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</li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultra high frequency</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="تردد بالغ الارتفاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تردد بالغ الارتفاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Дэцыметровыя хвалі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэцыметровыя хвалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Дэцымэтровыя хвалі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэцымэтровыя хвалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF" title="UHF – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="UHF" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrakr%C3%A1tk%C3%A9_vlny" title="Ultrakrátké vlny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ultrakrátké vlny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF" title="UHF – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UHF" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezimeterwelle" title="Dezimeterwelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dezimeterwelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF-sagedusala" title="UHF-sagedusala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="UHF-sagedusala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF" title="UHF – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="UHF" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF" title="UHF – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="UHF" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimetra_ondo" title="Decimetra ondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Decimetra ondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="بسامد فرابالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بسامد فرابالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_haute_fr%C3%A9quence" title="Ultra haute fréquence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ultra haute fréquence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF" title="UHF – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="UHF" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%B4%88%EB%8B%A8%ED%8C%8C" title="극초단파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극초단파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="परा उच्च आवृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परा उच्च आवृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi_ultra_tinggi" title="Frekuensi ultra tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frekuensi ultra tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ultra high frequency" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF" title="UHF – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="UHF" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezimeterwell" title="Dezimeterwell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dezimeterwell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ултрависока честота – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ултрависока честота" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi_ultra_tinggi" title="Frekuensi ultra tinggi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frekuensi ultra tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_frequency" title="Ultra-high frequency – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ultra-high frequency" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E8%B6%85%E7%9F%AD%E6%B3%A2" title="極超短波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="極超短波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrah%C3%B8y_frekvens" title="Ultrahøy frekvens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ultrahøy frekvens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrah%C3%B8g_frekvens" title="Ultrahøg frekvens – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ultrahøg frekvens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF" title="UHF – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="UHF" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detsimetrli_to%CA%BBlqinlar" title="Detsimetrli toʻlqinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Detsimetrli toʻlqinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਾਰਲੀ ਵਾਰਵਾਰਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਰਲੀ ਵਾਰਵਾਰਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fale_decymetrowe" title="Fale decymetrowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fale decymetrowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequ%C3%AAncia_ultra-alta" title="Frequência ultra-alta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frequência ultra-alta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Дециметровые волны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дециметровые волны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="අති උච්ච සංඛ්‍යාතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අති උච්ච සංඛ්‍යාතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ultra high frequency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_kr%C3%A1tke_vlny" title="Ultra krátke vlny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ultra krátke vlny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ултрависока фреквенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ултрависока фреквенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultravisoka_frekvencija" title="Ultravisoka frekvencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ultravisoka frekvencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF_(taajuusalue)" title="UHF (taajuusalue) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="UHF (taajuusalue)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrah%C3%B6g_frekvens" title="Ultrahög frekvens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"UHF" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/UHF_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UHF (disambiguation)">UHF (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electromagnetic spectrum 300–3000 MHz</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"><span class="fn">Ultra high frequency</span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Ultra high frequency (ITU)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Frequency range</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">300 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a> to 3 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Wavelength range</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1 <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">m</a> to 1 <a href="/wiki/Decimetre" title="Decimetre">dm</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related bands</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_band_(NATO)" title="B band (NATO)">B</a> / <a href="/wiki/C_band_(NATO)" title="C band (NATO)">C</a> / <a href="/wiki/D_band_(NATO)" title="D band (NATO)">D</a> / <a href="/wiki/E_band_(NATO)" title="E band (NATO)">E bands</a> (NATO)</li> <li>UHF and <a href="/wiki/L_band#IEEE_L_band" title="L band">L</a> / <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S bands</a> (IEEE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Ultra high frequency (IEEE)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Frequency range</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">300 MHz to 1 GHz</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Wavelength range</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1 m to 3 dm</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related bands</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li>UHF (ITU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_band" class="mw-redirect" title="B band">B</a> / <a href="/wiki/C_band_(NATO)" title="C band (NATO)">C bands</a> (NATO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio bands</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/ITU_radio_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU radio bands">ITU </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <table style="margin:0 auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">1 (ELF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">2 (SLF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">3 (ULF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;padding-right:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">4 (VLF)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">5 (LF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">6 (MF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">7 (HF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;padding-right:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">8 (VHF)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">9 (UHF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">10 (SHF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">11 (EHF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;padding-right:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">12 (THF)</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/NATO_radio_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO radio bands">EU / NATO / US ECM </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_band_(NATO)" title="A band (NATO)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_band_(NATO)" title="B band (NATO)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(NATO)" title="C band (NATO)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_band_(NATO)" title="D band (NATO)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_band_(NATO)" title="E band (NATO)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_band_(NATO)" title="F band (NATO)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_band_(NATO)" title="G band (NATO)">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_band_(NATO)" title="H band (NATO)">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_band_(NATO)" title="I band (NATO)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_band_(NATO)" title="J band (NATO)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(NATO)" title="K band (NATO)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band_(NATO)" title="L band (NATO)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_band_(NATO)" title="M band (NATO)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_band_(NATO)" title="N band (NATO)">N</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum#IEEE" title="Radio spectrum">IEEE </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">mm</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Other TV and radio</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_IV" title="Band IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_V" title="Band V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_VI" title="Band VI">VI</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_bands_sidebar" title="Template:Radio bands sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_bands_sidebar" title="Template talk:Radio bands sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_bands_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radio bands sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ultra high frequency</b> (<b>UHF</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> designation for <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequencies</a> in the range between 300 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">megahertz</a> (MHz) and 3 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">gigahertz</a> (GHz), also known as the <b>decimetre band</b> as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter (one <a href="/wiki/Decimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimeter">decimeter</a>). Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the <a href="/wiki/Super-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-high frequency">super-high frequency</a> (SHF) or <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF (<a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a>) or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a>; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is strong enough for indoor reception. They are used for <a href="/wiki/UHF_television_broadcasting" title="UHF television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a>, satellite communication including <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_radio_service" title="Personal radio service">personal radio services</a> including <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phone">cordless phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phones</a>, and numerous other applications. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> defines the UHF <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum#IEEE" title="Radio spectrum">radar band</a> as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band: the <a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> between 1 and 2 GHz and the <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a> between 2 and 4 GHz. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/220px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/330px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/440px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>UHF <a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">television antenna</a> on a residence. This type of antenna, called a <a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antenna</a>, is widely used at UHF frequencies.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propagation_characteristics">Propagation characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Propagation characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></div> <p>Radio waves in the UHF band travel almost entirely by <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight propagation</a> (LOS) and ground reflection; unlike in the <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> band there is little to no reflection from the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skywave" title="Skywave">skywave</a> propagation), or <a href="/wiki/Ground_wave" title="Ground wave">ground wave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seybold_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seybold-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UHF radio waves are blocked by hills and cannot travel beyond the horizon, but can penetrate foliage and buildings for indoor reception. Since the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of UHF waves are comparable to the size of buildings, trees, vehicles and other common objects, reflection and <a href="/wiki/Knife-edge_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Knife-edge effect">diffraction</a> from these objects can cause <a href="/wiki/Fading" title="Fading">fading</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multipath propagation</a>, especially in built-up urban areas. Atmospheric moisture reduces, or <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuates</a>, the strength of UHF signals over long distances, and the attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> TV signals. </p><p>As the visual horizon sets the maximum range of UHF transmission to between 30 and 40 miles (48 to 64 km) or less, depending on local terrain, the same frequency channels can be reused by other users in neighboring geographic areas (<a href="/wiki/Frequency_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency reuse">frequency reuse</a>). Radio <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a> are used to retransmit UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required. </p><p>Occasionally when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ducting">tropospheric ducting</a> as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antennas">Antennas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antennas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UHF_television_broadcasting#UHF_vs_VHF" title="UHF television broadcasting">UHF television broadcasting § UHF vs VHF</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retevis_RT49P_GMRS_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Retevis_RT49P_GMRS_version.jpg/220px-Retevis_RT49P_GMRS_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Retevis_RT49P_GMRS_version.jpg/330px-Retevis_RT49P_GMRS_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Retevis_RT49P_GMRS_version.jpg/440px-Retevis_RT49P_GMRS_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Retevis <a href="/wiki/GMRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GMRS">GMRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radios</a> operating on 462 and 467 MHz in the UHF band, showing the short antennas used</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corner_reflector_TV_antenna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Corner_reflector_TV_antenna.png/170px-Corner_reflector_TV_antenna.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Corner_reflector_TV_antenna.png 1.5x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Corner reflector UHF-TV antenna from 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>The length of an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> is related to the length of the radio waves used. Due to the short wavelengths, UHF antennas are conveniently stubby and short; at UHF frequencies a <a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">quarter-wave monopole</a>, the most common <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna" title="Omnidirectional antenna">omnidirectional antenna</a> is between 2.5 and 25 cm long. UHF wavelengths are short enough that efficient transmitting antennas are small enough to mount on handheld and mobile devices, so these frequencies are used for two-way <a href="/wiki/Land_mobile_radio_system" title="Land mobile radio system">land mobile radio systems</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radios</a> in vehicles, and for portable <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless device">wireless devices</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phone">cordless phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a>. Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short <a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">whips</a>, sleeve <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber_ducky_antenna" title="Rubber ducky antenna">rubber ducky antennas</a> or the planar <a href="/wiki/Inverted_F_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted F antenna">inverted F antenna</a> (PIFA) used in cellphones. Higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of <a href="/wiki/Collinear_antenna_array" title="Collinear antenna array">collinear arrays</a> of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and <a href="/wiki/Sector_antenna" title="Sector antenna">cellular base station antennas</a>. </p><p>The short wavelengths also allow <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">high gain antennas</a> to be conveniently small. High gain antennas for <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> communication links and UHF television reception are usually <a href="/wiki/Yagi-Uda_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagi-Uda antenna">Yagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Log_periodic_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Log periodic antenna">log periodic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corner_reflector_antenna" title="Corner reflector antenna">corner reflectors</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reflective_array_antenna" title="Reflective array antenna">reflective array antennas</a>. At the top end of the band, <a href="/wiki/Slot_antenna" title="Slot antenna">slot antennas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic dishes</a> become practical. For satellite communication, <a href="/wiki/Helical_antenna" title="Helical antenna">helical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnstile_antenna" title="Turnstile antenna">turnstile antennas</a> are used since satellites typically employ <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circular polarization</a> which is not sensitive to the relative orientation of the transmitting and receiving antennas. For television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of the slot antenna or reflective array antenna are used: the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/UHF_television_broadcasting" title="UHF television broadcasting">UHF television broadcasting</a> channels are used for <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a>, although much of the former bandwidth has been reallocated to <a href="/wiki/Land_mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Land mobile">land mobile radio system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial Trunked Radio">trunked radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile telephone">mobile telephone</a> use. </p><p>Since at UHF frequencies transmitting antennas are small enough to install on portable devices, the UHF spectrum is used worldwide for land mobile radio systems, <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radios</a> used for voice communication for commercial, industrial, public safety, and military purposes. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Personal_radio_service" title="Personal radio service">personal radio services</a> are <a href="/wiki/General_Mobile_Radio_Service" title="General Mobile Radio Service">GMRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMR446" title="PMR446">PMR446</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UHF_CB" title="UHF CB">UHF CB</a>. </p><p>The most rapidly-expanding use of the band is <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">wireless LAN</a>) networks in homes, offices, and public places. Wi-Fi <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> low band operates between 2412 and 2484 MHz. A second widespread use is for <a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphones</a>, allowing handheld mobile phones be connected to the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Current <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> and <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a> use UHF, the frequencies varying among different carriers and countries. <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phones</a> also use this frequency in the <a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> and <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_UHF_frequency_allocations">Examples of UHF frequency allocations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of UHF frequency allocations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>406–406.1 MHz: Mobile satellite service<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>450.4875–451.5125 MHz:Fixed point-to-point link</li> <li>457.50625–459.9875 MHz: Land mobile service</li> <li>476–477 MHz: <a href="/wiki/UHF_CB" title="UHF CB">UHF citizens band</a> (Land mobile service)</li> <li>503–694 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_television_frequencies" title="Australian and New Zealand television frequencies">UHF channels</a> for television broadcasting</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>430–450 MHz: Amateur radio (70 cm band)</li> <li>470–806 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a> (with select channels in the 600 & 700 MHz bands left vacant)</li> <li>1452–1492 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a> (<a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many other frequency assignments for Canada and Mexico are similar to their US counterparts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>380-400 MHz: <a href="/wiki/TETRAPOL" title="TETRAPOL">Terrestrial Trunked Radio for Police</a></li> <li>430-440 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70 cm band</a>)</li> <li>470-694 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>406.1–420 MHz: Land mobile service</li> <li>430–440 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70 cm band</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">amateur radio satellite</a></li> <li>476–477 MHz: <a href="/wiki/UHF_CB" title="UHF CB">PRS</a> Personal Radio Service (Land mobile service)</li> <li>485–502 MHz: Analog and <a href="/wiki/Project_25" title="Project 25">P25</a> Emergency services use</li> <li>510–622 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li>960–1215 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_radionavigation_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical radionavigation service">Aeronautical radionavigation</a></li> <li>1240–1300 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/23-centimeter_band" title="23-centimeter band">23 cm band</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>380–399.9 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial Trunked Radio">Terrestrial Trunked Radio</a> (TETRA) service for emergency use</li> <li>430–440 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70 cm band</a>)</li> <li>446.0–446.2 MHz : European unlicensed PMR service => <a href="/wiki/PMR446" title="PMR446">PMR446</a></li> <li>457–464 MHz: Scanning telemetry and telecontrol, assigned mostly to the water, gas, and electricity industries</li> <li>606–614 MHz: Radio microphones and radio-astronomy</li> <li>470–862 MHz: Previously used for <a href="/wiki/Analogue_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom#625_line_system" title="Analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">analogue TV channels 21–69</a> (until 2012). <ul><li>Currently channels 21 to 37 and 39 to 48 are used for <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a> digital TV.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Channels 55 to 56 were previously used by temporary muxes COM7 and COM8, channel 38 was used for radio astronomy but has been cleared to allow <a href="/wiki/Programme_making_and_special_events" title="Programme making and special events">PMSE</a> users access on a licensed, shared basis.</li> <li>694–790 MHz:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. Channels 49 to 60 have been cleared, to allow these channels to be allocated for 5G cellular communication.</li> <li>791–862 MHz,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. channels 61 to 69 inclusive were previously used for licensed and shared wireless microphones (channel 69 only), has since been allocated to 4G cellular communications.</li></ul></li> <li>863–865 MHz: Used for licence-exempt wireless systems.</li> <li>863–870 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Short_Range_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Range Devices">Short range devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/LPWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPWAN">LPWAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/NarrowBand_IOT" class="mw-redirect" title="NarrowBand IOT">NarrowBand-IoT</a>.</li> <li>870–960 MHz: Cellular communications (GSM900 - Vodafone and O2 only) including GSM-R and future TETRA</li> <li>1240–1325 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/23-centimeter_band" title="23-centimeter band">23 cm band</a>)</li> <li>1710–1880 MHz: 2G Cellular communications (GSM1800)</li> <li>1880–1900 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a> <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">cordless telephone</a></li> <li>1900–1980 MHz: 3G cellular communications (mobile phone uplink)</li> <li>2110–2170 MHz: 3G cellular communications (base station downlink)</li> <li>2310–2450 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/13-centimeter_band" title="13-centimeter band">13 cm band</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UHF channels are used for <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">digital television broadcasting</a> on both <a href="/wiki/North_American_broadcast_television_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="North American broadcast television frequencies">over the air channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_cable_television_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cable television frequencies">cable television channels</a>. Since 1962, UHF channel tuners (at the time, channels 14 to 83) have been required in television receivers by the <a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a>. However, because of their more limited range, and because few sets could receive them until older sets were replaced, UHF channels were less desirable to broadcasters than <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> channels (and licenses sold for lower prices). </p><p>A complete list of US Television Frequency allocations can be found at <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_television_frequencies" title="Pan-American television frequencies">Pan-American television frequencies</a>. </p><p>There is a considerable amount of lawful unlicensed activity (cordless phones, wireless networking) clustered around 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz, regulated under <a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">Title 47 CFR Part 15</a>. These <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM bands</a>—frequencies with a higher unlicensed power permitted for use originally by Industrial, Scientific, Medical apparatus—are now some of the most crowded in the spectrum because they are open to everyone. The 2.45 GHz frequency is the standard for use by <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, adjacent to the frequencies allocated for <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> network devices. </p><p>The spectrum from 806 MHz to 890 MHz (UHF channels 70 to 83) was taken away from TV broadcast services in 1983, primarily for <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">analog mobile telephony</a>. </p><p>In 2009, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_television#Switch-off_time_announced" title="Digital television">transition from analog to digital over-the-air broadcast of television</a>, the spectrum from 698 MHz to 806 MHz (UHF channels 52 to 69) was removed from TV broadcasting, making it available for other uses. Channel 55, for instance, was sold to <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> for their <a href="/wiki/MediaFLO" title="MediaFLO">MediaFLO</a> service, which was later sold to AT&T, and discontinued in 2011. Some US broadcasters had been offered incentives to vacate this channel early, permitting its immediate mobile use. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a>'s scheduled <a href="/wiki/United_States_2008_wireless_spectrum_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction">auction for this newly available spectrum</a> was completed in March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>225–420 MHz: Government use, including <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, military aviation, and federal two-way use<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>420–450 MHz: Government radiolocation, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">amateur radio satellite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70 cm band</a>), <a href="/wiki/MedRadio" class="mw-redirect" title="MedRadio">MedRadio</a><sup id="cite_ref-usfed-users_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfed-users-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>450–470 MHz: UHF business band, <a href="/wiki/General_Mobile_Radio_Service" title="General Mobile Radio Service">General Mobile Radio Service</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">Family Radio Service</a> 2-way "walkie-talkies", public safety</li> <li>470–512 MHz: Low-band TV channels 14 to 20 (shared with public safety <a href="/wiki/Land_mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Land mobile">land mobile</a> 2-way radio in 12 major metropolitan areas scheduled to relocate to 700 MHz band by 2023<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>512–608 MHz: Medium-band TV channels 21 to 36</li> <li>608–614 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Channel_37" title="Channel 37">Channel 37</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a> and wireless medical telemetry<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>614–698 MHz: Mobile broadband shared with TV channels 38 to 51 <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_wireless_spectrum_auction" title="2008 United States wireless spectrum auction">auctioned in April 2017</a>. TV stations were relocated by 2020. <ul><li>617–652 MHz: Mobile broadband service downlink</li> <li>652–663 MHz: Wireless microphones (higher priority) and unlicensed devices (lower priority)</li> <li>663–698 MHz: Mobile broadband service uplink</li></ul></li> <li>698–806 MHz: <a href="/wiki/United_States_2008_wireless_spectrum_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction">Was auctioned in March 2008</a>; bidders got full use after the transition to <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital TV</a> was completed on June 12, 2009 (formerly high-band UHF TV channels 52 to 69) and recently modified in 2021 for Next Generation 5G UHF transmission bandwidth for 'over the air' channels 2 thru 69 (virtual 1 thru 36).</li> <li>806–816 MHz: Public safety and commercial 2-way (formerly TV channels 70 to 72)</li> <li>817–824 MHz: ESMR band for wideband mobile services (mobile phone) (formerly public safety and commercial 2-way)</li> <li>824–849 MHz: Cellular A & B franchises, terminal (mobile phone) (formerly TV channels 73 to 77)</li> <li>849–851 MHz: Commercial aviation air-ground systems (<a href="/wiki/Gogo_Inflight_Internet" title="Gogo Inflight Internet">Gogo</a>)</li> <li>851–861 MHz: Public safety and commercial 2-way (formerly TV channels 77 to 80)</li> <li>862–869 MHz: ESMR band for wideband mobile services (base station) (formerly public safety and commercial 2-way)</li> <li>869–894 MHz: Cellular A & B franchises, base station (formerly TV channels 80 to 83)</li> <li>894–896 MHz: Commercial aviation air-ground systems (<a href="/wiki/Gogo_Inflight_Internet" title="Gogo Inflight Internet">Gogo</a>)</li> <li>896–901 MHz: Commercial 2-way radio</li> <li>901–902 MHz: Narrowband PCS: commercial narrowband mobile services</li> <li>902–928 MHz: <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM band</a>, amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/33-centimeter_band" title="33-centimeter band">33 cm band</a>), cordless phones and stereo, <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">radio-frequency identification</a>, datalinks</li> <li>928–929 MHz: <a href="/wiki/SCADA" title="SCADA">SCADA</a>, alarm monitoring, meter reading systems and other narrowband services for a company's internal use</li> <li>929–930 MHz: Pagers</li> <li>930–931 MHz: Narrowband PCS: commercial narrowband mobile services</li> <li>931–932 MHz: Pagers</li> <li>932–935 MHz: Fixed microwave services: distribution of video, audio and other data</li> <li>935–940 MHz: Commercial 2-way radio</li> <li>940–941 MHz: Narrowband PCS: commercial narrowband mobile services</li> <li>941–960 MHz: Mixed studio-transmitter fixed links, <a href="/wiki/SCADA" title="SCADA">SCADA</a>, other.</li> <li>960–1215 MHz: Aeronautical radionavigation</li> <li>1240–1300 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/23-centimeter_band" title="23-centimeter band">23 cm band</a>)</li> <li>1300–1350 MHz: Long range radar systems</li> <li>1350–1390 MHz: Military air traffic control and mobile telemetry systems at test ranges</li> <li>1390–1395 MHz: Proposed wireless medical telemetry service. <a href="/wiki/TerreStar_Corporation" title="TerreStar Corporation">TerreStar</a> failed to provide service by the required deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1395–1400 MHz: Wireless medical telemetry service</li> <li>1400–1427 MHz: Earth exploration, radio astronomy, and space research</li> <li>1427–1432 MHz: Wireless medical telemetry service</li> <li>1432–1435 MHz: Proposed wireless medical telemetry service. <a href="/wiki/TerreStar_Corporation" title="TerreStar Corporation">TerreStar</a> failed to provide service by the required deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1435–1525 MHz: Military use mostly for aeronautical mobile telemetry (therefore not available for <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a>, unlike Canada/Europe)</li> <li>1525–1559 MHz: <a href="/wiki/SkyTerra" title="SkyTerra">Skyterra</a> downlink (<a href="/wiki/Ligado_Networks" title="Ligado Networks">Ligado</a> is seeking FCC permission for terrestrial use<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <ul><li>1526–1536 MHz: proposed Ligado downlink</li> <li>1536–1559 MHz: proposed guard band</li></ul></li> <li>1559–1610 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Radionavigation-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionavigation-satellite service">Radio Navigation Satellite Services</a> (RNSS) Upper L-band <ul><li>1563–1587 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> L1 band</li> <li>1593–1610 MHz: <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> G1 band</li> <li>1559–1591 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> E1 band (overlapping with GPS L1<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></li> <li>1610–1660.5 MHz: Mobile Satellite Service <ul><li>1610–1618: <a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a> uplink</li> <li>1618–1626.5 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a> uplink and downlink<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1626.5–1660.5 MHz: <a href="/wiki/SkyTerra" title="SkyTerra">Skyterra</a> uplink (<a href="/wiki/Ligado_Networks" title="Ligado Networks">Ligado</a> is seeking FCC permission for terrestrial use<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <ul><li>1627.5–1637.5 MHz: proposed Ligado uplink 1</li> <li>1646.5–1656.5 MHz: proposed Ligado uplink 2</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1660.5–1668.4 MHz: Radio astronomy observations. Transmitting is not permitted.</li> <li>1668.4–1670 MHz: Radio astronomy observations. Weather balloons may utilize the spectrum after an advance notice.</li> <li>1670–1675 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite">Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite</a> transmissions to three <a href="/wiki/Earth_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth station">earth stations</a> in Wallops Island, Virginia; Greenbelt, Maryland and Fairbanks, Alaska. Nationwide broadband service license in this range is held by a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Castle_International_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Castle International Corp.">Crown Castle International Corp.</a> who is trying to provide service in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Ligado_Networks" title="Ligado Networks">Ligado Networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1675–1695 MHz: Meteorological federal users</li> <li>1695–1780 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Wireless_Services" title="Advanced Wireless Services">AWS</a> mobile phone uplink (UL) operating band <ul><li>1695–1755 MHz: AWS-3 blocks A1 and B1</li> <li>1710–1755 MHz: AWS-1 blocks A, B, C, D, E, F</li> <li>1755–1780 MHz: AWS-3 blocks G, H, I, J (various federal agencies transitioning by 2025<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></li> <li>1780–1850 MHz: exclusive federal use (Air Force satellite communications, Army's cellular-like communication system, other agencies)</li> <li>1850–1920 MHz: PCS mobile phone—order is A, D, B, E, F, C, G, H blocks. A, B, C = 15 MHz; D, E, F, G, H = 5 MHz</li> <li>1920–1930 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a> <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">cordless telephone</a></li> <li>1930–2000 MHz: PCS base stations—order is A, D, B, E, F, C, G, H blocks. A, B, C = 15 MHz; D, E, F, G, H = 5 MHz</li> <li>2000–2020 MHz: lower AWS-4 downlink (mobile broadband)</li> <li>2020–2110 MHz: Cable Antenna Relay service, Local Television Transmission service, TV Broadcast Auxiliary service, Earth Exploration Satellite service</li> <li>2110–2200 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Wireless_Services" title="Advanced Wireless Services">AWS</a> mobile broadband downlink <ul><li>2110–2155 MHz: AWS-1 blocks A, B, C, D, E, F</li> <li>2155–2180 MHz: AWS-3 blocks G, H, I, J</li> <li>2180–2200 MHz: upper AWS-4</li></ul></li> <li>2200–2290 MHz: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite tracking, telemetry and control (space-to-Earth, space-to-space)</li> <li>2290–2300 MHz: <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li>2300–2305 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/13-centimeter_band" title="13-centimeter band">13 cm band</a>, lower segment)</li> <li>2305–2315 MHz: WCS mobile broadband service uplink blocks A and B</li> <li>2315–2320 MHz: WCS block C (AT&T is pursuing <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> deployment<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>2320–2345 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a>)</li> <li>2345–2350 MHz: WCS block D (AT&T is pursuing <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> deployment<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>2350–2360 MHz: WCS mobile broadband service downlink blocks A and B</li> <li>2360–2390 MHz: Aircraft landing and safety systems</li> <li>2390–2395 MHz: Aircraft landing and safety systems (secondary deployment in a dozen of airports), amateur radio otherwise</li> <li>2395–2400 MHz: Amateur radio (<a href="/wiki/13-centimeter_band" title="13-centimeter band">13 cm band</a>, upper segment)</li> <li>2400–2483.5 MHz: <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a>, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n wireless <a href="/wiki/LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN">LAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4-2006" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.4-2006">IEEE 802.15.4-2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_aircraft" title="Radio-controlled aircraft">radio-controlled aircraft</a> (strictly for <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> use), <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li>2483.5–2495 MHz: <a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a> downlink and Terrestrial Low Power Service suitable for TD-LTE small cells<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2495–2690 MHz: Educational Broadcast and Broadband Radio Services<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2690–2700 MHz: Receive-only range for radio astronomy and space research</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Regional_implementations_of_DAB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional implementations of DAB">regional implementations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thing_(listening_device)" title="The Thing (listening device)">The Thing (listening device)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ieee-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieee_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/521/768/">"IEEE 521-2002 - IEEE Standard Letter Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE+521-2002+-+IEEE+Standard+Letter+Designations+for+Radar-Frequency+Bands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fieee%2F521%2F768%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seybold-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seybold_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeybold2005" class="citation book cs1">Seybold, John S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LtmjGNwOPIC&q=cross+polarization+discrimination&pg=PA57"><i>Introduction to RF Propagation</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471743682" title="Special:BookSources/0471743682"><bdi>0471743682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+RF+Propagation&rft.pages=55-58&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0471743682&rft.aulast=Seybold&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LtmjGNwOPIC%26q%3Dcross%2Bpolarization%2Bdiscrimination%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404175218/https://www.acma.gov.au/-/media/Spectrum-Engineering/Information/pdf/Radiocommunications-Assignment-and-Licensing-Instruction-RALI-MS22-400-MHz-Plan.pdf">"400 MHz Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>acma.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Wireless+Medical+Telemetry+Service+%28WMTS%29&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fwireless%2Fbureau-divisions%2Fbroadband-division%2Fwireless-medical-telemetry-service-wmts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db1010/DA-17-995A1.pdf">"TerreStar Corporation Request for Temporary Waiver of Substantial Service Requirements for 1.4 GHz Licenses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>the FCC</i>. 2017-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+FCC&rft.atitle=TerreStar+Corporation+Request+for+Temporary+Waiver+of+Substantial+Service+Requirements+for+1.4+GHz+Licenses&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2FDaily_Releases%2FDaily_Business%2F2017%2Fdb1010%2FDA-17-995A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/file/download/1103057126216/Ligado%20Ex%20Parte%20re%20Iridium%20Analysis%20(PUBLIC%2011-2-2016).pdf">"Ligado Ex Parte re Iridium Analysis (PUBLIC 11-2-2016)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecfsapi.fcc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecfsapi.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=Ligado+Ex+Parte+re+Iridium+Analysis+%28PUBLIC+11-2-2016%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fecfs%2Ffile%2Fdownload%2F1103057126216%2FLigado%2520Ex%2520Parte%2520re%2520Iridium%2520Analysis%2520%28PUBLIC%252011-2-2016%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/GALILEO_Signal_Plan">"Galileo Signal Plan"</a>. <i>Navipedia.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navipedia.net&rft.atitle=Galileo+Signal+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navipedia.net%2Findex.php%2FGALILEO_Signal_Plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/ApplicationSearch/applAdmin.jsp?applID=9585875#attachments">"Request for waiver and public interest statement"</a>. <i>FCC</i>. 2016-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Request+for+waiver+and+public+interest+statement&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwireless2.fcc.gov%2FUlsApp%2FApplicationSearch%2FapplAdmin.jsp%3FapplID%3D9585875%23attachments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/aws-3-transition">"AWS-3 Transition"</a>. <i>Ntia.doc.gov</i>. January 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ntia.doc.gov&rft.atitle=AWS-3+Transition&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fcategory%2Faws-3-transition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/file/download/011844558710/DA-17-78A1.pdf">"AT&T Mobility Petition for Limited Waiver of Interim Performance Requirement for 2.3 GHz WCS C and D Block Licenses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecfsapi.fcc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecfsapi.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=AT%26T+Mobility+Petition+for+Limited+Waiver+of+Interim+Performance+Requirement+for+2.3+GHz+WCS+C+and+D+Block+Licenses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fecfs%2Ffile%2Fdownload%2F011844558710%2FDA-17-78A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalstar.com/Globalstar/media/Globalstar/Downloads/Spectrum/GlobalstarOverviewPresentation.pdf">"Globalstar Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Globalstar.com</i>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802042513/https://www.globalstar.com/en/ir/docs/GlobalstarOverviewPresentation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globalstar.com&rft.atitle=Globalstar+Overview&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalstar.com%2FGlobalstar%2Fmedia%2FGlobalstar%2FDownloads%2FSpectrum%2FGlobalstarOverviewPresentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/broadband-division/broadband-radio-service-education-broadband-service">"Broadband Radio Service & Education Broadband Service"</a>. <i>The FCC</i>. February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FCC&rft.atitle=Broadband+Radio+Service+%26+Education+Broadband+Service&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fwireless%2Fbureau-divisions%2Fbroadband-division%2Fbroadband-radio-service-education-broadband-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra+high+frequency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra_high_frequency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneuhaus.com/fccindex/cablech.html">U.S. cable television channel frequencies</a></li> <li>Tomislav Stimac, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlf.it/frequency/bands.html">Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)</a></i>". IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_spectrum_(ITU)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_spectrum" title="Template:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_spectrum" title="Template talk:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_spectrum_(ITU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a> (ITU)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></b> <br /> 3 Hz/100 Mm <br /> 30 Hz/10 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></b> <br /> 30 Hz/10 Mm <br /> 300 Hz/1 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></b> <br /> 300 Hz/1 Mm <br /> 3 kHz/100 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></b> <br /> 3 kHz/100 km <br /> 30 kHz/10 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></b> <br /> 30 kHz/10 km <br /> 300 kHz/1 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></b> <br /> 300 kHz/1 km <br /> 3 MHz/100 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></b> <br /> 3 MHz/100 m <br /> 30 MHz/10 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></b> <br /> 30 MHz/10 m <br /> 300 MHz/1 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UHF</a></b> <br /> 300 MHz/1 m <br /> 3 GHz/100 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></b> <br /> 3 GHz/100 mm <br /> 30 GHz/10 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></b> <br /> 30 GHz/10 mm <br /> 300 GHz/1 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">THF</a></b> <br /> 300 GHz/1 mm <br /> 3 THz/0.1 mm </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electromagnetic_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electromagnetic_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy gamma ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/J_band_(infrared)" title="J band (infrared)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_band_(infrared)" title="H band (infrared)">H</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">SWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">MWIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template talk:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">Dot crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">Ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparklies" title="Sparklies">Sparklies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template talk:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">LW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">MW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">SW</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">mid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">high</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">UHF</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAM-D" title="CAM-D">CAM-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB/DAB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">DRM/DRM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T#ISDB-Tsb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-Tsb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMeXtra" title="FMeXtra">FMeXtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a></li> <li>CDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2 Lite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency allocations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">ADR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">DAB-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">SDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial radio</a> providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Canada" title="Sirius XM Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codecs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Coding" title="High-Definition Coding">HDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">Subcarrier</a> signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_signalling_system" title="Amplitude modulation signalling system">AMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectBand" title="DirectBand">DirectBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program-associated_data" title="Program-associated data">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">RDS/RBDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_communications_authority" title="Subsidiary communications authority">SCA/SCMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Radio_Channel" title="Data Radio Channel">DARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (audio)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">Audio data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (<a href="/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> formats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Belar_System" title="AM stereo">Belar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-QUAM" title="C-QUAM">C-QUAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Harris_System" title="AM stereo">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Kahn-Hazeltine" title="AM stereo">Kahn-Hazeltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Magnavox_System" title="AM stereo">Magnavox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (emission)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_expanded_band" title="AM expanded band">AM expanded band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">FM extended band in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">Multipath propagation</a></li> <li><a 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