CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cologne - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"074949e3-cb2a-44eb-8dc2-827ecb6c33b2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cologne","wgTitle":"Cologne","wgCurRevisionId":1266383453,"wgRevisionId":1266383453,"wgArticleId":6187,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2023", "Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Kölsch-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with German IPA","Pages with Colognian IPA","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Articles with multiple-language sources (mul)","Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia","Cologne","Urban districts of North Rhine-Westphalia","Cologne (region)","Populated places on the Rhine","Rhineland","Catholic pilgrimage sites","Holy cities","Members of the Hanseatic League","Coloniae (Roman)","Roman towns and cities in Germany", "Germania Inferior","Free imperial cities","Populated places established in the 1st century BC","30s BC establishments","38 BC","Burial sites of the Pippinids","Holocaust locations in Germany"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cologne","wgRelevantArticleId":6187,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":50.936388888888885,"lon":6.952777777777778}, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q365","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg/1200px-Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="663"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg/800px-Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="442"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg/640px-Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="353"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cologne - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cologne rootpage-Cologne skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cologne" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cologne" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cologne" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cologne" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Cologne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Cologne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roman Cologne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Cologne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_19th_century_until_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_19th_century_until_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>From the 19th century until World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_19th_century_until_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_and_Cold_War_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_and_Cold_War_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-war and Cold War eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_and_Cold_War_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Post-reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Flood protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residents_with_foreign_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residents_with_foreign_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Residents with foreign citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residents_with_foreign_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Turkish community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_traditions_and_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_traditions_and_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Political traditions and developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_traditions_and_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Landtag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Landtag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>State Landtag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Landtag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Federal parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Medieval houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_city_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_city_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Medieval city gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_city_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Streets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-rise_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-rise_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>High-rise structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-rise_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carnival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Carnival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_Düsseldorf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_Düsseldorf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rivalry with Düsseldorf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_Düsseldorf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_fairs_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_fairs_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Music fairs and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_fairs_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twin towns – sister cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Former twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cologne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 154 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%95" title="ኮልን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮልን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coln" title="Coln – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Coln" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كولونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Alemanya)" title="Colonia (Alemanya) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Colonia (Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Alema%C3%B1a)" title="Colonia (Alemaña) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Colonia (Alemaña)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="کولن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="কোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Кьолн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кьолн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_(Alemanya)" title="Colònia (Alemanya) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colònia (Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_(munisipyo)" title="Köln (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Köln (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%ADn_nad_R%C3%BDnem" title="Kolín nad Rýnem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolín nad Rýnem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologna" title="Cologna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cologna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwlen" title="Cwlen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwlen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κολωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul%C3%B2gna" title="Culògna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Culògna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Alemania)" title="Colonia (Alemania) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonia (Alemania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonjo" title="Kolonjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolonjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonia_(Alemania)" title="Kolonia (Alemania) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolonia (Alemania)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="کلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloin" title="Koloin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Koloin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia,_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Colonia, Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colonia, Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BE%B0%EB%A5%B8" title="쾰른 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쾰른" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6" title="Քյոլն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քյոլն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="कोलोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Germania)" title="Colonia (Germania) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonia (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="קלן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಲೋನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კიოლნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიოლნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4ln" title="Kôln – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kôln" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Көлн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көлн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кӧльн – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӧльн" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Agrippina" title="Colonia Agrippina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Colonia Agrippina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6elne" title="Ķelne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķelne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelnas" title="Kelnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kelnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lle" title="Kölle – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kölle" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Келн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="കൊളോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="क्योल्न – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्योल्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კელნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კელნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كولونيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولونيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကိုလုံးမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုလုံးမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3" title="ケルン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Коьльн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коьльн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonha" title="Colonha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoln" title="Kyoln – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kyoln" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਲਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="کلون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="کولن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کولن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonne_(Alemanne)" title="Kolonne (Alemanne) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kolonne (Alemanne)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia" title="Colònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Colònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonia_(Niemcy)" title="Kolonia (Niemcy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonia (Niemcy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_(Alemanha)" title="Colônia (Alemanha) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colônia (Alemanha)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lle" title="Kölle – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kölle" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABlni" title="Këlni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Këlni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culonia" title="Culonia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڪولون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪولون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%ADn_nad_R%C3%BDnom" title="Kolín nad Rýnom – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolín nad Rýnom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D9%86" title="کۆلن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆلن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Келн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Келн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கோல்ன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோல்ன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulunya" title="Kulunya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Көлн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көлн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8D" title="โคโลญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคโลญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Кёлн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кёлн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кельн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кельн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81)" title="کولن (علاقہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولن (علاقہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolon" title="Kolon – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kolon" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C5%82ogna_(Xermania)" title="Cołogna (Xermania) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cołogna (Xermania)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6l%27n" title="Köl'n – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Köl'n" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科隆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="קעלן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעלן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%BE%8D_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="古龍 (德國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古龍 (德國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiolns" title="Kiolns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kiolns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q365#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cologne" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cologne"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cologne"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cologne" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cologne" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&oldid=1266383453" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cologne&id=1266383453&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCologne"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCologne"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cologne&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cologne" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:K%C3%B6ln" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cologne" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cologne" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q365" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cologne&params=50_56_11_N_6_57_10_E_region:DE-NW_type:city(1,100,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°56′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°57′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.93639°N 6.95278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.93639; 6.95278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cologne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cologne (disambiguation)">Cologne (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Köln" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Köln (disambiguation)">Köln (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Cologne </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Köln</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span> <br /> <span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Kölle</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kölsch language">Kölsch</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne,_April_2018_-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kranhaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg/268px-Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg/402px-Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg/536px-Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5078" data-file-height="2804" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">View of Cologne with the <a href="/wiki/Kranhaus" title="Kranhaus">Kranhäuser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_St._Martin_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St. Martin Church">Great St. Martin Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_und_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_Abendd%C3%A4mmerung_(9706_7_8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cathedral and Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_und_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_Abendd%C3%A4mmerung_%289706_7_8%29.jpg/134px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_und_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_Abendd%C3%A4mmerung_%289706_7_8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_und_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_Abendd%C3%A4mmerung_%289706_7_8%29.jpg/201px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_und_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_Abendd%C3%A4mmerung_%289706_7_8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_und_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_Abendd%C3%A4mmerung_%289706_7_8%29.jpg/268px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_und_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_Abendd%C3%A4mmerung_%289706_7_8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Bridge" title="Hohenzollern Bridge">Hohenzollern Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Gereon_K%C3%B6ln_-_Dekagon-9702.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Decagon of a church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St._Gereon_K%C3%B6ln_-_Dekagon-9702.jpg/130px-St._Gereon_K%C3%B6ln_-_Dekagon-9702.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St._Gereon_K%C3%B6ln_-_Dekagon-9702.jpg/195px-St._Gereon_K%C3%B6ln_-_Dekagon-9702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St._Gereon_K%C3%B6ln_-_Dekagon-9702.jpg/260px-St._Gereon_K%C3%B6ln_-_Dekagon-9702.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5014" data-file-height="3420" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Decagon of <a href="/wiki/St._Gereon%27s_Basilica,_Cologne" title="St. Gereon's Basilica, Cologne">St Gereon's Basilica</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flora_-_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Botanical Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flora_-_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/132px-Flora_-_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flora_-_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/198px-Flora_-_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flora_-_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/264px-Flora_-_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2784" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Flora_Botanical_Garden" title="Flora Botanical Garden">Flora Botanical Garden</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St Cunibert's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg/132px-St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg/198px-St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg/264px-St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Cunibert,_Cologne" title="Basilica of St. Cunibert, Cologne">Basilica of St. Cunibert</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cologne"><img alt="Flag of Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/100px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/150px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/200px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Koeln_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cologne"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/80px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/120px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/160px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cologne" title="Coat of arms of Cologne">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Cologne within North Rhine-Westphalia</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_rhine_w_K.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/North_rhine_w_K.svg/250px-North_rhine_w_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/North_rhine_w_K.svg/375px-North_rhine_w_K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/North_rhine_w_K.svg/500px-North_rhine_w_K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne is located in Germany"><img alt="Cologne is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.704%;left:14.528%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cologne"><img alt="Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Cologne </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne is located in North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="Cologne is located in North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg/250px-North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg/375px-North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg/500px-North_Rhine-Westphalia_location_map_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="524" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.222%;left:30.677%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cologne"><img alt="Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Cologne </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of North Rhine-Westphalia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cologne&params=50_56_11_N_6_57_10_E_region:DE-NW_type:city(1,100,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°56′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°57′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.93639°N 6.95278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.93639; 6.95278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_(region)" title="Cologne (region)">Cologne</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">38 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2020–25) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Reker" title="Henriette Reker">Henriette Reker</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">405.15 km<sup>2</sup> (156.43 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">37 m (121 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,087,353</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700/km<sup>2</sup> (7,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,500,000 (<a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Region" title="Cologne Bonn Region">Cologne Bonn</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,711,712 (<a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">50441–51149</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0221, 02203 (<a href="/wiki/Porz" title="Porz">Porz</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany" title="Vehicle registration plates of Germany">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">K</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de">stadt-koeln.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cologne</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Cologne.ogg\/Cologne.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cologne.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Cologne.ogg/Cologne.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne.ogg" title="File:Cologne.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">LOHN</span></i></a>; German: <i lang="de">Köln</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[kœln]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/K%C3%B6ln_Aussprache.ogg\/K%C3%B6ln_Aussprache.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"K\u00f6ln Aussprache.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/K%C3%B6ln_Aussprache.ogg/K%C3%B6ln_Aussprache.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Aussprache.ogg" title="File:Köln Aussprache.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kölsch language">Kölsch</a>: <i lang="ksh">Kölle</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ksh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">[ˈkœlə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e2\/Koelle.ogg\/Koelle.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Koelle.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Koelle.ogg/Koelle.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelle.ogg" title="File:Koelle.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is the largest city of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">fourth-most populous city</a> of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Region" title="Cologne Bonn Region">Cologne Bonn urban region</a>. Cologne is also part of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr_metropolitan_region" title="Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region">Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_EU_metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP">second biggest metropolitan region by GDP</a> in the European Union. Centered on the <a href="/wiki/Left_bank_of_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Left bank of the Rhine">left (west) bank of the Rhine</a>, Cologne is located on the River <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a>), about 35 km (22 mi) southeast of the North Rhine-Westphalia state capital <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> and 25 km (16 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, the former capital of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. </p><p>The city's medieval <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kölner Dom</i></span>) was the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_buildings#Churches_and_cathedrals:_Tallest_buildings_between_the_13th_and_20th_century" title="History of the world's tallest buildings">world's tallest building 1880–1890</a> and is today the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">third-tallest church and tallest cathedral in the world</a>. It was constructed to house the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> and is a globally recognized landmark and one of the most visited sights and pilgrimage destinations in Europe. The cityscape is further shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Romanesque_churches_of_Cologne" title="Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne">Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne</a>. Cologne is famous for <a href="/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne" title="Eau de Cologne">Eau de Cologne</a>, which has been produced in the city since 1709; "cologne" has since come to be a generic term. </p><p>Cologne was founded and established in Germanic <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a> territory in the 1st century CE as the Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Agrippina</a></i></span>, hence its name.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologne_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Agrippina</i></span> was later dropped (except in Latin), and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colonia</i></span> became the name of the city in its own right, which developed into modern German as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Köln</i></span>. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cologne</i></span>, the French version of the city's name, has become standard in English as well. Cologne functioned as the capital of the Roman province of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></i></span> and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Franks</a> in 462. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the city flourished as being located on one of the most important major <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a> between east and western Europe (including the <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Road" title="Brabant Road">Brabant Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> and Publica). Cologne was a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and one of the major members of the trade union <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. It was one of the largest European cities in medieval and renaissance times. </p><p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city had undergone occupations by the French (1794–1815) and the British (1918–1926), and was part of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> beginning in 1815. Cologne was one of the most <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">heavily bombed</a> cities in Germany during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombing reduced the population by 93% mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed around 80% of the millennia-old city center. The post-war rebuilding has resulted in a mixed cityscape, restoring most major historic landmarks like city gates and churches (31 of them being <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rderverein_Romanische_Kirchen_K%C3%B6ln" title="Förderverein Romanische Kirchen Köln">Romanesque</a>). The city nowadays consists of around 25% pre World War II buildings and boasts around 9,000 historic buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-zensus2011_de_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zensus2011_de-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cologne is a major cultural center for the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>; it hosts more than 30 museums and hundreds of galleries. There are many institutions of higher education, most notably the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>, one of Europe's oldest and largest universities;<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneeconomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Cologne">Technical University of Cologne</a>, Germany's largest university of applied sciences; and the <a href="/wiki/German_Sport_University_Cologne" title="German Sport University Cologne">German Sport University Cologne</a>. It hosts three <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck science institutes</a> and is a major research hub for the aerospace industry, with the <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a> headquarters. <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, Europe's largest airline,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have their main corporate headquarters in Cologne. It also has a significant chemical and automobile industry. <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport" title="Cologne Bonn Airport">Cologne Bonn Airport</a> is a regional hub, the main airport for the region being <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport" title="Düsseldorf Airport">Düsseldorf Airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Trade_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Trade Fair">Cologne Trade Fair</a> hosts a number of <a href="/wiki/Trade_show" title="Trade show">trade shows</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cologne" title="History of Cologne">History of Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_city_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial history of the city of Cologne">Colonial history of the city of Cologne</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cologne" title="Timeline of Cologne">Timeline of Cologne</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Cologne">Roman Cologne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman Cologne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_with_Dionysian_scenes_from_a_luxurious_Roman_villa_excavated_to_the_south_of_the_cathedral,_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum,_Cologne_(8119154487).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wall_painting_with_Dionysian_scenes_from_a_luxurious_Roman_villa_excavated_to_the_south_of_the_cathedral%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288119154487%29.jpg/220px-Wall_painting_with_Dionysian_scenes_from_a_luxurious_Roman_villa_excavated_to_the_south_of_the_cathedral%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288119154487%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wall_painting_with_Dionysian_scenes_from_a_luxurious_Roman_villa_excavated_to_the_south_of_the_cathedral%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288119154487%29.jpg/330px-Wall_painting_with_Dionysian_scenes_from_a_luxurious_Roman_villa_excavated_to_the_south_of_the_cathedral%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288119154487%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wall_painting_with_Dionysian_scenes_from_a_luxurious_Roman_villa_excavated_to_the_south_of_the_cathedral%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288119154487%29.jpg/440px-Wall_painting_with_Dionysian_scenes_from_a_luxurious_Roman_villa_excavated_to_the_south_of_the_cathedral%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288119154487%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4263" data-file-height="3199" /></a><figcaption>Fresco with <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian scenes</a> from a Roman villa of Cologne, Germany (site of the ancient city Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium), 3rd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_Museum" title="Romano-Germanic Museum">Romano-Germanic Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was <i>Oppidum Ubiorum</i>, founded in 38 BCE by the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Cisrhenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribe</a>. In 50 CE, the Romans founded <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a> (Cologne) on the river Rhine<sup id="cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologne_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Facts_and_figures_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_figures-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city became the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> in 85 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_and_figures_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_figures-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Augusta Ubiorum</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a 1,900-year-old Roman boat was discovered in late 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 260 to 271, Cologne was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a>. In 310, under emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine I</a>, a bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne. Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it became one of the most important trade and production centers in the Roman Empire north of the Alps.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologne_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne is shown on the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Peutinger_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Peutinger Map">Peutinger Map</a>. </p><p>Maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a> in 462. Parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_sewerage_system" title="Cologne sewerage system">new sewerage system</a> having opened in 1890. </p><p>After the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Siege of Jerusalem</a> and the associated <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">dispersion (diaspora) of the Jews</a>, there is evidence of a Jewish community in Cologne. In 321 CE, Emperor Constantine approved the settlement of a Jewish community with all the freedoms of Roman citizens. It is assumed that it was located near the Marspforte within the city wall. The Edict of Constantine to the Jews is the oldest documented evidence in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early medieval Cologne was part of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>. Cunibert, made bishop of Cologne in 623, was an important advisor to the Merovingian King Dagobert I and served with domesticus Pepin of Landen as tutor to the king's son and heir Siegebert III, the future king of Austrasia. In 716, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> commanded an army for the first time and suffered the only defeat of his life when <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a>, invaded Austrasia and the city fell to him in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne" title="Battle of Cologne">Battle of Cologne</a>. Charles fled to the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> mountains, rallied supporters and took the city back that same year after defeating Chilperic in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambl%C3%A8ve" title="Battle of Amblève">Battle of Amblève</a>. Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period; under <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, in 795, bishop <a href="/wiki/Hildebold_of_Cologne" title="Hildebold of Cologne">Hildebold</a> was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologne_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 843 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> Cologne fell into the dominion of <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> – later called <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a>). </p><p>In 953, the archbishops of Cologne first gained noteworthy secular power when bishop <a href="/wiki/Bruno_I,_Archbishop_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne">Bruno</a> was appointed as duke by his brother <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">King of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morley-1856-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to weaken the secular nobility, who threatened his power, Otto endowed Bruno and his archiepiscopal successors with the prerogatives of secular princes, thus establishing the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>, formed by the temporal possessions of the archbishopric and included in the end a strip of territory along the left Bank of the Rhine east of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BClich" title="Jülich">Jülich</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia" title="Duchy of Westphalia">Duchy of Westphalia</a> on the other side of the Rhine, beyond <a href="/wiki/Berg_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg (state)">Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a>. By the end of the 12th century, the Archbishop of Cologne was one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Emperor. Besides being prince elector, he was <a href="/wiki/Archchancellor" title="Archchancellor">Archchancellor</a> of Italy as well, technically from 1238 and permanently from 1263 until 1803. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worringen" title="Battle of Worringen">Battle of Worringen</a> in 1288, Cologne gained its independence from the archbishops and became a <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Free City</a>. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Sigfried_II_von_Westerburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigfried II von Westerburg">Sigfried II von Westerburg</a> was forced to reside in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archbishop nevertheless preserved the right of capital punishment. Thus the municipal council (though in strict political opposition towards the archbishop) depended upon him in all matters concerning criminal justice. This included torture, the sentence for which was only allowed to be handed down by the episcopal judge known as the greve. This legal situation lasted until the French conquest of Cologne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Besides its economic and political significance Cologne also became an important centre of medieval pilgrimage, when Cologne's archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Rainald_of_Dassel" title="Rainald of Dassel">Rainald of Dassel</a>, gave the relics of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Wise_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Wise Men">Three Wise Men</a> to Cologne's cathedral in 1164 (after they had been taken from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>). Besides the three magi Cologne preserves the relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ursula" title="Saint Ursula">Saint Ursula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cologne's location on the river Rhine placed it at the intersection of the major <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> between east and west as well as the main south–north Western Europe trade route, Venice to Netherlands; even by the mid-10th century, merchants in the town were already known for their prosperity and luxurious standard of living due to the availability of trade opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morley-1856-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intersection of these trade routes was the basis of Cologne's growth. By the end of the 12th century, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Phillip_von_Heinsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip von Heinsberg">Phillip von Heinsberg</a> enclosed the entire city with <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">walls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morley-1856-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1300 the city population was 50,000–55,000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> in 1475, when <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a> confirmed the city's imperial immediacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologne_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne was so influential in regional commerce that its systems of weights and measurements (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_mark" title="Cologne mark">Cologne mark</a>) were used throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morley-1856-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologn1411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cologn1411.jpg/550px-Cologn1411.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cologn1411.jpg/825px-Cologn1411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cologn1411.jpg/1100px-Cologn1411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Cologne <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1411</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Panorama_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/220px-Panorama_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Panorama_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/330px-Panorama_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Panorama_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/440px-Panorama_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Cologne in 1531</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dankaerts-Historis-9364.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dankaerts-Historis-9364.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Dankaerts-Historis-9364.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dankaerts-Historis-9364.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Dankaerts-Historis-9364.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dankaerts-Historis-9364.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Dankaerts-Historis-9364.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4686" data-file-height="3570" /></a><figcaption>Attack on <a href="/wiki/Deutz,_Cologne" title="Deutz, Cologne">Deutz</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in 1632</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/220px--Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_Köln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm/Rekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm&lang=mk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mk" label="македонски ‪(mk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARekonstruktion_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_im_17._Jahrhundert.webm&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Reconstruction of Cologne in the 17th century (German, English subtitles available)</figcaption></figure> <p>The economic structures of medieval and early modern Cologne were characterised by the city's status as a major harbour and transport hub on the Rhine. Craftsmanship was organised by self-administering guilds, some of which were exclusive to women. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a>, Cologne was a self-ruling state within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial estate">imperial estate</a> with seat and vote at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>, and as such had the right (and obligation) to contribute to the defense of the Empire and maintain its own military force. As they wore a red uniform, these troops were known as the <i>Rote Funken</i> (red sparks). These soldiers were part of the Army of the Holy Roman Empire ("Reichskontingent"). They fought in the wars of the 17th and 18th century, including the wars against revolutionary France in which the small force was almost completely wiped out in combat. The tradition of these troops is preserved as a military persiflage by Cologne's most outstanding carnival society, the <i>Rote Funken</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Free Imperial City of Cologne must not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>, which was a state of its own within the Holy Roman Empire. Since the second half of the 16th century the majority of archbishops were drawn from the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach dynasty</a>. Due to the free status of Cologne, the archbishops were usually not allowed to enter the city. Thus they took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia">Brühl</a> on the Rhine. As members of an influential and powerful family, and supported by their outstanding status as <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electors</a>, the archbishops of Cologne repeatedly challenged and threatened the free status of Cologne during the 17th and 18th centuries, resulting in complicated affairs, which were handled by diplomatic means and propaganda as well as by the supreme courts of the Holy Roman Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_19th_century_until_World_War_I">From the 19th century until World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From the 19th century until World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke_-_K%C3%B6ln_(1).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke_-_K%C3%B6ln_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke_-_K%C3%B6ln_%281%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke_-_K%C3%B6ln_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke_-_K%C3%B6ln_%281%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke_-_K%C3%B6ln_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke_-_K%C3%B6ln_%281%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2149" /></a><figcaption>Hanging bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Cologne lost its status as a <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">free city</a> during the French period. According to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> (1801) all the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> on the left bank of the Rhine were officially incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> (which had already occupied Cologne in 1794). Thus this region later became part of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon's</a> Empire. Cologne was part of the French <a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Département</a> <a href="/wiki/Roer_(department)" title="Roer (department)">Roer</a> (named after the river Roer, German: <a href="/wiki/Rur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rur">Rur</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> (French: Aix-la-Chapelle) as its capital. The French modernised public life, for example by introducing the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">Napoleonic code</a> and removing the old elites from power. The Napoleonic code remained in use on the left bank of the Rhine until 1900, when a unified civil code (the <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a></i>) was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. In 1815 at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Cologne was made part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, first in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>. </p><p>The permanent tensions between the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and the overwhelmingly Protestant Prussian state repeatedly escalated with Cologne being in the focus of the conflict. In 1837 the archbishop of Cologne, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_von_Droste-Vischering" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemens August von Droste-Vischering">Clemens August von Droste-Vischering</a>, was arrested and imprisoned for two years after a dispute over the legal status of marriages between Catholics and Protestants (<i>Mischehenstreit</i>). In 1874, during the <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a>, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Paul_Melchers" title="Paul Melchers">Paul Melchers</a> was imprisoned before taking asylum in the Netherlands. These conflicts alienated the Catholic population from Berlin and contributed to a deeply felt anti-Prussian resentment, which was still significant after World War II, when the former mayor of Cologne, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, became the first West German chancellor. </p><p>During the 19th and 20th centuries, Cologne absorbed numerous surrounding towns, and by World War I had already grown to 700,000 inhabitants. Industrialisation changed the city and spurred its growth. Vehicle and engine manufacturing was especially successful, though the heavy industry was less ubiquitous than in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">cathedral</a>, started in 1248 but abandoned around 1560, was eventually finished in 1880 not just as a place of worship but also as a German national monument celebrating the newly founded <a href="/wiki/German_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="German empire">German empire</a> and the continuity of the German nation since the Middle Ages. Some of this urban growth occurred at the expense of the city's historic heritage with much being demolished (for example, the city walls or the area around the cathedral) and sometimes replaced by contemporary buildings. </p><p>Cologne was designated as one of the <a href="/wiki/Fortresses_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Fortresses of the German Confederation">Fortresses of the German Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was turned into a heavily armed fortress (opposing the French and Belgian fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>) with two fortified belts surrounding the city, the remains of which can be seen to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military demands on what became Germany's largest fortress presented a significant obstacle to urban development, with forts, bunkers, and wide defensive dugouts completely encircling the city and preventing expansion; this resulted in a very densely built-up area within the city itself. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Cologne was the target of several minor air raids but suffered no significant damage. Cologne was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a> until 1926, under the terms of the Armistice and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Peace_Treaty_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Treaty of Versailles">Versailles Peace Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with the harsh behaviour of the French occupation troops in Germany, the British forces were more lenient to the local population. <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, the mayor of Cologne from 1917 until 1933 and later a West German chancellor, acknowledged the political impact of this approach, especially since Britain had opposed French demands for a permanent Allied occupation of the entire Rhineland. </p><p>As part of the demilitarisation of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, the city's fortifications had to be dismantled. This was an opportunity to create two green belts (<i>Grüngürtel</i>) around the city by converting the fortifications and their fields of fire into large public parks. This was not completed until 1933. In 1919 the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>, closed by the French in 1798, was reopened. This was considered to be a replacement for the loss of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a> on the west bank of the Rhine, which reverted to France with the rest of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. Cologne prospered during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1919–33), and progress was made especially in public governance, city planning, housing and social affairs. Social housing projects were considered exemplary and were copied by other German cities. Cologne competed to host the Olympics, and a modern sports stadium was erected at Müngersdorf. When the British occupation ended, the prohibition of civil aviation was lifted and <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Butzweilerhof_Airport" title="Cologne Butzweilerhof Airport">Cologne Butzweilerhof Airport</a> soon became a hub for national and international air traffic, second in Germany only to <a href="/wiki/Tempelhof_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempelhof International Airport">Berlin Tempelhof Airport</a>. </p><p>The democratic parties lost the local elections in Cologne in March 1933 to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and other extreme-right parties. The Nazis then arrested the <a href="/wiki/KPD" class="mw-redirect" title="KPD">Communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> members of the city assembly, and Mayor Adenauer was dismissed. Compared to some other major cities, however, the Nazis never gained decisive support in Cologne. (Significantly, the number of votes cast for the Nazi Party in <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> elections had always been the national average.)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939, the population had risen to 772,221 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koeln_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/220px-Koeln_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/330px-Koeln_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/440px-Koeln_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>The devastation of Cologne, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, Cologne was a Military Area Command Headquarters (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Militärbereichshauptkommandoquartier</i></span>) for <a href="/wiki/Wehrkreis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehrkreis VI">Wehrkreis VI</a> (headquartered at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>). Cologne was under the command of Lieutenant-General Freiherr Roeder von Diersburg, who was responsible for military operations in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegburg" title="Siegburg">Siegburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BClich" title="Jülich">Jülich</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monschau" title="Monschau">Monschau</a>. Cologne was home to the 211th Infantry Regiment and the 26th Artillery Regiment. </p><p>The Allies dropped 44,923.2 tons of bombs on the city during World War II, destroying 61% of its built up area. During the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Bombing of Cologne in World War II</a>, Cologne endured 262 air raids<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Western <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, which caused approximately 20,000 civilian casualties and almost completely wiped out the central part of the city. During the night of 31 May 1942, Cologne was the target of "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Millennium">Operation Millennium</a>", the first 1,000 bomber raid by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in World War II. 1,046 heavy bombers attacked their target with 1,455 tons of explosives, approximately two-thirds of which were incendiary.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raid lasted about 75 minutes, destroyed 600 acres (243 ha) of built-up area (61%),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killed 486 civilians and made 59,000 people homeless. The devastation was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Claasen" title="Hermann Claasen">Hermann Claasen</a> from 1942 until the end of the war, and presented in his exhibition and book of 1947 <i>Singing in the furnace. Cologne – Remains of an old city</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cologne was taken by the American <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army#World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First Army</a> in early March 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne_(1945)" title="Battle of Cologne (1945)">battle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, the population of Cologne had been reduced by 95%. This loss was mainly caused by a massive evacuation of the people to more rural areas. The same happened in many other German cities in the last two years of war. By the end of 1945, however, the population had already recovered to approximately 450,000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, essentially all of Cologne's pre-war Jewish population of 11,000 had been deported or killed by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six synagogues of the city were destroyed. The <a href="/wiki/Roonstrasse_Synagogue" title="Roonstrasse Synagogue">synagogue on Roonstraße</a> was rebuilt in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_and_Cold_War_eras">Post-war and Cold War eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war and Cold War eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-05-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cologne_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-07.jpg/220px-Cologne_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cologne_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-07.jpg/330px-Cologne_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cologne_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-07.jpg/440px-Cologne_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="3507" /></a><figcaption>Cologne, seen from ESA Sentinel-2</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Cologne's status as the largest city in the region, nearby <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> was chosen as the political capital of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">federated state</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> being chosen as the provisional federal capital (<i>provisorische Bundeshauptstadt</i>) and seat of the government of the Federal Republic of Germany (then informally <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>), Cologne benefited by being sandwiched between two important political centres. The city became–and still is–home to a number of federal agencies and organizations. After reunification in 1990, Berlin was made the capital of Germany. </p><p>In 1945 architect and urban planner <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwarz_(architect)" title="Rudolf Schwarz (architect)">Rudolf Schwarz</a> called Cologne the "world's greatest heap of rubble". Schwarz designed the master plan for reconstruction in 1947, which included the construction of several new thoroughfares through the city centre, especially the <i>Nord-Süd-Fahrt</i> ("North-South-Drive"). The master plan took into consideration the fact that even shortly after the war a large increase in automobile traffic could be anticipated. Plans for new roads had already, to a certain degree, evolved under the Nazi administration, but the actual construction became easier when most of the city centre was in ruins. </p><p>The destruction of 95% of the city centre, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Romanesque_churches_of_Cologne" title="Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne">Twelve Romanesque churches</a> such as <a href="/wiki/St._Gereon%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gereon's Basilica">St. Gereon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_St._Martin_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St. Martin Church">Great St. Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Maria_im_Kapitol" title="St. Maria im Kapitol">St. Maria im Kapitol</a> and several other monuments in World War II, meant a tremendous loss of cultural treasures. The rebuilding of those churches and other landmarks such as the Gürzenich event hall was not undisputed among leading architects and art historians at that time, but in most cases, civil intention prevailed. The reconstruction lasted until the 1990s, when the Romanesque church of <a href="/wiki/St._Kunibert_(Cologne)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kunibert (Cologne)">St. Kunibert</a> was finished. </p><p>In 1959, the city's population reached pre-war numbers again. It then grew steadily, exceeding 1 million for about one year from 1975. It remained just below that until mid-2010, when it exceeded 1 million again. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg/220px-2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg/330px-2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg/440px-2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5352" data-file-height="2923" /></a><figcaption>Cologne in 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-reunification">Post-reunification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1983_09_15_to_23_Envelope_of_the_Letter_from_Odessa_to_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1983_09_15_to_23_Envelope_of_the_Letter_from_Odessa_to_Cuba.jpg/220px-1983_09_15_to_23_Envelope_of_the_Letter_from_Odessa_to_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1983_09_15_to_23_Envelope_of_the_Letter_from_Odessa_to_Cuba.jpg/330px-1983_09_15_to_23_Envelope_of_the_Letter_from_Odessa_to_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1983_09_15_to_23_Envelope_of_the_Letter_from_Odessa_to_Cuba.jpg/440px-1983_09_15_to_23_Envelope_of_the_Letter_from_Odessa_to_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Soviet letter's envelope in honor of the Internationale Philatelic Exhibition <i>LUPOSTA</i> in Cologne in 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s Cologne's economy prospered for two main reasons. The first was the growth in the number of media companies, both in the private and public sectors; they are especially catered for in the newly developed Media Park, which creates a strong visual focal point in Cologne's city centre and includes the <i>KölnTurm</i>, one of Cologne's most prominent high-rise buildings. The second was the permanent improvement of the diverse traffic infrastructure, which made Cologne one of the most easily accessible metropolitan areas in Central Europe. </p><p>Due to the economic success of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Trade_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Trade Fair">Cologne Trade Fair</a>, the city arranged a large extension to the fair site in 2005. At the same time the original buildings, which date back to the 1920s, were rented out to <a href="/wiki/Mediengruppe_RTL_Deutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland">RTL</a>, Germany's largest private broadcaster, as their new corporate headquarters. </p><p>Cologne was the focus of the <a href="/wiki/2015-16_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="2015-16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015-16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany</a>, with over 500 women reporting that they were sexually assaulted by persons of African and Arab appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Westdeutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung-2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westdeutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung-2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The metropolitan area encompasses over 405 square kilometres (156 square miles), extending around a central point that lies at 50° 56' 33 latitude and 6° 57' 32 longitude. The city's highest point is 118 m (387 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Troodel%C3%B6h" title="Monte Troodelöh">Monte Troodelöh</a>) and its lowest point is 37.5 m (123 ft) above sea level (the <a href="/wiki/Worringer_Bruch" title="Worringer Bruch">Worringer Bruch</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Cologne lies within the larger area of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Lowland" title="Cologne Lowland">Cologne Lowland</a>, a cone-shaped area of the central <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> that lies between <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Cologne" title="Districts of Cologne">Districts of Cologne</a></div> <p>Cologne is divided into 9 boroughs (<i>Stadtbezirke</i>) and 85 districts (<i>Stadtteile</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneglance_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneglance-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Innenstadt,_Cologne" title="Innenstadt, Cologne">Innenstadt</a> (Stadtbezirk 1)</dt> <dd>Altstadt-Nord, Altstadt-Süd, Neustadt-Nord, Neustadt-Süd, <a href="/wiki/Deutz,_Cologne" title="Deutz, Cologne">Deutz</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Rodenkirchen" title="Rodenkirchen">Rodenkirchen</a> (Stadtbezirk 2)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bayenthal" title="Bayenthal">Bayenthal</a>, Godorf, Hahnwald, Immendorf, Marienburg, Meschenich, Raderberg, Raderthal, Rodenkirchen, Rondorf, Sürth, Weiß, <a href="/wiki/Zollstock" title="Zollstock">Zollstock</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lindenthal,_Cologne" title="Lindenthal, Cologne">Lindenthal</a> (Stadtbezirk 3)</dt> <dd>Braunsfeld, <a href="/wiki/Junkersdorf" title="Junkersdorf">Junkersdorf</a>, Klettenberg, Lindenthal, Lövenich, Müngersdorf, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BClz" title="Sülz">Sülz</a>, Weiden, Widdersdorf</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ehrenfeld,_Cologne" title="Ehrenfeld, Cologne">Ehrenfeld</a> (Stadtbezirk 4)</dt> <dd>Bickendorf, Bocklemünd/Mengenich, Ehrenfeld, Neuehrenfeld, Ossendorf, Vogelsang</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Nippes,_Cologne" title="Nippes, Cologne">Nippes</a> (Stadtbezirk 5)</dt> <dd>Bilderstöckchen, Longerich, Mauenheim, <a href="/wiki/Niehl,_Cologne" title="Niehl, Cologne">Niehl</a>, Nippes, Riehl, Weidenpesch</dd></dl> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koeln_bezirke1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koeln_bezirke1.png/300px-Koeln_bezirke1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koeln_bezirke1.png/450px-Koeln_bezirke1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koeln_bezirke1.png/600px-Koeln_bezirke1.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="622" /></a></span> </td> <td> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chorweiler" title="Chorweiler">Chorweiler</a> (Stadtbezirk 6)</dt> <dd>Blumenberg, Chorweiler, Esch/Auweiler, Fühlingen, Heimersdorf, Lindweiler, Merkenich, Pesch, Roggendorf/Thenhoven, Seeberg, Volkhoven/Weiler, <a href="/wiki/Worringen" title="Worringen">Worringen</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Porz" title="Porz">Porz</a> (Stadtbezirk 7)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eil,_Cologne" title="Eil, Cologne">Eil</a>, Elsdorf, Ensen, Finkenberg, Gremberghoven, Grengel, Langel, Libur, Lind, <a href="/wiki/Poll,_Cologne" title="Poll, Cologne">Poll</a>, Porz, Urbach, Wahn, Wahnheide, Westhoven, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCndorf" title="Zündorf">Zündorf</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kalk,_Cologne" title="Kalk, Cologne">Kalk</a> (Stadtbezirk 8)</dt> <dd>Brück, Höhenberg, Humboldt/Gremberg, Kalk, Merheim, Neubrück, Ostheim, <a href="/wiki/Rath/Heumar" title="Rath/Heumar">Rath/Heumar</a>, Vingst</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim,_Cologne" title="Mülheim, Cologne">Mülheim</a> (Stadtbezirk 9)</dt> <dd>Buchforst, Buchheim, Dellbrück, Dünnwald, Flittard, Höhenhaus, Holweide, Mülheim, <a href="/wiki/Stammheim,_Cologne" title="Stammheim, Cologne">Stammheim</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> area, Cologne is one of the warmest cities in Germany. It has a <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen: <i>Cfb</i></a>) with cool winters and warm summers. It is also one of the cloudiest cities in Germany, with just 1,567.5 hours of sun a year. Its average annual temperature is 10.7 °C (51 °F): 15.4 °C (60 °F) during the day and 6.1 °C (43 °F) at night. In January, the mean temperature is 3.0 °C (37 °F), while the mean temperature in July is 19.0 °C (66 °F). The record high temperature of 40.3 °C (105 °F) happened on 25 July 2019 during the <a href="/wiki/July_2019_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2019 European heat wave">July 2019 European heat wave</a> in which Cologne saw three consecutive days over 38.0 °C (100 °F). Especially the inner urban neighbourhoods experience a greater number of hot days, as well as significantly higher temperatures during nighttime compared to the surrounding area (including the airport, where temperatures are classified).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still temperatures can vary noticeably over the course of a month with warmer and colder weather. Precipitation is spread evenly throughout the year with a light peak in summer due to showers and thunderstorms. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cologne (<a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport" title="Cologne Bonn Airport">Cologne Bonn Airport</a>, 1991–2020, extremes 1957–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.1<br />(42.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.1<br />(15.6) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1<br />(26.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.8<br />(10.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.4<br />(−10.1) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.2<br />(−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8<br />(16.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.4<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.0<br />(−0.4) </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.4<br />(−10.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br />(2.43) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8<br />(2.12) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0<br />(2.17) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2<br />(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1<br />(2.44) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.3<br />(3.40) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4<br />(3.44) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.3<br />(3.28) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9<br />(2.63) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(2.55) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5<br />(2.50) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">802.1<br />(31.58) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.2 </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.0 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.1 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">187.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.3 </td> <td style="background: #969696; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.8 </td> <td style="background: #B8B852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.8 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.2 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.6 </td> <td style="background: #C6C601; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.5 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.6 </td> <td style="background: #6F6F6F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.9 </td> <td style="background: #525252; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.3 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD37; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,588.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Data derived from <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The progressing climate change can be seen by looking at the climate data of the previous decade with lower mean temperatures. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cologne/Bonn Airport 1981-2010 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.3<br />(13.5) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.9<br />(16.0) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−13.0<br />(8.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1<br />(2.44) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.6<br />(2.54) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9<br />(2.12) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.2<br />(2.84) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7<br />(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.8<br />(3.38) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.0<br />(2.95) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.9<br />(2.95) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1<br />(2.64) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0<br />(2.64) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1<br />(2.80) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">838.6<br />(33.02) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Data derived from <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood_protection">Flood protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flood protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776,_K%C3%B6ln,_Hochwasser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Hochwasser.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Hochwasser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Hochwasser.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Hochwasser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Hochwasser.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Hochwasser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The 1930 flood in Cologne</figcaption></figure> <p>Cologne is regularly affected by flooding from the Rhine and is considered the most flood-prone European city.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhard_Vogt_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhard_Vogt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A city agency (<i>Stadtentwässerungsbetriebe Köln</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Cologne Urban Drainage Operations") manages an extensive flood control system which includes both permanent and mobile <a href="/wiki/Flood_wall" title="Flood wall">flood walls</a>, protection from rising waters for buildings close to the river banks, monitoring and forecasting systems, pumping stations and programmes to create or protect <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a>, and river embankments.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhard_Vogt_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhard_Vogt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was redesigned after a 1993 flood, which resulted in heavy damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhard_Vogt_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhard_Vogt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cologne" title="Demographics of Cologne">Demographics of Cologne</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="max-width: 22em;"> <caption>Largest groups of foreign residents<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>From country</th> <th>Population (2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>57,135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>21,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>12,634 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>9,766 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>8,631 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>8,074 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>7,916 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>5,841 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>4,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>4,837 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>4,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>4,651 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>3,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>3,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>3,539 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>3,263 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>3,043 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>2,586 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>2,523 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>2,418 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>2,394 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>2,287 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1430</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1801</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">42,024</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1840</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,858</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+80.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">144,722</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+90.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">372,229</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+157.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">516,527</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">657,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">740,082</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">733,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">603,283</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">803,616</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">847,037</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">976,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">953,551</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">967,940</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,005,775</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,017,355</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>In the Roman Empire, the city was large and rich with a population of 40,000 in 100–200 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-google_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was home to around 20,000 people in 1000 AD, growing to 50,000 in 1200 AD. The <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> metropolis still had 50,000 residents in 1300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.dk_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.dk-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvard_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cologne is the fourth-largest city by population in Germany after <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. As of 31 December 2021, there were 1,079,301 people registered as living in Cologne in an area of 404.99 km<sup>2</sup> (156.37 sq mi), which makes Cologne the third largest city by area.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population density was 2,700/km<sup>2</sup> (7,000/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne first reached the population of 1,000,000 in 1975 due to the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Wesseling" title="Wesseling">Wesseling</a>, however this was reversed after public opposition. In 2009 Cologne's population again reached 1,000,000 and it became one of the four cities in Germany with a population exceeding 1 Million. The metropolitan area of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Region" title="Cologne Bonn Region">Cologne Bonn Region</a> is home to 3,573,500 living on 4,415/km<sup>2</sup> (11,430/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is part of the polycentric megacity region <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> with a population of over 11,000,000 people. </p><p>There were 551,528 women and 527,773 men in Cologne. In 2021, there were 11,127 births in Cologne; 5,844 marriages and 1,808 divorces, and 10,536 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.3% under the age of 18, and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. 203 people in Cologne were over the age of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Statistical Office of the City of Cologne, the number of people with a migrant background is at 40.5% (436,660). 2,254 people acquired German citizenship in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, there were 559,854 households, of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18; 51% of all households were made up of singles. 8% of all households were single-parent households. The average household size was 1.88.<sup id="cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residents_with_foreign_citizenship">Residents with foreign citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Residents with foreign citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cologne residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2021 is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Citizenship </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Number </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>436,660</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe</td> <td>283,960</td> <td>65% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td> <td>138,961</td> <td>31.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></td> <td>78,235</td> <td>17.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">African</a></td> <td>29,552</td> <td>6.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a></td> <td>13,786</td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australian and Oceanian</td> <td>666</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_community">Turkish community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Turkish community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cologne is home to 90,000 people of Turkish origin and is the second largest German city with Turkish population after <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Cologne has a Little Istanbul in Keupstraße that has many Turkish restaurants and markets. Famous Turkish-German people like rapper <a href="/wiki/Eko_Fresh" title="Eko Fresh">Eko Fresh</a> and TV presenter <a href="/wiki/Nazan_Eckes" title="Nazan Eckes">Nazan Eckes</a> were born in Cologne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian dialect</a></div> <p><b>Colognian</b> or <b>Kölsch</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Colognian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ksh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">[kœɫːʃ]</a></span>) (natively <i>Kölsch Platt</i>) is a small set of very closely related dialects, or variants, of the <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> group of languages. These dialects are spoken in the area covered by the Archdiocese and former <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a> reaching from <a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a> in the north to just south of <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, west to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a> and east to <a href="/wiki/Olpe,_Germany" title="Olpe, Germany">Olpe</a> in the North-West of Germany. Kölsch is one of the very few city dialects in Germany, which also include the <a href="/wiki/Berlinerisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinerisch dialect">dialect</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cologne" title="History of the Jews in Cologne">History of the Jews in Cologne</a></div> <p>As of 2015, 35.5% of the population belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the largest religious body, and 15.5% to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de-2016_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-2016-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> claimed that Christianity was brought to Cologne by Roman soldiers and traders at an unknown early date. It is known that in the early second century it was a bishop's seat. The first historical Bishop of Cologne was <a href="/wiki/Maternus_of_Cologne" title="Maternus of Cologne">Saint Maternus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> studied in Cologne in 1244 under <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>. Cologne is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Cologne">Archdiocese of Cologne</a>. </p><p>According to the 2011 census, 2.1% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, 0.5% belonged of an <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Free Church</a> and 4.2% belonged to further religious communities officially recognized by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (such as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2011_Reli_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2011_Reli-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several mosques, including the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Central_Mosque" title="Cologne Central Mosque">Cologne Central Mosque</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_Union_for_Religious_Affairs" title="Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs">Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs</a>. In 2011, about 11.2% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cologne also has one of the oldest and largest Jewish communities in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, 0.3% of Cologne's population was Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2011_Reli_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2011_Reli-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 October 2021, the Mayor of Cologne, <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Reker" title="Henriette Reker">Henriette Reker</a>, announced that all of Cologne's 35 mosques would be allowed to broadcast the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Adhan</a> (prayer call) for up to five minutes on Fridays between noon and 3 p.m. She commented that the move "shows that diversity is appreciated and loved in Cologne".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cologne_City_Hall" title="Cologne City Hall">Cologne City Hall</a></div> <p>The city's administration is headed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cologne" title="List of mayors of Cologne">mayor</a> and the three deputy mayors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_traditions_and_developments">Political traditions and developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political traditions and developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long tradition of a free imperial city, which long dominated an exclusively Catholic population and the age-old conflict between the church and the bourgeoisie (and within it between the patricians and craftsmen) have created its own political climate in Cologne. Various interest groups often form networks beyond party boundaries. The resulting web of relationships, with political, economic, and cultural links with each other in a system of mutual favours, obligations and dependencies, is called the 'Cologne coterie'. This has often led to an unusual proportional distribution in the city government and degenerated at times into corruption: in 1999, a "waste scandal" over kickbacks and illegal campaign contributions came to light, which led not only to the imprisonment of the entrepreneur Hellmut Trienekens, but also to the downfall of almost the entire leadership of the ruling Social Democrats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Cologne_mayoral_election_(2nd_round).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2020_Cologne_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/350px-2020_Cologne_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2020_Cologne_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/525px-2020_Cologne_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2020_Cologne_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/700px-2020_Cologne_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election</figcaption></figure> <p>The incumbent <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cologne" title="List of mayors of Cologne">Lord Mayor of Cologne</a> is <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Reker" title="Henriette Reker">Henriette Reker</a>. She received 52.66% of the vote at the municipal election on 17 October 2015, running as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a>. She took office on 15 December 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reker was re-elected to a second term in a runoff election on 27 September 2020, in which she received 59.27% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Reker" title="Henriette Reker">Henriette Reker</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Green</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td>187,389 </td> <td>45.1 </td> <td>174,263 </td> <td>59.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Andreas Kossiski </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>111,353 </td> <td>26.8 </td> <td>119,753 </td> <td>40.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Jörg Detjen </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>29,810 </td> <td>7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left">Olivier Fuchs </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa#Germany" title="Volt Europa">Volt Germany</a> </td> <td>18,520 </td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left">Christer Cremer </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>17,441 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Nicolin Gabrysch </td> <td align="left">Climate Friends </td> <td>14,370 </td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Roberto Campione </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>14,122 </td> <td>3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Thor Zimmermann </td> <td align="left">Good Cologne </td> <td>8,613 </td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Dagmar Langel </td> <td align="left">We Are Cologne </td> <td>4,464 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Robert Nussholz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>4,044 </td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Sabine Neumeyer </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>2,547 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF6400"> </td> <td align="left">Rüdiger-René Keune </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>2,336 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Martin Przybylski </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>924 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>415,933 </th> <th>98.7 </th> <th>294,016 </th> <th>99.1 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>5,633 </th> <th>1.3 </th> <th>2,727 </th> <th>0.9 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>421,566 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>296,743 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>820,527 </th> <th>51.4 </th> <th>818,731 </th> <th>36.2 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: City of Cologne (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.stadt-koeln.de/prod/KW2020/05315000/html5/Buergermeisterwahl_NRW_44_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">1st round</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062359/https://wahlen.stadt-koeln.de/prod/KW2020/05315000/html5/Buergermeisterwahl_NRW_44_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de/wahlen/kommunalwahl/09-2020/Buergermeisterstichwahl_NRW_46_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">2nd round</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Cologne_City_Council_election_-_Results.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2020_Cologne_City_Council_election_-_Results.svg/350px-2020_Cologne_City_Council_election_-_Results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2020_Cologne_City_Council_election_-_Results.svg/525px-2020_Cologne_City_Council_election_-_Results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2020_Cologne_City_Council_election_-_Results.svg/700px-2020_Cologne_City_Council_election_-_Results.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 2020 city council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cologne city council (<i>Kölner Stadtrat</i>) governs the city alongside the Mayor. It serves a term of five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>118,997 </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.0 </td> <td>26 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>90,040 </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.8 </td> <td>19 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>89,659 </td> <td>21.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.7 </td> <td>19 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>27,044 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>21,965 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> (Volt) </td> <td>20,783 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>4 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>18,272 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>10,261 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Climate Friends (Klima Freunde) </td> <td>8,383 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Good Cologne (GUT) </td> <td>8,298 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F7A800"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters Cologne</a> (FWK) </td> <td>2,501 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF6400"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP) </td> <td>374 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">We Are Cologne 2020 (Wir Sind Köln) </td> <td>265 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Independent A. Krause </td> <td>107 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Independent Neumeyer </td> <td>72 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Independent Weber </td> <td>72 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Independent R. Krause </td> <td>71 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Independent Schidlowsky </td> <td>32 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Party of Progress (PdF) </td> <td>31 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>417,227 </th> <th>98.9 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid votes </th> <th>4,596 </th> <th>1.1 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>421,823 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>90 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>820,526 </th> <th>51.4 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.8 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de/wahlen/kommunalwahl/09-2020/Ratswahl_NRW_42_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">City of Cologne</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Landtag">State Landtag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State Landtag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election_in_Cologne_-_Stimmbezirke.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election_in_Cologne_-_Stimmbezirke.svg/350px-2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election_in_Cologne_-_Stimmbezirke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election_in_Cologne_-_Stimmbezirke.svg/525px-2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election_in_Cologne_-_Stimmbezirke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election_in_Cologne_-_Stimmbezirke.svg/700px-2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election_in_Cologne_-_Stimmbezirke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Results of the <a href="/wiki/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2022 state election</a> in Cologne</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Cologne is divided among seven constituencies. After the <a href="/wiki/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election</a>, the composition and representation of each was as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Area </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Member </th></tr> <tr> <td>13 Köln I </td> <td>Rodenkirchen and part of Innenstadt </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a> </td> <td>Eileen Woestmann </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 Köln II </td> <td>Lindenthal </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a> </td> <td>Frank Jablonski </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 Köln III </td> <td>Ehrenfeld and part of Nippes </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a> </td> <td>Arndt Klocke </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Köln IV </td> <td>Chorweiler and most of Nippes </td> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td>Lena Teschlade </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 Köln V </td> <td>Porz and the east of Kalk </td> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td>Florian Braun </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 Köln VI </td> <td>Most of Innenstadt and the west of Kalk </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a> </td> <td>Berivan Aymaz </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 Köln VII </td> <td>Mülheim </td> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td>Carolin Kirsch </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_parliament">Federal parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Federal parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, Cologne is divided among four constituencies. In the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_20th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 20th Bundestag">20th Bundestag</a>, elected <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">26 September 2021</a>, the composition and representation of each was as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Area </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Member </th></tr> <tr> <td>93 <a href="/wiki/Cologne_I" title="Cologne I">Cologne I</a> </td> <td>Porz, Kalk, and part of Innenstadt </td> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanae_Abdi" title="Sanae Abdi">Sanae Abdi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>94 <a href="/wiki/Cologne_II" title="Cologne II">Cologne II</a> </td> <td>Rodenkirchen, Lindenthal, and part of Innenstadt </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sven_Lehmann" title="Sven Lehmann">Sven Lehmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>95 <a href="/wiki/Cologne_III" title="Cologne III">Cologne III</a> </td> <td>Ehrenfeld, Nippes, and Chorweiler </td> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolf_M%C3%BCtzenich" title="Rolf Mützenich">Rolf Mützenich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen_%E2%80%93_Cologne_IV" title="Leverkusen – Cologne IV">Leverkusen – Cologne IV</a> </td> <td>Mülheim (and the city of <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lauterbach" title="Karl Lauterbach">Karl Lauterbach</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the city at night as seen from Deutz; from left to right: Deutz Bridge; Great St. Martin Church; Cologne Cathedral; and Hohenzollern Bridge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg/1000px-Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg/1500px-Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg/2000px-Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg" title="File:Cologne - Panoramic Image of the old town at dusk.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the city at night as seen from <a href="/wiki/Deutz,_Cologne" title="Deutz, Cologne">Deutz</a>; <b>from left to right</b>: Deutz Bridge; <a href="/wiki/Great_St._Martin_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St. Martin Church">Great St. Martin Church</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Bridge" title="Hohenzollern Bridge">Hohenzollern Bridge</a></div></div></div> <p>The inner city of Cologne was largely destroyed during World War II. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. Thus, the city centre today is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a>, with a few interspersed pre-war buildings which were <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">reconstructed</a> due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example, the opera house by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Riphahn" title="Wilhelm Riphahn">Wilhelm Riphahn</a>, are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, the uncompromising style of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Opera" title="Cologne Opera">Cologne Opera</a> house and other modern buildings has remained controversial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The districts outside the city center consist mostly of 19th and 20th century buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-zensus2011_de_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zensus2011_de-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 25% of Cologne was built before 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-zensus2011_de_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zensus2011_de-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green areas account for over a quarter of Cologne, which is approximately 75 m<sup>2</sup> (807.29 sq ft) of public green space for every inhabitant.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemmerlingshof,_K%C3%B6ln-Junkersdorf_D%C3%BCrener_Str_437.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Junkersdorf old town"><img alt="Junkersdorf old town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kemmerlingshof%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Junkersdorf_D%C3%BCrener_Str_437.jpg/120px-Kemmerlingshof%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Junkersdorf_D%C3%BCrener_Str_437.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kemmerlingshof%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Junkersdorf_D%C3%BCrener_Str_437.jpg/180px-Kemmerlingshof%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Junkersdorf_D%C3%BCrener_Str_437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kemmerlingshof%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Junkersdorf_D%C3%BCrener_Str_437.jpg/240px-Kemmerlingshof%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Junkersdorf_D%C3%BCrener_Str_437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1044" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Junkersdorf" title="Junkersdorf">Junkersdorf</a> old town</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Bayenthalg%C3%BCrtel_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau villa on Bayenthal-gürtel, part of the Cologne Ring"><img alt="Art Nouveau villa on Bayenthal-gürtel, part of the Cologne Ring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/K%C3%B6ln_Bayenthalg%C3%BCrtel_9.jpg/120px-K%C3%B6ln_Bayenthalg%C3%BCrtel_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/K%C3%B6ln_Bayenthalg%C3%BCrtel_9.jpg/180px-K%C3%B6ln_Bayenthalg%C3%BCrtel_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/K%C3%B6ln_Bayenthalg%C3%BCrtel_9.jpg/240px-K%C3%B6ln_Bayenthalg%C3%BCrtel_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> villa on Bayenthal-gürtel, part of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Ring" title="Cologne Ring">Cologne Ring</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptunbad,_K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-8466.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gründerzeit building in Ehrenfeld, Cologne"><img alt="Gründerzeit building in Ehrenfeld, Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neptunbad%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-8466.jpg/120px-Neptunbad%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-8466.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neptunbad%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-8466.jpg/180px-Neptunbad%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-8466.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neptunbad%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-8466.jpg/240px-Neptunbad%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Ehrenfeld-8466.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="2574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfeld,_Cologne" title="Ehrenfeld, Cologne">Ehrenfeld, Cologne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansahochhaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Gesamtansicht_(0308-10).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hansahochhaus, a building in the style of Brick Expressionism"><img alt="Hansahochhaus, a building in the style of Brick Expressionism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hansahochhaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Gesamtansicht_%280308-10%29.jpg/120px-Hansahochhaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Gesamtansicht_%280308-10%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hansahochhaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Gesamtansicht_%280308-10%29.jpg/180px-Hansahochhaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Gesamtansicht_%280308-10%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hansahochhaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Gesamtansicht_%280308-10%29.jpg/240px-Hansahochhaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Gesamtansicht_%280308-10%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hansahochhaus" title="Hansahochhaus">Hansahochhaus</a>, a building in the style of <a href="/wiki/Brick_Expressionism" title="Brick Expressionism">Brick Expressionism</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dominant wildlife of Cologne is insects, small rodents, and several species of birds. Pigeons are the most often seen animals in Cologne, although the number of birds is augmented each year by a growing population of <a href="/wiki/Feral_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral organism">feral</a> exotics, most visibly parrots such as the <a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">rose-ringed parakeet</a>. The sheltered climate in southeast <a href="/wiki/Northrhine-Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrhine-Westphalia">Northrhine-Westphalia</a> allows these birds to survive through the winter, and in some cases, they are displacing native species. The plumage of Cologne's green parrots is highly visible even from a distance, and contrasts starkly with the otherwise muted colours of the cityscape.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hedgehogs, rabbits and squirrels are common in parks and the greener parts of town. In the outer suburbs foxes and wild boar can be seen, even during the day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cologne had 5.8 million overnight stays booked and 3.35 million arrivals in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Cathedral_on_the_banks_of_Rhine_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/K%C3%B6ln_Cathedral_on_the_banks_of_Rhine_01.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6ln_Cathedral_on_the_banks_of_Rhine_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/K%C3%B6ln_Cathedral_on_the_banks_of_Rhine_01.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6ln_Cathedral_on_the_banks_of_Rhine_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/K%C3%B6ln_Cathedral_on_the_banks_of_Rhine_01.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6ln_Cathedral_on_the_banks_of_Rhine_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Köln Cathedral on the banks of Rhine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Churches">Churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (German: <i>Kölner Dom</i>) is the city's most famous monument and the Cologne residents' most loved landmark. It is a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> church, started in 1248, and completed in 1880. In 1996, it was designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>; it houses the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a>, which supposedly contains the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Magi</a> (see also<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Residents of Cologne sometimes refer to the cathedral as "the eternal construction site" (<i>die ewige Baustelle</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Romanesque_churches_of_Cologne" title="Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne">Twelve Romanesque churches</a>: These buildings are outstanding examples of medieval church architecture. The origins of some of the churches go back as far as Roman times, for example St. Gereon, which was originally a chapel in a Roman graveyard. With the exception of St. Maria Lyskirchen all of these churches were very badly damaged during World War II. Reconstruction was only finished in the 1990s.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne Cathedral"><img alt="Cologne Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kdom.jpg/98px-Kdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kdom.jpg/147px-Kdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kdom.jpg/196px-Kdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_-_Gro%C3%9F_St._Martin_vom_Dom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great St. Martin Church"><img alt="Great St. Martin Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/K%C3%B6ln_-_Gro%C3%9F_St._Martin_vom_Dom.jpg/83px-K%C3%B6ln_-_Gro%C3%9F_St._Martin_vom_Dom.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/K%C3%B6ln_-_Gro%C3%9F_St._Martin_vom_Dom.jpg/124px-K%C3%B6ln_-_Gro%C3%9F_St._Martin_vom_Dom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/K%C3%B6ln_-_Gro%C3%9F_St._Martin_vom_Dom.jpg/165px-K%C3%B6ln_-_Gro%C3%9F_St._Martin_vom_Dom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_St._Martin_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St. Martin Church">Great St. Martin Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Severeinskirche_aus_Severinstorburg_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of St. Severin"><img alt="Basilica of St. Severin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Severeinskirche_aus_Severinstorburg_2009.jpg/89px-Severeinskirche_aus_Severinstorburg_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Severeinskirche_aus_Severinstorburg_2009.jpg/134px-Severeinskirche_aus_Severinstorburg_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Severeinskirche_aus_Severinstorburg_2009.jpg/178px-Severeinskirche_aus_Severinstorburg_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Severin" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. Severin">Basilica of St. Severin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koeln_mariae_himmelfahrt_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Assumption"><img alt="Church of the Assumption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Koeln_mariae_himmelfahrt_001.jpg/64px-Koeln_mariae_himmelfahrt_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Koeln_mariae_himmelfahrt_001.jpg/95px-Koeln_mariae_himmelfahrt_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Koeln_mariae_himmelfahrt_001.jpg/127px-Koeln_mariae_himmelfahrt_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of the Assumption</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinitatiskirche_Koeln2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinity Church"><img alt="Trinity Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trinitatiskirche_Koeln2007.jpg/60px-Trinitatiskirche_Koeln2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trinitatiskirche_Koeln2007.jpg/90px-Trinitatiskirche_Koeln2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trinitatiskirche_Koeln2007.jpg/120px-Trinitatiskirche_Koeln2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trinity Church</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_houses">Medieval houses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Medieval houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cologne City Hall (<i>Kölner Rathaus</i>), founded in the 12th century, is the oldest <a href="/wiki/City_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="City hall">city hall</a> in Germany still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Renaissance-style loggia and tower were added in the 15th century. Other famous buildings include the Gürzenich, Haus Saaleck and the Overstolzenhaus. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keoln_Maerz_2009_PD_20090327_028.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne City Hall"><img alt="Cologne City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Keoln_Maerz_2009_PD_20090327_028.JPG/120px-Keoln_Maerz_2009_PD_20090327_028.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Keoln_Maerz_2009_PD_20090327_028.JPG/180px-Keoln_Maerz_2009_PD_20090327_028.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Keoln_Maerz_2009_PD_20090327_028.JPG/240px-Keoln_Maerz_2009_PD_20090327_028.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_City_Hall" title="Cologne City Hall">Cologne City Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_g%C3%BCrzenich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gürzenich"><img alt="Gürzenich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/K%C3%B6ln_g%C3%BCrzenich.jpg/102px-K%C3%B6ln_g%C3%BCrzenich.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/K%C3%B6ln_g%C3%BCrzenich.jpg/153px-K%C3%B6ln_g%C3%BCrzenich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/K%C3%B6ln_g%C3%BCrzenich.jpg/205px-K%C3%B6ln_g%C3%BCrzenich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gürzenich</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overstolzenhaus-Rheingasse-K%C3%B6ln.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Overstolzenhaus"><img alt="Overstolzenhaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Overstolzenhaus-Rheingasse-K%C3%B6ln.JPG/56px-Overstolzenhaus-Rheingasse-K%C3%B6ln.JPG" decoding="async" width="56" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Overstolzenhaus-Rheingasse-K%C3%B6ln.JPG/85px-Overstolzenhaus-Rheingasse-K%C3%B6ln.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Overstolzenhaus-Rheingasse-K%C3%B6ln.JPG/113px-Overstolzenhaus-Rheingasse-K%C3%B6ln.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Overstolzenhaus</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_city_gates">Medieval city gates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Medieval city gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cologne,_1800,_John_Stockdale-9832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cologne%2C_1800%2C_John_Stockdale-9832.jpg/220px-A_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cologne%2C_1800%2C_John_Stockdale-9832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cologne%2C_1800%2C_John_Stockdale-9832.jpg/330px-A_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cologne%2C_1800%2C_John_Stockdale-9832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cologne%2C_1800%2C_John_Stockdale-9832.jpg/440px-A_Plan_of_the_City_of_Cologne%2C_1800%2C_John_Stockdale-9832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="2815" /></a><figcaption> A plan published in 1800 shows the medieval city wall still intact, locating 16 gates (Nr. 36–51 in the legend), e.g., 47: Eigelsteintor, 43: Hahnentor, 39: Severinstor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the twelve medieval <a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">city gates</a> that once existed, only the Eigelsteintorburg at Ebertplatz, the Hahnentor at Rudolfplatz and the Severinstorburg at Chlodwigplatz still stand today. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_eigelsteintorburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eigelsteintor"><img alt="Eigelsteintor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/K%C3%B6ln_eigelsteintorburg.jpg/107px-K%C3%B6ln_eigelsteintorburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/K%C3%B6ln_eigelsteintorburg.jpg/160px-K%C3%B6ln_eigelsteintorburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/K%C3%B6ln_eigelsteintorburg.jpg/213px-K%C3%B6ln_eigelsteintorburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eigelsteintor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hahnentorburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hahnentor"><img alt="Hahnentor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hahnentorburg.jpg/60px-Hahnentorburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hahnentorburg.jpg/90px-Hahnentorburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hahnentorburg.jpg/120px-Hahnentorburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hahnentor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Severinstorburg_K%C3%B6ln-0410.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Severinstor"><img alt="Severinstor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Severinstorburg_K%C3%B6ln-0410.jpg/107px-Severinstorburg_K%C3%B6ln-0410.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Severinstorburg_K%C3%B6ln-0410.jpg/160px-Severinstorburg_K%C3%B6ln-0410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Severinstorburg_K%C3%B6ln-0410.jpg/213px-Severinstorburg_K%C3%B6ln-0410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="2479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Severinstor</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streets">Streets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Streets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Streets_in_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Streets in Cologne">Streets in Cologne</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Ring" title="Cologne Ring">Cologne Ring</a> boulevards (such as <i>Hohenzollernring</i>, <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring</i>, <i>Hansaring</i>) with their medieval city gates (such as <i>Hahnentorburg</i> on <i>Rudolfplatz</i>) are also known for their night life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohe_Stra%C3%9Fe" title="Hohe Straße">Hohe Straße</a> (literally: <i>High Street</i>) is one of the main shopping areas and extends past the cathedral in an approximately southerly direction. The street contains many gift shops, clothing stores, fast food restaurants and electronic goods dealers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schildergasse" title="Schildergasse">Schildergasse</a> – connects <i>Neumarkt</i> square at its western end to the <i>Hohe Strasse</i> shopping street at its eastern end and has been named the busiest shopping street in Europe with 13,000 people passing through every hour, according to a 2008 study by <a href="/wiki/GfK" title="GfK">GfK</a>.</li> <li>Ehrenstraße – the shopping area around <i>Apostelnstrasse</i>, <i>Ehrenstrasse</i>, and <i>Rudolfplatz</i> is a little more on the quirky and stylish side.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_in_Cologne_over_the_Rhine_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bridge_in_Cologne_over_the_Rhine_River.jpg/220px-Bridge_in_Cologne_over_the_Rhine_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bridge_in_Cologne_over_the_Rhine_River.jpg/330px-Bridge_in_Cologne_over_the_Rhine_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bridge_in_Cologne_over_the_Rhine_River.jpg/440px-Bridge_in_Cologne_over_the_Rhine_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Bridge in Cologne over the Rhine River</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhine_River_at_Cologne,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rhine_River_at_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-Rhine_River_at_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rhine_River_at_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg/330px-Rhine_River_at_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rhine_River_at_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg/440px-Rhine_River_at_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Rhine River at Cologne</figcaption></figure> <p>Several bridges cross the Rhine in Cologne. They are (from south to north): the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Rodenkirchen_Bridge" title="Cologne Rodenkirchen Bridge">Rodenkirchen Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Bridge_(Cologne)" title="South Bridge (Cologne)">South Bridge</a> (railway), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severin_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severin Bridge (page does not exist)">Severin Bridge</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severinsbr%C3%BCcke" class="extiw" title="de:Severinsbrücke">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutz_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutz Bridge (page does not exist)">Deutz Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Bridge" title="Hohenzollern Bridge">Hohenzollern Bridge</a> (railway), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoo_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoo Bridge (page does not exist)">Zoo Bridge</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoobr%C3%BCcke" class="extiw" title="de:Zoobrücke">de</a>]</span> (<i>Zoobrücke</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Cologne_M%C3%BClheim_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Mülheim Bridge">Mülheim Bridge</a>. In particular the iron <a href="/wiki/Tied_arch_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tied arch bridge">tied arch</a> Hohenzollern Bridge (<i>Hohenzollernbrücke</i>) is a dominant landmark along the river embankment. A Rhine crossing of a special kind is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cable_Car" title="Cologne Cable Car">Cologne Cable Car</a> (German: <i>Kölner Seilbahn</i>), a cableway that runs across the river between the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Zoological_Garden" title="Cologne Zoological Garden">Cologne Zoological Garden</a> in Riehl and the <a href="/wiki/Rheinpark" title="Rheinpark">Rheinpark</a> in Deutz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-rise_structures">High-rise structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: High-rise structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cologne's tallest structure is the <a href="/wiki/Colonius" title="Colonius">Colonius</a> telecommunication tower at 266 m or 873 ft. The observation deck has been closed since 1992. A selection of the tallest buildings in Cologne is listed below. Other tall structures include the Hansahochhaus (designed by architect Jacob Koerfer and completed in 1925 – it was at one time Europe's tallest office building), the Kranhaus buildings at <a href="/wiki/Rheinauhafen" title="Rheinauhafen">Rheinauhafen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Messeturm_K%C3%B6ln" title="Messeturm Köln">Messeturm Köln</a> ("trade fair tower"). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; background:#fefef6; width:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Skyscraper </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th> <th>Height in metres </th> <th>Floors </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Address </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lnTurm" class="mw-redirect" title="KölnTurm">KölnTurm</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koeln-Turm_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Koeln-Turm_001.jpg/60px-Koeln-Turm_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Koeln-Turm_001.jpg/90px-Koeln-Turm_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Koeln-Turm_001.jpg/120px-Koeln-Turm_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td> <td>148.5 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/MediaPark" title="MediaPark">MediaPark</a> 8, Neustadt-Nord </td> <td align="left">(literally: <i>Cologne Tower</i>), Cologne's second tallest building at 165.48 metres (542.91 ft) in height, second only to the Colonius telecommunication tower. The 30th floor of the building has a restaurant and a terrace with 360° views of the city. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Colonia-Hochhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia-Hochhaus">Colonia-Hochhaus</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonia-Haus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Colonia-Haus.jpg/60px-Colonia-Haus.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Colonia-Haus.jpg/90px-Colonia-Haus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Colonia-Haus.jpg/120px-Colonia-Haus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td>147 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>1973 </td> <td align="left">An der Schanz 2, <a href="/wiki/Riehl,_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Riehl, Cologne">Riehl</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Germany" title="List of tallest buildings in Germany">tallest building in Germany</a> from 1973 to 1976. Today, it is still the country's second tallest residential building. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Rheintower </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochhaus_Deutsche_Welle_K%C3%B6ln-3588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hochhaus_Deutsche_Welle_K%C3%B6ln-3588.jpg/60px-Hochhaus_Deutsche_Welle_K%C3%B6ln-3588.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hochhaus_Deutsche_Welle_K%C3%B6ln-3588.jpg/90px-Hochhaus_Deutsche_Welle_K%C3%B6ln-3588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hochhaus_Deutsche_Welle_K%C3%B6ln-3588.jpg/120px-Hochhaus_Deutsche_Welle_K%C3%B6ln-3588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="3755" /></a></span> </td> <td>138 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>1980 </td> <td align="left">Raderberggürtel, Marienburg </td> <td align="left">former headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, since 2007 under renovation with the new name <i>Rheintower Köln-Marienburg</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Uni-Center<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni-Center-Koeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Uni-Center-Koeln.jpg/60px-Uni-Center-Koeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Uni-Center-Koeln.jpg/90px-Uni-Center-Koeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Uni-Center-Koeln.jpg/120px-Uni-Center-Koeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> </td> <td>133 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>1973 </td> <td align="left">Luxemburger Straße, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BClz" title="Sülz">Sülz</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CV_Rheinland" class="mw-redirect" title="TÜV Rheinland">TÜV Rheinland</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%9CV_Rheinland,_K%C3%B6ln-Poll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/T%C3%9CV_Rheinland%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Poll.jpg/60px-T%C3%9CV_Rheinland%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Poll.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/T%C3%9CV_Rheinland%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Poll.jpg/90px-T%C3%9CV_Rheinland%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Poll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/T%C3%9CV_Rheinland%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Poll.jpg/120px-T%C3%9CV_Rheinland%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Poll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span> </td> <td>112 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td align="left">Am Grauen Stein, <a href="/wiki/Poll,_Cologne" title="Poll, Cologne">Poll</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ringturm,_Cologne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ringturm, Cologne (page does not exist)">Ringturm</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCnanlage_Theodor-Heuss-Ring_K%C3%B6ln_mit_Ringturm-8184.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gr%C3%BCnanlage_Theodor-Heuss-Ring_K%C3%B6ln_mit_Ringturm-8184.jpg/60px-Gr%C3%BCnanlage_Theodor-Heuss-Ring_K%C3%B6ln_mit_Ringturm-8184.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gr%C3%BCnanlage_Theodor-Heuss-Ring_K%C3%B6ln_mit_Ringturm-8184.jpg/90px-Gr%C3%BCnanlage_Theodor-Heuss-Ring_K%C3%B6ln_mit_Ringturm-8184.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gr%C3%BCnanlage_Theodor-Heuss-Ring_K%C3%B6ln_mit_Ringturm-8184.jpg/120px-Gr%C3%BCnanlage_Theodor-Heuss-Ring_K%C3%B6ln_mit_Ringturm-8184.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="5004" /></a></span> </td> <td>109 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>1973 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebertplatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebertplatz (page does not exist)">Ebertplatz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neustadt-Nord,_Cologne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neustadt-Nord, Cologne (page does not exist)">Neustadt-Nord</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justizzentrum_K%C3%B6ln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justizzentrum Köln (page does not exist)">Justizzentrum Köln</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_-_Justizzentrum-RS-4013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_-_Justizzentrum-RS-4013.jpg/60px-Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_-_Justizzentrum-RS-4013.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_-_Justizzentrum-RS-4013.jpg/90px-Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_-_Justizzentrum-RS-4013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_-_Justizzentrum-RS-4013.jpg/120px-Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_-_Justizzentrum-RS-4013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="3110" /></a></span> </td> <td>105 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>1981 </td> <td align="left">Luxemburger Straße, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BClz" title="Sülz">Sülz</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lnTriangle" class="mw-redirect" title="KölnTriangle">KölnTriangle</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lnTriangle_(0684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/K%C3%B6lnTriangle_%280684%29.jpg/60px-K%C3%B6lnTriangle_%280684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/K%C3%B6lnTriangle_%280684%29.jpg/90px-K%C3%B6lnTriangle_%280684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/K%C3%B6lnTriangle_%280684%29.jpg/120px-K%C3%B6lnTriangle_%280684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> </td> <td>103 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td align="left">Ottoplatz 1, <a href="/wiki/Deutz,_Cologne" title="Deutz, Cologne">Deutz</a> </td> <td align="left">opposite to the cathedral with a 103 m (338 ft) high viewing platform and a view of the cathedral over the Rhine. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Herkules-Hochhaus </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkulesbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herkulesbuilding.jpg/60px-Herkulesbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herkulesbuilding.jpg/90px-Herkulesbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herkulesbuilding.jpg/120px-Herkulesbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td> <td>102 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>1969 </td> <td align="left">Graeffstraße 1, <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfeld,_Cologne" title="Ehrenfeld, Cologne">Ehrenfeld</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Deutschlandfunk-Turm </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dlf2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dlf2.jpg/60px-Dlf2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dlf2.jpg/90px-Dlf2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dlf2.jpg/120px-Dlf2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1606" /></a></span> </td> <td>102 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>1975 </td> <td align="left">Raderberggürtel, Marienburg </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre_in_Cologne" title="History of theatre in Cologne">History of theatre in Cologne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolumba_K%C3%B6ln_-_Innenhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kolumba_K%C3%B6ln_-_Innenhof.jpg/220px-Kolumba_K%C3%B6ln_-_Innenhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kolumba_K%C3%B6ln_-_Innenhof.jpg/330px-Kolumba_K%C3%B6ln_-_Innenhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kolumba_K%C3%B6ln_-_Innenhof.jpg/440px-Kolumba_K%C3%B6ln_-_Innenhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Kolumba" title="Kolumba">Kolumba</a> museum in 2007, designed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zumthor" title="Peter Zumthor">Peter Zumthor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skulptur_Der_Tauzieher_Koeln2007_straight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Skulptur_Der_Tauzieher_Koeln2007_straight.JPG/220px-Skulptur_Der_Tauzieher_Koeln2007_straight.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Skulptur_Der_Tauzieher_Koeln2007_straight.JPG/330px-Skulptur_Der_Tauzieher_Koeln2007_straight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Skulptur_Der_Tauzieher_Koeln2007_straight.JPG/440px-Skulptur_Der_Tauzieher_Koeln2007_straight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tauzieher" title="Tauzieher">Tauzieher</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> sculpture by Nikolaus Friedrich, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Cologne has <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cologne" title="List of museums in Cologne">numerous museums</a>. The famous <a href="/wiki/Roman-Germanic_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Germanic Museum">Roman-Germanic Museum</a> features art and architecture from the city's distant past; the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Ludwig" title="Museum Ludwig">Museum Ludwig</a> houses one of the most important collections of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> in Europe, including a <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> collection matched only by the museums in <a href="/wiki/Museu_Picasso" title="Museu Picasso">Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Paris</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_Schn%C3%BCtgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Schnütgen">Museum Schnütgen</a> of religious art is partly housed in St. Cecilia, one of Cologne's <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Romanesque_churches_of_Cologne" title="Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne">Twelve Romanesque churches</a>. Many art galleries in Cologne enjoy a worldwide reputation like e.g. <a href="/wiki/Galerie_Karsten_Greve" title="Galerie Karsten Greve">Galerie Karsten Greve</a>, one of the leading galleries for postwar and contemporary art. </p><p>Cologne has more than 60 music venues and the third-highest density of music venues of Germany's four largest cities, after Munich and Hamburg and ahead of Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Faze_Magazin-2021_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faze_Magazin-2021-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clubstudy_2021_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clubstudy_2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several orchestras are active in the city, among them the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCrzenich_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gürzenich Orchestra">Gürzenich Orchestra</a>, which is also the orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Opera" title="Cologne Opera">Cologne Opera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/WDR_Symphony_Orchestra_Cologne" title="WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne">WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne</a> (<i>German State Radio Orchestra</i>), both based at the Cologne Philharmonic Orchestra Building (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie" title="Kölner Philharmonie">Kölner Philharmonie</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other orchestras are the <a href="/wiki/Musica_Antiqua_K%C3%B6ln" title="Musica Antiqua Köln">Musica Antiqua Köln</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WDR_Rundfunkorchester_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln">WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln</a> and <a href="/wiki/WDR_Big_Band" title="WDR Big Band">WDR Big Band</a>, and several choirs, including the <a href="/wiki/WDR_Rundfunkchor_K%C3%B6ln" title="WDR Rundfunkchor Köln">WDR Rundfunkchor Köln</a>. Cologne was also an important hotbed for electronic music in the 1950s (Studio für elektronische Musik, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>) and again from the 1990s onward. The public radio and TV station <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> was involved in promoting musical movements such as <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a> in the 1970s; the influential <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a> was formed there in 1968. There are several centres of nightlife, among them the <i>Kwartier Latäng</i> (the student quarter around the Zülpicher Straße) and the nightclub-studded areas around <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollernring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollernring">Hohenzollernring</a>, Friesenplatz and Rudolfplatz. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_feature_in_Cologne,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Water_feature_in_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-Water_feature_in_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Water_feature_in_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg/330px-Water_feature_in_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Water_feature_in_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg/440px-Water_feature_in_Cologne%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Water feature in Cologne, summer 2017</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="lit.COLOGNE"></span><span class="anchor" id="Silberschweinpreis"></span><span class="anchor" id="phil.cologne"></span>The large annual literary festival <a href="/wiki/Lit.COLOGNE" class="mw-redirect" title="Lit.COLOGNE">lit.COLOGNE</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/lit.COLOGNE" class="extiw" title="de:lit.COLOGNE">de</a>]</span> with its <a href="/wiki/Silberschweinpreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Silberschweinpreis">Silberschweinpreis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silberschweinpreis" class="extiw" title="de:Silberschweinpreis">de</a>]</span> features regional and international authors. The main literary figure connected with Cologne is the writer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>. Since 2012, there is also an annual international festival of philosophy called <a href="/wiki/Phil.cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Phil.cologne">phil.cologne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/phil.cologne" class="extiw" title="de:phil.cologne">de</a>]</span>. </p><p>The city also has the most pubs per capita in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Nightlife_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nightlife-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne is well known for its beer, called <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Kölsch</a> is also the name of the local dialect. This has led to the common joke of Kölsch being the only language one can drink. </p><p>Cologne is also famous for <a href="/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne" title="Eau de Cologne">Eau de Cologne</a> (German: <i>Kölnisch Wasser</i>; lit: "Water of Cologne"), a perfume created by Italian expatriate <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina" title="Johann Maria Farina">Johann Maria Farina</a> at the beginning of the 18th century. During the 18th century, this perfume became increasingly popular, was exported all over Europe by the Farina family and <i>Farina</i> became a household name for <i>Eau de Cologne</i>. In 1803 Wilhelm Mülhens entered into a contract with an unrelated person from Italy named Carlo Francesco Farina who granted him the right to use his family name and Mühlens opened a small factory at Cologne's Glockengasse. In later years, and after various court battles, his grandson <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_M%C3%BClhens" title="Ferdinand Mülhens">Ferdinand Mülhens</a> was forced to abandon the name <i>Farina</i> for the company and their product. He decided to use the house number given to the factory at Glockengasse during the French occupation in the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/4711_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="4711 (brand)">4711</a>. Today, original Eau de Cologne is still produced in Cologne by both the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina_gegen%C3%BCber_dem_J%C3%BClichs-Platz" title="Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz">Farina family</a>, in the eighth generation, and by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4urer_%26_Wirtz" title="Mäurer & Wirtz">Mäurer & Wirtz</a> who bought the 4711 brand in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnival">Carnival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Carnival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne carnival">Cologne carnival</a> is one of the largest street festivals in Europe. In Cologne, the carnival season officially starts on 11 November at 11 minutes past 11 a.m. with the proclamation of the new Carnival Season, and continues until <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>. However, the so-called "Tolle Tage" (crazy days) do not start until <i>Weiberfastnacht</i> (Women's Carnival) or, in dialect, <i>Wieverfastelovend</i>, the Thursday before Ash Wednesday, which is the beginning of the street carnival. Zülpicher Strasse and its surroundings, Neumarkt square, Heumarkt and all bars and pubs in the city are crowded with people in costumes dancing and drinking in the streets. Hundreds of thousands of visitors flock to Cologne during this time. Generally, around a million people celebrate in the streets on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_Düsseldorf"><span id="Rivalry_with_D.C3.BCsseldorf"></span>Rivalry with Düsseldorf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Düsseldorf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rivalry_between_Cologne_and_D%C3%BCsseldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivalry between Cologne and Düsseldorf">Rivalry between Cologne and Düsseldorf</a></div> <p>Cologne and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> have a "<a href="/wiki/Rivalry_between_Cologne_and_D%C3%BCsseldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivalry between Cologne and Düsseldorf">fierce regional rivalry</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Rivalry_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivalry-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">carnival</a> parades, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, and beer.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivalry_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivalry-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People in Cologne prefer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a> while people in Düsseldorf prefer <a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a> ("Alt").<sup id="cite_ref-Rivalry_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivalry-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waiters and patrons will "scorn" and make a "mockery" of people who order Alt beer in Cologne or Kölsch in Düsseldorf.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivalry_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivalry-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rivalry has been described as a "love–hate relationship".<sup id="cite_ref-Rivalry_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivalry-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Köln Guild of Brewers was established in 1396. The Kölsch beer style first appeared in the 1800s and in 1986 the breweries established an appellation under which only breweries in the city are allowed to use the term Kölsch.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cologne" title="List of museums in Cologne">List of museums in Cologne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Ludwig_K%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdeingang_-_Schriftzug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Museum_Ludwig_K%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdeingang_-_Schriftzug.jpg/220px-Museum_Ludwig_K%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdeingang_-_Schriftzug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Museum_Ludwig_K%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdeingang_-_Schriftzug.jpg/330px-Museum_Ludwig_K%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdeingang_-_Schriftzug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Museum_Ludwig_K%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdeingang_-_Schriftzug.jpg/440px-Museum_Ludwig_K%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdeingang_-_Schriftzug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>The Museum Ludwig houses one of the most important collections of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysusmoza%C3%AFek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dionysusmoza%C3%AFek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG/220px-Dionysusmoza%C3%AFek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dionysusmoza%C3%AFek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG/330px-Dionysusmoza%C3%AFek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dionysusmoza%C3%AFek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG/440px-Dionysusmoza%C3%AFek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavation</a> in Cologne: <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> Mosaic on display at Römisch-Germanisches Museum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_Museum" title="Fragrance Museum">Farina Fragrance Museum</a> – birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne" title="Eau de Cologne">Eau de Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_Museum" title="Romano-Germanic Museum">Römisch-Germanisches Museum</a> (Roman-Germanic Museum) – ancient Roman and Germanic culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallraf-Richartz Museum">Wallraf-Richartz Museum</a> – European painting from the 13th to the early 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Ludwig" title="Museum Ludwig">Museum Ludwig</a> – modern art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Schn%C3%BCtgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Schnütgen">Museum Schnütgen</a> – medieval art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Kunst_(Cologne)" title="Museum für Angewandte Kunst (Cologne)">Museum für Angewandte Kunst</a> – <a href="/wiki/Applied_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied art">applied art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolumba" title="Kolumba">Kolumba Kunstmuseum des Erzbistums Köln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art museum</a> of the Archbishopric of Cologne) – modern art museum built around medieval ruins of <a href="/wiki/St._Kolumba,_Cologne" title="St. Kolumba, Cologne">St. Kolumba, Cologne</a>, completed 2007</li> <li>Cathedral Treasury "Domschatzkammer" – historic underground vaults of the Cathedral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EL-DE_Haus" title="EL-DE Haus">EL-DE Haus</a> – former local headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> houses a museum documenting <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> rule in Cologne with a special focus on the persecution of political dissenters and minorities</li> <li>German Sports and Olympic Museum – exhibitions about sports from antiquity until the present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum">Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum</a> – Chocolate Museum</li> <li>Geomuseum of the University of Cologne – the exhibition includes fossils (such as dinosaur bones and the skeleton of an <a href="/wiki/Eryops" title="Eryops">Eryops</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a></li> <li>Forum for Internet Technology in Contemporary Art – collections of Internet-based art, corporate part of (NewMediaArtProjectNetwork):cologne, the experimental platform for art and New Media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_und_Botanischer_Garten_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora und Botanischer Garten Köln">Flora und Botanischer Garten Köln</a> – the city's formal park and main <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forstbotanischer_Garten_K%C3%B6ln" title="Forstbotanischer Garten Köln">Forstbotanischer Garten Köln</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a> and woodland <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_fairs_and_festivals">Music fairs and festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Music fairs and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city was home to the internationally famous <a href="/wiki/Ringfest" title="Ringfest">Ringfest</a>, and now to the C/o pop festival.<sup id="cite_ref-C/o_pop_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C/o_pop-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Cologne enjoys a thriving Christmas Market (<i>Weihnachtsmarkt</i>) presence with several locations in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelnmesse_Nordeingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Koelnmesse_Nordeingang.jpg/220px-Koelnmesse_Nordeingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Koelnmesse_Nordeingang.jpg/330px-Koelnmesse_Nordeingang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Koelnmesse_Nordeingang.jpg/440px-Koelnmesse_Nordeingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>North entrance to <a href="/wiki/Koelnmesse" title="Koelnmesse">Koelnmesse</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinauhafen_-_The_Bench_-_Rheinseite_(1828-30).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rheinauhafen_-_The_Bench_-_Rheinseite_%281828-30%29.jpg/220px-Rheinauhafen_-_The_Bench_-_Rheinseite_%281828-30%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rheinauhafen_-_The_Bench_-_Rheinseite_%281828-30%29.jpg/330px-Rheinauhafen_-_The_Bench_-_Rheinseite_%281828-30%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rheinauhafen_-_The_Bench_-_Rheinseite_%281828-30%29.jpg/440px-Rheinauhafen_-_The_Bench_-_Rheinseite_%281828-30%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Modern office building at <a href="/wiki/Rheinauhafen" title="Rheinauhafen">Rheinauhafen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">EA Games</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <p>As the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr_metropolitan_region" title="Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region">Rhine-Ruhr</a> metropolitan region, Cologne benefits from a large <a href="/wiki/Market_structure" title="Market structure">market structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In competition with <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, the economy of Cologne is primarily based on insurance and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media industries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the city is also an important cultural and research centre and home to a number of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_headquarters" title="Corporate headquarters">corporate headquarters</a>. </p><p>Among the largest media companies based in Cologne are <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTL_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL (German TV channel)">RTL Television</a> (with subsidiaries), <a href="/wiki/N-tv" title="N-tv">n-tv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">Deutschlandradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainpool_TV" title="Brainpool TV">Brainpool TV</a> and publishing houses like J. P. Bachem, <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandem_Verlag" title="Tandem Verlag">Tandem Verlag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M._DuMont_Schauberg" title="M. DuMont Schauberg">M. DuMont Schauberg</a>. Several clusters of media, arts and communications agencies, TV production studios, and state agencies work partly with private and government-funded cultural institutions. Among the insurance companies based in Cologne are Central, DEVK, DKV, <a href="/wiki/Generali_Deutschland" title="Generali Deutschland">Generali Deutschland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen_Re" title="Gen Re">Gen Re</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothaer_Group" title="Gothaer Group">Gothaer</a>, HDI Gerling and national headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Axa" title="Axa">Axa</a> Insurance, <a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Sumitomo_Insurance_Group" title="Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group">Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group">Zurich Financial Services</a>. </p><p>The German flag carrier <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> and its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_CityLine" title="Lufthansa CityLine">Lufthansa CityLine</a> have their main corporate headquarters in Cologne.<sup id="cite_ref-FI_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FI-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest employer in Cologne is <a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Europe" title="Ford of Europe">Ford Europe</a>, which has its European headquarters and a factory in <a href="/wiki/Niehl,_Cologne" title="Niehl, Cologne">Niehl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ford_Germany" title="Ford Germany">Ford-Werke GmbH</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Gazoo_Racing_Europe" title="Toyota Gazoo Racing Europe">Toyota Motorsport GmbH</a> (TMG), <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>'s official motorsports team, responsible for Toyota rally cars, and then <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> cars, has its headquarters and workshops in Cologne. Other large companies based in Cologne include the <a href="/wiki/REWE_Group" title="REWE Group">REWE Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technischer_%C3%9Cberwachungsverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Technischer Überwachungsverein">TÜV Rheinland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutz_AG" title="Deutz AG">Deutz AG</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a> breweries. The largest three Kölsch breweries of Cologne are Reissdorf, Gaffel, and Früh. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Brewery </th> <th valign="bottom">Established </th> <th valign="bottom">Annual output <i>in hectoliters</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Reissdorf" title="Heinrich Reissdorf">Heinrich Reissdorf</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>650,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaffel_Becker_%26_Co" title="Gaffel Becker & Co">Gaffel Becker & Co</a> </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B6lner_Hofbr%C3%A4u_Fr%C3%BCh" title="Cölner Hofbräu Früh">Cölner Hofbräu Früh</a> </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>440,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, Cologne has always been an important trade city, with land, air, and sea connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneeconomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has five Rhine ports,<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneeconomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second largest <a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland port</a> in Germany and one of the largest in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport" title="Cologne Bonn Airport">Cologne Bonn Airport</a> is the second largest freight terminal in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneeconomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the <a href="/wiki/Koelnmesse" title="Koelnmesse">Cologne trade fair</a> (<i>Koelnmesse</i>) ranks as a major European trade fair location with over 50 trade fairs<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneeconomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other large cultural and sports events. In 2008 Cologne had 4.31 million overnight stays booked and 2.38 million arrivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneglance_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneglance-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne's largest daily newspaper is the <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Stadt-Anzeiger" title="Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger">Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger</a></i>. </p><p>Cologne shows a significant increase in <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a>, especially when considering digital business.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cologne has also become the first German city with a population of more than a million people to declare climate emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cologne" title="Transport in Cologne">Transport in Cologne</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_Ring.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koelner_Ring.png/220px-Koelner_Ring.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koelner_Ring.png/330px-Koelner_Ring.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koelner_Ring.png/440px-Koelner_Ring.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Cologne" title="List of streets in Cologne">roads through and around Cologne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Road building had been a major issue in the 1920s under the leadership of mayor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>. The first German limited-access road was constructed after 1929 between Cologne and <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>. Today, this is the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_555" title="Bundesautobahn 555">Bundesautobahn 555</a>. In 1965, Cologne became the first German city to be fully encircled by a motorway ring road. Roughly at the same time, a city centre bypass (<i>Stadtautobahn</i>) was planned, but only partially put into effect, due to opposition by environmental groups. The completed section became <i>Bundesstraße ("Federal Road") B 55a</i>, which begins at the <i>Zoobrücke</i> ("Zoo Bridge") and meets with <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">A 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3" title="Bundesautobahn 3">A 3</a> at the interchange Cologne East. Nevertheless, it is referred to as <i>Stadtautobahn</i> by most locals. In contrast to this, the <i>Nord-Süd-Fahrt</i> ("North-South-Drive") was actually completed, a new four/six-lane city centre through-route, which had already been anticipated by planners such as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schumacher_(architect)" title="Fritz Schumacher (architect)">Fritz Schumacher</a> in the 1920s. The last section south of <i>Ebertplatz</i> was completed in 1972. </p><p>In 2005, the first stretch of an eight-lane motorway in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> was opened to traffic on <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3" title="Bundesautobahn 3">Bundesautobahn 3</a>, part of the eastern section of the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Beltway" title="Cologne Beltway">Cologne Beltway</a> between the interchanges Cologne East and Heumar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to other German cities, Cologne has a traffic layout that is not very <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">bicycle-friendly</a>. It has repeatedly ranked among the worst in an independent evaluation<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Fahrrad-Club" title="Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club">Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club</a>. In 2014, it ranked 36th out of 39 German cities with a population greater than 200,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4517Bensberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/4517Bensberg.jpg/220px-4517Bensberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/4517Bensberg.jpg/330px-4517Bensberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/4517Bensberg.jpg/440px-4517Bensberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Cologne Stadtbahn at <a href="/wiki/Bensberg_(KVB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bensberg (KVB)">Bensberg station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:146_019-5_Rheinexpressinkoelnhbf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/146_019-5_Rheinexpressinkoelnhbf.jpg/220px-146_019-5_Rheinexpressinkoelnhbf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/146_019-5_Rheinexpressinkoelnhbf.jpg/330px-146_019-5_Rheinexpressinkoelnhbf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/146_019-5_Rheinexpressinkoelnhbf.jpg/440px-146_019-5_Rheinexpressinkoelnhbf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Train at Köln Hauptbahnhof</figcaption></figure> <p>Cologne has a railway service with <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/InterCity" title="InterCity">InterCity</a> and <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">ICE</a>-trains stopping at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Hauptbahnhof" title="Köln Hauptbahnhof">Köln Hauptbahnhof</a> (Cologne Main Station), <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Messe/Deutz_station" title="Köln Messe/Deutz station">Köln Messe/Deutz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne/Bonn_Airport_station" title="Cologne/Bonn Airport station">Cologne/Bonn Airport</a>. ICE and <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">TGV Thalys</a> high-speed trains link Cologne with <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Brussels (in 1h47, 9 departures/day) and Paris (in 3h14, 6 departures/day). There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> and Berlin. ICE trains to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> were planned for 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Stadtbahn" title="Cologne Stadtbahn">Cologne Stadtbahn</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Verkehrs-Betriebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe">Kölner Verkehrsbetriebe</a> (KVB)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Cologne_KVB_stations" title="List of Cologne KVB stations">extensive</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> system that is partially underground and serves Cologne and a number of neighbouring cities. It evolved from the tram system. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> is linked by both the Stadtbahn and main line railway trains, with occasional recreational boats on the Rhine. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> is also linked by <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> trains, which are operated by <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Deutsche Bahn</span></span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr_S-Bahn" title="Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn">Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn</a> has 5 lines which cross Cologne. The S13/S19 runs 24/7 between Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn airport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are frequent buses covering most of the city and surrounding suburbs, and <a href="/wiki/Eurolines" title="Eurolines">Eurolines</a> coaches to London via <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stadtwerke_K%C3%B6ln" title="Stadtwerke Köln">Häfen und Güterverkehr Köln</a> (Ports and Goods traffic Cologne, HGK) is one of the largest operators of <a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland ports</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ports include Köln-Deutz, Köln-Godorf and Köln-Niehl I and II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cologne's international airport is <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport" title="Cologne Bonn Airport">Cologne/Bonn Airport</a> (CGN). It is also called <i>Konrad Adenauer Airport</i> after Germany's first post-war Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, who was born in the city and was <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Cologne">mayor of Cologne</a> from 1917 until 1933. The airport is shared with the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>. Cologne is headquarters to the <a href="/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Aviation Safety Agency">European Aviation Safety Agency</a> (EASA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cologne is home to numerous universities and colleges,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and host to some 72,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologneeconomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its oldest university, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> (founded in 1388)<sup id="cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologne_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the largest university in Germany, as the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Cologne University of Applied Sciences">Cologne University of Applied Sciences</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">university of Applied Sciences</a> in the country. The Cologne University of Music and Dance is the largest <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatory</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreigners can have German lessons in the VHS (Adult Education Centre).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>Public and state universities: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> (<i>Universität zu Köln</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sport_University_Cologne" title="German Sport University Cologne">German Sport University Cologne</a> (<i>Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln</i>).</li></ul></li> <li>Public and state colleges: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Cologne University of Applied Sciences">Cologne University of Applied Sciences</a> (<i>"Technology, Arts, Sciences TH KöLN" Technische Hochschule Köln</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_International_School_of_Design" title="Köln International School of Design">Köln International School of Design</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Musik Köln">Cologne University of Music and Dance</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln</i></span>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Media_Arts_Cologne" title="Academy of Media Arts Cologne">Academy of Media Arts Cologne</a> (<i>Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln</i>);</li></ul></li> <li>Private colleges: <ul><li>Catholic University of Applied Sciences (<i>Katholische Hochschule Nordrhein-Westfalen</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Business School">Cologne Business School</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_filmschool_cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="International filmschool cologne">international filmschool cologne</a> (<i>internationale filmschule köln</i>);</li> <li>Rhenish University of Applied Sciences (<i>Rheinische Fachhochschule Köln</i>)</li> <li>University of Applied Sciences Fresenius (<i>Hochschule Fresenius</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>Research institutes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="German Aerospace Centre">German Aerospace Centre</a> (<i>Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a> (<i>EAC</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_College_of_Sport_Science" title="European College of Sport Science">European College of Sport Science</a> (<i>ECSS</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Biology_of_Ageing" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing">Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing</a> (<i>Max-Planck-Institut für die Biologie des Alterns</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Societies" title="Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies">Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies</a> (<i>Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung</i>);</li> <li>Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (<i>Max-Planck-Institut für neurologische Forschung</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Plant_Breeding_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research">Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research</a> (<i>Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung</i>).</li> <li>CologneAMS – Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Former colleges include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Art_and_Crafts_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Art and Crafts Schools">Cologne Art and Crafts Schools</a> (<i>Kölner Werkschulen</i>);</li> <li>The Cologne Institute for Religious Art (<i>Kölner Institut für religiöse Kunst</i>)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lauder Morijah School (German: <i lang="de">Lauder-Morijah-Schule</i>), a Jewish school in Cologne, previously closed. After Russian immigration increased the Jewish population, the school reopened in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within Germany, Cologne is known as an important media centre. Several radio and television stations, including <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a> (WDR), <a href="/wiki/RTL_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Television">RTL</a> and <a href="/wiki/VOX_(German_TV_channel)" title="VOX (German TV channel)">VOX</a>, have their headquarters in the city. Film and TV production is also important. The city is "Germany's capital of TV crime stories".<sup id="cite_ref-CologneProduction_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CologneProduction-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third of all German TV productions are made in the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_(region)" title="Cologne (region)">Cologne region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CologneProduction_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CologneProduction-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Comedy_Festival" title="Cologne Comedy Festival">Cologne Comedy Festival</a>, which is considered to be the largest comedy festival in mainland Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIFA_WM06_Stadion_Koeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FIFA_WM06_Stadion_Koeln.jpg/230px-FIFA_WM06_Stadion_Koeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FIFA_WM06_Stadion_Koeln.jpg/345px-FIFA_WM06_Stadion_Koeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FIFA_WM06_Stadion_Koeln.jpg/460px-FIFA_WM06_Stadion_Koeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>RheinEnergieStadion is the stadium of 2. Bundesliga club 1. FC Köln.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cologne hosts the football club <a href="/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln" title="1. FC Köln">1. FC Köln</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colognesports_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colognesports-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who play currently in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a> (second division). They play their home matches in <a href="/wiki/RheinEnergieStadion" title="RheinEnergieStadion">RheinEnergieStadion</a> which also hosted five matches of the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kölnstadion_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kölnstadion-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationale_Vereinigung_Sport-_und_Freizeiteinrichtungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internationale Vereinigung Sport- und Freizeiteinrichtungen (page does not exist)">International Association of Sports and Leisure Facilities</a> gave RheinEnergieStadion a bronze medal for "being one of the best sporting venues in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Kölnstadion_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kölnstadion-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also hosts the two football clubs <a href="/wiki/FC_Viktoria_K%C3%B6ln" title="FC Viktoria Köln">FC Viktoria Köln</a> and <a href="/wiki/SC_Fortuna_K%C3%B6ln" title="SC Fortuna Köln">SC Fortuna Köln</a>, who play in the <a href="/wiki/3._Liga" title="3. Liga">3. Liga</a> (third division) and the <a href="/wiki/Regionalliga_West" title="Regionalliga West">Regionalliga West</a> (fourth division) respectively. Cologne's oldest football club <a href="/w/index.php?title=1._FSV_K%C3%B6ln_1899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1. FSV Köln 1899 (page does not exist)">1. FSV Köln 1899</a> is playing with its amateur team in the <a href="/wiki/Verbandsliga" title="Verbandsliga">Verbandsliga</a> (sixth division). </p><p>Cologne also is home of the ice hockey team <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Haie" title="Kölner Haie">Kölner Haie</a>, which is playing in the highest <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> league in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga" title="Deutsche Eishockey Liga">Deutsche Eishockey Liga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colognesports_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colognesports-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are based at <a href="/wiki/Lanxess_Arena" title="Lanxess Arena">Lanxess Arena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colognesports_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colognesports-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several horse races per year are held at <a href="/wiki/Cologne-Weidenpesch_Racecourse" title="Cologne-Weidenpesch Racecourse">Cologne-Weidenpesch Racecourse</a> since 1897, the annual <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Marathon" title="Cologne Marathon">Cologne Marathon</a> was started in 1997 and the classic cycling race <a href="/wiki/Rund_um_K%C3%B6ln" title="Rund um Köln">Rund um Köln</a> is organised in Cologne since 1908. The city also has a long tradition in <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>, being home of some of Germany's oldest regatta courses and boat clubs, such as the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Rudergesellschaft_1891" title="Kölner Rudergesellschaft 1891">Kölner Rudergesellschaft 1891</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lner_Ruderverein_von_1877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kölner Ruderverein von 1877 (page does not exist)">Kölner Ruderverein von 1877</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rodenkirchen" title="Rodenkirchen">Rodenkirchen</a> district. </p><p>Japanese automotive manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> has their major <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a> facility known by the name <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Gazoo_Racing_Europe" title="Toyota Gazoo Racing Europe">Toyota Motorsport GmbH</a>, which is located in the Marsdorf district, and is responsible for Toyota's major motorsport development and operations, which in the past included the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">FIA Formula One World Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" title="World Rally Championship">FIA World Rally Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Le_Mans_Series" title="European Le Mans Series">Le Mans Series</a>. They are working on Toyota's team <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Gazoo_Racing" title="Toyota Gazoo Racing">Toyota Gazoo Racing</a> which competes in the <a href="/wiki/FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="FIA World Endurance Championship">FIA World Endurance Championship</a>. </p><p>Cologne is considered "the secret golf capital of Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-Colognesports_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colognesports-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first golf club in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> was founded in Cologne in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-Colognesports_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colognesports-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city offers the most options and top events in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Colognesports_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colognesports-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has hosted several athletic events which includes the <a href="/wiki/2005_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2005 FIFA Confederations Cup">2005 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>, 2006 FIFA World Cup, <a href="/wiki/2007_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2007 World Men's Handball Championship">2007 World Men's Handball Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2010 IIHF World Championship">2010</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2017 IIHF World Championship">2017 Ice Hockey World Championships</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2024_FIFA_European_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2024 FIFA European Championship (page does not exist)">2024 FIFA European Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Gay_Games" title="2010 Gay Games">2010 Gay Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_and_figures_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_figures-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014, the city has hosted <a href="/wiki/ESL_One_Cologne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ESL One Cologne (disambiguation)">ESL One Cologne</a>, one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike:_Global_Offensive" title="Counter-Strike: Global Offensive">CS GO</a> tournaments held annually in July/August at <a href="/wiki/Lanxess_Arena" title="Lanxess Arena">Lanxess Arena</a>. </p><p>Furthermore, Cologne is home of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SC_Colonia_06&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC Colonia 06 (page does not exist)">Sport-Club Colonia 1906</a>, Germany's oldest boxing club, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lner_Athleten-Club_1882&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kölner Athleten-Club 1882 (page does not exist)">Kölner Athleten-Club 1882</a>, the world's oldest active weightlifting club. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Draisaitl" title="Leon Draisaitl">Leon Draisaitl</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Petras" title="Kim Petras">Kim Petras</a>, Grammy award-winning singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-J%C3%BCrgen_Weber" title="Paul-Jürgen Weber">Paul-Jürgen Weber</a>, visual artist and photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_Kier" title="Udo Kier">Udo Kier</a>, german actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bugatti" title="Jean Bugatti">Jean Bugatti</a>, automotive designer and test engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_N._Beeko" title="Markus N. Beeko">Markus N. Beeko</a>, human rights activist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Cologne is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, Palestine (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, Romania (1976)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto</a>, Nicaragua (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, Ireland (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, Ukraine (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a>, Luxembourg (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, United States (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, Poland (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan (1963)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England, United Kingdom (1952)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln (Berlin)</a>, Germany (1967)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/El_Realejo" title="El Realejo">El Realejo</a>, Nicaragua (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil (2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel (1979)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Treptow-K%C3%B6penick" title="Treptow-Köpenick">Treptow-Köpenick (Berlin)</a>, Germany (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia (1964)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland (1967)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_twin_towns">Former twin towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Former twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Russia (1988) - suspended in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stadtwerke_K%C3%B6ln" title="Stadtwerke Köln">Stadtwerke Köln</a>, the municipal infrastructure company, operator of the city's railways, ports, and other utilities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4nneschen-Theater" title="Hänneschen-Theater">Hänneschen-Theater</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_obb_lr.shtml#ob_lr">Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517032138/https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_obb_lr.shtml#ob_lr">Archived</a> 17 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ldbnrw/online?operation=result&code=12411-31iz&leerzeilen=false&language=de">"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2023 – Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus vom 9. Mai 2011"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Landesbetrieb_Information_und_Technik_NRW" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW">Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+der+Gemeinden+Nordrhein-Westfalens+am+31.+Dezember+2023+%E2%80%93+Fortschreibung+des+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstandes+auf+Basis+des+Zensus+vom+9.+Mai+2011&rft.pub=Landesbetrieb+Information+und+Technik+NRW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesdatenbank.nrw.de%2Fldbnrw%2Fonline%3Foperation%3Dresult%26code%3D12411-31iz%26leerzeilen%3Dfalse%26language%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cologne_History-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologne_History_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417171004/http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/history/from_ubii_village_metropolis">"From Ubii village to metropolis"</a>. City of Cologne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/history/from_ubii_village_metropolis">the original</a> on 17 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Ubii+village+to+metropolis&rft.pub=City+of+Cologne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeln.de%2Fcologne_tourist_information%2Fhistory%2Ffrom_ubii_village_metropolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704161459/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%201571.html">"bomber command – mines laid – flight august – 1946 – 1571 – Flight Archive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%201571.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bomber+command+%E2%80%93+mines+laid+%E2%80%93+flight+august+%E2%80%93+1946+%E2%80%93+1571+%E2%80%93+Flight+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1945%2F1945%2520-%25201571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zensus2011_de-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zensus2011_de_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zensus2011_de_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zensus2011_de_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.offenedaten-koeln.de/anfragen/denkmalliste">"Denkmalliste"</a> [List of monuments]. <i>Offene Daten Köln</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Offene+Daten+K%C3%B6ln&rft.atitle=Denkmalliste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.offenedaten-koeln.de%2Fanfragen%2Fdenkmalliste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cologneeconomy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneeconomy_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801110519/http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/economy">"Economy"</a>. KölnTourismus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/economy">the original</a> on 1 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economy&rft.pub=K%C3%B6lnTourismus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeln.de%2Fcologne_tourist_information%2Feconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPariona2017" class="citation web cs1">Pariona, Amber (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-largest-airlines-in-europe.html">"The Largest Airlines in Europe"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060311/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-largest-airlines-in-europe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=The+Largest+Airlines+in+Europe&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.aulast=Pariona&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhich-are-the-largest-airlines-in-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/lufthansa-traffic-idUSL8N1OK2LR">"Lufthansa regains place as Europe's biggest airline from Ryanair"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062816/https://www.reuters.com/article/lufthansa-traffic-idUSL8N1OK2LR">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Lufthansa+regains+place+as+Europe%27s+biggest+airline+from+Ryanair&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Flufthansa-traffic-idUSL8N1OK2LR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts_and_figures-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_figures_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_figures_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_figures_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cologne.de/facts-and-figures.html">"Facts and figures"</a>. City of Cologne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503194348/https://www.cologne.de/facts-and-figures.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+figures&rft.pub=City+of+Cologne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne.de%2Ffacts-and-figures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1895" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Benjamin E. (1895). "Augusta Ubiorum". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXZFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA96"><i>The Century Cyclopedia of Names</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Century Co. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237135281">237135281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augusta+Ubiorum&rft.btitle=The+Century+Cyclopedia+of+Names&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Century+Co.&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237135281&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXZFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18208">"C.Michael Hogan, <i>Cologne Wharf</i>, The Megalithic Portal, editor Andy Burnham, 2007"</a>. Megalithic.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921060011/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18208">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C.Michael+Hogan%2C+Cologne+Wharf%2C+The+Megalithic+Portal%2C+editor+Andy+Burnham%2C+2007&rft.pub=Megalithic.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D18208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Eck: Köln in römischer Zeit. Geschichte einer Stadt im Rahmen des Imperium Romanum. (= Geschichte der Stadt Köln in 13 Bänden, Bd. 1) Köln 2004, p. 325 ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7743-0357-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7743-0357-6">3-7743-0357-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/celebrating-1700-years-of-jewish-life-in-germany/a-56131698">"German Jewish culture through the ages – DW – 02/19/2021"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=German+Jewish+culture+through+the+ages+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+02%2F19%2F2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcelebrating-1700-years-of-jewish-life-in-germany%2Fa-56131698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morley-1856-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morley-1856_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1856" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Henry (1856). "Born in Cologne". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/corneliusagripp03morlgoog"><i>Cornelius Agrippa: The Life of Henry Cornelius Agrippa Von Nettesheim</i></a>. New York Public Library. Chapman and Hall. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Born+in+Cologne&rft.btitle=Cornelius+Agrippa%3A+The+Life+of+Henry+Cornelius+Agrippa+Von+Nettesheim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorneliusagripp03morlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry de Quetteville. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04116a.htm">History of Cologne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805024052/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04116a.htm">Archived</a> 5 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, 28 November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph P. Huffman, <i>Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne</i> (1998) covers from 1000 to 1300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Population of European Cities</i>, Bairoch</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rote-funken.de/">"Rote Funken – Kölsche Funke rut-wieß vun 1823 e.V. – Rote Funken Koeln"</a>. Rote-funken.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412051505/http://www.rote-funken.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rote+Funken+%E2%80%93+K%C3%B6lsche+Funke+rut-wie%C3%9F+vun+1823+e.V.+%E2%80%93+Rote+Funken+Koeln&rft.pub=Rote-funken.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rote-funken.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USM-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USM_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B77POH6Wgk4C&dq=%22Federal+Fortress+on+the+Upper+Rhine%22&pg=PA254">United Services Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503065948/https://books.google.com/books?id=B77POH6Wgk4C&dq=%22Federal+Fortress+on+the+Upper+Rhine%22&pg=PA254">Archived</a> 3 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 1835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altearmee.de/zwischenwerk/index.htm">"Festung Köln"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112103/http://www.altearmee.de/zwischenwerk/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festung+K%C3%B6ln&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altearmee.de%2Fzwischenwerk%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524105305/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,721598,00.html">Cologne Evacuated</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 15 February 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211085633/http://weimarer-wahlen.de/de/index.html">"Weimarer Wahlen"</a>. 11 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weimarer-wahlen.de/de/index.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weimarer+Wahlen&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweimarer-wahlen.de%2Fde%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/wrtwkoelnaachen.htm">"Voting results 1919–1933 Cologne-Aachen"</a>. Wahlen-in-deutschland.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719113427/http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/wrtwkoelnaachen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voting+results+1919%E2%80%931933+Cologne-Aachen&rft.pub=Wahlen-in-deutschland.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wahlen-in-deutschland.de%2Fwrtwkoelnaachen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museenkoeln.de/NS-DOKUMENTAtionszentrum/default.aspx?s=784#:~:text=At%20a%20census%20in%20March,people%20were%20registered%20in%20Cologne.">"NS-Dokumentationszentrum Köln - During the war"</a>. <i>museenkoeln.de</i>. NS-Documentation Center of the City of Cologne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museenkoeln.de&rft.atitle=NS-Dokumentationszentrum+K%C3%B6ln+-+During+the+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseenkoeln.de%2FNS-DOKUMENTAtionszentrum%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fs%3D784%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAt%2520a%2520census%2520in%2520March%2Cpeople%2520were%2520registered%2520in%2520Cologne.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkoelnarchitektur2003" class="citation web cs1">koelnarchitektur (15 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koelnarchitektur.de/pages/de/home/news_archiv/823.htm">"on the reconstruction of Cologne"</a>. Koelnarchitektur.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201103749/http://www.koelnarchitektur.de/pages/de/home/news_archiv/823.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=on+the+reconstruction+of+Cologne&rft.pub=Koelnarchitektur.de&rft.date=2003-07-15&rft.au=koelnarchitektur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelnarchitektur.de%2Fpages%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fnews_archiv%2F823.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tourtellot, Arthur B. et al. <i>Life's Picture History of World War II</i>, p. 237. <i>Time</i>, Inc., New York, 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/worldwar2/theatres-of-war/western-europe/investigation/hamburg/sources/docs/6/">"The National Archives | World War II | Western Europe 1939–1945: Hamburg | Why did the RAF bomb cities?"</a>. <i>www.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207102245/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/worldwar2/theatres-of-war/western-europe/investigation/hamburg/sources/docs/6/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+National+Archives+%26%23124%3B+World+War+II+%26%23124%3B+Western+Europe+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Hamburg+%26%23124%3B+Why+did+the+RAF+bomb+cities%3F&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fworldwar2%2Ftheatres-of-war%2Fwestern-europe%2Finvestigation%2Fhamburg%2Fsources%2Fdocs%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaasen,_HermannHoyer,_Franz_A1949" class="citation cs2">Claasen, Hermann; Hoyer, Franz A (1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/14736437"><i>Gesang im feuerofen : Köln; überreste einer alten deutschen stadt</i></a> ([2. aufl.] ed.), L. Schwann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728173754/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/14736437">archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesang+im+feuerofen+%3A+K%C3%B6ln%3B+%C3%BCberreste+einer+alten+deutschen+stadt&rft.edition=%5B2.+aufl.%5D&rft.pub=L.+Schwann&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Claasen%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Hoyer%2C+Franz+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F14736437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabecki1999" class="citation book cs1">Zabecki, David T. (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&pg=PA1644"><i>World War Two in Europe</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7029-8"><bdi>978-0-8240-7029-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+Two+in+Europe&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-7029-8&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYDN-UfehEEC%26pg%3DPA1644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-2015-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight-2015_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2015" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Jack (21 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/cologne-cathedral-tank-duel.html">"Cologne Cathedral is perhaps the single most famous tank duel?"</a>. War History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015034716/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/cologne-cathedral-tank-duel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Cathedral+is+perhaps+the+single+most+famous+tank+duel%3F&rft.pub=War+History+Online&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Fwar-articles%2Fcologne-cathedral-tank-duel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cologne-Germany">"Cologne – History"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624090051/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cologne-Germany">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cologne+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCologne-Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirsten Serup-Bilfeld, Zwischen Dom und Davidstern. Jüdisches Leben in Köln von den Anfängen bis heute. Köln 2001, page 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgk.de/index.php/historie.html">"Synagogen-Gemeinde Köln"</a>. Sgk.de. 26 June 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629113231/http://www.sgk.de/index.php/historie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synagogen-Gemeinde+K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Sgk.de&rft.date=1931-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgk.de%2Findex.php%2Fhistorie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2016" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/06/tensions-rise-in-germany-over-handling-of-mass-sexual-assaults-in-cologne">"Tensions rise in Germany over handling of mass sexual assaults in Cologne"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112044027/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/06/tensions-rise-in-germany-over-handling-of-mass-sexual-assaults-in-cologne">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tensions+rise+in+Germany+over+handling+of+mass+sexual+assaults+in+Cologne&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F06%2Ftensions-rise-in-germany-over-handling-of-mass-sexual-assaults-in-cologne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westdeutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung-2016-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westdeutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung-2016_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216101356/http://www.derwesten.de/politik/1075-anzeigen-nach-koelner-silvesternacht-73-verdaechtige-id11567004.html">"1075 Anzeigen nach Kölner Silvesternacht – 73 Verdächtige"</a> [1,075 assaults by Cologne New Year's Eve – 73 suspects]. <i><a href="/wiki/Westdeutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> (in German). 15 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.derwesten.de/politik/1075-anzeigen-nach-koelner-silvesternacht-73-verdaechtige-id11567004.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westdeutsche+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=1075+Anzeigen+nach+K%C3%B6lner+Silvesternacht+%E2%80%93+73+Verd%C3%A4chtige&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.derwesten.de%2Fpolitik%2F1075-anzeigen-nach-koelner-silvesternacht-73-verdaechtige-id11567004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bezirksregierung Köln: Topografische Karte 1:50.000 (TK 50), Blatt L 5108 Köln-Mülheim. Köln 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89439-422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89439-422-6">978-3-89439-422-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cologneglance-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneglance_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cologneglance_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525020636/http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/cologne_a_glance">"Cologne at a glance"</a>. City of Cologne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/cologne_a_glance">the original</a> on 25 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+at+a+glance&rft.pub=City+of+Cologne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeln.de%2Fcologne_tourist_information%2Fcologne_a_glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/klimaforschung/klimawirk/stadtpl/stadtklimaprojekte/projekt_koeln/start_klima_koeln21.html">"Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – Stadtklima Köln – Klimawandelgerechte Metropole Köln – Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel (KÖLN_21)"</a>. <i>www.dwd.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604131150/https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/klimaforschung/klimawirk/stadtpl/stadtklimaprojekte/projekt_koeln/start_klima_koeln21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dwd.de&rft.atitle=Wetter+und+Klima+%E2%80%93+Deutscher+Wetterdienst+%E2%80%93+Stadtklima+K%C3%B6ln+%E2%80%93+Klimawandelgerechte+Metropole+K%C3%B6ln+%E2%80%93+Strategie+zur+Anpassung+an+den+Klimawandel+%28K%C3%96LN_21%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDE%2Fklimaumwelt%2Fklimaforschung%2Fklimawirk%2Fstadtpl%2Fstadtklimaprojekte%2Fprojekt_koeln%2Fstart_klima_koeln21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012161345/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Koeln-Bonn_10513.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Koeln-Bonn_10513.csv">the original</a> on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FKoeln-Bonn_10513.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html">"Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – CDC (Climate Data Center)"</a>. <i>www.dwd.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619232425/https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dwd.de&rft.atitle=Wetter+und+Klima+%E2%80%93+Deutscher+Wetterdienst+%E2%80%93+CDC+%28Climate+Data+Center%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDE%2Fklimaumwelt%2Fcdc%2Fcdc_node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reinhard_Vogt-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reinhard_Vogt_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reinhard_Vogt_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reinhard_Vogt_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_GochtReinhard_Vogt" class="citation web cs1">Martin Gocht; Reinhard Vogt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324213456/http://www.hrwallingford.co.uk/Mitch/Workshop2/Papers/Gocth_Vogt.pdf">"Flood Forecasting and Flood Defence in Cologne"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mitigation of Climate Induced Natural Hazards (MITCH). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrwallingford.co.uk/Mitch/Workshop2/Papers/Gocth_Vogt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flood+Forecasting+and+Flood+Defence+in+Cologne&rft.pub=Mitigation+of+Climate+Induced+Natural+Hazards+%28MITCH%29&rft.au=Martin+Gocht&rft.au=Reinhard+Vogt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrwallingford.co.uk%2FMitch%2FWorkshop2%2FPapers%2FGocth_Vogt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steb-koeln.de/management0.html">"Stadtentwässerungsbetriebe Köln : Flood Management"</a>. Steb-koeln.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217220207/http://www.steb-koeln.de/management0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadtentw%C3%A4sserungsbetriebe+K%C3%B6ln+%3A+Flood+Management&rft.pub=Steb-koeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steb-koeln.de%2Fmanagement0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324213456/http://www.hochwasserschutz.de/en/pdf/IBS_Koeln_Rhein.pdf">"Flood Defence Scheme City of Cologne"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hochwasserschutz.de/en/pdf/IBS_Koeln_Rhein.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flood+Defence+Scheme+City+of+Cologne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hochwasserschutz.de%2Fen%2Fpdf%2FIBS_Koeln_Rhein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103015131/https://www.stadt-koeln.de/">"Stadt Köln"</a>. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadt+K%C3%B6ln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> › ...PDF Statitstisches Jahrbuch Köln 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Tilburg,_C.2007" class="citation book cs1">van Tilburg, C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0i5LHy4b6kgC"><i>Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12975-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12975-1"><bdi>978-1-134-12975-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traffic+and+Congestion+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-12975-1&rft.au=van+Tilburg%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0i5LHy4b6kgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.dk-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.dk_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce,_S.G.2010" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, S.G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9aoklkGrf-8C"><i>Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann</i></a>. Brill. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18007-9"><bdi>978-90-04-18007-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecologies+and+Economies+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+Studies+in+Environmental+History+for+Richard+C.+Hoffmann&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18007-9&rft.au=Bruce%2C+S.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9aoklkGrf-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvard_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiego_Puga_&_Daniel_Trefler2009" class="citation web cs1">Diego Puga & Daniel Trefler (30 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230511/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic599385.files/venice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdf">"International trade and institutional change: A death in Venice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic599385.files/venice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+trade+and+institutional+change%3A+A+death+in+Venice&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft.au=Diego+Puga+%26+Daniel+Trefler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisites.harvard.edu%2Ffs%2Fdocs%2Ficb.topic599385.files%2Fvenice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf15/statistik-jahrbuch/statistisches_jahrbuch__k%C3%B6ln_2021_ksn_3_2022_job.pdf">"Kölner Statistische Nachrichten 3/2022 – Statistisches Jahrbuch 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. stadt-koeln.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213150044/https://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf15/statistik-jahrbuch/statistisches_jahrbuch__k%C3%B6ln_2021_ksn_3_2022_job.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6lner+Statistische+Nachrichten+3%2F2022+%E2%80%93+Statistisches+Jahrbuch+2021&rft.pub=stadt-koeln.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fmediaasset%2Fcontent%2Fpdf15%2Fstatistik-jahrbuch%2Fstatistisches_jahrbuch__k%25C3%25B6ln_2021_ksn_3_2022_job.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf15/statistik-jahrbuch/statistisches_jahrbuch__k%C3%B6ln_2021_ksn_3_2022_job.pdf">"Statistisches Jahrbuch 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. stadt-koeln.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213150044/https://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf15/statistik-jahrbuch/statistisches_jahrbuch__k%C3%B6ln_2021_ksn_3_2022_job.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+2022&rft.pub=stadt-koeln.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fmediaasset%2Fcontent%2Fpdf15%2Fstatistik-jahrbuch%2Fstatistisches_jahrbuch__k%25C3%25B6ln_2021_ksn_3_2022_job.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.region-koeln-bonn.de/de/region/zahlen-daten-fakten/index.html">"Region Köln Bon"</a>. region-koeln-bonn.de. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001074447/http://www.region-koeln-bonn.de/de/region/zahlen-daten-fakten/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Region+K%C3%B6ln+Bon&rft.pub=region-koeln-bonn.de&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.region-koeln-bonn.de%2Fde%2Fregion%2Fzahlen-daten-fakten%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stadt-koeln.de-2016-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stadt-koeln.de-2016_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-verwaltung/statistik/jahrbuecher">"Statistisches Jahrbuch 2016"</a>. stadt-koeln.de. 1 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007090926/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-verwaltung/statistik/jahrbuecher/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+2016&rft.pub=stadt-koeln.de&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fpolitik-und-verwaltung%2Fstatistik%2Fjahrbuecher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knight.org/cathen/04116a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cologne"</a>. <i>knight.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420132843/http://www.knight.org/cathen/04116a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knight.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Cologne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knight.org%2Fcathen%2F04116a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2011_Reli-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_Reli_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_Reli_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621101339/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:053150000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table">"Zensus 2011: Bevölkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausführlich) in %"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:053150000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table">the original</a> on 21 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zensus+2011%3A+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+im+regionalen+Vergleich+nach+Religion+%28ausf%C3%BChrlich%29+in+%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fergebnisse.zensus2011.de%2F%23StaticContent%3A053150000000%2CBEG_4_2_6%2Cm%2Ctable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.personenstandsrecht.de/Webs/PERS/DE/informationen/religionsgemeinschaften/_documents/kirche_nrw.html">"Nordrhein-Westfalen: Religions- und Weltanschauungsgemeinschaften, die auf Landesebene den Status "Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts" besitzen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822191707/https://www.personenstandsrecht.de/Webs/PERS/DE/informationen/religionsgemeinschaften/_documents/kirche_nrw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nordrhein-Westfalen%3A+Religions-+und+Weltanschauungsgemeinschaften%2C+die+auf+Landesebene+den+Status+%22K%C3%B6rperschaft+des+%C3%B6ffentlichen+Rechts%22+besitzen.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.personenstandsrecht.de%2FWebs%2FPERS%2FDE%2Finformationen%2Freligionsgemeinschaften%2F_documents%2Fkirche_nrw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230456/https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_grossstaedten_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf">"Muslime in den Großstädten beim Zensus 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_grossstaedten_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslime+in+den+Gro%C3%9Fst%C3%A4dten+beim+Zensus+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkartenseite.files.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fbrd_muslime_in_den_grossstaedten_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerup-Bilfeldt2005" class="citation news cs1">Serup-Bilfeldt, Kirsten (19 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1684525,00.html">"Cologne: Germany's Oldest Jewish Community"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Cologne%3A+Germany%27s+Oldest+Jewish+Community&rft.date=2005-08-19&rft.aulast=Serup-Bilfeldt&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1684525%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wincountry.com/2021/10/11/germanys-largest-mosque-to-broadcast-call-to-prayer-on-fridays/">"Germany's largest mosque to broadcast call to prayer on Fridays"</a>. <i>wincountry.com</i>. 11 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011161244/https://wincountry.com/2021/10/11/germanys-largest-mosque-to-broadcast-call-to-prayer-on-fridays/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wincountry.com&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+largest+mosque+to+broadcast+call+to+prayer+on+Fridays&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwincountry.com%2F2021%2F10%2F11%2Fgermanys-largest-mosque-to-broadcast-call-to-prayer-on-fridays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020160002/http://wahlen.stadt-koeln.de/prod/OB2015/05315000/html5/Oberbuergermeisterwahl_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">"Oberbürgermeisterwahl – Wahl des/der Oberbürgermeisters/in 2015 in der Stadt Köln – Gesamtergebnis"</a>. <i>stadt-koeln.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wahlen.stadt-koeln.de/prod/OB2015/05315000/html5/Oberbuergermeisterwahl_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stadt-koeln.de&rft.atitle=Oberb%C3%BCrgermeisterwahl+%E2%80%93+Wahl+des%2Fder+Oberb%C3%BCrgermeisters%2Fin+2015+in+der+Stadt+K%C3%B6ln+%E2%80%93+Gesamtergebnis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwahlen.stadt-koeln.de%2Fprod%2FOB2015%2F05315000%2Fhtml5%2FOberbuergermeisterwahl_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.stadt-koeln.de/prod/KW2020/05315000/html5/Buergermeisterstichwahl_NRW_46_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">"Stichwahl der Oberbürgermeisterin / des Oberbürgermeisters – Kommunalwahlen 2020 in der Stadt Köln – Gesamtergebnis"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125171544/https://wahlen.stadt-koeln.de/prod/KW2020/05315000/html5/Buergermeisterstichwahl_NRW_46_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stichwahl+der+Oberb%C3%BCrgermeisterin+%2F+des+Oberb%C3%BCrgermeisters+%E2%80%93+Kommunalwahlen+2020+in+der+Stadt+K%C3%B6ln+%E2%80%93+Gesamtergebnis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwahlen.stadt-koeln.de%2Fprod%2FKW2020%2F05315000%2Fhtml5%2FBuergermeisterstichwahl_NRW_46_Gemeinde_Stadt_Koeln.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/1/wahlen/abisz/03612/">"Wahlperiode"</a> (in German). City of Cologne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182240/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/1/wahlen/abisz/03612/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wahlperiode&rft.pub=City+of+Cologne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2F1%2Fwahlen%2Fabisz%2F03612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118104751/http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/exploring_city/green_cologne">"Green Cologne"</a>. KölnTourismus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/exploring_city/green_cologne">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Cologne&rft.pub=K%C3%B6lnTourismus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeln.de%2Fcologne_tourist_information%2Fexploring_city%2Fgreen_cologne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp-online.de/wissen/leben/in-nrw-behaupten-sich-immer-mehr-exotische-voegel-1.2313710">"In NRW behaupten sich immer mehr exotische Vögel"</a>. RP Online. 4 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517180155/http://www.rp-online.de/wissen/leben/in-nrw-behaupten-sich-immer-mehr-exotische-voegel-1.2313710">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+NRW+behaupten+sich+immer+mehr+exotische+V%C3%B6gel&rft.pub=RP+Online&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp-online.de%2Fwissen%2Fleben%2Fin-nrw-behaupten-sich-immer-mehr-exotische-voegel-1.2313710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cologne-tourism.com/newsroom/press-releases/press-release/article/tourism-results-for-2016-moderate-decrease-in-visitor-numbers-due-to-difficult-general-conditions.html">"Tourism results for 2016: Moderate decrease in visitor numbers due to difficult general conditions"</a>. KölnTourismus. 21 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913190906/https://www.cologne-tourism.com/newsroom/press-releases/press-release/article/tourism-results-for-2016-moderate-decrease-in-visitor-numbers-due-to-difficult-general-conditions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+results+for+2016%3A+Moderate+decrease+in+visitor+numbers+due+to+difficult+general+conditions&rft.pub=K%C3%B6lnTourismus&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne-tourism.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Fpress-release%2Farticle%2Ftourism-results-for-2016-moderate-decrease-in-visitor-numbers-due-to-difficult-general-conditions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703064357/http://www.koelner-dom.de/index.php?id=dreikoenigenschrein">"Offizielle Webseite des Kölner Doms | Bedeutende Werke"</a>. Koelner-dom.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koelner-dom.de/index.php?id=dreikoenigenschrein">the original</a> on 3 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Offizielle+Webseite+des+K%C3%B6lner+Doms+%26%23124%3B+Bedeutende+Werke&rft.pub=Koelner-dom.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelner-dom.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Ddreikoenigenschrein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724083513/http://cologne.strategicmanagement.net/tuesday.php">"Strategic Management Society – Cologne Conference – Cologne Information"</a>. Cologne.strategicmanagement.net. 14 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cologne.strategicmanagement.net/tuesday.php">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategic+Management+Society+%E2%80%93+Cologne+Conference+%E2%80%93+Cologne+Information&rft.pub=Cologne.strategicmanagement.net&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcologne.strategicmanagement.net%2Ftuesday.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327143823/http://www.unicenterkoeln.de/site/unser_haus/index.php">"Homepage of the Uni-Center"</a>. Unicenterkoeln.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicenterkoeln.de/site/unser_haus/index.php">the original</a> on 27 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+of+the+Uni-Center&rft.pub=Unicenterkoeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicenterkoeln.de%2Fsite%2Funser_haus%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faze_Magazin-2021-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faze_Magazin-2021_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/">"Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor"</a> [Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states]. <i>Faze Magazin</i> (in German). 20 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103024902/https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faze+Magazin&rft.atitle=Clubstudie+2021%3A+Initiative+Musik+legt+Einzelauswertungen+der+Bundesl%C3%A4nder+vor&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fazemag.de%2Fclubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clubstudy_2021-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clubstudy_2021_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender">"Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer"</a> [Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states]. <i>Initiative Musik</i> (in German). 20 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103211440/https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Initiative+Musik&rft.atitle=Clubstudie+2021%3A+Einzelauswertungen+der+Bundesl%C3%A4nder&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.initiative-musik.de%2Fclubstudie%2Fclubstudie-bundeslaender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211142559/http://www.koelner-philharmonie.de/en/00_home/00_home.php?Style=eb281b060898acfab42beae0870f44f6">"Kölner Philharmonie"</a>. 11 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koelner-philharmonie.de/en/00_home/00_home.php?Style=eb281b060898acfab42beae0870f44f6">the original</a> on 11 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6lner+Philharmonie&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelner-philharmonie.de%2Fen%2F00_home%2F00_home.php%3FStyle%3Deb281b060898acfab42beae0870f44f6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nightlife-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nightlife_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/nightlife">"Nightlife"</a>. KölnTourismus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913011256/http://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/nightlife">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nightlife&rft.pub=K%C3%B6lnTourismus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne.de%2Fwhat-to-do%2Fnightlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125230206/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/koelntourismus/karneval/">"Carnival – Cologne's "fifth season" – Cologne Sights & Events – Stadt Köln"</a>. 26 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/koelntourismus/karneval/">the original</a> on 25 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnival+%E2%80%93+Cologne%27s+%22fifth+season%22+%E2%80%93+Cologne+Sights+%26+Events+%E2%80%93+Stadt+K%C3%B6ln&rft.date=2008-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fen%2Fkoelntourismus%2Fkarneval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivalry-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivalry_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivalry_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivalry_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivalry_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivalry_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110728-36597.html">"Giving Beer A Home in the Rhineland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a></i>. 28 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028121120/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110728-36597.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Giving+Beer+A+Home+in+the+Rhineland&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2Fsociety%2F20110728-36597.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyke2drink.blogspot.com/2009/08/quick-visit-to-cologne-kolsch-anyone.html">"A Quick Visit to Cologne: Kolsch Anyone?"</a>. <i>Lyke2Drink</i>. 21 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104203549/http://lyke2drink.blogspot.com/2009/08/quick-visit-to-cologne-kolsch-anyone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lyke2Drink&rft.atitle=A+Quick+Visit+to+Cologne%3A+Kolsch+Anyone%3F&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flyke2drink.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F08%2Fquick-visit-to-cologne-kolsch-anyone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C/o_pop-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C/o_pop_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213161504/http://c-o-pop.de/home.4.en.html">"C/o Pop Official Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-o-pop.de/home.4.en.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%2Fo+Pop+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-o-pop.de%2Fhome.4.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf80/cbg_2009_bfrei_deutsch.pdf">stadt-koeln.de <i>Cologne Business Guide</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215031037/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf80/cbg_2009_bfrei_deutsch.pdf">Archived</a> 15 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German and English)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125964/Cologne/61370/Economy">"Cologne"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202134125/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125964/Cologne/61370/Economy">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cologne&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F125964%2FCologne%2F61370%2FEconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FI-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FI_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Directory: World Airlines". <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i>. 3 April 2007. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Directory%3A+World+Airlines&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2007-04-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ford.de/UeberFord">"Über Ford – Standorte"</a>. <i>Ford Germany</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629212610/http://www.ford.de/UeberFord">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ford+Germany&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Ford+%E2%80%93+Standorte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ford.de%2FUeberFord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_der_deutschen_Wirtschaft_Kölm" class="citation web cs1">Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Kölm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028215433/http://www.iwkoeln.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/beitrag/start-up-szene-koelner-digitalwirtschaft-gut-aufgestellt-290107">"Kölner Digitalwirtschaft gut aufgestellt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwkoeln.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/beitrag/start-up-szene-koelner-digitalwirtschaft-gut-aufgestellt-290107">the original</a> on 28 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6lner+Digitalwirtschaft+gut+aufgestellt&rft.au=Institut+der+deutschen+Wirtschaft+K%C3%B6lm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwkoeln.de%2Fpresse%2Fpressemitteilungen%2Fbeitrag%2Fstart-up-szene-koelner-digitalwirtschaft-gut-aufgestellt-290107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Welle" class="citation web cs1">Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/cologne-becomes-first-big-german-city-to-declare-climate-emergency/a-49532684-0">"Cologne becomes first big German city to declare climate emergency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711162909/https://www.dw.com/en/cologne-becomes-first-big-german-city-to-declare-climate-emergency/a-49532684-0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Cologne+becomes+first+big+German+city+to+declare+climate+emergency&rft.au=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcologne-becomes-first-big-german-city-to-declare-climate-emergency%2Fa-49532684-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304204535/http://www.adfc.de/fahrradklima-test/adfc-startet-fahrradklima-test/adfc-fahrradklima-test-2014">"ADFC | Wie fahrradfreundlich ist Ihre Stadt?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfc.de/fahrradklima-test/adfc-startet-fahrradklima-test/adfc-fahrradklima-test-2014">the original</a> on 4 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADFC+%26%23124%3B+Wie+fahrradfreundlich+ist+Ihre+Stadt%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adfc.de%2Ffahrradklima-test%2Fadfc-startet-fahrradklima-test%2Fadfc-fahrradklima-test-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/travel/travel-news/highspeed-trains-to-link-england-and-germany-20111013-1lmq8.html">"High-speed trains to link England and Germany"</a>. <i>Brisbane Times</i>. 16 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621035917/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/travel/travel-news/highspeed-trains-to-link-england-and-germany-20111013-1lmq8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=High-speed+trains+to+link+England+and+Germany&rft.date=2011-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-news%2Fhighspeed-trains-to-link-england-and-germany-20111013-1lmq8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kvb-koeln.de/">"Kölner Verkehrsbetriebe (KVB)"</a>. Kvb-koeln.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421184337/http://www.kvb-koeln.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6lner+Verkehrsbetriebe+%28KVB%29&rft.pub=Kvb-koeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvb-koeln.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgk.de/neu/english/contents/HGK_ports_cargo-handling-points.html">"Häfen und Güterverkehr Köln AG"</a>. Hgk.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040316/http://www.hgk.de/neu/english/contents/HGK_ports_cargo-handling-points.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%A4fen+und+G%C3%BCterverkehr+K%C3%B6ln+AG&rft.pub=Hgk.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hgk.de%2Fneu%2Fenglish%2Fcontents%2FHGK_ports_cargo-handling-points.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wissensdurst-koeln.de/category/wissenschaft-forschung/hochschulen/">"Hochschulen – Wissensdurst KĂśln – Das KĂślner Wissenschaftsportal"</a>. Wissensdurst-koeln.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719011744/http://www.wissensdurst-koeln.de/category/wissenschaft-forschung/hochschulen/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hochschulen+%E2%80%93+Wissensdurst+K%C4%82%C5%9Bln+%E2%80%93+Das+K%C4%82%C5%9Blner+Wissenschaftsportal&rft.pub=Wissensdurst-koeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwissensdurst-koeln.de%2Fcategory%2Fwissenschaft-forschung%2Fhochschulen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wissensdurst-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/flyer-spitzenforschung.pdf">"Forschungsschwerpunkte"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wissensdurst-koeln.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114109/http://wissensdurst-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/flyer-spitzenforschung.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forschungsschwerpunkte&rft.pub=Wissensdurst-koeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwissensdurst-koeln.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F04%2Fflyer-spitzenforschung.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/Ins/th/prj/nbc/edu/sch/enindex.htm">"goethe.de"</a>. goethe.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726184629/http://www.goethe.de/Ins/th/prj/nbc/edu/sch/enindex.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=goethe.de&rft.pub=goethe.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2FIns%2Fth%2Fprj%2Fnbc%2Fedu%2Fsch%2Fenindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190033/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/5/00215/">"Cologne Adult Education Centre – City of Cologne"</a>. Stadt-koeln.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/5/00215/">the original</a> on 4 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Adult+Education+Centre+%E2%80%93+City+of+Cologne&rft.pub=Stadt-koeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fen%2F5%2F00215%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipshiz2018" class="citation web cs1">Lipshiz, Cnaan (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2018/12/10/global/soviet-immigration-once-a-bane-of-germanys-jews-has-become-their-salvation">"Soviet immigration, once a bane of Germany's Jews, has become their salvation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210220546/https://www.jta.org/2018/12/10/global/soviet-immigration-once-a-bane-of-germanys-jews-has-become-their-salvation">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Soviet+immigration%2C+once+a+bane+of+Germany%27s+Jews%2C+has+become+their+salvation&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.aulast=Lipshiz&rft.aufirst=Cnaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2018%2F12%2F10%2Fglobal%2Fsoviet-immigration-once-a-bane-of-germanys-jews-has-become-their-salvation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CologneProduction-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CologneProduction_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CologneProduction_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808143408/http://www.cologne-tourism.com/city-experience/media-capital/production-made-in-cologne.html#c4883">"Productions 'made in Cologne'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Cologne Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cologne-tourism.com/city-experience/media-capital/production-made-in-cologne.html#c4883">the original</a> on 8 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Productions+%27made+in+Cologne%27&rft.pub=Cologne+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne-tourism.com%2Fcity-experience%2Fmedia-capital%2Fproduction-made-in-cologne.html%23c4883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719052807/http://www.koeln-comedy.de/koelncomedy/index_en.html/">"Cologne Comedy Festival website"</a>. Koeln-comedy.de. 21 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeln-comedy.de/koelncomedy/index_en.html/">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Comedy+Festival+website&rft.pub=Koeln-comedy.de&rft.date=2007-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeln-comedy.de%2Fkoelncomedy%2Findex_en.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colognesports-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colognesports_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colognesports_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colognesports_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colognesports_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colognesports_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colognesports_94-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/sport-and-relaxation.html">"Sport and relaxation"</a>. Cologne Tourist Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404222620/http://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/sport-and-relaxation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sport+and+relaxation&rft.pub=Cologne+Tourist+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne.de%2Fwhat-to-do%2Fsport-and-relaxation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kölnstadion-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kölnstadion_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kölnstadion_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fc-koeln.de/en/club/stadium/">"The RheinEnergie Stadium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln" title="1. FC Köln">1. FC Köln</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317160925/http://www.fc-koeln.de/en/club/stadium/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+RheinEnergie+Stadium&rft.pub=1.+FC+K%C3%B6ln&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fc-koeln.de%2Fen%2Fclub%2Fstadium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de/artikel/05717/index.html">"Kölner Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>stadt-koeln.de</i> (in German). Cologne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151837/https://www.stadt-koeln.de/artikel/05717/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stadt-koeln.de&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6lner+Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fartikel%2F05717%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de/artikel/73583/index.html">"Neue Städtepartnerschaft mit Dnipro"</a>. <i>stadt-koeln.de</i> (in German). Cologne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stadt-koeln.de&rft.atitle=Neue+St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaft+mit+Dnipro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fartikel%2F73583%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.t-online.de/region/koeln/news/id_91782198/koeln-legt-beziehung-zu-wolgograd-auf-eis-.html">"Köln legt Beziehung zu Wolgograd auf Eis"</a>. 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6ln+legt+Beziehung+zu+Wolgograd+auf+Eis&rft.date=2022-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-online.de%2Fregion%2Fkoeln%2Fnews%2Fid_91782198%2Fkoeln-legt-beziehung-zu-wolgograd-auf-eis-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Cologne</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cologne" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Cologne">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cologne" class="extiw" title="c:Cologne">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:K%C3%B6ln" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Köln">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cologne" class="extiw" title="q:Cologne">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cologne" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cologne">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cologne" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cologne">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cologne" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cologne">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cologne" class="extiw" title="voy:Cologne">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cologne" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cologne">Cologne</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German, English, and multiple)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Cologne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Cologne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Cologne</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Cologne</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia">Brühl</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Cologne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Cologne" title="Template:Districts of Cologne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Cologne" title="Template talk:Districts of Cologne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Cologne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Cologne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Cologne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Cologne" title="Districts of Cologne">Districts</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cologne</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>I. <a href="/wiki/Innenstadt,_Cologne" title="Innenstadt, Cologne">Innenstadt</a></li> <li>II. <a href="/wiki/Rodenkirchen" title="Rodenkirchen">Rodenkirchen</a></li> <li>III. <a href="/wiki/Lindenthal,_Cologne" title="Lindenthal, Cologne">Lindenthal</a></li> <li>IV. <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfeld,_Cologne" title="Ehrenfeld, Cologne">Ehrenfeld</a></li> <li>V. <a href="/wiki/Nippes,_Cologne" title="Nippes, Cologne">Nippes</a></li> <li>VI. <a href="/wiki/Chorweiler" title="Chorweiler">Chorweiler</a></li> <li>VII. <a href="/wiki/Porz" title="Porz">Porz</a></li> <li>VIII. <a href="/wiki/Kalk,_Cologne" title="Kalk, Cologne">Kalk</a></li> <li>IX. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim,_Cologne" title="Mülheim, Cologne">Mülheim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cologne"><img alt="Flag of Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/60px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/90px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/120px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template talk:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Urban and rural districts in the state of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Köln (<i>Cologne</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg/90px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg/135px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg/180px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rural districts of Germany">Rural districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen_(district)" title="Aachen (district)">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borken_(district)" title="Borken (district)">Borken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coesfeld_(district)" title="Coesfeld (district)">Coesfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren_(district)" title="Düren (district)">Düren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis" title="Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis">Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskirchen_(district)" title="Euskirchen (district)">Euskirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh_(district)" title="Gütersloh (district)">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinsberg_(district)" title="Heinsberg (district)">Heinsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford_(district)" title="Herford (district)">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochsauerlandkreis" title="Hochsauerlandkreis">Hochsauerlandkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6xter_(district)" title="Höxter (district)">Höxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve_(district)" title="Kleve (district)">Kleve (<i>Cleves</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippe_(district)" title="Lippe (district)">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rkischer_Kreis" title="Märkischer Kreis">Märkischer Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettmann_(district)" title="Mettmann (district)">Mettmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-L%C3%BCbbecke" title="Minden-Lübbecke">Minden-Lübbecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberbergischer_Kreis" title="Oberbergischer Kreis">Oberbergischer Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olpe_(district)" title="Olpe (district)">Olpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn_(district)" title="Paderborn (district)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen_(district)" title="Recklinghausen (district)">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinisch-Bergischer_Kreis" title="Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis">Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Erft-Kreis" title="Rhein-Erft-Kreis">Rhein-Erft-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Kreis_Neuss" title="Rhein-Kreis Neuss">Rhein-Kreis Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Sieg-Kreis" title="Rhein-Sieg-Kreis">Rhein-Sieg-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen-Wittgenstein" title="Siegen-Wittgenstein">Siegen-Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest_(district)" title="Soest (district)">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinfurt_(district)" title="Steinfurt (district)">Steinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unna_(district)" title="Unna (district)">Unna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viersen_(district)" title="Viersen (district)">Viersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warendorf_(district)" title="Warendorf (district)">Warendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesel_(district)" title="Wesel (district)">Wesel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template talk:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> of the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Buchau" title="Bad Buchau">Buchau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Buchhorn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cologne</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Eßlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengenbach" title="Gengenbach">Gengenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessenich" title="Kessenich">Kessenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a><sup><small>D, S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenburg_in_Bayern" title="Weißenburg in Bayern">Weißenburg in Bayern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Windsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zell_am_Harmersbach" title="Zell am Harmersbach">Zell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/150px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/225px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/300px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span><br /><small>Free Imperial Cities by 1792</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lost_imperial_immediacy_or_no_longer_part_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lost <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a> or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bern" title="History of Bern">Bern</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakel,_Germany" title="Brakel, Germany">Brakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Hagenau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysersberg" title="Kaysersberg">Kaysersberg</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Kolmar</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Haut-Rhin" title="Munster, Haut-Rhin">Munster</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obernai" title="Obernai">Obernai</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeddersheim" title="Pfeddersheim">Pfeddersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosheim" title="Rosheim">Rosheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Schlettstadt</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seltz" title="Seltz">Seltz</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turckheim" title="Turckheim">Turckheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller" class="mw-redirect" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Weißenburg in Elsaß</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Zürich">Zürich</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>D</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a></li> <li><sup><small>H</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><sup><small>S</small></sup> Member or associate of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123094618">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157037914">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208521/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3K8yFGdkjwYty9h3xXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031483-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050882">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931745m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931745m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628473">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kolín nad Rýnem (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129620&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5471666">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547793305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060868474906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b8a2776a-eedf-48ea-a6f3-1a9070f0b823">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/108751">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026371677">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006585">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044969">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cologne&oldid=1266383453">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cologne&oldid=1266383453</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia">Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cologne" title="Category:Cologne">Cologne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_districts_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Urban districts of North Rhine-Westphalia">Urban districts of North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cologne_(region)" title="Category:Cologne (region)">Cologne (region)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_on_the_Rhine" title="Category:Populated places on the Rhine">Populated places on the Rhine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhineland" title="Category:Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_pilgrimage_sites" title="Category:Catholic pilgrimage sites">Catholic pilgrimage sites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_cities" title="Category:Holy cities">Holy cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League" title="Category:Members of the Hanseatic League">Members of the Hanseatic League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coloniae_(Roman)" title="Category:Coloniae (Roman)">Coloniae (Roman)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_towns_and_cities_in_Germany" title="Category:Roman towns and cities in Germany">Roman towns and cities in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germania_Inferior" title="Category:Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_imperial_cities" title="Category:Free imperial cities">Free imperial cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_1st_century_BC" title="Category:Populated places established in the 1st century BC">Populated places established in the 1st century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:30s_BC_establishments" title="Category:30s BC establishments">30s BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:38_BC" title="Category:38 BC">38 BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burial_sites_of_the_Pippinids" title="Category:Burial sites of the Pippinids">Burial sites of the Pippinids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_locations_in_Germany" title="Category:Holocaust locations in Germany">Holocaust locations in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_K%C3%B6lsch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kölsch-language text">Articles containing Kölsch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Colognian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Colognian IPA">Pages with Colognian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple-language_sources_(mul)" title="Category:Articles with multiple-language sources (mul)">Articles with multiple-language sources (mul)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 December 2024, at 09:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cologne&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59ccf9db48-p6qcw","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.656","walltime":"3.255","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23409,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":450082,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44625,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":421078,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2637.034 1 -total"," 28.05% 739.787 1 Template:Infobox_German_place"," 27.50% 725.273 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 25.58% 674.471 1 Template:Infobox"," 19.43% 512.387 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.33% 404.361 74 Template:Cite_web"," 4.98% 131.285 2 Template:Native_name"," 4.78% 125.958 26 Template:Flagicon"," 4.36% 115.070 31 Template:Party_color"," 4.09% 107.856 8 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.321","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":30203335,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","440","28.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","21.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.9"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","40","2.6"],["mergeArgs \u003CModule:Arguments:199\u003E","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","2.6"],["[others]","240","15.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59ccf9db48-zdxbg","timestamp":"20250106004813","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cologne","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cologne","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q365","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q365","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-08T14:13:07Z","dateModified":"2024-12-31T09:42:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Kranh%C3%A4user_Cologne%2C_April_2018_-01.jpg","headline":"most populous city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"}</script> </body> </html>