <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> including <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSL_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSL-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is now the primary language, including a locally distinctive <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Breton accent">Cape Breton accent</a>, while Mi'kmaq, Scottish Gaelic and Acadian French are still spoken in some communities. Amongst sign languages, it is unknown to what extent <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">LSQ</a> is spoken amongst Acadians, but <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> is certainly predominant across the island, as it has gained significant numbers of signers, especially with the steep declines in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a> use.<sup id="cite_ref-MSL_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSL-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later migrations of <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a>, Italians, and Eastern Europeans mostly settled in the island's eastern part around the industrial Cape Breton region. Cape Breton Island's population has been in decline two decades with an increasing exodus in recent years due to economic conditions. </p><p><b>Population trend</b><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th>Census </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Change (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>157,696 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>162,859 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>169,865 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>166,943 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>170,007 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>170,866 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>170,628 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>166,116 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>161,686 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>158,271 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>147,454 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>142,298 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>135,974 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>132,010 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>132,019 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>0.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_groups">Religious groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religious groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">Statistics Canada</a> in 2001 reported a "religion" total of 145,525 for Cape Breton, including 5,245 with "no religious affiliation."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major categories included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>: 96,260 (includes <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Catholic_Church" title="Polish National Catholic Church">Polish National Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>: 42,390</li> <li>Christian, not included elsewhere: 580</li> <li>Orthodox: 395</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>: 250</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>: 145</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the recent economic history of Cape Breton Island can be tied to the coal industry. </p><p>The island has two major coal deposits: </p> <ul><li>the Sydney Coal Field in the southeastern part of the island along the Atlantic Ocean drove the Industrial Cape Breton economy throughout the 19th and 20th centuries—until after World War II, its industries were the largest private employers in Canada.</li> <li>the Inverness Coal Field in the western part of the island along the Gulf of St. Lawrence is significantly smaller but hosted several mines.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Sydney</a> has traditionally been the main port, with facilities in a large, sheltered, natural harbour. It is the island's largest commercial centre and home to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Post" title="Cape Breton Post">Cape Breton Post</a></i> daily newspaper, as well as one television station, <a href="/wiki/CJCB-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJCB-TV">CJCB-TV</a> (CTV),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several radio stations. The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Atlantic" title="Marine Atlantic">Marine Atlantic</a> terminal at <a href="/wiki/North_Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="North Sydney, Nova Scotia">North Sydney</a> is the terminal for large ferries traveling to <a href="/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques" title="Channel-Port aux Basques">Channel-Port aux Basques</a> and seasonally to <a href="/wiki/Argentia" title="Argentia">Argentia</a>, both on the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Point_Edward,_Nova_Scotia" title="Point Edward, Nova Scotia">Point Edward</a> on the west side of Sydney Harbour is the location of Sydport, a former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">navy</a> base (<a href="/wiki/HMCS_Protector" title="HMCS Protector">HMCS <i>Protector</i></a>) now converted to commercial use. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard_College" title="Canadian Coast Guard College">Canadian Coast Guard College</a> is nearby at Westmount. Petroleum, bulk coal, and cruise ship facilities are also in Sydney Harbour. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glace Bay, Nova Scotia">Glace Bay</a>, the second largest urban community in population, was the island's main coal mining centre until its last mine closed in the 1980s. Glace Bay was the hub of the Sydney & Louisburg Railway and a major fishing port. At one time, Glace Bay was known as the largest town in Nova Scotia, based on population. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Port_Hawkesbury" title="Port Hawkesbury">Port Hawkesbury</a> has risen to prominence since the completion of the Canso Causeway and <a href="/wiki/Canso_Canal" title="Canso Canal">Canso Canal</a> created an artificial deep-water port, allowing extensive petrochemical, pulp and paper, and gypsum handling facilities to be established. The Strait of Canso is completely navigable to <a href="/wiki/Seawaymax" title="Seawaymax">Seawaymax</a> vessels, and Port Hawkesbury is open to the deepest-draught vessels on the world's oceans. Large marine vessels may also enter Bras d'Or Lake through the Great Bras d'Or channel, and small craft can use the Little Bras d'Or channel or <a href="/wiki/St._Peters_Canal" title="St. Peters Canal">St. Peters Canal</a>. While commercial shipping no longer uses the St. Peters Canal, it remains an important waterway for recreational vessels. </p><p>The industrial Cape Breton area faced several challenges with the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Development_Corporation" title="Cape Breton Development Corporation">Cape Breton Development Corporation</a>'s (DEVCO) coal mines and the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Steel_Corporation" title="Sydney Steel Corporation">Sydney Steel Corporation</a>'s (SYSCO) <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a>. In recent years, the Island's residents have tried to diversify the area economy by investing in tourism developments, <a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">call centres</a>, and small businesses, as well as manufacturing ventures in fields such as auto parts, pharmaceuticals, and window glazings. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a> is in transition from an industrial to a service-based economy, the rest of Cape Breton Island outside the industrial area surrounding Sydney-Glace Bay has been more stable, with a mixture of fishing, forestry, small-scale agriculture, and tourism. </p><p>Tourism in particular has grown throughout the post-Second World War era, especially the growth in vehicle-based touring, which was furthered by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Trail" title="Cabot Trail">Cabot Trail</a> scenic drive. The scenery of the island is rivalled in northeastern North America by only <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Subjective? (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Cape Breton Island tourism marketing places a heavy emphasis on its Scottish <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> heritage through events such as the Celtic Colours Festival, held each October, as well as promotions through the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_College_of_Celtic_Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts">Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts</a>. </p><p>Whale-watching is a popular attraction for tourists. Whale-watching cruises are operated by vendors from Baddeck to Chéticamp. The most popular species of whale found in Cape Breton's waters is the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">pilot whale</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Trail" title="Cabot Trail">Cabot Trail</a> is a scenic road circuit around and over the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands" title="Cape Breton Highlands">Cape Breton Highlands</a> with spectacular coastal vistas; over 400,000 visitors drive the Cabot Trail each summer and fall. Coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a>, it has driven the growth of the tourism industry on the island in recent decades. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Publications">Condé Nast</a></i> travel guide has rated Cape Breton Island as one of the world's best island destinations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island's primary east–west road is <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Highway_105" title="Nova Scotia Highway 105">Highway 105</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Trunk_4" title="Nova Scotia Trunk 4">Trunk 4</a> is also heavily used. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Highway_125" title="Nova Scotia Highway 125">Highway 125</a> is an important arterial route around Sydney Harbour in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Trail" title="Cabot Trail">Cabot Trail</a>, circling the Cape Breton Highlands, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Trunk_19" title="Nova Scotia Trunk 19">Trunk 19</a>, along the island's western coast, are important secondary roads. The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_and_Central_Nova_Scotia_Railway" title="Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway">Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway</a> maintains railway connections between the port of Sydney to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Truro, Nova Scotia">Truro</a>. </p><p>Cape Breton Island is served by several airports, the largest, the <a href="/wiki/JA_Douglas_McCurdy_Sydney_Airport" title="JA Douglas McCurdy Sydney Airport">JA Douglas McCurdy Sydney Airport</a>, situated on Trunk 4 between the communities of Sydney and Glace Bay, as well as smaller airports at Port Hawksbury, Margaree, and Baddeck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_(Popular).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Popular%29.svg/100px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Popular%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Popular%29.svg/150px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Popular%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Popular%29.svg/200px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Popular%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Cape Breton Island's most recognizable and commonly used flag</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_(Eagle).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Eagle%29.svg/100px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Eagle%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Eagle%29.svg/150px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Eagle%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Eagle%29.svg/200px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Eagle%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Cape Breton Island's "Eagle" flag (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_(Unofficial_1990%27s).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Unofficial_1990%27s%29.svg/100px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Unofficial_1990%27s%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Unofficial_1990%27s%29.svg/150px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Unofficial_1990%27s%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Unofficial_1990%27s%29.svg/200px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Unofficial_1990%27s%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Cape Breton Island's second cultural flag, the "Tartan" flag (early 1990s)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_(Original_Blue_Flag).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Original_Blue_Flag%29.svg/100px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Original_Blue_Flag%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Original_Blue_Flag%29.svg/150px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Original_Blue_Flag%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Original_Blue_Flag%29.svg/200px-Cape_Breton_Island_Flag_%28Original_Blue_Flag%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Cape Breton Island's first cultural flag, the blue-and-yellow flag (1940s) incorporating <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban%27s_Cross" title="Saint Alban's Cross">Saint Alban's Cross</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic speakers</a> in Cape Breton, as elsewhere in Nova Scotia, constituted a large proportion of the local population from the 18th century on. They brought with them a common culture of poetry, traditional songs and tales, music and dance, and used this to develop distinctive local traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Gaelic settlement in Nova Scotia happened between 1770 and 1840, with probably over 50,000 Gaelic speakers emigrating from the Scottish Highlands and the Hebrides to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>. Such emigration was facilitated by changes in Gaelic society and the economy, with sharp increases in rents, confiscation of land and disruption of local customs and rights. In Nova Scotia, poetry and song in Gaelic flourished. George Emmerson argues that an "ancient and rich" tradition of storytelling, song, and Gaelic poetry emerged during the 18th century and was transplanted from the Highlands of Scotland to Nova Scotia, where the language similarly took root there.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of those settling in Nova Scotia from the end of the 18th century through to middle of the next were from the Scottish Highlands, rather than the Lowlands, making the Highland tradition's impact more profound on the region.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaelic settlement in Cape Breton began in earnest in the early nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gaelic language became dominant from <a href="/wiki/Colchester_County" title="Colchester County">Colchester County</a> in the west of Nova Scotia into Cape Breton County in the east. It was reinforced in Cape Breton in the first half of the 19th century with an influx of <a href="/wiki/Highland_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Scots">Highland Scots</a> numbering approximately 50,000 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1892 to 1904, Jonathon MacKinnon published the Scottish Gaelic-language biweekly newspaper <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Mac-Talla" title="Mac-Talla">Mac-Talla</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Echo</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Sydney, Nova Scotia</a>. During the 1920s, several Scottish Gaelic-language newspapers were printed in Sydney for distribution primarily on Cape Breton, including the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Teachdaire nan Gàidheal</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Messenger of the Gaels</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which included Gaelic-language lessons; the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a>-affiliated <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/An_Solus_I%C3%B9il" title="An Solus Iùil">An Solus Iùil</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Guiding Light</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>); and MacKinnon's later endeavor, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Fear na Cèilidh</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Entertainer</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaelic speakers, however, tended to be poor; they were largely illiterate and had little access to education. This situation persisted into the early days of the twentieth century. In 1921 Gaelic was approved as an optional subject in the curriculum of Nova Scotia, but few teachers could be found and children were discouraged from using the language in schools. By 1931 the number of Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia had fallen to approximately 25,000, mostly in discrete pockets. In Cape Breton it was still a majority language, but the proportion was falling. Children were no longer being raised with Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1939 on, attempts were made to strengthen its position in the public school system in Nova Scotia, but funding, official commitment and the availability of teachers continued to be a problem. By the 1950s the number of speakers was less than 7,000. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multiculturalism in Canada</a> in the 1960s meant that new educational opportunities became available, with a gradual strengthening of the language at secondary and tertiary level. At present several schools in Cape Breton offer Gaelic Studies and Gaelic language programs, and the language is taught at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_University" title="Cape Breton University">Cape Breton University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2016 Canadian Census shows that there are only 40 reported speakers of Gaelic as a mother tongue in Cape Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, there are families and individuals who have recommenced intergenerational transmission. They include fluent speakers from Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland and speakers who became fluent in Nova Scotia and who in some cases studied in Scotland. Other revitalization activities include adult education, community cultural events and publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_music">Traditional music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a></div> <p>Cape Breton is well known for its traditional fiddle music, which was brought to North America by Scottish immigrants during the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>. The traditional style has been well preserved in Cape Breton, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">cèilidhs</a> have become a popular attraction for tourists. <a href="/wiki/Inverness_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Inverness County, Nova Scotia">Inverness County</a> in particular has a heavy concentration of musical activity, with regular performances in communities such as <a href="/wiki/Mabou,_Nova_Scotia" title="Mabou, Nova Scotia">Mabou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judique,_Nova_Scotia" title="Judique, Nova Scotia">Judique</a>. Judique is recognized as "<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><span lang="gd">Baile nam Fonn</span></span>" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Village of Tunes</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or the 'Home of Celtic Music', featuring the Celtic Music Interpretive Centre. The traditional fiddle music of Cape Breton is studied by musicians around the world, where its global recognition continues to rise. </p><p>Local performers who have received significant recognition outside of Cape Breton include <a href="/wiki/Angus_Chisholm" title="Angus Chisholm">Angus Chisholm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacMaster" title="Buddy MacMaster">Buddy MacMaster</a>; Joseph Cormier,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first Cape Breton fiddler to record an album made available in Europe (1974);<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cremo" title="Lee Cremo">Lee Cremo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Guthro" title="Bruce Guthro">Bruce Guthro</a>; <a href="/wiki/Natalie_MacMaster" title="Natalie MacMaster">Natalie MacMaster</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ashley_MacIsaac" title="Ashley MacIsaac">Ashley MacIsaac</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Rankin_Family" title="The Rankin Family">The Rankin Family</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aselin_Debison" title="Aselin Debison">Aselin Debison</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordie_Sampson" title="Gordie Sampson">Gordie Sampson</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Allan_Cameron" title="John Allan Cameron">John Allan Cameron</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Barra_MacNeils" class="mw-redirect" title="Barra MacNeils">Barra MacNeils</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Men_of_the_Deeps" title="The Men of the Deeps">The Men of the Deeps</a> are a male choral group of current and former miners from the industrial Cape Breton area. </p><p>"The Island" by <a href="/wiki/Kenzie_MacNeil" title="Kenzie MacNeil">Kenzie MacNeil</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Rise_Again_(The_Rankin_Family_song)" title="Rise Again (The Rankin Family song)">Rise Again</a>", written by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Dubinsky" title="Leon Dubinsky">Leon Dubinsky</a> and recorded by <a href="/wiki/The_Rankin_Family" title="The Rankin Family">The Rankin Family</a>, are each considered unofficial anthems of Cape Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_(film)" title="My Bloody Valentine (film)">My Bloody Valentine</a></i>: 1981 <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher film</a> shot on location in Sydney Mines.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bay_Boy" title="The Bay Boy">The Bay Boy</a></i>: 1984 semi-autobiographical <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama film</a> about growing up in <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret%27s_Museum" title="Margaret's Museum">Margaret's Museum</a></i>: 1995 drama film which tells the story of a young girl living in a coal mining town where the death of men from accidents in "the pit" (the mines) has become almost routine.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pit_Pony_(TV_series)" title="Pit Pony (TV series)">Pit Pony</a></i>: 1999–2000 TV series about small-town life in Glace Bay in 1904. The plot revolves around the lives of the families of the men and boys who work in the coal mines.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Waterford_Girl" title="New Waterford Girl">New Waterford Girl</a></i>: 1999 comedy-drama film about two teenage girls in <a href="/wiki/New_Waterford,_Nova_Scotia" title="New Waterford, Nova Scotia">New Waterford</a>, one an aspiring artist, the other a boxer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photo_gallery">Photo gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Photo gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabotslanding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cabot's Landing, Victoria County, commemorating the "first land seen" by explorer John Cabot in 1497"><img alt="Cabot's Landing, Victoria County, commemorating the "first land seen" by explorer John Cabot in 1497" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cabotslanding.jpg/90px-Cabotslanding.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cabotslanding.jpg/135px-Cabotslanding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cabotslanding.jpg/180px-Cabotslanding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cabot's Landing, Victoria County, commemorating the "first land seen" by explorer John Cabot in 1497</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_breton_island_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_breton_island_1.jpg/120px-Cape_breton_island_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_breton_island_1.jpg/180px-Cape_breton_island_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_breton_island_1.jpg/240px-Cape_breton_island_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_breton_island_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The shoreline of Bras d'Or Lake at Marble Mountain, Inverness Co."><img alt="The shoreline of Bras d'Or Lake at Marble Mountain, Inverness Co." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cape_breton_island_2.jpg/90px-Cape_breton_island_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cape_breton_island_2.jpg/135px-Cape_breton_island_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cape_breton_island_2.jpg/180px-Cape_breton_island_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The shoreline of <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marble_Mountain,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marble Mountain, Nova Scotia">Marble Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverness_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Inverness County, Nova Scotia">Inverness Co.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_breton_island_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bulk carrier in the Strait of Canso docked at the Martin Marietta Materials quarry at Cape Porcupine"><img alt="A bulk carrier in the Strait of Canso docked at the Martin Marietta Materials quarry at Cape Porcupine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cape_breton_island_3.jpg/120px-Cape_breton_island_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cape_breton_island_3.jpg/180px-Cape_breton_island_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cape_breton_island_3.jpg/240px-Cape_breton_island_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bulk carrier in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Canso" title="Strait of Canso">Strait of Canso</a> docked at the Martin Marietta Materials quarry at Cape Porcupine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cape Breton Highlands National Park"><img alt="Cape Breton Highlands National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg/120px-NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg/180px-NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg/240px-NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park" title="Cape Breton Highlands National Park">Cape Breton Highlands National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NS_SmeltBrook_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smelt Brook on the northern shore"><img alt="Smelt Brook on the northern shore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NS_SmeltBrook_tango7174.jpg/120px-NS_SmeltBrook_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NS_SmeltBrook_tango7174.jpg/180px-NS_SmeltBrook_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NS_SmeltBrook_tango7174.jpg/240px-NS_SmeltBrook_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Smelt_Brook,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelt Brook, Nova Scotia">Smelt Brook</a> on the northern shore</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CapeBretonEntrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entering Cape Breton Island from Canso Causeway"><img alt="Entering Cape Breton Island from Canso Causeway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CapeBretonEntrance.jpg/120px-CapeBretonEntrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CapeBretonEntrance.jpg/180px-CapeBretonEntrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CapeBretonEntrance.jpg/240px-CapeBretonEntrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entering Cape Breton Island from <a href="/wiki/Canso_Causeway" title="Canso Causeway">Canso Causeway</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capebretonmainlandbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal Island Bridge in Victoria County, the 3rd-longest in Nova Scotia"><img alt="Seal Island Bridge in Victoria County, the 3rd-longest in Nova Scotia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Capebretonmainlandbridge.jpg/120px-Capebretonmainlandbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Capebretonmainlandbridge.jpg/180px-Capebretonmainlandbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Capebretonmainlandbridge.jpg/240px-Capebretonmainlandbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seal_Island_Bridge" title="Seal Island Bridge">Seal Island Bridge</a> in Victoria County, the 3rd-longest in Nova Scotia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Harbour_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sydney Harbour with Point Edward, Westmount, and downtown Sydney visible"><img alt="Sydney Harbour with Point Edward, Westmount, and downtown Sydney visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sydney_Harbour_aerial_view.jpg/120px-Sydney_Harbour_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sydney_Harbour_aerial_view.jpg/180px-Sydney_Harbour_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sydney_Harbour_aerial_view.jpg/240px-Sydney_Harbour_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Sydney</a> Harbour with Point Edward, Westmount, and downtown Sydney visible</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Breton accent">Cape Breton accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park" title="Cape Breton Highlands National Park">Cape Breton Highlands National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Labour_Party" title="Cape Breton Labour Party">Cape Breton Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cape_Breton" title="List of people from Cape Breton">List of people from Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cape_Breton_Island" title="Province of Cape Breton Island">Province of Cape Breton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Tar_Ponds" title="Sydney Tar Ponds">Sydney Tar Ponds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/CBIT-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CBIT-TV">CBIT-TV</a> (CBC) existed from 1972 until 31 July 2012, when the CBC closed its over-the-air analog transmitters in small markets. It produced a local news broadcast until 1991, when local news shows were consolidated to Halifax. The CBC Nova Scotia television signal, which originates from Halifax, is now available only by cable or satellite providers.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_closes_transmitters_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_closes_transmitters-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Inc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Inc_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDestination_Cape_Breton_Association_Inc.2019" class="citation web cs1">Destination Cape Breton Association Inc., Cape Breton Island (24 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbisland.com/about-cape-breton/the-island/">"About the Island"</a>. <i>www.cbisland.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925135230/https://www.cbisland.com/about-cape-breton/the-island/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbisland.com&rft.atitle=About+the+Island&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.aulast=Destination+Cape+Breton+Association+Inc.&rft.aufirst=Cape+Breton+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbisland.com%2Fabout-cape-breton%2Fthe-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_CBRM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_CBRM_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=cape%20breton&DGUIDlist=2021A00051217030&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">[1]</a></i> (Census Profile, 2021 Census)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Table_from_Language_Portal_of_Canada-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Table_from_Language_Portal_of_Canada_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/vocabulaire-vocabulary/demonyms-eng.html">Table of demonyms in Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830091113/http://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/vocabulaire-vocabulary/demonyms-eng.html">Archived</a> 30 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Table_from_Statistics_Canada-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Table_from_Statistics_Canada_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=cape%20breton&DGUIDlist=2021S05001210&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">[2]</a></i> (Census Profile, 2021 Census)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Incb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Destination_Cape_Breton_Association_Incb_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDestination_Cape_Breton_Association_Inc.2019" class="citation web cs1">Destination Cape Breton Association Inc., Cape Breton Island (24 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbisland.com/about-cape-breton/the-island/">"About the Island"</a>. <i>www.cbisland.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925135230/https://www.cbisland.com/about-cape-breton/the-island/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbisland.com&rft.atitle=About+the+Island&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.aulast=Destination+Cape+Breton+Association+Inc.&rft.aufirst=Cape+Breton+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbisland.com%2Fabout-cape-breton%2Fthe-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cape-breton-island">"Cape Breton Island"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Cape+Breton+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcape-breton-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cape Breton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cape_Breton">"Cape Breton" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cape+Breton&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamilton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1996" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, William B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&pg=PA7"><i>Place-Names of Atlantic Canada</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7570-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7570-3"><bdi>0-8020-7570-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055519/https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place-Names+of+Atlantic+Canada&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8020-7570-3&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAvyE0pN5akC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2020" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2020). "Cape Breton Island". <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place-Names</i> (6 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190563-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190563-6"><bdi>978-0-19-190563-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cape+Breton+Island&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-190563-6&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ganong-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ganong_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganong_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanong1964" class="citation book cs1">Ganong, William Francis (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvs2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78"><i>Crucial Maps in the Early Cartography and Place-Nomenclature of the Atlantic Coast of Canada</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 78–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487597375" title="Special:BookSources/9781487597375"><bdi>9781487597375</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvs2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucial+Maps+in+the+Early+Cartography+and+Place-Nomenclature+of+the+Atlantic+Coast+of+Canada&rft.pages=78-81&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9781487597375&rft.aulast=Ganong&rft.aufirst=William+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvs2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Souza, Francisco; <i>Tratado das Ilhas Novas</i>, 1570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Sarty and Doug Knight. Saint John Fortifications: 1630–1956. New Brunswick Military Heritage Series. 2003. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, 2010. p. xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page_103.asp"><i>Canadian Military Heritage</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008182623/http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page_103.asp">Archived</a> 8 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; vol.1, Chapter 6: Soldiers of the Atlantic Seaboard, p103. Government of Canada, 26 April 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/acadian/timeline.html">"The Acadians – Timeline"</a>. <i>The Acadians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830214911/http://www.cbc.ca/acadian/timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Acadians&rft.atitle=The+Acadians+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Facadian%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrenties1782" class="citation book cs1">Prenties, S. W. (Samuel Weller) (22 September 1782). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_20623"><i>Narrative of a shipwreck on the island of Cape Breton, in a voyage from Quebec 1780 [microform]</i></a>. London printed : [s.n.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665206238" title="Special:BookSources/9780665206238"><bdi>9780665206238</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+shipwreck+on+the+island+of+Cape+Breton%2C+in+a+voyage+from+Quebec+1780+%5Bmicroform%5D&rft.pub=London+printed+%3A+%5Bs.n.%5D&rft.date=1782-09-22&rft.isbn=9780665206238&rft.aulast=Prenties&rft.aufirst=S.+W.+%28Samuel+Weller%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_20623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/navalchronicleco11londiala#page/447/mode/1up">Naval Chronicle. Vol. 11, p. 447</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeJonesJones1805" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, James Stanier; Jones, Stephen; Jones, John (22 September 1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnAMAAAAYAAJ&q=halifax">"The Naval Chronicle"</a>. J. Gold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055935/https://books.google.com/books?id=xnAMAAAAYAAJ&q=halifax">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Chronicle&rft.pub=J.+Gold&rft.date=1805-09-22&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=James+Stanier&rft.au=Jones%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Jones%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnAMAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dhalifax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. J. MacGillivray. Timothy Hierlihy and his Times: The story of the Founder of Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Historical Society., p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. J. MacGillivray. Timothy Hierlihy and his Times: The story of the Founder of Antigonish, N.S. Nova Scotia Historical Society., p.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/forthavoc/html/AmericanMSSVol1.aspx?culture=en-CA">"Provincial Archives of New Brunswick"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414172308/http://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/forthavoc/html/AmericanMSSVol1.aspx?culture=en-CA">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Archives+of+New+Brunswick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.gnb.ca%2Fexhibits%2Fforthavoc%2Fhtml%2FAmericanMSSVol1.aspx%3Fculture%3Den-CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas B. Akins. (1895) History of Halifax. Dartmouth: Brook House Press.p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Morgan, R. J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mathews_david_4E.html">"Mathews, David"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mathews%2C+David&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmathews_david_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Morgan, R. J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/despard_john_6E.html">"Despard, John"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Despard%2C+John&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fdespard_john_6E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despard, John; <i>The Companion to British History</i>, Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:Reception_of_Transatlantic_Radio_Signals,_1901#:~:text=On%2012%20December%201901,%20Guglielmo,in%20both%20science%20and%20technology.">"Milestones:Reception of Transatlantic Radio Signals, 1901 - Engineering and Technology History Wiki"</a>. <i>ethw.org</i>. 31 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310122658/https://ethw.org/Milestones:Reception_of_Transatlantic_Radio_Signals,_1901#:~:text=On%2012%20December%201901,%20Guglielmo,in%20both%20science%20and%20technology.">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethw.org&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AReception+of+Transatlantic+Radio+Signals%2C+1901+-+Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3AReception_of_Transatlantic_Radio_Signals%2C_1901%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%252012%2520December%25201901%2C%2520Guglielmo%2Cin%2520both%2520science%2520and%2520technology.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.novascotia.ca/piers/item/?ID=69">"Receiving Room of Marconi Wireless Telegraph Station, Table Head, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia"</a>. <i>Nova Scotia Archives</i>. 20 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055724/https://archives.novascotia.ca/piers/item/?ID=69">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nova+Scotia+Archives&rft.atitle=Receiving+Room+of+Marconi+Wireless+Telegraph+Station%2C+Table+Head%2C+Glace+Bay%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.novascotia.ca%2Fpiers%2Fitem%2F%3FID%3D69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause2014" class="citation web cs1">Krause, Eric R. (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krausehouse.ca/krause/FortressOfLouisbourgVisitationNumbers.htm">"Fortress of Louisbourg Visitation Numbers"</a>. Krause House Info-Research Solutions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812024748/http://www.krausehouse.ca/krause/FortressOfLouisbourgVisitationNumbers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortress+of+Louisbourg+Visitation+Numbers&rft.pub=Krause+House+Info-Research+Solutions&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krausehouse.ca%2Fkrause%2FFortressOfLouisbourgVisitationNumbers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cape-breton-island">"Cape Breton Island | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728034414/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cape-breton-island">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Cape+Breton+Island+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcape-breton-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roland-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roland_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland1982" class="citation book cs1">Roland, Albert E. (1982). <i>Geological background and physiography of Nova Scotia</i>. Halifax, N.S.: Nova Scotian Institute of Science. pp. 248–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919680-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-919680-19-4"><bdi>0-919680-19-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geological+background+and+physiography+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.place=Halifax%2C+N.S.&rft.pages=248-284&rft.pub=Nova+Scotian+Institute+of+Science&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-919680-19-4&rft.aulast=Roland&rft.aufirst=Albert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks_Canada_Agency2018" class="citation web cs1">Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (5 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/environ/geologie-geology/ile-island">"The formation of Cape Breton Island - Cape Breton Highlands National Park"</a>. <i>www.pc.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811193158/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/environ/geologie-geology/ile-island">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+Cape+Breton+Island+-+Cape+Breton+Highlands+National+Park&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.aulast=Parks+Canada+Agency&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fpn-np%2Fns%2Fcbreton%2Fdecouvrir-discover%2Fenviron%2Fgeologie-geology%2File-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks_Canada_Agency2018" class="citation web cs1">Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (5 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/environ/geologie-geology/plateau">"The formation of the Cape Breton Plateau - Cape Breton Highlands National Park"</a>. <i>www.pc.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811212218/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/environ/geologie-geology/plateau">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+the+Cape+Breton+Plateau+-+Cape+Breton+Highlands+National+Park&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.aulast=Parks+Canada+Agency&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fpn-np%2Fns%2Fcbreton%2Fdecouvrir-discover%2Fenviron%2Fgeologie-geology%2Fplateau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCN_Sydney-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCN_Sydney_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=6486&lang=e&StationName=Sydney&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1&dispBack=1">"Sydney NS"</a>. <i>Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010</i> (in English and French). Environment Canada. 25 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111843/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=6486&lang=e&StationName=Sydney&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1&dispBack=1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.atitle=Sydney+NS&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1981_2010_e.html%3FstnID%3D6486%26lang%3De%26amp%3BStationName%3DSydney%26amp%3BSearchType%3DContains%26amp%3BstnNameSubmit%3Dgo%26dCode%3D1%26dispBack%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eco-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_34-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilyBasquillQuigleyKeys" class="citation web cs1">Neily, Peter; Basquill, Sean; Quigley, Eugene; Keys, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/natr/forestry/ecological/pdf/Ecological-Land-Classification-guide.pdf">"Ecological Land Classification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812040653/https://novascotia.ca/natr/forestry/ecological/pdf/Ecological-Land-Classification-guide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecological+Land+Classification&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.aulast=Neily&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Basquill%2C+Sean&rft.au=Quigley%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Keys%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fnatr%2Fforestry%2Fecological%2Fpdf%2FEcological-Land-Classification-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSL-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSL_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSL_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoel2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Yoel, Judith (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dam-oclc.bac-lac.gc.ca/download?is_thesis=1&oclc_number=1356860226&id=d02f6693-f649-47e7-a7c9-3b45a7f7b8f8&fileName=Yoel_Canadas_Maritime.pdf"><i>Canada's Maritime Sign Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). The University of Manitoba<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Canada%27s+Maritime+Sign+Language&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=The+University+of+Manitoba&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Yoel&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdam-oclc.bac-lac.gc.ca%2Fdownload%3Fis_thesis%3D1%26oclc_number%3D1356860226%26id%3Dd02f6693-f649-47e7-a7c9-3b45a7f7b8f8%26fileName%3DYoel_Canadas_Maritime.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819104757/http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1943-44-eng.aspx?opt=%2Feng%2F1943-44%2F194301510081_p.%2081.pdf">Censuses 1871-1941</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canada_1996_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1996 Census">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006</a> census</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=1217&Geo2=CD&Code2=1216&Data=Count&SearchText=Cape%20Breton%20County&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">Table from Statistics Canada – Cape Breton & Richmond Counties</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>" <i>(Nova Scotia Statistics Agency)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=1218&Geo2=CD&Code2=1215&Data=Count&SearchText=Cape%20Breton%20County&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">Table from Statistics Canada</a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=1218&Geo2=CD&Code2=1215&Data=Count&SearchText=Cape%20Breton%20County&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom="> Victoria & Inverness Counties<i></i></a><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519002556/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=1218&Geo2=CD&Code2=1215&Data=Count&SearchText=Cape%20Breton%20County&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">Archived</a> 19 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Nova Scotia Statistics Agency)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_closes_transmitters-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_closes_transmitters_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2012/2012-384.htm">"Revocation of licences for the rebroadcasting stations CBIT Sydney and CBKST Saskatoon and licence amendment to remove analog transmitters for 23 English- and French-language television stations"</a>. <i>Decisions, Notices and Orders</i>. Ottawa: Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. 17 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728043036/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2012/2012-384.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decisions%2C+Notices+and+Orders&rft.atitle=Revocation+of+licences+for+the+rebroadcasting+stations+CBIT+Sydney+and+CBKST+Saskatoon+and+licence+amendment+to+remove+analog+transmitters+for+23+English-+and+French-language+television+stations&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Farchive%2F2012%2F2012-384.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capebretonpost.com/Football/2009-11-23/article-774026/Woman-wants-Cape-Breton-flag-designed-by-her-daughter-recognized/1">Woman wants Cape Breton flag designed by her daughter recognized – Football</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142115/http://www.capebretonpost.com/Football/2009-11-23/article-774026/Woman-wants-Cape-Breton-flag-designed-by-her-daughter-recognized/1">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cape Breton Post (23 November 2009). Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gaelic.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/files/Gaelic-Report.pdf">"Gaelic Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nova Scotia Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125127/https://gaelic.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/files/Gaelic-Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Report&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Museum&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaelic.novascotia.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FGaelic-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmerson1976" class="citation book cs1">Emmerson, George (1976). <i>The Scottish tradition in Canada</i>. Reid, W. Stanford (William Stanford), 1913–1996. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart in association with the Multiculturalism Program, Dept. of the Secretary of State of Canada and the Pub. Centre, Supply and Services Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771074433" title="Special:BookSources/0771074433"><bdi>0771074433</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2678091">2678091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+tradition+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart+in+association+with+the+Multiculturalism+Program%2C+Dept.+of+the+Secretary+of+State+of+Canada+and+the+Pub.+Centre%2C+Supply+and+Services+Canada&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2678091&rft.isbn=0771074433&rft.aulast=Emmerson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1968" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Charles (1968). <i>Highland Settler: A Portrait of the Scottish Gael in Nova Scotia</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highland+Settler%3A+A+Portrait+of+the+Scottish+Gael+in+Nova+Scotia&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122616/http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1211615-great-scots-the-past-comes-to-life-at-highland-village-museum">"Great Scots: The past comes to life at Highland Village Museum"</a>. <i>The Chronicle Herald</i>. 1 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1211615-great-scots-the-past-comes-to-life-at-highland-village-museum">the original</a> on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+Herald&rft.atitle=Great+Scots%3A+The+past+comes+to+life+at+Highland+Village+Museum&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechronicleherald.ca%2Fnovascotia%2F1211615-great-scots-the-past-comes-to-life-at-highland-village-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabotshores.com/history-of-cape-breton-island-272">"History of Cape Breton Island"</a>. <i>The Cabot Trail's Wilderness Resort on Cape Breton Island</i>. 8 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117093516/https://cabotshores.com/history-of-cape-breton-island-272">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cabot+Trail%27s+Wilderness+Resort+on+Cape+Breton+Island&rft.atitle=History+of+Cape+Breton+Island&rft.date=2010-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabotshores.com%2Fhistory-of-cape-breton-island-272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dunbar, Robert (2017). "Post-<i>Mac-Talla</i> Gaelic Periodicals in Nova Scotia: An Assessment". <i>Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium</i>. <b>37</b>: 77–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45048889">45048889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Harvard+Celtic+Colloquium&rft.atitle=Post-Mac-Talla+Gaelic+Periodicals+in+Nova+Scotia%3A+An+Assessment&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=77-104&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45048889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2017" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=1217&Geo2=PR&Code2=12&Data=Count&SearchText=Cape+Breton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All">"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Cape Breton, County [Census division], Nova Scotia and Nova Scotia [Province]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020163147/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=1217&Geo2=PR&Code2=12&Data=Count&SearchText=Cape+Breton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+-+Cape+Breton%2C+County+%5BCensus+division%5D%2C+Nova+Scotia+and+Nova+Scotia+%5BProvince%5D&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D1217%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D12%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCape%2BBreton%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26TABID%3D1%26B1%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwan2017" class="citation web cs1">McEwan, Emily (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gaelic.co/gaelic-identities/">"Contrasting Gaelic Identities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182356/https://gaelic.co/gaelic-identities/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contrasting+Gaelic+Identities&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=McEwan&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaelic.co%2Fgaelic-identities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831235746/http://www.acadianfiddle.com/artists2/2015/1/29/joe-cormier">"JOE CORMIER"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadianfiddle.com/artists2/2015/1/29/joe-cormier">the original</a> on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JOE+CORMIER&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acadianfiddle.com%2Fartists2%2F2015%2F1%2F29%2Fjoe-cormier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span>, article from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadianfiddle.com/">"ACADIAN FIDDLE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831235747/http://www.acadianfiddle.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACADIAN+FIDDLE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acadianfiddle.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831235825/https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/fellows/joseph-cormier">"Joseph Cormier"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/fellows/joseph-cormier">the original</a> on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Cormier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2Fhonors%2Fheritage%2Ffellows%2Fjoseph-cormier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span>, biography from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/">"NATIONAL ENDOWMENT for the ARTS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901092855/https://www.arts.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATIONAL+ENDOWMENT+for+the+ARTS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/fr/Joseph-Cormier-Scottish-Violin-Music-From-Cape-Breton-Island/release/8594111">"Joseph Cormier – Scottish Violin Music From Cape Breton Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rounder_Records" title="Rounder Records">Rounder Records</a>, USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115012008/https://www.discogs.com/fr/Joseph-Cormier-Scottish-Violin-Music-From-Cape-Breton-Island/release/8594111">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Cormier+%E2%80%93+Scottish+Violin+Music+From+Cape+Breton+Island&rft.pub=Rounder+Records%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Ffr%2FJoseph-Cormier-Scottish-Violin-Music-From-Cape-Breton-Island%2Frelease%2F8594111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://img.discogs.com/lKFIoYIVRs6FG22c5hl1r8BeJDY=/fit-in/600x594/filters:strip_icc():format(jpeg):mode_rgb():quality(90)/discogs-images/R-8594111-1464725269-4093.jpeg.jpg">"Vinyl album, 1974"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831235745/https://img.discogs.com/lKFIoYIVRs6FG22c5hl1r8BeJDY%3D/fit-in/600x594/filters:strip_icc():format(jpeg):mode_rgb():quality(90)/discogs-images/R-8594111-1464725269-4093.jpeg.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinyl+album%2C+1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.discogs.com%2FlKFIoYIVRs6FG22c5hl1r8BeJDY%3D%2Ffit-in%2F600x594%2Ffilters%3Astrip_icc%28%29%3Aformat%28jpeg%29%3Amode_rgb%28%29%3Aquality%2890%29%2Fdiscogs-images%2FR-8594111-1464725269-4093.jpeg.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2021" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, Ryan (27 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/songwriter-behind-iconic-cape-breton-anthem-passes-away-1.5525524">"Songwriter behind iconic Cape Breton anthem passes away"</a>. <i>CTV News Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+News+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Songwriter+behind+iconic+Cape+Breton+anthem+passes+away&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlantic.ctvnews.ca%2Fsongwriter-behind-iconic-cape-breton-anthem-passes-away-1.5525524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardMacDonald2023" class="citation news cs1">Lombard, Natalie; MacDonald, Ryan (19 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/rise-again-leon-dubinsky-composer-of-cape-breton-s-unofficial-anthem-dies-at-81-1.6237115">"Rise Again: Leon Dubinsky, composer of Cape Breton's unofficial anthem, dies at 81"</a>. <i>CTV News Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+News+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Rise+Again%3A+Leon+Dubinsky%2C+composer+of+Cape+Breton%27s+unofficial+anthem%2C+dies+at+81&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlantic.ctvnews.ca%2Frise-again-leon-dubinsky-composer-of-cape-breton-s-unofficial-anthem-dies-at-81-1.6237115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlowMay2000" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Maude; May, Elizabeth (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/topicsinoptimald0000unse"><i>Frederick Street: Life and Death on Canada's Love Canal</i></a></span>. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638529-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638529-5"><bdi>978-0-00-638529-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Street%3A+Life+and+Death+on+Canada%27s+Love+Canal&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-00-638529-5&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Maude&rft.au=May%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftopicsinoptimald0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennysonSarty2000" class="citation book cs1">Tennyson, Brian Douglas; Sarty, Roger F. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guardianofgulfsy0000tenn"><i>Guardian of the Gulf: Sydney, Cape Breton, and the Atlantic Wars</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4492-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4492-1"><bdi>0-8020-4492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardian+of+the+Gulf%3A+Sydney%2C+Cape+Breton%2C+and+the+Atlantic+Wars&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-4492-1&rft.aulast=Tennyson&rft.aufirst=Brian+Douglas&rft.au=Sarty%2C+Roger+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguardianofgulfsy0000tenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACape+Breton+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cape_Breton_Island" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island#Q188489" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbisland.com/">Cape Breton Island Official Travel Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902034649/http://cbisland.com/">Archived</a> 2 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Nova_Scotia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Template:Subdivisions of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Nova_Scotia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of counties of Nova Scotia">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Annapolis County, Nova Scotia">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonish_County,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonish County, Nova Scotia">Antigonish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_County" title="Cape Breton County">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester_County" title="Colchester County">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Cumberland County, Nova Scotia">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Digby County, Nova Scotia">Digby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guysborough_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Guysborough County, Nova Scotia">Guysborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hants_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Hants County, Nova Scotia">Hants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Inverness County, Nova Scotia">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Kings County, Nova Scotia">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictou_County,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictou County, Nova Scotia">Pictou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Queens County, Nova Scotia">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Richmond County, Nova Scotia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne County, Nova Scotia">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Victoria County, Nova Scotia">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouth_County,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_municipalities_in_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of county municipalities in Nova Scotia">County municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Annapolis County, Nova Scotia">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Antigonish" title="Municipality of the County of Antigonish">Antigonish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester_County" title="Colchester County">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Cumberland County, Nova Scotia">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Inverness" title="Municipality of the County of Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Kings County, Nova Scotia">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictou_County,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictou County, Nova Scotia">Pictou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Richmond County, Nova Scotia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Victoria" title="Municipality of the County of Victoria">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_Queens_Municipality" title="Region of Queens Municipality">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Hants_Regional_Municipality" title="West Hants Regional Municipality">West Hants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Nova_Scotia#District_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Nova Scotia">District municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Argyle" title="Municipality of the District of Argyle">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Barrington" title="Municipality of the District of Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Chester" title="Municipality of the District of Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Clare" title="Municipality of the District of Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Digby" title="Municipality of the District of Digby">Digby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_East_Hants" title="Municipality of the District of East Hants">East Hants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Guysborough" title="Municipality of the District of Guysborough">Guysborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Lunenburg" title="Municipality of the District of Lunenburg">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Shelburne" title="Municipality of the District of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_St._Mary%27s" title="Municipality of the District of St. Mary's">St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Yarmouth" title="Municipality of the District of Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of towns in Nova Scotia">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonish,_Nova_Scotia" title="Antigonish, Nova Scotia">Antigonish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwick,_Nova_Scotia" title="Berwick, Nova Scotia">Berwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bridgewater, Nova Scotia">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Harbour" title="Clark's Harbour">Clark's Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia" title="Digby, Nova Scotia">Digby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentville" title="Kentville">Kentville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockeport" title="Lockeport">Lockeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahone_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" title="Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia">Mahone Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Nova_Scotia" title="Middleton, Nova Scotia">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgrave,_Nova_Scotia" title="Mulgrave, Nova Scotia">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glasgow,_Nova_Scotia" title="New Glasgow, Nova Scotia">New Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Oxford, Nova Scotia">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictou" title="Pictou">Pictou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hawkesbury" title="Port Hawkesbury">Port Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne, Nova Scotia">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarton" title="Stellarton">Stellarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewiacke" title="Stewiacke">Stewiacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_Nova_Scotia" title="Trenton, Nova Scotia">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Truro, Nova Scotia">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westville,_Nova_Scotia" title="Westville, Nova Scotia">Westville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfville" title="Wolfville">Wolfville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages of Nova Scotia">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aylesford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Aylesford, Nova Scotia">Aylesford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck, Nova Scotia">Baddeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Hill,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bible Hill, Nova Scotia">Bible Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canning, Nova Scotia">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Nova_Scotia" title="Chester, Nova Scotia">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_Square" title="Cornwallis Square">Cornwallis Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dover, Nova Scotia">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Nova_Scotia" title="Freeport, Nova Scotia">Freeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Nova_Scotia" title="Greenwood, Nova Scotia">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbville,_Nova_Scotia" title="Hebbville, Nova Scotia">Hebbville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Nova_Scotia" title="Kingston, Nova Scotia">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Annapolis_County" title="Lawrencetown, Annapolis County">Lawrencetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Minas" title="New Minas">New Minas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Williams,_Nova_Scotia" title="Port Williams, Nova Scotia">Port Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugwash,_Nova_Scotia" title="Pugwash, Nova Scotia">Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hebert,_Nova_Scotia" title="River Hebert, Nova Scotia">River Hebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s,_Nova_Scotia" title="St. Peter's, Nova Scotia">St. Peter's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatamagouche" title="Tatamagouche">Tatamagouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Nova_Scotia" title="Tiverton, Nova Scotia">Tiverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Nova_Scotia" title="Westport, Nova Scotia">Westport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Weymouth, Nova Scotia">Weymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#Nova_Scotia" title="List of regions of Canada">Economic regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Valley" title="Annapolis Valley">Annapolis Valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cape Breton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax Regional Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)" title="North Shore (Nova Scotia)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nova_Scotia" title="Southern Nova Scotia">Southern Nova Scotia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Administrative divisions of Nova Scotia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of communities in Nova Scotia">Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of municipalities in Nova Scotia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Nova_Scotia" title="List of people from Nova Scotia">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Nova Scotia">Category:Nova Scotia</a></b></li> <li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></b></li> <li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nova_Scotia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nova Scotia">WikiProject:Nova Scotia</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_colonies" title="Template talk:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Named territories</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></dd> <dd><span class="nobold">Sites:</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island#French_Colony" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Isle St-Jean</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Île Royale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre Neuve</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New France">List of towns</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of forts</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Expeditions</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Basque whaling">Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Nova_Scotia_(1621)" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Nova Scotia (1621)</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Port_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Port Royal Colony</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">Nova Dania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#English_colonies_in_North_America" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland (1583)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> (?)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Yorkshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia (1710)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cape Breton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">United Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858–1866)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">British Columbia (1866–1871)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">districts</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferryland" title="Ferryland">Avalon (1620)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution after 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a> </b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188489#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188489#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188489#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151207864">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmp33Y4XJqkfbX7QFMyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085144-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80148009">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934383s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934383s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=143903">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562063505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045564">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&oldid=1258817301">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&oldid=1258817301</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cape_Breton_Island" title="Category:Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_North_America" title="Category:British North America">British North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Gaelic" title="Category:Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas">Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_regions_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Geographic regions of Nova Scotia">Geographic regions of Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Islands of Nova Scotia">Islands of Nova Scotia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2023">Articles with dead external links from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use Canadian English from April 2020">Use Canadian English from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mi%27kmaq-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mi'kmaq-language text">Articles containing Mi'kmaq-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from August 2014">Articles with incomplete citations from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from August 2014">Articles prone to spam from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 20:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Breton_Island&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-52k42","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.555","walltime":"1.928","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11492,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":401250,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14434,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":226897,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1592.291 1 -total"," 26.26% 418.097 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.87% 380.025 1 Template:Infobox_islands"," 22.45% 357.405 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.98% 238.548 12 Template:Navbox"," 14.08% 224.184 23 Template:Cite_web"," 9.43% 150.138 1 Template:Plain_list"," 9.18% 146.106 11 Template:Lang"," 6.70% 106.747 1 Template:Subdivisions_of_Nova_Scotia"," 6.35% 101.071 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.834","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18829366,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-fq26z","timestamp":"20241126125201","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cape Breton Island","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Breton_Island","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188489","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188489","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-28T21:43:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T20:07:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/Wfm_cape_breton_island_pseudocolour.jpg","headline":"island in Nova Scotia, Canada"}</script> </body> </html>