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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role in a network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_a_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bridging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Form factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configuration_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configuration_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Configuration options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Configuration_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_management_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_management_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Typical management features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_management_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Traffic monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Network switch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مبدل (شبكات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبدل (شبكات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Switch" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99_svi%C3%A7i" title="Şəbəkə sviçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəbəkə sviçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A_(%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82)" title="সুইচ (নেটওয়ার্কিং) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুইচ (নেটওয়ার্কিং)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8)" title="Суич (компютърни мрежи) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суич (компютърни мрежи)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEni_prekida%C4%8D" title="Mrežni prekidač – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mrežni prekidač" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutador_(xarxa)" title="Commutador (xarxa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Commutador (xarxa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD%C5%A5ov%C3%BD_p%C5%99ep%C3%ADna%C4%8D" title="Síťový přepínač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Síťový přepínač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msinthiska-Mpilingizgoli" title="Msinthiska-Mpilingizgoli – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Msinthiska-Mpilingizgoli" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netv%C3%A6rksswitch" title="Netværksswitch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Netværksswitch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(Netzwerktechnik)" title="Switch (Netzwerktechnik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Switch (Netzwerktechnik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohtv%C3%B5rgu_kommutaator" title="Kohtvõrgu kommutaator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kohtvõrgu kommutaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μεταγωγέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταγωγέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmutador_(dispositivo_de_red)" title="Conmutador (dispositivo de red) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conmutador (dispositivo de red)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reta_komutilo" title="Reta komutilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reta komutilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Switch" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87" title="سوئیچ شبکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوئیچ شبکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutateur_r%C3%A9seau" title="Commutateur réseau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commutateur réseau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Switch" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC_%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%B9%98" title="네트워크 스위치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네트워크 스위치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEni_preklopnik" title="Mrežni preklopnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mrežni preklopnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalih_jaringan" title="Pengalih jaringan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengalih jaringan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(rete_de_computatores)" title="Commutator (rete de computatores) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Commutator (rete de computatores)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Switch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%92_(%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="מתג (רשתות מחשבים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתג (רשתות מחשבים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABkla_sl%C4%93dzis" title="Tīkla slēdzis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīkla slēdzis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutatorius" title="Komutatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komutatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(red)" title="Switch (red) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Switch (red)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(informatika)" title="Switch (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Switch (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мрежен преклопник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мрежен преклопник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക് സ്വിച്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക് സ്വിച്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suis_rangkaian" title="Suis rangkaian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suis rangkaian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(netwerk)" title="Switch (netwerk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Switch (netwerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96" title="スイッチングハブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイッチングハブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svitsj" title="Svitsj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svitsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A" title="ਨੈਟਵਰਕ ਸਵਿੱਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੈਟਵਰਕ ਸਵਿੱਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DA%86" title="نیٹورک سوئچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیٹورک سوئچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87)" title="سویچ (شبکه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سویچ (شبکه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prze%C5%82%C4%85cznik_sieciowy" title="Przełącznik sieciowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przełącznik sieciowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comutador_(redes)" title="Comutador (redes) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comutador (redes)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_de_re%C8%9Bea" title="Switch de rețea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Switch de rețea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сетевой коммутатор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сетевой коммутатор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comutadori_de_arretza" title="Comutadori de arretza – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Comutadori de arretza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndryshuesi_i_rrjetit" title="Ndryshuesi i rrjetit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndryshuesi i rrjetit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_switch" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's lead section <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Networking hardware that forwards packets based on hardware address</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2550T-PWR-Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2550T-PWR-Front.jpg/370px-2550T-PWR-Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2550T-PWR-Front.jpg/555px-2550T-PWR-Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2550T-PWR-Front.jpg/740px-2550T-PWR-Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a> <a href="/wiki/ERS_3500_and_ERS_2500_series" title="ERS 3500 and ERS 2500 series">ERS 2550T-PWR</a>, a 50-port <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> switch</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>network switch</b> (also called <b>switching hub</b>, <b>bridging hub</b>, <b>Ethernet switch</b>, and, by the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>, <b>MAC bridge</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is <a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">networking hardware</a> that connects devices on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> by using <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> to receive and forward data to the destination device. </p><p>A network switch is a multiport <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">network bridge</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC addresses</a> to forward data at the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> (layer 2) of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>. Some switches can also forward data at the <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">network layer</a> (layer 3) by additionally incorporating <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> functionality. Such switches are commonly known as layer-3 switches or <a href="/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">multilayer switches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-layer3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-layer3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switches for <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> are the most common form of network switch. The first MAC Bridge<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was invented<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1983 by Mark Kempf, an engineer in the Networking Advanced Development group of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>. The first 2 port Bridge product (LANBridge 100) was introduced by that company shortly after. The company subsequently produced multi-port switches for both Ethernet and <a href="/wiki/FDDI" class="mw-redirect" title="FDDI">FDDI</a> such as GigaSwitch. Digital decided to license its MAC Bridge patent in a royalty-free, non-discriminatory basis that allowed IEEE standardization. This permitted a number of other companies to produce multi-port switches, including <a href="/wiki/Kalpana,_Inc." title="Kalpana, Inc.">Kalpana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethernet was initially a <a href="/wiki/Shared_medium" title="Shared medium">shared-access medium</a>, but the introduction of the MAC bridge began its transformation into its most-common point-to-point form without a <a href="/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">collision domain</a>. Switches also exist for other types of networks including <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a>. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Repeater_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeater hub">repeater hubs</a>, which broadcast the same data out of each port and let the devices pick out the data addressed to them, a network switch learns the Ethernet addresses of connected devices and then only forwards data to the port connected to the device to which it is addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/180px-Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/270px-Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/360px-Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/180px-Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/270px-Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/360px-Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cisco_small_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco small business">Cisco small business</a> SG300-28 28-port <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a> rackmount switch and its internals</div></div></div></div> <p>A switch is a device in a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> that connects other devices together. Multiple data cables are plugged into a switch to enable communication between different networked devices. Switches manage the flow of data across a network by transmitting a received <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">network packet</a> only to the one or more devices for which the packet is intended. Each networked device connected to a switch can be identified by its <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a>, allowing the switch to direct the flow of traffic maximizing the security and efficiency of the network. </p><p>A switch is more intelligent than an <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">Ethernet hub</a>, which simply retransmits packets out of every port of the hub except the port on which the packet was received, unable to distinguish different recipients, and achieving an overall lower network efficiency. </p><p>An Ethernet switch operates at the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> (layer 2) of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> to create a separate <a href="/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">collision domain</a> for each switch port. Each device connected to a switch port can transfer data to any of the other ports at any time and the transmissions will not interfere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(networking)" title="Broadcasting (networking)">broadcasts</a> are still being forwarded to all connected devices by the switch, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Network_segment" title="Network segment">network segment</a> continues to be a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_domain" title="Broadcast domain">broadcast domain</a>. Switches may also operate at higher layers of the OSI model, including the network layer and above. A switch that also operates at these higher layers is known as a <a href="/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">multilayer switch</a>. </p><p>Segmentation involves the use of a switch to split a larger collision domain into smaller ones in order to reduce collision probability and to improve overall network throughput. In the extreme case (i.e. micro-segmentation), each device is directly connected to a switch port dedicated to the device. In contrast to an Ethernet hub, there is a separate collision domain on each switch port. This allows computers to have dedicated bandwidth on point-to-point connections to the network and also to run in full-duplex mode. Full-duplex mode has only one transmitter and one receiver per collision domain, making collisions impossible. </p><p>The network switch plays an integral role in most modern Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (LANs). Mid-to-large-sized LANs contain a number of linked managed switches. <a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">Small office/home office</a> (SOHO) applications typically use a single switch, or an all-purpose device such as a <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateway</a> to access small office/home <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> services such as <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable Internet">cable Internet</a>. In most of these cases, the end-user device contains a <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> and components that interface to the particular physical broadband technology. </p><p>Many switches have pluggable modules, such as <a href="/wiki/Small_Form-factor_Pluggable" title="Small Form-factor Pluggable">Small Form-factor Pluggable</a> (SFP) modules. These modules often contain a transceiver that connects the switch to a physical medium, such as a fiber optic cable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These modules were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Medium_Attachment_Unit" title="Medium Attachment Unit">Medium Attachment Units</a> connected via <a href="/wiki/Attachment_Unit_Interface" title="Attachment Unit Interface">Attachment Unit Interfaces</a> to switches<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have evolved over time: the first modules were <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_interface_converter" title="Gigabit interface converter">Gigabit interface converters</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/XENPAK" title="XENPAK">XENPAK</a> modules, SFP modules, <a href="/wiki/XFP_transceiver" title="XFP transceiver">XFP transceivers</a>, SFP+ modules, QSFP,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> QSFP-DD,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and OSFP<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modules. Pluggable modules are also used for transmitting video in broadcast applications.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_a_network">Role in a network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role in a network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Switches are most commonly used as the network connection point for hosts at the edge of a network. In the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_internetworking_model" title="Hierarchical internetworking model">hierarchical internetworking model</a> and similar network architectures, switches are also used deeper in the network to provide connections between the switches at the edge. </p><p>In switches intended for commercial use, built-in or modular interfaces make it possible to connect different types of networks, including Ethernet, <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> <a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a> and <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a>. This connectivity can be at any of the layers mentioned. While the layer-2 functionality is adequate for bandwidth-shifting within one technology, interconnecting technologies such as Ethernet and <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a> is performed more easily at layer 3 or via routing.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devices that interconnect at the layer 3 are traditionally called <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where there is a need for a great deal of analysis of network performance and security, switches may be connected between WAN routers as places for analytic modules. Some vendors provide <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> network <a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion detection">intrusion detection</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and performance analysis modules that can plug into switch ports. Some of these functions may be on combined modules.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through <a href="/wiki/Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">port mirroring</a>, a switch can create a mirror image of data that can go to an external device, such as <a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">intrusion detection systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Packet_sniffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet sniffer">packet sniffers</a>. </p><p>A modern switch may implement <a href="/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet" title="Power over Ethernet">power over Ethernet</a> (PoE), which avoids the need for attached devices, such as a <a href="/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">VoIP phone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access point</a>, to have a separate power supply. Since switches can have redundant power circuits connected to <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplies" class="mw-redirect" title="Uninterruptible power supplies">uninterruptible power supplies</a>, the connected device can continue operating even when regular office power fails. </p><p>In 1989 and 1990, <a href="/wiki/Kalpana,_Inc." title="Kalpana, Inc.">Kalpana</a> introduced the first multiport <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> switch, its seven-port EtherSwitch.<sup id="cite_ref-networkcomputing_2000_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkcomputing_2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bridging">Bridging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bridging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smartswitch6000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smartswitch6000.jpg/220px-Smartswitch6000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smartswitch6000.jpg/330px-Smartswitch6000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smartswitch6000.jpg/440px-Smartswitch6000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>A modular network switch with three network modules (a total of 36 Ethernet ports) and one power supply</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Port_Gigabit_Netzwerk-Switch_TL-SG1005D_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A five-port layer-2 switch without management functionality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/5_Port_Gigabit_Netzwerk-Switch_TL-SG1005D_01.jpg/220px-5_Port_Gigabit_Netzwerk-Switch_TL-SG1005D_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/5_Port_Gigabit_Netzwerk-Switch_TL-SG1005D_01.jpg/330px-5_Port_Gigabit_Netzwerk-Switch_TL-SG1005D_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/5_Port_Gigabit_Netzwerk-Switch_TL-SG1005D_01.jpg/440px-5_Port_Gigabit_Netzwerk-Switch_TL-SG1005D_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A five-port layer-2 switch without management functionality</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern commercial switches primarily use Ethernet interfaces. The core function of an Ethernet switch is to provide multiple ports of layer-2 bridging. Layer-1 functionality is required in all switches in support of the higher layers. Many switches also perform operations at other layers. A device capable of more than bridging is known as a multilayer switch. </p><p>A layer 2 network device is a multiport device that uses hardware addresses (<a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC addresses</a>) to process and forward data at the data link layer (layer 2). </p><p>A switch operating as a network bridge may interconnect otherwise separate layer 2 networks. The bridge learns the MAC address of each connected device, storing this data in a table that maps MAC addresses to ports. This table is often implemented using high-speed <a href="/wiki/Content-addressable_memory" title="Content-addressable memory">content-addressable memory</a> (CAM), some vendors refer to the MAC address table as a CAM table. </p><p>Bridges also buffer an incoming packet and adapt the transmission speed to that of the outgoing port. While there are specialized applications, such as storage area networks, where the input and output interfaces are the same bandwidth, this is not always the case in general LAN applications. In LANs, a switch used for end-user access typically concentrates lower bandwidth and <a href="/wiki/Uplink" class="mw-redirect" title="Uplink">uplinks</a> into a higher bandwidth. </p><p>The Ethernet header at the start of the frame contains all the information required to make a forwarding decision, some high-performance switches can begin forwarding the frame to the destination whilst still receiving the frame payload from the sender. This <a href="/wiki/Cut-through_switching" title="Cut-through switching">cut-through switching</a> can significantly reduce latency through the switch. </p><p>Interconnects between switches may be regulated using the <a href="/wiki/Spanning_tree_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanning tree protocol">spanning tree protocol</a> (STP) that disables forwarding on links so that the resulting local area network is a <a href="/wiki/Tree_(graph_theory)" title="Tree (graph theory)">tree</a> without <a href="/wiki/Switching_loop" title="Switching loop">switching loops</a>. In contrast to routers, spanning tree bridges must have topologies with only one active path between two points. <a href="/wiki/Shortest_path_bridging" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortest path bridging">Shortest path bridging</a> and <a href="/wiki/TRILL" title="TRILL">TRILL</a> (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) are layer 2 alternatives to STP which allow all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24-port_3Com_switch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/24-port_3Com_switch.JPG/220px-24-port_3Com_switch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/24-port_3Com_switch.JPG/330px-24-port_3Com_switch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/24-port_3Com_switch.JPG/440px-24-port_3Com_switch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">rack-mounted</a> 24-port <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a> switch</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_factors">Form factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Form factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZyXEL_desktop_Ethernet_switch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ZyXEL_desktop_Ethernet_switch.jpg/220px-ZyXEL_desktop_Ethernet_switch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ZyXEL_desktop_Ethernet_switch.jpg/330px-ZyXEL_desktop_Ethernet_switch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ZyXEL_desktop_Ethernet_switch.jpg/440px-ZyXEL_desktop_Ethernet_switch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A ZyXEL ES-105A 5-port desktop Ethernet switch. The metal casing of the switch has been opened, revealing internal electronic components.</figcaption></figure> <p>Switches are available in many form factors, including stand-alone, desktop units which are typically intended to be used in a home or office environment outside a <a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">wiring closet</a>; rack-mounted switches for use in an <a href="/wiki/Equipment_rack" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment rack">equipment rack</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosure (electrical)">enclosure</a>; <a href="/wiki/DIN_rail" title="DIN rail">DIN rail</a> mounted for use in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet" title="Industrial Ethernet">industrial environments</a>; and small installation switches, mounted into a cable duct, floor box or communications tower, as found, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber to the office">fiber to the office</a> infrastructures. </p><p>Rack-mounted switches may be stand-alone units, <a href="/wiki/Stackable_switch" title="Stackable switch">stackable switches</a> or large chassis units with swappable line cards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Configuration_options">Configuration options</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Configuration options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Unmanaged switches</b> have no configuration interface or options. They are <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug and play</a>. They are typically the least expensive switches, and therefore often used in a <a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">small office/home office</a> environment. Unmanaged switches can be desktop or rack mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Managed switches</b> have one or more methods to modify the operation of the switch. Common management methods include: a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> (CLI) accessed via <a href="/wiki/Serial_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial console">serial console</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">Secure Shell</a>, an embedded <a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">Simple Network Management Protocol</a> (SNMP) agent allowing management from a remote console or management station, or a web interface for management from a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Two sub-classes of managed switches are smart and enterprise-managed switches.<sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Smart switches</b> (aka intelligent switches) are managed switches with a limited set of management features. Likewise, <i>web-managed</i> switches are switches that fall into a market niche between unmanaged and managed. For a price much lower than a fully managed switch they provide a web interface (and usually no CLI access) and allow configuration of basic settings, such as VLANs, port-bandwidth and duplex.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Enterprise managed switches</b> (aka managed switches) have a full set of management features, including CLI, SNMP agent, and web interface. They may have additional features to manipulate configurations, such as the ability to display, modify, backup and restore configurations. Compared with smart switches, enterprise switches have more features that can be customized or optimized and are generally more expensive than smart switches. Enterprise switches are typically found in networks with a larger number of switches and connections, where centralized management is a significant savings in administrative time and effort. A <a href="/wiki/Stackable_switch" title="Stackable switch">stackable switch</a> is a type of enterprise-managed switch.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typical_management_features">Typical management features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Typical management features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19-inch_rackmount_Ethernet_switches_and_patch_panels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/19-inch_rackmount_Ethernet_switches_and_patch_panels.jpg/220px-19-inch_rackmount_Ethernet_switches_and_patch_panels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/19-inch_rackmount_Ethernet_switches_and_patch_panels.jpg/330px-19-inch_rackmount_Ethernet_switches_and_patch_panels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/19-inch_rackmount_Ethernet_switches_and_patch_panels.jpg/440px-19-inch_rackmount_Ethernet_switches_and_patch_panels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A couple of managed <a href="/wiki/D-Link" title="D-Link">D-Link</a> Gigabit Ethernet rackmount switches, connected to the Ethernet ports on a few <a href="/wiki/Patch_panel" title="Patch panel">patch panels</a> using <a href="/wiki/Category_6_cable" title="Category 6 cable">Category 6</a> <a href="/wiki/Patch_cable" title="Patch cable">patch cables</a> (all installed in a standard 19-inch rack)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Centralized configuration management and configuration distribution</li> <li>Enable and disable ports</li> <li>Link bandwidth and <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">duplex</a> settings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">Quality of service</a> configuration and monitoring</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAC_filtering" title="MAC filtering">MAC filtering</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control list</a> features</li> <li>Configuration of <a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">Spanning Tree Protocol</a> (STP) and <a href="/wiki/Shortest_Path_Bridging" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortest Path Bridging">Shortest Path Bridging</a> (SPB) features</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">Simple Network Management Protocol</a> (SNMP) monitoring of device and link health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">Port mirroring</a> for monitoring traffic and troubleshooting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">Link aggregation</a> configuration to set up multiple ports for the same connection to achieve higher data transfer rates and reliability</li> <li>VLAN configuration and port assignments including <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">IEEE 802.1Q</a> tagging</li> <li>NTP (<a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">Network Time Protocol</a>) synchronization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_access_control" title="Network access control">Network access control</a> features such as <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">IEEE 802.1X</a></li> <li>LLDP (<a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">Link Layer Discovery Protocol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGMP_snooping" title="IGMP snooping">IGMP snooping</a> for control of multicast traffic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traffic_monitoring">Traffic monitoring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traffic monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to monitor traffic that is bridged using a switch because only the sending and receiving ports can see the traffic. </p><p>Methods that are specifically designed to allow a network analyst to monitor traffic include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">Port mirroring</a> –  Because the purpose of a switch is to <i>not</i> forward traffic to network segments where it would be superfluous, a node attached to a switch cannot monitor traffic on other segments. Port mirroring is how this problem is addressed in switched networks: In addition to the usual behavior of forwarding frames only to ports through which they might reach their addressees, the switch forwards frames received through a given <i>monitored</i> port to a designated <i>monitoring</i> port, allowing analysis of traffic that would otherwise not be visible through the switch.</li> <li>Switch monitoring (SMON) is described by RFC 2613 and is a provision for controlling facilities such as port mirroring.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2613_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2613-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMON" title="RMON">RMON</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFlow" title="SFlow">sFlow</a></li></ul> <p>These monitoring features are rarely present on consumer-grade switches. Other monitoring methods include connecting a layer-1 hub or <a href="/wiki/Network_tap" title="Network tap">network tap</a> between the monitored device and its switch port.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Console_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Console server">Console server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-Efficient_Ethernet" title="Energy-Efficient Ethernet">Energy-Efficient Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_switch" title="Fibre Channel switch">Fibre Channel switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fully_switched_network" title="Fully switched network">Fully switched network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-balanced_switch" title="Load-balanced switch">Load-balanced switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_computer_network_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Modular computer network switch">Modular computer network switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet switch">Packet switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Router (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stackable_switch" title="Stackable switch">Stackable switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">Wide area network</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Half_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half duplex">half duplex</a> mode, each switch port can only <i>either</i> receive from <i>or</i> transmit to its connected device at a certain time. In <a href="/wiki/Full_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full duplex">full duplex</a> mode, each switch port can simultaneously transmit <i>and</i> receive, assuming the connected device also supports full-duplex mode.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.1D</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-layer3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-layer3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThayumanavan_Sridhar1998" class="citation web cs1">Thayumanavan Sridhar (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_1-2/switch_evolution.html">"Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switch Evolution"</a>. <i>cisco.com</i>. The Internet Protocol Journal. Cisco Systems<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cisco.com&rft.atitle=Layer+2+and+Layer+3+Switch+Evolution&rft.date=1998-09&rft.au=Thayumanavan+Sridhar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fweb%2Fabout%2Fac123%2Fac147%2Farchived_issues%2Fipj_1-2%2Fswitch_evolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartHaweKirby1984" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Robert; Hawe, William; Kirby, Alan (April 1984). 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Lauck, "An Architecture for Transparently Interconnecting IEEE 802 Local Area Networks", technical paper submitted to the IEEE 802 committee, document IEEE-802.85*1.96, San Diego CA, October 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaweKirbyStewart1987" class="citation book cs1">Hawe, William; Kirby, Alan; Stewart, Robert (1987). <i>Advances in Local Area Networks</i>. 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