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id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-名源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关名源子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-名源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-詞語本義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞語本義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>詞語本義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞語本義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-創造傳播" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#創造傳播"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>創造傳播</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-創造傳播-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國稱呼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國稱呼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>中國稱呼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國稱呼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-明及之前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#明及之前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>明及之前</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-明及之前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清代滿洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清代滿洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>清代滿洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清代滿洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>近代時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理劃分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理劃分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>地理劃分</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地理劃分-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关地理劃分子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-地理劃分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-內滿洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內滿洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>內滿洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內滿洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外滿洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外滿洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>外滿洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外滿洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民俗与文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民俗与文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>民俗与文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-民俗与文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关民俗与文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-民俗与文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-饮食" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#饮食"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>饮食</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-饮食-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-娱乐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#娱乐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>娱乐</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-娱乐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-曲艺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#曲艺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>曲艺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-曲艺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特产" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特产"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>特产</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特产-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>书籍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">满洲</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。101种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerye" title="Mantsjoerye – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mantsjoerye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschurei" title="Mandschurei – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mandschurei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manceuria" title="Manceuria – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Manceuria" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="منشوريا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منشوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مانشوريا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانشوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancuriya" title="Mancuriya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mancuriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манжурия – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Манжурия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маньчжурыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маньчжурыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манджурия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манджурия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মাঞ্চুরিয়া – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাঞ্চুরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchouria" title="Manchouria – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manchouria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx%C3%BAria" title="Manxúria – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manxúria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%81ng-ci%C5%AD" title="Muāng-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muāng-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مەنچوڕیا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەنچوڕیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEusko" title="Mandžusko – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandžusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Маньчжури – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маньчжури" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriet" title="Manchuriet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manchuriet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschurei" title="Mandschurei – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandschurei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEuraja" title="Mandžuraja – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mandžuraja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μαντζουρία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαντζουρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%89urio" title="Manĉurio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĉurio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEuuria" title="Mandžuuria – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandžuuria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantxuria" title="Mantxuria – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mantxuria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="منچوری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منچوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C5%A1uria" title="Mantšuria – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mantšuria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandchourie" title="Mandchourie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandchourie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschurei" title="Mandschurei – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mandschurei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mantsjoerije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhanch%C3%BAir" title="An Mhanchúir – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhanchúir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BB" title="Mân-chû – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mân-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakulia" title="Manakulia – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Manakulia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="מנצ'וריה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנצ'וריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंचूरिया – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंचूरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandzs%C3%BAria" title="Mandzsúria – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mandzsúria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մանջուրիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանջուրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandjuria" title="Mandjuria – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mandjuria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansj%C3%BAr%C3%ADa" title="Mansjúría – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mansjúría" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manciuria" title="Manciuria – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manciuria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2" title="満洲 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="満洲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მანჯურია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანჯურია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манджурия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манджурия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC" title="만주 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7urya" title="Mançurya – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mançurya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манжурия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манжурия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandshuria" title="Mandshuria – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mandshuria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandju" title="Mandju – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mandju" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%8D" title="ແມນຈູເລຍ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມນຈູເລຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEi%C5%ABrija" title="Mandžiūrija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mandžiūrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BE%C5%ABrija" title="Mandžūrija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mandžūrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Манџурија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манџурија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മഞ്ചൂറിയ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഞ്ചൂറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Манжуур – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манжуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मांचुरिया – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मांचुरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မန်ချူးရီးယား – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မန်ချူးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mantsjoerije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsjuria" title="Mandsjuria – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mandsjuria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsjuria" title="Mandsjuria – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandsjuria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchoria" title="Manchoria – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manchoria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80" title="Маньчжур – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маньчжур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BCuria" title="Mandżuria – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mandżuria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="منچوریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منچوریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch%C3%BAria" title="Manchúria – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manchúria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manciuria" title="Manciuria – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manciuria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маньчжурия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurie" title="Manchurie – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manchurie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEusko" title="Mandžusko – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandžusko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7uria" title="Mançuria – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mançuria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Манџурија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манџурија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriet" title="Manchuriet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manchuriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மஞ்சூரியா – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மஞ்சூரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แมนจูเรีย – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมนจูเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%8Durij%C9%99" title="Mančurijə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mančurijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7urya" title="Mançurya – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mançurya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манҗурия – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Манҗурия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маньчжурія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="منچوریا – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منچوریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjuriya" title="Manjuriya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manjuriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manci%C3%B9ria" title="Manciùria – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Manciùria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3n_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Mãn Châu – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mãn Châu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerye" title="Mantsjoerye – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mantsjoerye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="满洲 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="满洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მანჯურია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანჯურია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%A1n-chiu" title="Boán-chiu – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boán-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" title="滿洲 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="滿洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81126#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&oldid=84762923" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&id=84762923&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25BB%25A1%25E6%25B4%25B2"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25BB%25A1%25E6%25B4%25B2"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manchuria" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81126" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="满州">满州</a></b>。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74069148"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于与「<b>满洲</b>」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="满洲 (消歧义)">满洲 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox 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0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="Talk:满洲">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" class="extiw" title="en:Manchuria">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年10月20日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年9月27日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%22">"满洲"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>满洲</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchuria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Manchuria.png/220px-Manchuria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Manchuria.png/330px-Manchuria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Manchuria.png/440px-Manchuria.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="395" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: small;">满洲的北部，中部<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中国东北">中国东北</a>为红色；西部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="内蒙古">内蒙古</a>东部为浅红色；东北部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="外滿洲">外满洲</a>为粉红色。</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">汉语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="繁体字">繁体字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hant"> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:滿洲">滿洲</a> </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字">简化字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hans"> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:满洲">满洲</a> </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-pinyin"> Mǎnzhōu </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="通用拼音">通用拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-tongyong"> Mǎnjhou </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-wadegile"> Man-chou </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:现代标准汉语国际音标">[màn.tʂóʊ]</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="國語羅馬字">國語羅馬字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn"> Maanjou </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-bopo"> ㄇㄢˇ ㄓㄡ </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">拉丁化</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="wuu-latn"> Moe<sup>上</sup>-tseu<sup>平</sup> </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案">粵拼</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="yue-latn-jyutping"> Mun<sup>5</sup>-zau<sup>1</sup> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">朝鲜语名稱</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ko-hang"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:만주">만주</a> </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮漢字">汉字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ko-hani">滿洲 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc; font-size: small">标音</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%A7%82%E5%85%89%E9%83%A82000%E5%B9%B4%E5%BC%8F" title="文化观光部2000年式">文观部式</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ko-latn">Manju </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9-%E8%B3%B4%E8%82%96%E7%88%BE%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="馬科恩-賴肖爾表記法">马-赖式</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ko-latn">Manju </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">日语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">汉字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ja"> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:満州">満州</a> </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)" title="假名 (文字)">假名</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ja"> まんしゅう </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日语罗马字">日语罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ja-latn"> Manshū </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AD%E4%BB%A4%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="训令式罗马字">训令式罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ja-latn"> Mansyû </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">蒙古语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="蒙古語文字">傳統蒙文</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r76324713">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Mongolian Universal White","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Mongolian Universal White","Noto Sans Mongolian"}</style><span lang="mn-Mong-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"> ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="蒙古语西里尔字母">西里尔蒙文</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="mn-cyrl"> Манжуур </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">音标</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="汉语拼音字母">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;">Manjuur</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">满语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%96%87" title="满文">满文</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r76324713"><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A0%AE%E1%A0%A0%E1%A0%A8%E1%A0%B5%E1%A1%A0_%E1%A1%A4%E1%A1%A0%E1%A1%B5%E1%A1%A0%E1%A0%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</a> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="满文转写方案">转写</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;">Manju Gurun</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">俄语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ru"> Маньчжурия </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8C%96" title="俄语罗马化">羅馬化</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ru-latn"> Man'chzhuriya </span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tbody></table> <p><b>滿洲</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Manchuria</span>、俄语：<span lang="ru">Маньчжурия</span>；另稱<b>滿洲利亞</b>）為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東北亞">東北亞</a>一地區，狹義指今<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">中国东北地区</a>，即<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="东北三省">东北三省</a>，亦可包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="內蒙古自治區">内蒙古自治區</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%9C%E5%9B%9B%E7%9B%9F%E5%B8%82" title="内蒙古东四盟市">东四盟市</a>，广义上则包括曾由中國統治但現屬<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="外滿洲">外滿洲</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="庫頁島">庫頁島</a>。 </p><p>中文「滿洲」一詞原為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F" title="满族">满族</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>的官方稱呼，而这个汉字词作為地名使用最早出現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>學者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高橋景保" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="高橋景保"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%8B%E6%99%AF%E4%BF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高橋景保（页面不存在）">高橋景保</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%8B%E6%99%AF%E4%BF%9D" class="extiw" title="ja:高橋景保"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">高橋景保</span></a></span>）</span></span>的著作《日本邊海略圖》一書中<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。直到19世紀末期，西方列強、尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>勢力延伸至此，滿洲作為地名的意義才開始突顯<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。此後更因為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">日本</a>對這一地區的爭奪而為世界所熟知。清政府在設置<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東三省">東三省</a>前後，正式場合之中使用「東三省」來稱呼這片區域，如1902年与俄国《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%B6%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="交收東三省條約">交收東三省條約</a>》、1905年与日本《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9C%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="中日会议东三省事宜条约">會議東三省事宜條約</a>》等皆以「東三省」稱之。1931年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="關東軍">關東軍</a>在未經天皇、總理、陸軍3長官授權下发动<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="九一八事变">九一八事变</a>，从<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="国民政府">国民政府</a>手中夺取东三省，又于1932年扶植清朝末代皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA" title="溥仪">溥仪</a>复出，於東三省樹立<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD" title="满洲国">满洲国</a>，溥仪在正式场合中改称這片區域為满洲。1940年，国民党副总裁<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%AB" title="汪精卫">汪精卫</a>于南京成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%AB%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="汪精卫国民政府">國民政府</a>，承认满洲国，亦在正式场合中称此區域為满洲。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>之後，中共控制區（<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82" title="哈尔滨市">哈爾濱</a>等地）的報紙，如《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="东北日报">東北日報</a>》上，延用滿洲國時期「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="北满洲">北滿</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="南满洲">南滿</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="东满洲">東滿</a>」之类詞匯与「東北」混用，用以表示東北北部、東北南部、東北東部。中共機構、軍區分別設置<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%80" title="中共中央东北局">東</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%80" title="中共中央东北局">南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%80" title="中共中央东北局">西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%80" title="中共中央东北局">北滿分局</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="东北人民解放军">東</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="东北人民解放军">西</a>、南、北滿軍區。 </p><p>当今中國一般使用「東北」、「東北三省」、「東北地區」、「關東」等來稱呼滿洲地區的遼寧、吉林、黑龍江3個省級行政區，有時也包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="內蒙古">內蒙古</a>東北部地區。目前滿洲已經很少被作為地名的稱呼，尤其是官方，滿族也已非當地人口構成的多數。在歷史遺留的專有名詞方面，中國官方仍使用滿洲一詞，比如「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E7%9C%81%E5%A7%94%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80" title="中共满洲省委旧址">中共滿洲省委舊址</a>」（位於遼寧省瀋陽市北市場）之類文物古蹟、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="滿洲里市">滿洲里市</a>等專有地名、還有一些企業如「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%BB%A1%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%92%A2" title="北满特殊钢">北滿特鋼</a>」（位於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E9%BD%8A%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="齊齊哈爾市">齊齊哈爾市</a>）等。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">朝鮮語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a>等語言中，「滿洲」作為地理名稱仍常見。 </p> <table width="260px" class="collapsible collapsed" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; clear: right; background:#f8f8f8; border: 1px solid #BBBBBB; margin-left: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Northeast_China.svg/200px-Northeast_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Northeast_China.svg/300px-Northeast_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Northeast_China.svg/400px-Northeast_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699" 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中国东北历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="14"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#史前文明" title="中国东北地区历史">中国东北史前史</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%95%E5%9B%BD" title="燕国">燕国</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1" title="辽西郡">辽西郡</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%95%E5%AD%90%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="箕子朝鮮">箕子朝鮮</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="3" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%83%A1" title="东胡">东胡</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%83%E6%85%8E" title="肃慎">肃慎</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#f5d8a9" colspan="3" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%8A%E8%B2%8A" title="濊貊">濊貊</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A1" title="辽东郡">辽东郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1" title="辽西郡">辽西郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A1" title="辽东郡">辽东郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1" title="辽西郡">辽西郡</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%BB%A1%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C" title="卫满朝鲜">卫满朝鲜</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A1" title="辽东郡">辽东郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="4"><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A1" title="漢四郡">漢四郡</a>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B6%E9%A4%98%E5%9C%8B" title="扶餘國">扶餘國</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E6%B2%AE" title="沃沮">沃沮</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" rowspan="14"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E4%B8%BD" title="高句丽">高句丽</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="4"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1" title="辽西郡">辽西郡</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%A1%93" title="乌桓">乌桓</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91" title="鲜卑">鲜卑</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2" rowspan="12"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%B9%E5%A8%84" title="挹娄">挹娄</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="4"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A1" title="辽东郡">辽东郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="4"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E8%8F%9F%E9%83%A1" title="玄菟郡">玄菟郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%BB%8E%E9%83%A1" title="昌黎郡">昌黎郡</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="公孫度">公孫度</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="5"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A1" title="辽东郡">辽东郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="5"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E8%8F%9F%E9%83%A1" title="玄菟郡">玄菟郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="5"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="平州">平州</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%AE%B9%E9%83%A8" title="慕容部">慕容部</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#f5d8a9" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="宇文部鮮卑">宇文部</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="1" rowspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕">前燕</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="7"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="平州">平州</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6" title="前秦">前秦</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="7"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="平州">平州</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%87%95" class="mw-redirect" title="后燕">后燕</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="7"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="平州">平州</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f5d8a9" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%87%95" title="北燕">北燕</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="营州 (北魏)">营州</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E7%84%B6" title="柔然">柔然</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="契丹">契丹</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="1" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%9A%E6%97%8F" title="奚族">库莫奚</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E9%9F%A6" title="室韦">室韦</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%BF%E5%90%89" title="勿吉">勿吉</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3" rowspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%AD%8F" title="东魏">东魏</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="营州 (北魏)">营州</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%90" title="北齐">北齐</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="营州 (北魏)">营州</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="营州 (北魏)">营州</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋朝</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%9F%8E%E9%83%A1" title="柳城郡">柳城郡</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#f5d8a9" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="突厥">突厥</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%BA%E9%9E%A8" title="靺鞨">靺鞨</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%95%E9%83%A1" title="燕郡">燕郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1" title="辽西郡">辽西郡</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F)" title="营州 (北魏)">营州</a>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%BC%A0%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="松漠都督府">松漠都督府</a>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%B6%E4%B9%90%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="饶乐都督府">饶乐都督府</a>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E9%9F%A6%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="室韦都督府">室韦都督府</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B0%B4%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="黑水都督府">黑水都督府</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="渤海国">渤海国</a></b><br /><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="渤海都督府">渤海都督府</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="1"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="安东都护府">安东都护府</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D" title="辽朝">辽朝</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%93" title="上京道">上京道</a>)</small><br /><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%93" title="中京道">中京道</a></b>)</small><br /><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%93" title="东京道">东京道</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3" rowspan="3"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="女真">女真</a></b></small> </td> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%B9" title="东丹">东丹国</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%BD" title="定安国">定安国</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d3c2ef" colspan="3"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%93" title="东京道">东京道</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">金朝</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="6"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="东京路">东京路</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="6"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="上京路">上京路</a></b>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#d7e3f8" colspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%BE%BD%E5%9B%BD" title="东辽国">東遼</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%A4%8F" title="东夏">大真國</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="12">(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E9%98%B3%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="辽阳行省">辽阳行省</a></b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="3" rowspan="2"><small>(<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="辽东都指挥使司">辽东都司</a></b>)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="9">(<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%85%92%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="奴兒干都指揮使司">奴尔干都司</a></b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="建州女真">建州女真</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="海西女真">海西女真</a></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="野人女真">野人女真</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="12">(<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" title="东三省">东三省</a></b>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="東三省總督">东三省总督</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D" title="黑龍江將軍">黑龍江將軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B" title="吉林将军">吉林将军</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B" title="盛京将军">盛京将军</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="9">(<b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">满洲地区</a></b>) </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">帝俄</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97" title="外東北">外满洲</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="11" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中华民国大陆时期">中華民國</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%89%E7%B3%BB%E5%86%9B%E9%98%80" title="奉系军阀">奉系军阀</a>） </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E4%B8%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="远东共和国">远东共和国</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="远东">远东</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7fabe" colspan="11"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="东北最高行政委员会">东北最高行政委员会</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD" title="满洲国">满洲国</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="11"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联占领下的满洲">苏联占领下的满洲</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0FFFF" colspan="11">中華民國<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B0%E7%9C%81%E5%8D%80%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="東北新省區方案">东九省</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c1f8f7" colspan="11"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">东北地区</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFE1FF" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯联邦</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%AE%A1%E5%8D%80" title="遠東聯邦管區">远东</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #BBBBBB; padding:0.3em 0 0.3em 0.3em; vertical-align:top"><b>注</b> </td> <td align="left" colspan="11" style="border-top:1px solid #BBBBBB; padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.3em 0; vertical-align:text-top">政区、政权大部在今东北三省者用粗体。 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #BBBBBB; padding:0.3em 0 0.3em 0.3em; vertical-align:top"><b>参见</b> </td> <td align="left" colspan="11" style="border-top:1px solid #BBBBBB; padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.3em 0; vertical-align:text-top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="遼寧歷史">辽宁歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="吉林历史">吉林历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="黑龙江历史">黑龙江历史</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名源"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>名源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞語本義"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E8.AA.9E.E6.9C.AC.E7.BE.A9"></span>詞語本義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：詞語本義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>滿洲原本僅僅指代人的群体，而不包含任何地理學概念。這種稱呼在1635年由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a>引入<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-bob_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-giles_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giles-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。关于满洲（manju）这一族名的来历说法不一，清史学界至今尚未达成共识<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>官方观点表示，满洲之名源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="文殊菩萨">文殊菩萨</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>：<span lang="sa">मञ्जुश्री</span>，Maṅjuśrī）<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a>还特别在其诗中自注以表示对这一说法的认同<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。该词可能是經<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="維吾爾語">維吾爾語</a>譯為<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古語">蒙古語</a>，之後進入滿語。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a>建國時，以滿洲國（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="满语">满语</a>：<span lang="mnc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r76324713"><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="满文转写方案">穆麟德轉寫</a>：<i><span class="Unicode" lang="mnc-Latn" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" title="穆麟德转写">manju gurun</span></i>）為名，取“文殊菩薩的土地”之意<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。清史学者<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E6%A3%AE" title="孟森">孟森</a>也曾作考证来支持这一观点。他还进一步认为“满洲”之名与<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>中期<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="建州卫">建州卫</a>指挥使<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%BB%A1%E4%BD%8F" title="李满住">李满住</a>有关<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>，并指出满住（满洲）是建州傳統觀念中的“最尊之称”。“满洲部族”正是“文殊部族”之意，是為當時建州女真人中自成的一種自名其部族之熟語<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E5%B1%B1_(%E6%BB%A1%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长山 (满语学者)（页面不存在）">长山</a>则认为满语中manju一词是来自mangga “刚强”与ju（来自*goro）“箭”的合成词，意为“强悍的箭”。<sup id="cite_ref-changshan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changshan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="創造傳播"><span id=".E5.89.B5.E9.80.A0.E5.82.B3.E6.92.AD"></span>創造傳播</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：創造傳播"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>汉字词汇滿洲真正被用作地名來自於日本。據日本學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E8%84%87%E6%B7%B3%E5%AD%90" title="宮脇淳子">宮脇淳子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A1%E7%94%B0%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%98" title="岡田英弘">岡田英弘</a>所言，日本幕府時期的地理學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%8B%E6%99%AF%E4%BF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高橋景保（页面不存在）">高橋景保</a>於1809年在《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E7%95%A5%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日本邊界略圖（页面不存在）">日本邊界略圖</a>》中首次將“滿洲”一詞用作地名，西方人也正是從該作品中採用了這個名稱<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-japanese1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japanese1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-japanese2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japanese2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。根據馬克·C·艾略特（Mark C. Elliott）的說法，滿洲一次用作地名是在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%82%E5%B7%9D%E7%94%AB%E5%91%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桂川甫周（页面不存在）">桂川甫周</a>1794年的作品《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%A7%8E%E8%81%9E%E7%95%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北槎聞略（页面不存在）">北槎聞略</a>》里的两张地图：亚洲全图和地球半球插图。此後，滿洲一词便被日本地理學家<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>大量使用。日本人創作的地圖由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="荷蘭人">荷蘭人</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="菲利普·弗朗茨·冯·西博尔德">菲利普·馮·西博德</a>帶回了歐洲<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。根據日本學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%A6%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中見立夫（页面不存在）">中見立夫</a>的說法，菲利普·馮·西博德同時也將日語的满洲介绍到了歐洲語言<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-bob2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。根據比爾·休厄爾（Bill Sewell）的說法，最早開始使用Manchuria來指代該地區的是歐洲人，而日本的帝国主义重新定义了满洲而使它不单纯是地理術語<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。歷史學家加文·麥考馬克（Gavan McCormack）和羅伯特·H·G·李（Robert H. G. Lee）均認為，即滿洲利亞（Manchuria）或滿洲（Man-chou）是由西方人和日本人現代創造的詞，該詞本質上是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝國主義</a>的，沒有“確切的含義”。例如因為日本人在建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD" title="满洲国">满洲国</a>時，故意提倡使用“滿洲”作為地名，以表現其與中國本土的分離<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p>在18世紀的歐洲，後來被稱為“滿洲利亞”（Manchuria）的地區最常被稱為“（中華）<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="韃靼利亞">韃靼利亞</a>”。然而，滿洲（法語作<span lang="fr">Mantchourie</span>）一詞在世紀末開始出現；<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法國</a>傳教士最早在1800年就使用了它<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。法國地理學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%88%8E" title="康拉德·马尔特·布戎">康拉德·馬爾特·布戎</a>和埃德梅·門特爾（Edme Mentelle）倡導使用 Manchuria（或法語<span lang="fr">Mantchourie</span>）一詞，以更好地与“<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="卡爾梅克汗國">卡爾梅克</a>”等地理區域相區分<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國稱呼"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E7.A8.B1.E5.91.BC"></span>中國稱呼</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：中國稱呼"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" title="东三省">东三省</a></div> <p>在中國語境中，滿洲曾被稱為<b>關東</b>或<b>關外</b>，意指秦皇島的山海關之外<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-giles2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giles2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。關東後來被更狹義地用於遼東半島的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%9C%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="关东州 (日本)">關東州租借地</a>。1683年吉林與黑龍江分治，此後<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">東北地區</a>作為滿族的龍興之地一直被三大將軍統轄<span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-giles3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giles3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><span id="noSpaceRef-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>參⁠ 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。1907年東北設省，清朝對此地區的官方稱謂為“<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東三省">東三省</a></b>”（<span class="nowrap"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r76324713"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ᡵᡤᡳ<br />ᡳᠯᠠᠨ<br />ᡤᠣᠯᠣ</span>，Dergi Ilan Golo），該稱謂一直延續至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>北洋政府时期，此后作为非正式用法仍有沿用。滿洲作為一個分裂主義和帝國主義色彩極強的詞彙，在多數場合被中國政府拒絕使用。在東北設省前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA" title="光绪">光緒</a>二十二年（1896年），<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清政府</a>派特使<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>在赴俄祝賀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87" title="沙皇">沙皇</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯)">尼古拉二世</a>加冕典禮期間簽署《中俄禦敵相互援助條約》（簡稱《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄密约">中俄密約</a>》）。清廷尋求俄國幫助，條約約定清俄協防日本，並同意俄國「通過<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F" title="黑龙江">黑龍江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="吉林">吉林</a>修築一條鐵路」。俄國將鐵路定名為「滿洲鐵路」，此舉遭到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>的強烈反對，他堅持「必須名曰『大清東省鐵路』，若名為『滿洲鐵路』，即須取消允給之應需地畝權」。後來改鐵路被正式定名為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B8%85%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="東清鐵路">大清東省鐵路</a>，簡稱清東鐵路，又稱東清鐵路。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="滿洲歷史">滿洲歷史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="明及之前"><span id=".E6.98.8E.E5.8F.8A.E4.B9.8B.E5.89.8D"></span>明及之前</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：明及之前"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manju.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Manju.svg/100px-Manju.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Manju.svg/150px-Manju.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Manju.svg/200px-Manju.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>「滿洲」一詞在滿文中的寫法，意为「<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F" title="满族">滿洲人</a>」，并非地名</figcaption></figure> <p>满洲地区中部在古代中国被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B6%E9%A4%98%E5%9C%8B" title="扶餘國">扶餘國</a>。上古至中古時代，满洲地区的東部及俄國<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1" title="遠東">遠東</a>在古代中國被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%85%E6%85%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="肅慎">肅慎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="女真">女真</a>等民族居住。滿洲的南部屬於漢族的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%9C%B0" title="汉地">漢地</a>，滿洲的西部属於匈奴、突厥、蒙古等民族聚居地。戰國時<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%95%E6%98%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="燕昭王">燕昭王</a>曾經擊東胡、拒<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%95%E5%AD%90%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="箕子朝鮮">箕子朝鮮</a>，辟地千里。秦統一中國後設立<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="遼東郡">遼東郡</a>，兩漢置遼西遼東郡，另左北平郡領有部分遼土，東漢三國時<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E6%87%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="司馬懿">司馬懿</a>討平割據此地之公孫氏，置平州，西晉因之，後<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E4%B9%B1%E5%8D%8E" title="五胡乱华">五胡亂華</a>時，<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="鲜卑族">鮮卑族</a>在這裡建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕">前燕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%87%95" title="後燕">後燕</a>，後被<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="高句麗">高句麗</a>吞併。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90" class="mw-redirect" title="唐">唐</a>滅高句麗後，遼東復歸中國，其北部則建立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="渤海國">渤海國</a>，之後則分屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="契丹">契丹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="女真">女真</a>和蒙古等族建立起來的政權所有。明初<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6" title="洪武">洪武</a>北伐降伏<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%88%E5%87%BA" title="纳哈出">納哈出</a>，逐退<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%88%90%E6%A1%82" title="李成桂">李成桂</a>，克復遼東，因其邊地，行衛所制，設都指揮使司，隸山東布政使，並置遼藩（靖難之亂後遷湖廣荊州），移<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="山西">山西</a>之民填之。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="永樂">永樂</a>年間在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="黑龍江">黑龍江</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="烏蘇里江">烏蘇里江</a>下游設立羈縻機構<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%85%92%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="奴兒干都指揮使司">奴兒乾都司</a>，其南部則為自治的女真族聚居地，當時有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="建州女真">建州女真</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="海西女真">海西女真</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="野人女真">野人女真</a>三部。15世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮王朝">朝鮮</a>曾對女真展開進攻，吞併了圖們江以南的地區，設立<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AD%E9%8E%AE" title="四郡六鎮">四郡六鎮</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="清代滿洲"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E4.BB.A3.E6.BB.BF.E6.B4.B2"></span>清代滿洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：清代滿洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16世紀中葉，建州女真部開始興起，逐漸統一女真各部併發展為後來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="後金">後金</a>政權。後金成立之初即以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%81%A8" title="七大恨">七大恨</a>為由起兵反明，至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="崇禎">崇禎</a>季年已控制整個遼東，以至建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>入主中原。地理意義上的滿洲通常指今天的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="遼寧">遼寧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="吉林">吉林</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="黑龍江省">黑龍江</a>三省全境，再加上<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="內蒙古">內蒙古</a>東北部的地區（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%9B%9B%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="東四盟">東四盟</a>）。根據1689年（康熙二十八年）中俄《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E6%A5%9A%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="尼布楚條約">尼布楚條約</a>》、1727年（雍正五年）中俄《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%9E%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%87%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="布连斯奇条约">布連斯奇條約</a>》、1712年（康熙五十一年）與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮王朝">朝鮮</a>的勘界約定，歷史上滿洲的地域還包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97" title="外東北">外滿洲</a>即今天的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="烏蘇里江">烏蘇里江</a>以東、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="黑龍江">黑龍江</a>以北，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%88%88%E5%AE%89%E5%B6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="外興安嶺">外興安嶺</a>以南，總面積約為210多萬平方公里。 </p><p>清朝初年，在滿洲設置了<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B" title="盛京将军">盛京將軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="吉林將軍">吉林將軍</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D" title="黑龍江將軍">黑龍江將軍</a>，滿洲在管理方式、行政制度及土地佔有形式方面有別於關內地區。中俄<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="雅克薩戰役">雅克薩戰役</a>後，清朝於1692年開始向滿洲地區派遣<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>及八旗漢軍移民。屬於吉林將軍管轄的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="寧古塔">寧古塔</a>在清朝則是著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%94%BE" title="流放">流放</a>地。由於滿洲是清朝的發祥地，因此<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%85%B5%E5%85%A5%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="清兵入關">清兵入關</a>之後對這一地區採取了封禁措施，修建了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A" title="柳條邊">柳條邊</a>，禁止<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="漢族">漢族</a>移民進入其腹地。但是在整個18世紀，清政府日益舉棋不定，時而封鎖移民，時而對漢人滲入<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A" title="柳條邊">柳條邊</a>佯作不知。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="近代時期"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>近代時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：近代時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在19世紀末，滿洲因為日本和俄國對這一地區的爭奪而為世界所熟知。俄國向滿洲的擴張始於17世紀上半葉。1858年和1860年，俄國通過《<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%A6%E7%90%BF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="璦琿條約">璦琿條約</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="北京條約">北京條約</a>》割佔了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="黑龍江">黑龍江</a>以北、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="烏蘇里江">烏蘇里江</a>以東約100萬平方公里的土地。1861年牛莊（<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E5%8F%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="營口">營口</a>）開埠，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">西方</a>勢力開始進入滿洲南部。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%8B%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="太古洋行">太古洋行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%B4%8B%E8%A1%8C" title="怡和洋行">怡和洋行</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%8C%82%E6%B4%8B%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德茂洋行（页面不存在）">德茂洋行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E8%AE%B0%E6%B4%8B%E8%A1%8C" title="瑞记洋行">瑞記洋行</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E6%98%8C%E6%B4%8B%E8%A1%8C" title="旗昌洋行">旗昌洋行</a>紛紛在<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E5%8F%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="營口">營口</a>開業，各國先後在營口設立領事館，清朝也設立了營口海關。從1865年至1891年，滿洲地區大量出口<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86" title="大豆">大豆</a>、豆油、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%9E%E8%9A%95%E4%B8%9D" title="柞蚕丝">柞蠶絲</a>、以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%83" class="mw-redirect" title="人參">人參</a>等土特產，進口鴉片、棉紡織品和其它消費品。 </p><p>清朝早期，滿洲被列為「龍興之地」而禁止<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="漢人">漢人</a>進入。由於清朝末年俄國的南下勢力抬頭，以及朝鮮移民越過圖們江開墾長白山地區的情況趨於嚴重，滿洲地區的邊疆危機日甚，清朝被迫開放邊禁，採取「移民實邊」的政策。1861年至1880年代陸續開放了吉林圍場、阿勒楚喀圍場、大凌河牧場等官地和旗地。1882年（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒">光緒</a>八年）首先在吉林招墾，設立琿春招墾總局，此後又開放了黑龍江地區的土地開墾。1885年設立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉林電報局（页面不存在）">吉林電報局</a>，1883年，滿洲第一家近代機器工業製造廠——<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%B1%80" title="吉林机器局">吉林機器局</a>投產。 </p><p>1896年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>通過《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="中俄密約">中俄密約</a>》得到了在滿洲境內修建鐵路的特權，並於1898年取得了旅順-大連租借地。這一時期日本也逐漸加強向滿洲的擴張。1904年，爆發<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日俄戰爭">日俄戰爭</a>，俄國戰敗，被迫退出南滿。此後日本、俄國和中國三方均加速對滿洲的開發。1907年清廷裁撤盛京、吉林、黑龍江三將軍，改置奉天、吉林、黑龍江，時稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東三省">東三省</a>，設<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%92%AB" title="巡撫">巡撫</a>，並設<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="東三省總督">東三省總督</a>。日本於1906年成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E9%90%B5%E9%81%93%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E6%9C%83%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="南滿洲鐵道株式會社">南滿洲鐵道株式會社</a>，以公司的名義在滿洲實行殖民經略，並且鼓勵<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="朝鮮人">朝鮮人</a>向滿洲大量移民。 </p><p>1912年清朝滅亡後，日本陸軍參謀本部曾策劃滿蒙獨立運動，由於局勢變化而未能實現。之後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%89%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="奉系">奉系</a>軍閥<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E4%BD%9C%E9%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="張作霖">張作霖</a>成為滿洲地區的實際控制者，張初期與日本交好，之後關係轉差，1928年兵敗於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BB%8D%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="國民革命軍北伐">國民革命军北伐</a>，自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京</a>退回<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="遼寧省 (中華民國)">奉天</a>時，被<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="關東軍">關東軍</a>的鐵路炸彈所<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A7%91%E5%B1%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="皇姑屯事件">暗殺</a>。1929年其子<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%AD%B8%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="張學良">張學良</a>繼位，宣佈<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%98%93%E5%B9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="東北易幟">東北易幟</a>，改<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%89%B2%E6%97%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="五色旗 (中華民國)">五色旗</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" title="中華民國國旗">青天白日紅旗</a>，名義上<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E9%A0%86" class="mw-disambig" title="歸順">歸順</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國民政府">國民政府</a>。 </p><p>1931年爆發<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="滿洲事變">滿洲事變</a>（九一八事變），日本<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="關東軍">關東軍</a>全面侵略中國東三省，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A#张、蒋与所謂的不抵抗政策" title="九一八事變">張學良不戰而退</a>，滿洲地區被日本侵佔，1932年至1945年，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">大日本帝國</a>扶植下，以前清皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A5%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="溥儀">溥儀</a>為執政建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="滿洲國">滿洲國</a>，1934年溥儀稱帝，改名滿洲帝國。 </p><p>1945年8月，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯紅軍">蘇聯紅軍</a>進攻在滿洲的日本<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="關東軍">關東軍</a>，日本戰敗後滿洲國隨之解體，滿洲地區被蘇聯軍隊佔領。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國民政府">國民政府</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國共產黨">中國共產黨</a>開始爭奪東北地區的控制權。戰後因蘇聯遲未將滿洲歸還中華民國及運走大量滿洲國遺留之物資設備，導致中國爆發<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%98%87%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="反蘇運動">反蘇運動</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%8D%A0%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" title="蘇占滿洲">蘇聯最終於1946年5月撤出滿洲地區並歸還給中國</a>。1948年，國民政府在<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E7%80%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="遼瀋戰役">遼瀋戰役</a>中失利，標誌中共對國民政府實現了軍事勝利，而此前中共通過長期「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%89%BF%E5%8C%AA" title="东北剿匪">剿匪</a>」，徹底消滅了支持國民政府的各類<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地方武裝（页面不存在）">地方武裝</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%87%BB%E6%88%98" title="游击战">游擊組織</a>。期間，中共對東北地區的行政區劃多有調整，1949年正式成為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>的東北三省。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理劃分"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86.E5.8A.83.E5.88.86"></span>地理劃分</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：地理劃分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchuria-zh-cn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Manchuria-zh-cn.png/220px-Manchuria-zh-cn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Manchuria-zh-cn.png/330px-Manchuria-zh-cn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Manchuria-zh-cn.png/440px-Manchuria-zh-cn.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>歷史上的滿洲地區<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E83A30; color:black;"> </span> 內滿洲（今<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東三省">東三省</a>）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E5574F; color:black;"> </span> 內蒙古北部（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%9B%9B%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="东四盟">东四盟</a>）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E78884; color:black;"> </span> 外滿洲（今屬俄羅斯）</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="內滿洲"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E6.BB.BF.E6.B4.B2"></span>內滿洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：內滿洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中國東北地區">中國東北地區</a></div> <ul><li>以长春为界 <ul><li><b>南滿/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="南滿洲">南滿洲</a></b>：中長路瀋陽至大連線以東的莊河、安東（今丹東）、通化、臨江、清原和瀋陽西南的遼中等地區。</li> <li><b>北滿/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="北满洲">北滿洲</a></b>：哈爾濱、牡丹江、佳木斯、北安等地區。</li></ul></li> <li>以中东铁路为界 <ul><li><b>東滿/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="东满洲">東滿洲</a></b>：中長路瀋陽至長春線以東的吉林、西安（今東遼）、延吉、安圖、敦化等地區。</li> <li><b>西滿/<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="西满洲">西滿洲</a></b>：中長路瀋陽至哈爾濱線以西的齊齊哈爾、洮南（今洮安）、扶余、雙遼、開魯、阜新等地區。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外滿洲"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E6.BB.BF.E6.B4.B2"></span>外滿洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外滿洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="外滿洲">外滿洲</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%AE%A1%E5%8D%80" title="遠東聯邦管區">遠東聯邦管區</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%93%88%E6%9E%97%E5%B7%9E" title="萨哈林州">薩哈林州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%9B" title="库页岛">薩哈林島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%BE%B9%E7%96%86%E5%8C%BA" title="哈巴罗夫斯克边疆区">哈巴羅夫斯克邊疆區</a>的烏第河以南、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%82%8A%E7%96%86%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="濱海邊疆區">濱海邊疆區</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太自治州">猶太自治州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%A9%86%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿穆爾州">阿穆爾州</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民俗与文化"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.BF.97.E4.B8.8E.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>民俗与文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：民俗与文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>满洲的文化传统基本上是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="华北">华北</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F" title="汉族">汉族</a>移民文化与<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="通古斯">土著</a>各族（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F" title="满族">满洲人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E4%BC%AF%E6%97%8F" title="锡伯族">锡伯人</a>等）文化及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮民族">朝鮮人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人">斯拉夫人</a>外来移民文化的结合体。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="饮食"><span id=".E9.A5.AE.E9.A3.9F"></span>饮食</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：饮食"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>满洲的烹调以本地的原料和各本土居民的做法为基础，吸收了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="山东">山东</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河北">河北</a>等地中式烹调传统和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="韓國料理">朝鲜半岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="日本料理">日本</a>料理及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>烹调的特色。食物加工讲究以少为佳以保持是食物的原味，以及采用大量的野生材料。和中国关内的烹饪的最大不同是大量使用不经加热的生鲜蔬菜（夏天时节满洲人喜好食用新鲜的原味材料）。满洲的特色食物有：<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E8%8F%9C_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%BC%8F)" title="酸菜 (中式)">酸菜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E8%B1%86%E5%8C%85" title="粘豆包">粘豆包</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E7%81%AB%E9%94%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东北火锅（页面不存在）">东北火锅</a>、满味<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B6%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="萨其马">萨其马</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E6%B1%A4%E5%AD%90" title="酸汤子">酸汤子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%B4%E6%89%93%E6%BB%9A" title="驴打滚">驴打滚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%85%B8" title="血腸">血腸</a>等。辽宁省南部的新鲜水果和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%B2%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="海鲜">海鲜</a>也极为出名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="娱乐"><span id=".E5.A8.B1.E4.B9.90"></span>娱乐</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：娱乐"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88" title="嘎拉哈">嘎拉哈</a>：一种由猪或者羊膝盖骨（有时也有牛膝盖骨）制作的玩具。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%B0%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰尜（页面不存在）">冰尜</a>(音:嘎)：一种木质的类似<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%80%E8%9E%BA" title="陀螺">陀螺</a>的玩具。用鞭子在冰上抽打旋转。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="曲艺"><span id=".E6.9B.B2.E8.89.BA"></span>曲艺</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：曲艺"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>满洲民众普遍喜爱歌舞。发端于满洲乡村地区的著名民间曲艺的有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A7%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="秧歌">秧歌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA%E8%BD%AC" title="二人转">二人转</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B8%A9%E9%AB%98%E8%B9%BA" title="踩高蹺">踩高跷</a>以及由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>形式演变而来的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="萨满">萨满</a>舞蹈等。在城市中<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%93" title="东北大鼓">奉天大鼓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%84%E5%89%A7" title="评剧">评剧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%89%A7" title="京剧">京剧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0" title="相声">相声</a>等北方汉族传统曲艺则较为流行。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="特产"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E4.BA.A7"></span>特产</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：特产"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>关东三宝，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D" title="东北三宝">东北三宝</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%82" class="mw-redirect" title="人参">人参</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%82%E7%9A%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="貂皮">貂皮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E8%8D%89" title="乌拉草">乌拉草</a>。</li> <li>也有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%82" class="mw-redirect" title="人参">人参</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%82%E7%9A%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="貂皮">貂皮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E8%8C%B8" title="鹿茸">鹿茸</a>等其他说法</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="大米">大米</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B2%B1" title="高粱">高梁</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86" title="大豆">大豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%9C%E7%83%9F" title="关东烟">关东烟</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">中国东北地区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="外东北">外东北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E5%B9%B6%E9%98%BF%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94" title="兼并阿穆尔">兼并阿穆尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F" title="满族">满族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD" title="满洲国">满洲国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E8%92%99%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="滿蒙獨立運動">满蒙独立运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="满洲地区君主列表">满洲地区君主列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97" title="外西北">外西北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="外蒙古">外蒙古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東韃靼里亞">東韃靼里亞</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoSpaceReferences"><ol class="references"> <p id="cite_note-NoSpaceReferences_Prefix_1732437169"><span class="reference-text"></span></p><div style="margin-left:-2.7em;margin-bottom:-1.5em" class="noprint">參:</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPozzi2006">Pozzi 2006</a>，第159, 167頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAVWx89e5PQ">《世紀行過：張學良傳》第6分鐘</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bob-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bob_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514#v=onepage&q&f=false">ed. Wolff & Steinberg 2007</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160424142221/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giles-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giles_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Clausen 1995</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160506132909/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1912">Giles 1912</a>，第<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinamanchus00gile/page/8">8</a>頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGiles1912 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">明亡清兴六十年49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF阿桂1988">阿桂 1988</a>，第2頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREF阿桂1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF孟森2006">孟森 2006</a>，第6頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF杉山正明黃美蓉譯2013">杉山正明 & 黃美蓉譯 2013</a>，第389-391頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREF杉山正明黃美蓉譯2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF孟森2006">孟森 2006</a>，第4-5頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF孟森2006">孟森 2006</a>，第5頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japanese1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japanese1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160514061755/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<a href="#CITEREFPozzi2006">Pozzi 2006</a>，第159頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japanese2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japanese2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false">[2]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160426194647/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<a href="#CITEREFPozzi2006">Pozzi 2006</a>，第167頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如 Kondi Jūzō、Takahashi Kageyasu、Baba Sadayoshi 和 Yamada Ren</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658945?seq=26">Elliot 2000</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181215140409/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658945?seq=26">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bob2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bob2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514#v=onepage&q&f=false">ed. Wolff & Steinberg 2007</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160424142221/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&pg=PA114">ed. Edgington 2003</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210111182932/https://books.google.com/books?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&pg=PA114">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormack 1977, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoSrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 4</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160504150308/https://books.google.com/books?id=GoSrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mantchourie" appearing among the name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_missions_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesuit missions in China（页面不存在）">Jesuit missionary districts</a> in China, with 10,000 Christians, in: <cite id="CITEREF1800" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Me0GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA161">Annales de l'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance</a> <b>18</b>: 161, 1800 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-10-08</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105140200/https://books.google.com/books?id=Me0GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA161">存档</a>于2021-01-05）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&rft.btitle=Annales+de+l%27Oeuvre+de+la+Sainte+Enfance&rft.date=1800&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMe0GAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA161&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Les provinces tributaires du nord ou la Mantchourie, la Mongolie, la Kalmouquie, le Sifan, la Petit Bucharie, et autres pays vulgairement compris sous la fausse dénomination de TARTARIE", in: <cite id="CITEREFMentelleBrun1804" class="citation">Mentelle, Edme; Brun, Malte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CghUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA144">Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde</a> <b>12</b>, H. Tardieu: 144, 1804 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-10-08</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001005432/https://books.google.com/books?id=CghUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA144">存档</a>于2020-10-01）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&rft.au=Brun%2C+Malte&rft.aufirst=Edme&rft.aulast=Mentelle&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ographie+math%C3%A9matique%2C+physique+%26+politique+de+toutes+les+parties+du+monde&rft.date=1804&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=H.+Tardieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCghUAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giles2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giles2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Clausen 1995</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160506132909/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giles3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giles3_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Clausen 1995</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160506132909/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=3utRAQAAIAAJ&q=chahars+hunghutze&dq=chahars+hunghutze">Oriental Affairs: A Monthly Review</a>. 1935: 189 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-10-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111182944/https://books.google.com/books?id=3utRAQAAIAAJ&q=chahars+hunghutze&dq=chahars+hunghutze&hl=en">存档</a>于2021-01-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&rft.btitle=Oriental+Affairs%3A+A+Monthly+Review&rft.date=1935&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D3utRAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dchahars%2Bhunghutze%26dq%3Dchahars%2Bhunghutze&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="书籍"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E7.B1.8D"></span>书籍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：书籍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF孟森2006" class="citation book">孟森. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.douban.com/subject/1838055/">《满洲开国史讲义》</a>. 中华书局. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787101050301" title="Special:网络书源/9787101050301"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787101050301</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410013049/https://book.douban.com/subject/1838055/">存档</a>于2021-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&rft.au=%E5%AD%9F%E6%A3%AE&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B2%E4%B9%89%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787101050301&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%B9%A6%E5%B1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.douban.com%2Fsubject%2F1838055%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF启功2004" class="citation book">启功. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.douban.com/subject/1190501/">《启功口述历史》</a>. 北京师范大学出版社. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787303070190" title="Special:网络书源/9787303070190"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787303070190</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410013115/https://book.douban.com/subject/1190501/">存档</a>于2021-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2&rft.au=%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%9F&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%9F%E5%8F%A3%E8%BF%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787303070190&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.douban.com%2Fsubject%2F1190501%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite id="CITEREFPozzi2006" class="citation book">Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary</a>. Volume 20 of Tunguso Sibirica. Contributor: Giovanni Stary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/344705378X" title="Special:网络书源/344705378X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 344705378X</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617081404/http://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2013-06-17）.</cite><span 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