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Les sources </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD (571?-632), Avant la Révélation" href="/encyclopedie/mahomet-muhammad/2-avant-la-revelation/"> 2. Avant la Révélation </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD (571?-632), La secte mekkoise" href="/encyclopedie/mahomet-muhammad/3-la-secte-mekkoise/"> 3. La secte mekkoise </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD (571?-632), L'État de Médine" href="/encyclopedie/mahomet-muhammad/4-l-etat-de-medine/"> 4. L'État de Médine </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD (571?-632), La personnalité et le rôle de Mahomet dans l'islam" href="/encyclopedie/mahomet-muhammad/5-la-personnalite-et-le-role-de-mahomet-dans-l-islam/"> 5. La personnalité et le rôle de Mahomet dans l'islam </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD (571?-632), Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/mahomet-muhammad/6-bibliographie/"> 6. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>MAHOMET </strong><span class="rm">ou </span><strong>MUḤAMMAD </strong><span class="rm">(571?-632)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yL111371_0"><i class="anchor" id="yL111371_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH020129" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Mahomet" href="/media/mahomet-ph020129/"><img id="PH020129" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/6/csm_ph020129_f652e6dd86.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Mahomet - crédits : VISIOARS/ AKG-images" data-description="Le prophète Mahomet (vers 570-632), sa fille Fatima, son gendre Ali ibn Abi Talib et ses deux petits-fils Hassan et Hussein. Miniature tirée de la Chronologie d'al-Biruni. Manuscrit arabe du XVIIIe siècle. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris." data-copyright="VISIOARS/ AKG-images" width="800" height="599" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Mahomet </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> VISIOARS/ AKG-images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Mahomet (en arabe Muḥammad) est, parmi les fondateurs des grandes religions universalistes, celui que nous connaissons le mieux. Il a fondé l' islam, qui compte aujourd'hui près d'un milliard d'adhérents et dont le rôle historique fut considérable. Sa biographie est loin d'expliquer à elle seule ce succès, mais contribue pour sa part à cette explication. Homme génial, issu d'une société en marge des grandes civilisations de l'époque, il sut forger une synthèse idéologique impressionnante, capable de séduire d'abord son pays natal, puis de s'imposer dans une vaste zone du globe. Il sut aussi employer des dons remarquables de chef politique et militaire à acquérir le contrôle de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Arabie, ultime et massif prolongement de l'Asie sud-occidentale, s'inscrit entre le golfe Persique, l'océan Indien et la mer Rouge que prolonge, au nord-est, la fosse du Jourdain. La péninsule d'Arabie, traversée en son milieu par le tropique du Cancer, est un immense désert de près de deux millions et demi de kilomètres carrés, rattaché géologiquement à l'Afrique dont seul l'effon..." title="Article : ARABIE" href="/encyclopedie/arabie/">Arabie</a>. Mystique (incomplet), profondément religieux, mais non pas pur homme de sainteté comme le Christ et le Bouddha, les faiblesses humaines de cette impressionnante personnalité ne font que rendre sa biographie plus attachante.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yL111371_1"><i class="anchor" id="yL111371_1"></i><h2>Les sources</h2><p>Renan croyait que la vie de Mahomet, par opposition à celle de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Il est peu de personnages historiques dont l'influence sur l'histoire de l' humanité ait été aussi grande que celle de Jésus, eu égard à la durée exceptionnellement courte de sa prédication. Il n'a pas fondé de religion et sa vie n'est en rien comparable à celle du Bouddha, de Confucius ou de Mahomet dont l'activité s'exerça durant des années. Et pourtant, depuis deux mille ans, so..." title="Article : JÉSUS ou JÉSUS-CHRIST" href="/encyclopedie/jesus-jesus-christ/">Jésus</a>, s'était déroulée à la pleine lumière de l'histoire. C'est une illusion née du caractère très détaillé de la biographie traditionnelle. Mais l'étude critique de celle-ci a démontré que beaucoup des détails en question étaient suspects d'avoir été forgés dans des buts tendancieux (avec beaucoup d'art d'ailleurs), un ou deux siècles après l'événement. Il ne faut jamais oublier que les biographies du Prophète les plus anciennes que nous possédions datent du début du <span class="pc">ix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, soit deux siècles après les événements. Il est vrai qu'elles ont utilisé des compilations plus anciennes, elles-mêmes fondées sur des listes datées d'événements et de noms qui avaient été conservées par écrit ou de mémoire. Elles citent comme sources des traditions orales transmises depuis les événements par des chaînes (<em>isnād</em>) de garants. Mais nous n'avons aucune garantie de la fidélité de cette transmission ni même de sa réalité. On ne peut écarter entièrement ce que cette tradition écrite ou orale nous apporte, mais on ne peut non plus s'y fier aveuglément pour aucun détail concret, et les critères incontestables manquent pour faire le départ entre l'historique et le suspect.</p><p>Une source est sûrement authentique, c'est le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot al-Qur'ān (traditionnellement transcrit « Coran »), qui procède d'une racine attestée dans les plus anciens éléments de la prédication de Mahomet , semble exprimer l'idée d'une « communication orale », d'un « message », transmis sous forme de « récitation à voix haute ». Cette triple notion, par sa complexité même, caractérise l'état premier d'une « r�..." title="Article : CORAN" href="/encyclopedie/coran/">Coran</a>, qui est considéré comme le recueil des paroles de Dieu dictées à Mahomet. Mais son texte est en grand désordre. On ne peut y rétablir qu'avec peine et avec bien des incertitudes l'ordre chronologique. Les événements de la biographie du Prophète n'y sont évoqués que de façon allusive. C'est donc une source difficile à utiliser.</p><p>Les biographies classiques les plus anciennes sont celles d'Ibn Isḥāq († env. 767), que nous ne connaissons que par l'adaptation abrégée d'un de ses élèves indirects, Ibn Hishām († env. 834) ; celle de Wāqidī († 823), réduite au récit des campagnes du Prophète ; celle de son secrétaire Ibn Sa‘d († 845) ; enfin celle de l'historien compilateur Ṭabarī († 923), qui utilise uniquement des écrits antérieurs. Occasionnellement, des renseignements de valeur anciens ont pu parvenir par intermédiaire jusqu'à des ouvrages postérieurs.</p><p>Une critique soigneuse des sources est nécessaire. Au minimum, les faits sur lesquels s'accordent des sources de tendances divergentes, même quand elles les interprètent différemment, les faits aussi qui contredisent les idées ultérieures doivent être considérés comme assurés. En essayant de comprendre les démarches d'où résultèrent ces événements, en utilisant le texte coranique qui, pour des non-musulmans, ne peut être que l'émanation inconsciente de l'intellect et de la sensibilité du Prophète, en tirant parti prudemment des informations de la tradition que leur accord avec le résultat de ces démarches peut plus<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="L111371_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="RODINSON, Maxime"><a title="Auteur : Maxime RODINSON" rel="author" href="/auteurs/maxime-rodinson/"><strong>Maxime RODINSON</strong></a> : directeur d'études à l'École pratique des hautes études (IV<sup>e</sup> section) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD (571?-632)" href="/carte-mentale/mahomet-muhammad/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yL111371_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Religions" href="/classification/religions/"> Religions </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Personnages religieux" href="/classification/religions/personnages-religieux/"> Personnages religieux </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Fondateurs de religions"> <a title="Classification : Fondateurs de religions" href="/classification/religions/personnages-religieux/fondateurs-de-religions/"> Fondateurs de religions </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yL111371_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH020129" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Mahomet" href="/media/mahomet-ph020129/"> <img id="PH020129" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/6/csm_ph020129_f652e6dd86.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Mahomet - crédits : VISIOARS/ AKG-images" data-description="Le prophète Mahomet (vers 570-632), sa fille Fatima, son gendre Ali ibn Abi Talib et ses deux petits-fils Hassan et Hussein. Miniature tirée de la Chronologie d'al-Biruni. Manuscrit arabe du XVIIIe siècle. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris." data-copyright="VISIOARS/ AKG-images" width="800" height="599" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Mahomet </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> VISIOARS/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yL111371_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/abu-bakr/"> <span class="rg">ABŪ BAKR </span><span class="rm">(570 env.-634)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Khalifa SOUA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 049 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Premier calife musulman, ami, beau-père et successeur du Prophète <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD. Mahomet (en arabe Muḥammad) est, parmi les fondateurs des grandes religions universalistes, celui que nous connaissons le mieux. Il a fondé l' islam, qui compte aujourd'hui près d'un milliard d'adhérents et dont le rôle historique fut considérable. Sa biographie est loin d'expliquer à elle seule ce succès, mais contribue pour sa part à cette explicat..." title="Article : MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD" href="/encyclopedie/mahomet-muhammad/">Mahomet</a> ‘Abd Allāh, Abū Bakr reçut le surnom de ‘Atīq (affranchi), puis celui d'al-Siddīq (le crédule), parce qu'il aurait été le premier à avoir cru immédiatement à l'histoire du voyage nocturne de Mahomet à ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/aicha/"> <span class="rg">AÏCHA </span><span class="rm">(614-678)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">327 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Troisième femme et épouse préférée du prophète <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD. Mahomet (en arabe Muḥammad) est, parmi les fondateurs des grandes religions universalistes, celui que nous connaissons le mieux. Il a fondé l' islam, qui compte aujourd'hui près d'un milliard d'adhérents et dont le rôle historique fut considérable. Sa biographie est loin d'expliquer à elle seule ce succès, mais contribue pour sa part à cette explicat..." title="Article : MAHOMET ou MUḤAMMAD" href="/encyclopedie/mahomet-muhammad/">Mahomet</a>, le fondateur de l'islam. '̄A'isha Bint Abī Bakr, née en 614 à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ville sainte de l'islam vers laquelle se tournent tous les musulmans pour prier et en laquelle ils doivent, s'ils en ont les moyens, se rendre en pèlerinage au moins une fois dans leur vie.. Avant l'établissement de l'islam, La Mecque (de l'arabe Makka ) est essentiellement une cité commerçante. Bien que son existence soit plus ancienne, ce n'est qu'au vi e siècle qu'elle commence à jouer..." title="Article : LA MECQUE" href="/encyclopedie/la-mecque/">La Mecque</a>, morte en 678 à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La ville ( madīna ) du Prophète, située dans le Hedjaz en Arabie Saoudite. À l'époque pré-islamique, Médine, appelée alors Yatrib, différait beaucoup de La Mecque : cette dernière était en effet une cité commerçante, tandis que Yatrib était plutôt un groupe de hameaux situés dans une oasis fertile. Deux tribus, les ‘Aws et les Khazradj, venues d'Arabie du Sud, y exerçaient ..." title="Article : MÉDINE" href="/encyclopedie/medine/">Médine</a>, joue un rôle politique non négligeable après la mort de son mari.</p><p>Tous les mariages de Mahomet sont motivés par des intérêts...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/alaouites-nusayris/"> <span class="rg">ALAOUITES </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">NUṢAYRĪS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jaafar AL-KANGE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 297 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> La secte shī‘ite des Nuṣayrīs (An-Nuṣayriyya), qu'on appelle plus couramment Alaouites (Alawites), représente environ 11 p. 100 de la population syrienne. Elle est implantée principalement dans la région montagneuse du djebel Anṣariyya (anciennement as-Summāk), au nord de l'est côtier du pays....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/ali-ibn-abi-talib/"> <span class="rg">‘ALĪ IBN ABĪ ṬĀLIB </span><span class="rm">(600 env.-661)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges BOHAS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">664 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Cousin de Muḥammad, et l'un des premiers convertis à l'islam. En 623 (ou 624), ‘Alī épouse Fāṭima, fille du Prophète et de sa première épouse, Khadīdja. À la mort du Prophète, en 632, il ne lui succède pas à la tête de la communauté : ce n'est qu'en 656 qu'il sera élu calife. 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