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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-99910 apercu surlignable"><p>Buyer power describes the bargaining position of a buyer with respect to its supplier(s) of goods or services. Through purchasing strategies, the buyer, unilaterally or through coordination with other buyers, can decrease the purchasing price of its input below the supplier’s standard selling price, above or below the competitive level. Two sub-types of buyer power are distinguished: first, monopsony power, which implies a withholding effect, being inefficient and dubbed the reverse of monopoly power; and second, bargaining (or countervailing) power, in which tactics other than withholding may be used to the benefit of the buyer to reduce the input’s price. Bargaining power tends to be welfare enhancing as supra-competitive profits kept by the supplier are passed on to the buyer and eventually to the end consumers if there is competition in the retailing market.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-99910 texte surlignable"><p><i>Introduction</i> – Buyer power is an often-neglected topic in the theory and practice of competition law. Buyer power is economically and legally complex. This is due to its dual nature as either a usually efficiency-enhancing purchasing behavior (bargaining power) or as an inefficient one (monopsony). Buyer power interacts and affects two markets. First and foremost, the upstream market, where the purchases are made; secondly, the retailing market in which the buyer acts as a retailer. Anticompetitive concerns prompted by buyer power have arisen across the whole spectrum of competition law: including agreements, abuse of market power, and concentration cases.</p> <p><i>Monopsony power</i> describes the situation in which the supply side of a market is perfectly competitive, represented by an upward-sloping supply curve, and in which a sole buyer is present. The buyer will exercise its market power by withholding purchases (i.e., buying less) to decrease the purchasing price it pays for a good/service below the level that would emerge in a competitive market. The price is set by the buyer fixing a purchasing price it is willing to pay for the input, in a take-it or leave-it offer, or by refusing to negotiate on price. In such a setting, the monopsonist becomes a price-maker. This approach to buyer (monopsony) power is essentially the reverse or mirror image of monopoly power. Monopsony is only possible when the buyer faces an upward-sloping supply curve, i.e., the more you buy, the more expensive the marginal unit becomes. Monopsony power exertion also implies suppliers selling below their marginal costs; if this is the case, the suppliers will be eventually driven out of the market. Monopsony cases tend to be rare. Buyers often try to exercise their purchasing power not through a reduction in purchases but by obtaining more favorable conditions However, a few demand withholding examples are found in the case law. Among them, the alleged imposition of abnormally low purchasing prices of film licenses by a dominant buyer (<i>CICCE v Commission</i>), agreements between buyers limiting the amount of durum wheat that macaroni producers would include in the formula (<i>National Macaroni Manufacturers Association v. Federal Trade Commission</i>) or fixing minimum purchasing prices for grapes for cognac (<i>BNIC v Clair</i>).</p> <p><i>Bargaining power</i>, often labeled as the ‘new’ approach to buyer power, describes the strength in bilateral negotiations of a buyer regarding its supplier(s). Bargaining power allows the buyer to obtain a concession (be it in the form of price and/or non-price terms) from the supplier by, for example, threatening to acquire goods from a different party or simply having the upper hand in the negotiation. Unlike monopsony power, bargaining power does not involve withholding demand or acquiring goods below the competitive price. Instead, it increases trade and neutralizes seller market power by transferring supra-competitive profits from the supplier to the seller that may be passed on eventually to the end consumers. This is because bargaining power can only be exercised where the price is above the supplier’s marginal cost. Therefore, bargaining power tends to be welfare enhancing, being this a reason why there are few anticompetitive cases involving this form of purchasing. That said, bargaining power may raise anticompetitive concerns; these are usually linked to exclusionary effects. Leverage of buyer power to obtain advantages in a subsequent downstream market through the offer of particularly beneficial (and loyalty enhancing) purchasing conditions was discussed extensively in <i>British Airways v Commission</i> through the grant of some ‘reverse’ rebates. Additionally, predatory buying has also been reviewed in the case law and found to be a plausible theory of harm, for instance, by the US Supreme Court in <i>Weyerhaeuser Company, v Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company, Inc.</i> Bargaining power is often used as a procompetitive argument to justify a conduct and render it compatible with competition rules. Prime examples of this situation are buying alliances that pool buyer power, leading to lower input prices and higher output, as discussed, for instance, in <i>Gøttrup-Klim and Others Grovvareforeninger v Dansk Landbrugs Grovvareselskab, or Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery Printing Co.</i></p> <p><i>Countervailing buyer power,</i> or the ability to sufficiently neutralize opposing market power based on the buyer’s bargaining strength in a commercial relationship, has been a topic of discussion in concentration and abuse of dominance cases. While often invoked, practice shows that meeting the sufficiency requirements for countervailing buyer power to effectively prevent seller market power exertion is rare. This neutralizing power must benefit not only the large buyer exerting it but also spill over to other (smaller) buyers, as discussed in <i>Enso/Stora</i>.</p> <p><i>The type of harm required</i> for EU competition law to be applicable to buyer power cases has also been analyzed by the case law. European courts have found that buyer power liability arises without requiring direct evidence of end consumer harm (e.g.: <i>British Airways v Commission</i>, as well as the spill-over effect requirement in countervailing buyer power cases, such as <i>SCA/Metsä Tissue</i>). This means that harm that can be proven and has taken place in the upstream market in and by itself is sufficient for competition law to apply; not that this necessarily implies that inefficient suppliers are protected, or that end consumer harm is irrelevant. A narrower approach that focuses on the effects on the output market and, therefore, also direct end consumer harm appears to be adopted in the USA in <i>Weyerhaeuser Company, v Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company, Inc</i>. This narrower approach assumes that buyers always compete in the same upstream and downstream markets, which is not necessarily the case.</p> <p><i>The EU Competition law’s scope of application</i> has been defined regarding which purchases are controlled by it and, therefore, determining which exercises of buyer power (or by whom) could be illegal. Not all purchases by an entity imply an economic activity, a defining factor for EU competition law to be applicable. In <i>FENIN v Commission</i>, the ECJ stressed that establishing whether purchasing constitutes an economic activity “must be determined according to whether or not the subsequent use of the purchased goods amounts to an economic activity”.</p> <p><i>The topics of unfair purchasing practices, gatekeeping and economic dependence</i> have recently brought rare attention to buyer power. Discussions on fairness, relative market power, and exploitation of small suppliers by large buyers combine issues related to antitrust, contractual equilibrium, and fair competition. Most instances of unfair purchasing practices (e.g.: delisting, slotting allowances, etc.), typically related to the food retailing sector, will fall outside the scope of antitrust rules as buyers tend not to be dominant. Regulatory solutions to unfair purchasing practices have been adopted in various countries, including most EU member states and the USA. Legislative interest and concern in the matter led to the Directive (EU) 2019/633 on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain in April 2019. Gatekeeping, or the ability of buyers to create entry or exit barriers to either the upstream or downstream market, is another buyer power topic enjoying a renaissance because of the discussions on the regulation of digital markets. Examples related to unfair purchasing, gatekeeping, and economic dependence are found in the case law and EU Commission’s practice, such as the <i>Kesko/Tuko</i> concentration case.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-99910 reference"><p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2007/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-fine-imposed-on-an-airline-for-abuse-of" class="spip_in">C-95/04 P - <i>British Airways v Commission</i>, EU:C:2007:166</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2007/The-US-Supreme-Court-extends"><i>Weyerhaeuser Company, v Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company, Inc.</i>, in 127 S. Ct. 1069 (2007)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2006/case-comments/Scope-of-Competition-Law-The-ECJ">C-205/03 P - <i>FENIN v Commission</i>, EU:C:2006:453</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2001/The-European-Commission-blocks-the">COMP/M.2097 <i>SCA/Metsä Tissue</i> [2001] OJ L 57/1</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/november-1998/the-eu-commission-clears-subject-to-remedies-a-merger-between-swedish-and-en">Case No IV/M.1225 - <i>Enso/Stora)</i> [1999] OJ L 254/9</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/november-1996/The-European-Commission-prohibits-39533">Case No IV/M.784 - <i>Kesko/Tuko</i> [1997] OJ L 110/53</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/january-1985/the-eu-court-of-justice-states-that-article-81-1-applies-to-the-decisions-of-a">C-123/83 - <i>BNIC v Clair</i>, EU:C:1985:33</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/march-1985/the-eu-court-of-justice-rejects-due-to-insufficient-evidence-a-complaint">C-298/83 - <i>CICCE v Commission</i>, EU:C:1985:150</a></p> <p><i>Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery Printing Co.</i>, 472 U.S. 284 (1985)</p> <p><i>National Macaroni Manufacturers Association v Federal Trade Commission</i>, 345 F2.d 421 (7th Cir. 1965)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-99910 jurisprudence"><p>Cartensen, Peter C., Competition Policy and the Control of Buyer Power: A Global Issue. Edward Elgar, 2017.</p> <p>Chen, Zhiqi, “Defining buyer power.” Antitrust Bulletin. 53 (2008): 241.</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law">Herrera Anchustegui, Ignacio, <i>Buyer Power in EU Competition Law</i>, Concurrences (2017). Winner of the 2017 Concurrences PhD Award</a></p> <p>Kirkwood, John B., “Buyer power and exclusionary conduct: Should Brooke Group set the Standards for Buyer-Induced Price Discrimination and Predatory Bidding?” Antitrust Law Journal 72, 2004: 625.</p> <p>Van Doorn, Frederik, The Law and Economics of Buyer Power in EU Competition Policy, Eleven International Publishing, 2015.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton40192-6e502.jpg?1711361813) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Bergen</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Norway</span> <span class="articles"><em>7</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>12877</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui, </span> <span class="entry-title">Buyer power</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12328</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">28679</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12328 texte surlignable"><p>Ability of one or more buyers, based on their economic importance on the market in question, to obtain favourable purchasing terms from their suppliers. Buyer power is an important aspect in competition analysis, since powerful buyers may discipline the pricing policy of powerful sellers, thus creating a "balance of powers" on the market concerned. However, buyer power does not necessarily have positive effects. When a strong buyer faces weak sellers, for example, the outcome can be worse than when the buyer is not powerful. The effects of a buyer’s strength also depend on whether the buyer, in turn, has seller power on a downstream market. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QlK9uyjRSD/ZdGjUo5+Bp0lcTIwMQgyc+MMh78CA35T4TWCuGzxeSXWi1NG4s56HqRnspJMwJc2lmfyaOfVJc/YibTCdb7dajCWts0X3r50AsiJFLpLnYGYn7DUB5mm7PB4PCBCZpLi0m1mBmOoFsU1dMeU2JSWuGgxW21u4dGfSDCVuGPEAyOHNMR/sZ5+PAF/g6yNqkf8ieWpwrel/9ws733njv/6RZRn0HSWw44By6dH5HbSuow8YjeaTql5eZTlbbGLi8ou31MF9ozS4kjRohlDVkNECAUUkQkUtP0ovZrzjX9uMGW4HgzH743MGxryt+YZuvmerTlgQW6Rt7Dqhwjz/au0n' data-origin="//en/dictionary/buyer-power"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/new-zealand-competition-authority">New Zealand Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-new-zealand-competition-authority-blocks-the-proposed-merger-of-two-grocery" rel="bookmark">The New Zealand Competition Authority blocks the proposed merger of two grocery giants due to the potential harm to competition <em>(Foodstuffs North Island / Foodstuffs South Island)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-30T22:00:00Z">1 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120805 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commerce Commission declines clearance for the proposed Foodstuffs merger* <br class='autobr' /> The Commerce Commission has declined to give clearance for Foodstuffs North Island Limited and Foodstuffs South Island Limited to merge to become a single national grocery entity. <br class='autobr' /> Chair Dr John Small said that the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/croatian-competition-authority">Croatian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-croatian-competition-authority-fines-major-retailer-eur132k-for-unfair" rel="bookmark">The Croatian Competition Authority fines major retailer €132K for unfair trading practices towards its food suppliers <em>(Studenac)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-30T22:00:00Z">1 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120881 introduction entry-content"> <p>EUR 132,000 fine for STUDENAC for imposing unfair trading practices* <br class='autobr' /> The Croatian Competition Agency (CCA) fined STUDENAC d.o.o. from Omiš EUR 132,000 for the serious infringement of the Croatian Act on the prohibition of unfair trading practices in the business-to-business food supply chain (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/turkish-competition-authority-20394">Turkish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-turkish-competition-authority-publishes-the-draft-guidelines-on-competition" rel="bookmark">The Turkish Competition Authority publishes the draft guidelines on competition infringements in labor markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-15T22:00:00Z">16 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120644 introduction entry-content"> <p>"The Draft Guidelines on Competition Infringements in Labor Markets", the preparations for which have been completed, have been opened to public opinion (16.9.2024)* <br class='autobr' /> The basic structural feature of labor markets, where competition for labor is essential, is that a few number of employers are (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/croatian-competition-authority">Croatian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-croatian-competition-authority-investigates-a-food-manufacturing-company" rel="bookmark">The Croatian Competition Authority investigates a food manufacturing company for using anti-competitive practices with suppliers <em>(Naturala)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-05T22:00:00Z">6 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120533 introduction entry-content"> <p>Implementation of the UTPs Act: CCA opens proceeding against Naturala company* <br class='autobr' /> The aim of the protection of market competition is primarily to create benefits for consumers and equal conditions for all entrepreneurs on the market, who, acting in accordance with the existing rules and competing (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-romanian-competition-authority-carries-out-an-unannounced-inspection-as" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority carries out an unannounced inspection as part of its abuse of superior bargaining position investigation in the medical oxygen market <em>(Messer Romania Gaz)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-25T22:00:00Z">26 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119370 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE COMPETITION COUNCIL ASSESSES A CASE OF ABUSE OF A SUPERIOR BARGAINING POSITION ON THE MEDICAL OXYGEN MARKET* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Council conducted an unannounced inspection at the headquarters of Messer Romania Gaz SRL, one of the main producers of medical oxygen in the country. <br class='autobr' /> The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2024/alertes/commercial-negotiation-the-paris-court-of-appeal-rules-out-the-application-of-a" rel="bookmark"><strong>Commercial negotiation</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal rules out the application of a clause reducing the statute of limitations for actions for payment of invoices for services, damages for sudden breach of commercial relationship and reimbursement of end-of-year rebates deemed undue, while ruling on the justification of these rebates <em>(NPS / Achats Marchandises Casino ; Distribution Casino France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-28T22:00:00Z">29 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120758 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. During 2015, NPS ("NPS"), whose business is the supply of security system installations, approached the Casino group’s central purchasing agency, AMC ("AMC"), which negotiated the pricing terms for the purchase of products or services from suppliers on behalf of Casino group subsidiaries, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kenyan-competition-authority">Kenyan Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-kenyan-high-court-upholds-the-competition-authority-s-7-1m-fine-against-a" rel="bookmark"> The Kenyan High Court upholds the Competition Authority’s $7.1M fine against a supermarket chain for abuse of buyer power <em>(Carrefour)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-22T22:00:00Z">23 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120041 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE HIGH COURT UPHOLDS CAK’S ABUSE OF BUYER POWER FINDING AGAINST MAJID AL FUTTAIM HYPERMARKETS LIMITED (CARREFOUR)* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority of Kenya (‘the Authority’) is established under section 7 of the Competition Act CAP 504 (‘the Competition Act’). The Authority enforces the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2024/alertes/commercial-negotiation-the-paris-court-of-appeal-rules-that-the-use-of-the-term" rel="bookmark"><strong>Commercial negotiation</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal rules that the use of the term <em>“habillage"</em> does not mean that an advantage granted is unlawful, constituting an advantage without consideration under the provision of former Article L. 442-6, I, 1° of the French Commercial Code (<em>Laboratoires Prodene Klint / Orapi</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-23T22:00:00Z">24 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119728 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. Laboratoires Prodene Klint (hereafter "LPK") manufactures soaps, detergents and cleaning products for professional use, under its own brands and private labels. It has entered into a commercial relationship with Orapi (hereafter "Orapi"), itself a supplier whose business is the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gerald-maatman">Gerald Maatman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sean-p-mcconnell">Sean P. McConnell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-nevada-approves-a-usd-335-million" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Nevada approves a USD 335 million settlement in a first ever labor monopsony antitrust class action, brought by MMA fighters against the UFC <em>(TKO Group Holdings)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-12T23:00:00Z">13 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117926 introduction entry-content"> <p>On March 20, 2024, a regulatory filing by UFC parent company, TKO Group Holding Inc., revealed that TKO will pay $335 million to settle a class action brought by MMA fighters who alleged that the UFC engaged in anticompetitive conduct to suppress the fighters’ wages in Cung Le v. Zuffa, LLC, No. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2024/alerts/digital-markets-the-french-competition-authority-publishes-its-2024-2025" rel="bookmark"><strong>Digital markets</strong>: The French Competition Authority publishes its 2024-2025 roadmap</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-26T23:00:00Z">27 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117489 introduction entry-content"> <p>On February 27, 2024, the French Competition Authority presented its roadmap 2024-2025which this year sets 3 priorities instead of eight last year. <br class='autobr' /> In fact, the objectives are more or less the same from one year to the next, which testifies to a certain constancy of thought and action. In (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2024/alerts/exclusive-control-the-french-competition-authority-publishes-online-a-new" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusive control</strong>: The French Competition Authority publishes online a new merger clearance decision concerning the takeover of 61 stores by a supermarket and a simplified decision concerning the acquisition of sole control of a tech startup <em>(Intermarché / Proman)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-30T23:00:00Z">31 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117551 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the last few days, the French Competition Authority has posted 2 new merger clearance decisions online, including 1 simplified decision. <br class='autobr' /> The other is decision no. 24-DCC-02 of January 11, 2024 in which the French competition authority authorized ITM Entreprises (Intermarché), subject to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-ereseo">Nicolas Éréséo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2024/alerts/the-french-fair-trade-commission-considers-that-the-status-of-supplier-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Buyer power</strong>: The French Fair-Trade Commission considers that the status of supplier of private label products is not affected by the subcontracting to a third party of the manufacture of the products</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-17T23:00:00Z">18 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118176 introduction entry-content"> <p>Questioned by a law firm, the CEPC gave its opinion on the relationship between two particularly obscure provisions of our law on commercial negotiations: the one defining wholesalers(C. com., art. L. 441-1-2, I) and the one defining suppliers of private-label food products(C. com., art. L. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2024/alerts/written-agreement-and-delay-for-signature-the-court-of-appeal-recognizes-it" rel="bookmark"><strong>Written agreement</strong>: The Versailles Court of Appeal recognizes its jurisdiction to rule on an action for damages against a supplier from a retailer fined for delay in signing the agreement and recognizes its standing to bring such an action, but dismisses the action on the grounds of demonstrating the fault of its supplier <em>(Interdis/ Procter et Gamble France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118174 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. With a view to the 2019 commercial agreements, the "Envergure" central purchasing unit, created as part of a partnership between the Carrefour and Système U groups to negotiate with the groups’ largest suppliers and acting on behalf of SNC Interdis ("the distributor"), itself the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kenyan-competition-authority">Kenyan Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2023/the-kenyan-competition-authority-imposes-a-record-fine-of-7-1m-on-a-local" rel="bookmark">The Kenyan Competition Authority imposes a record fine of $7.1M on a local franchise holder of a French multinational retailer for abuse of buyer power <em>(Carrefour)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-18T23:00:00Z">19 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116471 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE COMPETITION AUTHORITY OF KENYA SANCTIONS MAJID AL FUTTAIM HYPERMARKETS LIMITED (CARREFOUR) FOR ABUSE OF BUYER POWER* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority of Kenya (‘the Authority’) is established under section 7 of the Competition Act No.12 of 2010 (“the Competition Act’). The Authority enforces the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2024/alerts/abusive-negotiations-the-paris-court-of-appeal-rules-that-the-referencing-of-a" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abusive negotiations</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal rules that the referencing of a supplier’s products by a retail group’s central listing office does not constitute a separable service from the purchase and sale transaction and condemn the retailer to refund to the supplier the financial considerations received in this respect <em>(FG Diffusion / Achat Marchandises Casino ; Distribution Casino France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-28T23:00:00Z">29 November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117485 introduction entry-content"> <p>The facts. For a description of the facts, please refer to C. Mouly-Guillemaud’s comments (see Focus above). <br class='autobr' /> Problem. The ruling touches on a number of subjects that should not be overlooked by observers of commercial negotiations, as the lessons it contains appear to be of practical use in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/buyer-power?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds2fWctc+g9ky3yaGlpoewpIcwDlZ6Fo5zQPgQR6oaJGHrgl2qf0Cpkzryq0lAWSeldH6UvWrHklXWLn/Ml2J/2UXV4PqzerjNyh7raGfxa4gort2Fp10+fK43MwlAnfn+mTr78C0oTYCieP6DXyc71WiNR49DMMSWp/hkp4UYXCKE1F8khA//I9o81DkfOYmGlgr3EAlVx4iLBSoK00ZujjgG/a1ujnb6VJqswWQimm+OssPiDXONV23Q2I+wqyfmoQKN5raflGCO98tn/CdRPlCI8JAB1yNX53QFNqOVYLuV3oGZlrUufe6herRu3XfaQNiakqG9xN3b' data-origin="//en/dictionary/buyer-power"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/morgane-guignard-168552">Morgane Guignard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-delaprez-207357">Yann Delaprez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2024/law-economics/effectiveness-of-horizontal-merger-remedies-in-vertical-markets" rel="bookmark">Effectiveness of horizontal merger remedies in vertical markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116766 introduction entry-content"> <p>The article explores the effectiveness of divestitures as a remedy for upstream horizontal mergers in vertically related markets. We argue that competition authorities ignoring the asymmetric bargaining power between upstream and downstream firms when assessing the choice of the buyer of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/assimakis-komninos">Assimakis Komninos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-petit">Nicolas Petit</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2022/livres/ex-post-evaluation-of-competition-cases-assimakis-komninos-and-nicolas-petit" rel="bookmark">Ex Post Evaluation of Competition Cases, Assimakis KOMNINOS and Nicolas PETIT (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114801 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-eugenia-garibotti">Maria Eugenia Garibotti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/chanont-big-banternghansa">Chanont "Big" Banternghansa</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kristof-zetenyi">Kristof Zetenyi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2023/law-economics/efficiencies-in-the-second-score-auction-model" rel="bookmark">Efficiencies in the second-score auction model</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112602 introduction entry-content"> <p>The second-score auction (SSA) model is often used to evaluate the potential competitive effects of a merger or acquisition involving markets in which sellers and buyers set individualized prices for products. This article discusses the interpretation and implementation of efficiencies in the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christian-wey">Christian Wey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benjamin-schroder">Benjamin Schröder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daniel-fritz">Daniel Fritz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/law-economics/creating-the-single-market-the-ab-inbev-case-in-perspective" rel="bookmark">Creating the single market: The <em>AB InBev</em> case in perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108966 introduction entry-content"> <p>The main objective of the European Union is to establish the single market. Yet, research by the European institutions shows that there are large price and persistent differences in the retail sector between the different member states for the same goods. There are indications that trade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benoit-coeure">Benoît Cœuré</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stanislas-martin">Stanislas Martin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2022/conferences/new-frontiers-of-antitrust-paris-21-june-2022" rel="bookmark">New Frontiers of Antitrust (Paris, 21 June 2022) </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109463 introduction entry-content"> <p>Abstract <br class='autobr' /> On the 21st of June, at Paris was held the 13th edition of the "New Frontiers of Antitrust" conference organized by Concurrences. This conference, held each year in Paris since 2009, now ranks first among the European antitrust independent events in terms of venue, press reports and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2022/articles/agriculture-and-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Agriculture and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109366 introduction entry-content"> <p>The implementation of competition law in agriculture and, more broadly, the food sector constitutes an important area of study, of particular importance during this period of inflationary tendencies. The paper examines the broader competition policy issues that arise in the context of global (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-a-posner">Eric A. Posner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-volpin">Cristina Volpin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2020/droit-et-economie/eric-a-posner" rel="bookmark">Labor monopsony and European competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97193 introduction entry-content"> <p>Recent economic research indicates that labor markets tend to be highly concentrated, and that employers use mergers, no-poaching agreements, and related collusive behavior to further concentrate labor markets and exploit labor market power at the expense of workers. In the United States, this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romain-de-nijs">Romain de Nijs</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2019/conferences/buyer-power-and-supplier-platforms-merger-what-role-for-competition-authorities" rel="bookmark">Buyer power and supplier platforms merger: What role for competition authorities? (Paris, 21 Febr. 2019)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95103 introduction entry-content"> <p>These articles were collected following the Seminar ’Buyer power and supplier platforms merger: What role for competition authorities?’ organized by Concurrences on 21 February 2019 in Paris. The first contribution focuses on the legislative and jurisprudential difficulties in containing the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-carstensen">Peter C. Carstensen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2018/livres/competition-policy-and-the-control-of-buyer-power-a-global-issue-peter-c" rel="bookmark">Competition Policy and the Control of Buyer Power: A Global Issue, Peter C. CARSTENSEN</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102747 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2018/livres/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-ignacio-herrara-anchustegui" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law, Ignacio HERRARA ANCHUSTEGUI</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102891 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/per-rummel">Per Rummel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thomas-weck">Thomas Weck</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2017/international/germany-changes-made-by-the-ninth-amendment-to-the-german-act-against" rel="bookmark">Germany: Changes made by the Ninth Amendment to the German Act Against Restraints of Competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83745 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article analyses the legal modifications by the ninth amendment to the German Competition Act. Partly, the changes were necessary to transpose European rules on administrative and civil liability. Moreover, the German legislator attunes the competition law to the challenges of the digital (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/frederik-van-doorn">Frederik van Doorn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2015/livres/the-law-and-economics-of-buyer-power-in-eu-competition-policy-frederik-van" rel="bookmark">The Law and Economics of Buyer Power in EU Competition Policy, Frederik VAN DOORN</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104432 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLddfVkVnW02gFhyeNhtONt480dy6KcDf8ObGAGE7+82E9r+LojDs+dL3NFeYALop99RuC5YB3dS0zYH/5NNIbpQuUKde2vuOombZ0PnC+WYHW50n8v70WX+kG0I1Ny6gege4ulaBrq4jJc1q/EW10Fq4VmIsWMKj+KFDPydSEKU6sEpZoBJ63zRq+0TD3KhPBqHMY8qTavh4zBb9XtdsWHAJvGIUkx01dc/IajYbvLP0tbU98BvtINIdyCgTTDzlyI4hTNfuO1zJajJzqrDKrUtjj+AJU3xLNFnEkJcf5B8/9jd8N+fkAzhOrhLLHg4VSUYSFjqcwgm8rNojA==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/buyer-power"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pgoldberg-worldbank-org">Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox">Eleanor M. Fox</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/harry-first">Harry First</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/paula-farani-de-azevedo-silveira">Paula Farani De Azevedo Silveira</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/davis">Kevin E. Davis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-lewis">David Lewis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/nicholas-economides">Nicholas Economides</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dennis-davis">Dennis Davis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/amy-ray">Amy Ray</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcio-de-oliveira-jr">Marcio De Oliveira Junior</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/scott-hemphill">Scott Hemphill</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Alexey-Ivanov">Alexey Ivanov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/liberty-mncube">Liberty Macebo Mncube</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/george-paul">George Paul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-rubinfeld">Daniel L. Rubinfeld</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/arsenio-m-balisacan">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/randy-tritell-2131">Randolph Tritell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pablo-trevisan">Pablo Trevisán</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kingsbur-mercury-law-nyu-edu">Benedict Kingsbury</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-and-developing-and-emerging-economies" rel="bookmark">Antitrust and Developing and Emerging Economies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-01T11:00:00Z">1 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90295 introduction entry-content"><p>Annual Concurrences + NYU Law conference with the support of Charles River Associates, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, Orrick, White & Case (Panel Sponsors) and MLex (Media Sponsor).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-godfroid">Laurent Godfroid</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romain-de-nijs">Romain de Nijs</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/buyer-power-and-supplier-platforms-merger-what-role-for-competition-authorities-en" rel="bookmark">Buyer power and supplier platforms merger: What role for competition authorities?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-02-21T11:30:00Z">21 February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89437 introduction entry-content"><p>Seminar organised with Daniel Fasquelle (Assemblée nationale) and Emmanuel Combe (Autorité de la concurrence) by Concurrences review in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel and Extent Economics.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/benoit-loutrel">Benoît Loutrel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-justier">Sylvain Justier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-issues-in-the-telecom-sector" rel="bookmark">Competition issues in the telecom sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-30T10:00:00Z">30 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82968 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Magenta and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhKtpyjRgDOl445fyyET11lymMxqfowTpYMoB0xO0G6zABBuTdl/XGTjKcGHc46gImJO1ybcmXAbci0y+OZz2kxukyqF5lciHSzMuuW4ro3Elnomel1nxP4CXj8jmSQ+DCVjrSNlmMeQxv6XVrmCuyrW1F636umbjLjrojRJEcdfdesEp4FW+houWaBmeTiR1gb4nbgNY0Hv9vKN0xCXd5fsF1vKdolPiZvRJXOXEWWipOQVx9mh11+xZomdeRV3E3g62pl6mT00G6WyHWfQwxLJjW7jEX+adOc8XBoYwXifCNo8S5s1xTDl43hngHhaIjq2YGEZmN/ZAaJsmW8nFC8J' data-origin="//en/dictionary/buyer-power"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sean-sullivan">Sean Sullivan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/the-2023-us-merger-guidelines" rel="bookmark">The 2023 U.S. Merger Guidelines</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-08T22:00:00Z">9 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117614 introduction entry-content"> <p>This multi-contributors guide invites you to explore the detailed landscape of antitrust law and economic policy through a comprehensive review of the 2023 U.S. Merger Guidelines. Written by a panel of esteemed scholars and practitioners, this volume offers a diverse array of perspectives on the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-charbit">Nicolas Charbit</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sonia-ahmad">Sonia Ahmad</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/albert-a-foer-liber-amicorum-en" rel="bookmark">Albert A. Foer Liber Amicorum</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T22:00:00Z">14 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96584 introduction entry-content"> <p>At a time of reckoning for the future of antitrust, this Liber Amicorum brings together a diverse collection of today’s leading thinkers to pay tribute to Albert Allen (Bert) Foer, founder of the American Antitrust Institute (AAI). In doing so, it illustrates the intellectual landscape of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84846 introduction entry-content"> <p>The thesis presents a comprehensive and cross-sectional discussion of buyer power to determine the legal regulation of buyer conducts under EU competition law. It focuses on four main research areas: understanding buyer power; analysing the legal treatment given to the exertion of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3vsJ2VQaXpoEP/erh/3w7tAimN1P4Q/06cTAbpcLOq75OlHG7BKWOJXknbw53Xyc5y5XDDJFvcsclVlBWQtaDm86z8Sp2jOUcoe1NoMpqCtKMVf1gwcqLB4PDHCZxrizm1k5wS+unXdws9O6xobNGHALHVm4fGfVCiVsIJhSzeHBMR7MgIcfT2IFiyULrCIGaRpslwH2+rGg/FMhWmlzFszvoMuJWEF7UWu5q7QZXGwOJj0eqGCOimFmwo83SilQVsE16EiG2O+xkjFFFiBo41NEeoEl/O2IDrSDX9uM48i+gzHK4x8VpGEjMlcxgNMc0u26H/qeXNR+4GosQg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/buyer-power"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/luis-cabral">Luis Cabral</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131904" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Why is Competition a Good Thing</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">105Why Competition? Why is Competition a Good Thing?Luis Cabral * New York University I. Introduction Why is competition a good thing? This may seem an obvious question – until you start comparing notes and realize that different people suggest different answers. My goal in this contribution is (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/matt-stoller">Matt Stoller</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131929" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>A Return to 1912. The Antitrust Center Will Not Hold</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">111Why Competition? A Return to 1912: The Antitrust Center Will Not Hold * Matt Stoller ** Open Markets Institute In the crises of the 1930s, one of the great investigations in American history was done by a pugnacious working-class lawyer, Ferdinand Pecora, who embarrassed the lords of Wall (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francis-wang-ombe-kariuki">Francis Wang’ombe Kariuki</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131952" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Why Competition. A Review of Competition Regulation in Africa</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">265Why Competition? Why Competition? A Review of Competition Regulation in Africa: Focusing on Key Competition Regimes in Sub-Saharan AfricaFrancis Wang'ombe Kariuki *1 Bowmans I. Overview, Scope and Institutions Dispensation Africa has experienced growth in development and enforcement of (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/innovation-paradox-in-merger-control-1442#id=116635" rel="bookmark">Innovation Paradox in Merger Control <small>Chapter 3 – The Innovation Effects of Mergers The Concepts and Theoretical Background</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Innovation Paradox in Merger Control – Professor Gönenç Gürkaynak63 Chapter 3 The Innovation Effects of Mergers: The Concepts and Theoretical Background 1 Introduction Having introduced the historical journey of the term “innovation” and how it may relate to the concept of “competition,” we now (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/berfu-akgun">Berfu Akgun</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/beyza-timur">Beyza Timur</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/turkish-competition-law-884#id=73074" rel="bookmark">Turkish Competition Law <small>Chapter 6 - Concept of Dominance</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-23T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">24 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Turkish Competition Law – Gönenç Gürkaynak181 Chapter 6 Concept of Dominance Gönenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Berfu Akgün * and Beyza Timur ** Under the Turkish competition law regime, for conduct to constitute an abuse of domi nant position under Article 6 of Law No. 4054, the undertaking(s) in (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/John-B-Kirkwood">John Kirkwood</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/albert-a-foer-liber-amicorum#id=63008" rel="bookmark">Albert A. Foer Liber Amicorum <small>Buyer Power Today</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">14 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">221Albert A. Foer | AfiConsumer Voice in the Antitrust Arena - Liber Amicorum Buyer Power Today John B. K irkwood * Seattle University School of Law Abstract Buyer power has long been a neglected issue in antitrust law. Thanks to Bert Foer and others, however, that has changed. In the last two (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/adrian-majumdar">Adrian Majumdar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/iestyn-williams">Iestyn Williams</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/richard-whish-qc-hon-liber-amicorum-604#id=57653" rel="bookmark">Richard Whish QC (Hon) Liber Amicorum <small>Anchoring Competition Policy: Keep Consumer Welfare and Carry On</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-03-10T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">11 </span><span class="m">Mar</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">17Richard Whish QC (Hon) | Taking Competition Law Outside the Box - Liber Amicorum Anchoring Competition Policy: Keep Consumer Welfare and Carry On Adrian Majumdar and Iestyn Williams * RBB Economics Abstract The consumer welfare standard plays a notable role guiding decision-making by (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41236" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small><strong>Part VI. Conclusions of this Study</strong> <br/>Chapter 11. Final Conclusions</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">PART VI CONCLUSIONS OF THIS STUDY I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 549 FINAL CONCLUSIONS I. Introduction Echoing the introduction of this study, my aim has been to determine the legal treatment that is afforded to buyer power by EU competition law as expressed in the (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41234" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small><strong>Part V. Buyer Power From a Seller’s Perspective: Countervailing Buyer Power and Buyer Power Limitation</strong> <br/>Chapter 9. Countervailing Buyer Power</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">PART V BUYER POWER FROM A SELLER'S PERSPECTIVE: COUNTERVAILING BUYER POWER AND BUYER POWER LIMITATION I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 457 COUNTERVAILING BUYER POWER I. Introduction Countervailing buyer power (CBP), along with UPPs, is arguably the sub-topic of buyer (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41235" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 10. Limiting Buyer Power</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 513 LIMITING BUYER POWER I. Introduction Buyer power may be limited by undertakings, either acting individually, coordinated or even through the intervention of the state of its organs, when the behaviour of these entities seeks to (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41232" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 7. Exploitative Buyer Power</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 301 EXPLOITATIVE BUYER POWER I. Introduction The exploitation of buyer power implies imposing purchasing conditions to the detriment of suppliers and the benefit of the buyer, which are typically but not exclusively in the form of very (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41233" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 8. Exploitative Buyer Power: Unfair Purchasing Practices</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 387 EXPLOITATIVE BUYER POWER: UNFAIR PURCHASING PRACTICES* I. Introduction A powerful buyer, alone or in agreement with other buyers, may exploit its buyer power vis-à-vis its supplier(s) by imposing ‘unfair' trading conditions, in (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41231" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small><strong>Part IV. Exerting Buyer Power. Exclusion and Exploitation</strong><br/>Chapter 6. Exclusionary Buyer Power</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">PART IV EXERTING BUYER POWER. EXCLUSION AND EXPLOITATION I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 207 EXCLUSIONARY BUYER POWER I. Introduction to Part IV and buyer power exclusion This Part IV constitutes the core of this study as it deals with the conducts and theories of harm (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41230" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 5. Buyer Power Market Assessment</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 161 BUYER MARKET POWER ASSESSMENT I. Introduction Once the relevant product and geographic markets have been defined, competition authorities will assess the market power of the involved undertaking(s) to determine the economic effects (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41228" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 3. Buyer Power Through an Ordoliberal Lens</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 77 BUYER POWER THROUGH AN ORDOLIBERAL LENS* I. Introduction Ordoliberal ideas, in particular the ideas of Wettbewerbsordnung and Wettbewerbsfreiheit – a system of ordered competition and freedom to compete have been, and still are, (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/buyer-power?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a 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href="//en/dictionary/buyer-power#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', 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