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vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-組成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#組成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>組成</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-組成-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关組成子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-組成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-走向" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#走向"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>走向</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-走向-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變遷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變遷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>變遷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變遷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-初年鼓勵開拓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#初年鼓勵開拓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>初年鼓勵開拓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-初年鼓勵開拓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政策開始" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政策開始"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>政策開始</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政策開始-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-地權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>地權</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旗民交產" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旗民交產"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>旗民交產</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旗民交產-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出入政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出入政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>出入政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出入政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-厲行封禁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#厲行封禁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>厲行封禁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-厲行封禁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逐步開放" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逐步開放"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>逐步開放</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逐步開放-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-徹底廢除" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#徹底廢除"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>徹底廢除</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-徹底廢除-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-作用影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#作用影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>作用影响</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-作用影响-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关作用影响子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-作用影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-監視朝鮮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#監視朝鮮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>監視朝鮮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-監視朝鮮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民族分佈與人口變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民族分佈與人口變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>民族分佈與人口變化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-民族分佈與人口變化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关民族分佈與人口變化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-民族分佈與人口變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-柳條邊內" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#柳條邊內"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>柳條邊內</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-柳條邊內-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-柳條邊外" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#柳條邊外"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>柳條邊外</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-柳條邊外-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">柳條邊</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。12种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Вярбовы палісад – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вярбовы палісад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbov%C3%A1_hradba" title="Vrbová hradba – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vrbová hradba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenpalisade" title="Weidenpalisade – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weidenpalisade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Willow Palisade" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empalizada_del_Sauce" title="Empalizada del Sauce – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Empalizada del Sauce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palissade_de_saules" title="Palissade de saules – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palissade de saules" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%9D%A1%E8%BE%BA%E7%89%86" title="柳条辺牆 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="柳条辺牆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%80" title="유조변 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유조변" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierzbowa_Palisada" title="Wierzbowa Palisada – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wierzbowa Palisada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali%C3%A7ada_de_Salgueiro" title="Paliçada de Salgueiro – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paliçada de Salgueiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ивовый палисад – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ивовый палисад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вербовий кордон 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">清柳条边遗址</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC99;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E5%AE%81%E7%9C%81%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="辽宁省文物保护单位">辽宁省文物保护单位</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">地址</th><td class="infobox-data adr locality" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82" title="沈阳市">沈阳</a>二段<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%9A%E9%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="抚顺">抚顺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A6%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="锦州">锦州</a>各一段</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">分类</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="">古遗址</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">时代</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">认定时间</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2004年</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>柳條邊</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="满语">满语</a>：<span lang="mnc"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r76324713">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Mongolian Universal White","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Mongolian Universal White","Noto Sans Mongolian"}</style><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᡳᡵᡝᡤᡝᠨ<br /> ᠵᠠᠰᡝ</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="满文转写方案">转写</a>：<i><span class="Unicode" lang="mnc-Latn" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" title="满文转写">biregen jase</span></i>），又名<b>盛京边墙</b>、<b>柳城</b>、<b>条子边</b><sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是指<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>在17世紀後半期，於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" title="东三省">清代東北地方</a>興建的堤防壕溝，其主要形式为“插柳结绳，以界蒙古”，在封禁地区修浚边壕，沿壕植柳，谓之柳条边<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，主要將<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC%E5%9F%8E" title="盛京城">盛京</a>地區及<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="長白山">長白山</a>區包圍。 </p><p>清皇室视其兴起的东北为“祖宗肇迹兴王之所”、“龙兴之地”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a>东巡盛京时所著《老边》诗中写到：“征战纵图进，根本亦须防”，表明柳条边存在是為保卫盛京这一根本重地，所以清朝也称柳条边为边墙。通过修筑柳条边，並且出台諸如“至于外藩蒙古，勿使沿边屯住”等法令，規定除八旗以外，各族民人出入柳條邊需持有各地發行的「路票」，其上写明持票人姓名、年貌、脸色，验证核准后方可进出，并且要从指定的边门出入，以限制漢族民人前往柳條邊內定居，除了是对东南部朝鲜和西部外藩蒙古的防范，也为維护满族在东北地区的人口占比，防止染漢俗以保持滿族傳统風俗。同時該地大多為皇室圍場及八旗封地，封禁政策也是為保护清朝皇室對这一区域“参山珠河之利”的獨占<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>儘管清廷制定了相關的封禁政策，但考慮到封禁的種種弊端，清廷不時默許內地民人進入邊內墾荒，內地民人也不斷<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%96%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="闖關東">衝破清廷的禁令</a>，故終清一代有大批内地民人進入了東北地區，加上當地旗人招佃流民以漁利及民人寄入旗人名下私垦，形成「旗地流失」及「旗民雜居」的情況，對邊疆經濟的發展及當地民族關係產生了深刻影響<sup id="cite_ref-liu2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-暴磊_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-暴磊-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="組成"><span id=".E7.B5.84.E6.88.90"></span>組成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：組成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letts-Popular-Atlas-1883-Russia-in-Asia-Chinese-Empire-etc-Liaoning-thumbnail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Letts-Popular-Atlas-1883-Russia-in-Asia-Chinese-Empire-etc-Liaoning-thumbnail.jpg/250px-Letts-Popular-Atlas-1883-Russia-in-Asia-Chinese-Empire-etc-Liaoning-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Letts-Popular-Atlas-1883-Russia-in-Asia-Chinese-Empire-etc-Liaoning-thumbnail.jpg/375px-Letts-Popular-Atlas-1883-Russia-in-Asia-Chinese-Empire-etc-Liaoning-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Letts-Popular-Atlas-1883-Russia-in-Asia-Chinese-Empire-etc-Liaoning-thumbnail.jpg/500px-Letts-Popular-Atlas-1883-Russia-in-Asia-Chinese-Empire-etc-Liaoning-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>1883年中國東北地圖，可見柳條邊三個部分。</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polisade-Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polisade-Gate.jpg/250px-Polisade-Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polisade-Gate.jpg/375px-Polisade-Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Polisade-Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>柳条边边门遗址</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="結構"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>結構</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：結構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據清代<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E8%B3%93" title="楊賓">杨宾</a>撰寫的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E8%BE%B9%E7%BA%AA%E7%95%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柳边纪略（页面不存在）">柳边纪略</a>》記載，柳条边並不是傳統城墻或邊墻的結構，而是由土堤與柳條組成的障礙<sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，主要由以下結構組成： </p> <ul><li>使用泥土，堆成宽與高各三尺（約一米）的土堤</li> <li>在堤上，每相隔五尺，插柳条三株</li> <li>各株柳条之间，再用绳子连结横条柳枝，谓之“插柳结绳”</li> <li>在土堤外侧，挖掘深度八尺、底宽五尺、口宽八尺的边壕</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="走向"><span id=".E8.B5.B0.E5.90.91"></span>走向</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：走向"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%8A%E6%A8%B9%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楊樹森（页面不存在）">楊樹森</a>在《清代柳條邊》一書中的考據，清代柳條邊曾多次遷移並不固定，但總體上的形势是，东从<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%9C%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B8%AF%E5%B8%82)" title="大东街道 (东港市)">大东沟</a>西南濒海起，北上经<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="凤城市">凤凰城</a>边门，折而东北，经今<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BE%E5%8E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="新宾县">新宾县</a>东南汪清门，折而西北到今<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%8E%9F%E7%B8%A3" title="開原縣">开原县</a>东北的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E9%81%A0%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="威遠堡">威远堡</a>；由威远堡折而西南行接<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="长城">长城</a>；又由威远堡东北走向到今<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82" title="吉林市">吉林市</a>北的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法特哈（页面不存在）">法特哈</a>。它是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%B3" title="山海关">山海关</a>、威远堡，凤凰城和法特哈四个交通要道为点，所联成的一个‘人’字形的封禁篱笆”，主要是將<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="盛京">盛京</a>地區及<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="長白山">長白山</a>區納入包圍之中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="變遷"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E9.81.B7"></span>變遷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：變遷"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清初由於《辽东招民授官例》等招撫政策的頒布，大量關內民眾湧向邊內，人口不斷增加<sup id="cite_ref-#2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，清廷便以“边内地瘠，粮不足支”为由，开始了“展边开垦”的活动，主要開墾方向為內蒙東部地區。 <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>順治中期，遼西地區的八旗莊地及民地已逐漸大量分佈于邊外<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，清廷由此宣佈為了不影響生產生活而酌情開關<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>此後順治十八年（1661年），清廷開始規劃展邊，至康熙十年開始執行。自康熙十年（1671年）至康熙三十六年（1697年）的26年間，柳條邊經歷多次展邊，向西向北擴展了部分土地，將<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="開原">開原</a>縣等莊地集中的地區劃入邊內，在西北方向相較於明代遼東邊墻要擴展了數十里。 <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清代<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>權貴把今<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="遼寧省">遼寧省</a>的东辽河流域和今<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81" title="吉林省">吉林省</a>的長白山地区視作「龍興之地」，予以高度重視，因此自清初即開始著手封禁東北的政策，嚴格限制各族民人尤其是漢族民人入内，以保育當地的自然資源、維護邊內旗人封地及維持清朝皇族對當地自然資源的獨佔<sup id="cite_ref-liu2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>柳条边栅栏和内地卡伦相配合的对东北的封禁政策，主要分为六个阶段<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ol><li><b>鼓勵開拓</b>，1667年之前</li> <li><b>部分限制</b>，1667-1740年，即康熙六年至乾隆五年，共計73年。</li> <li><b>全面厉禁</b>，1740-1792年，即<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>五年至五十七年，共計52年。</li> <li><b>禁中有驰</b>，1792-1860年，即乾隆五十七年至咸丰十年，共計68年。</li> <li><b>局部开禁</b>，1860-1895年，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0" title="咸丰">咸丰</a>十年至<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA" title="光绪">光绪</a>二十一年，共計35年。</li> <li><b>全面开禁</b>，1895年以後。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="初年鼓勵開拓"><span id=".E5.88.9D.E5.B9.B4.E9.BC.93.E5.8B.B5.E9.96.8B.E6.8B.93"></span>初年鼓勵開拓</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：初年鼓勵開拓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清朝初年，由於戰爭破壞及八旗從龍入關影響，東北地區呈現“荒域废堡，败瓦残垣，沃野千里，有土无人”的景象。因此清廷開始招撫各地流民出關參與開墾，許其居住并賜予土地<sup id="cite_ref-#2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>顺治十年（1653），政府颁布了《辽东招民授官例》，其规定了应招加入垦荒者，皆给于口粮、种子、耕牛等生产资料，并给予突出贡献的招领人各种官职、自此关内的大批农民开始大量流向辽东。从顺治十年（1653）到康熙七年（1668），奉天、锦州两府新增人丁（非人口數）达16643人，从康熙八年到十五年又新增10270人。从顺治十八年到康熙二十四年，奉天的耕地从60933亩增加到311750亩，净增250871亩，耕地增加了四倍之多。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政策開始"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96.E9.96.8B.E5.A7.8B"></span>政策開始</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：政策開始"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>康熙七年（1668）开始，《辽东招民授官例》废止，自此官府不再鼓勵農民前往東北地區開墾，並且柳條邊開始逐漸成型。但即便是到乾隆開始嚴厲封禁，移民等因素造成的東北人丁成倍暴漲依舊持續，以奉天地區為例，從順治十八年（1661）年丁數5557，到康熙二十四年（1685）的丁數26227，雍正二年（1724）的丁數42210，再到乾隆十八年（1753）的丁數221732，而乾隆三十一年（1766）更是達到了丁數713485<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但相比之下，東北地區的人口增長幅度依舊相對小於中原地區，並且開發和移民主要集中于柳條邊以內的盛京地區，而不在柳條邊包圍範圍的吉林與黑龍江地區則依舊相對荒蕪，開發遲緩。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="地權"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E6.AC.8A"></span>地權</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：地權"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清初东北的地权关系特殊而又复杂。从所有和管辖区分，大体可分为以下四类： </p> <ol><li><b>皇产官地</b>，为皇室所有，分辖于内务府，盛京户部、礼部、工部；</li> <li><b>旗地</b>，为八旗成员所有，由<b>旗署</b>管辖，但八旗成員僅掌握其使用權而不得隨意售賣；</li> <li><b>民地</b>，为民人所有，由民官管辖；</li> <li><b>蒙地</b>，蒙古八旗或蒙部所有，由各盟管辖。</li></ol> <p>这四类土地由民法物权的角度看，又可分为三项：私有地、公有地和国有地。清代中前期，东北的地权少量为私有，多为官有和国有土地。而私有部分又以旗地为主。根據《盛京通志》記載，邊內的盛京地區，顺治十八年旗地为2652582亩，民地60693亩；康熙三十二年旗地为7271569亩，民地311750亩；雍正朝旗地為14206940亩，民地1823047亩.近一百年間旗地只增長了6倍左右，而民地則擴張了30倍有餘。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="旗民交產"><span id=".E6.97.97.E6.B0.91.E4.BA.A4.E7.94.A2"></span>旗民交產</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：旗民交產"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>旗地為八旗成員從清政府分得的“份地”。顺治七年，清廷出於維護這一八旗特權的角度，颁发“旗民不交产”例，規定旗人只擁有土地使用權，严格禁止旗人私自販賣土地，違反者差撤入官。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这一政策并不限于东北地区，也同样适用于关内，但东北地权关系特殊，这一政策对东北的意义显然要大于全国。自招垦令废除后，从法律上讲，民人新获得合法的土地所有权變得更加困難，因此更難在邊內落户生根。因此在顺治、康熙、雍正三代，关内人民移居东北地区的步伐虽然始终未停，但进展相对缓慢。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而邊內旗地交產轉化實際上依舊在持續進行，為了規避禁令，一般途徑是，旗人先租賃給進入邊內的民人（流民或墾民）耕種，一段時間后向民人出典，最終完全轉化為民人私產。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>即以長租或典當借錢的方式進行實際上的交易。 </p><p>旗民交產主要有以下三種方式<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><b>典</b>，將土地典讓給債權人或當鋪，獲得一次性的收入，同時規避直接售賣帶來的問題。往往回贖期限較長，以致最終難以回贖，土地變相被轉讓。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>押</b>，即將土地作為借款抵押物，按月支付利息，超過日期未償還本金則土地所有權就被轉讓。而清代民間高利貸往往條件苛刻，以使債權人能藉此獲取土地。</li> <li><b>賣</b>，即直接進行土地所有權的交易，但此舉受到清廷嚴格限制及管控。</li></ul> <p>根據記載，自康熙年間，旗地出典給民人的現象即已出現。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>從雍正中期開始，一般旗地開始大量典出。而乾隆時期，一度出現旗地過半已被出典給民人的現象<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此乾隆年間朝廷先後4次花費大量內帑將柳条邊內典出的旗地回贖，并設立八旗衙門直接控制的“隨缺地”、“伍田地”等公有旗地進行國有化，但並沒有遏制邊內旗地遭遇典出并私有化的進程。 </p><p>乾隆三年（1738），為了解決旗人生計問題，政府下令“公产旗地准民人置买”。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在清中葉后，旗地出典更是司空見慣，因此清廷在1852年後逐漸開始放寬對旗民交產的限制，改以對“民典旗地”進行“生科納賦”的方式進行統一管理，以增加財政收入，變相承認了旗民交產。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="出入政策"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.85.A5.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>出入政策</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：出入政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>第一期的柳條邊亦稱“老邊”，始建于清太宗<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="皇太极">皇太极</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7" title="崇德">崇德</a>三年（1638年），至<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E6%B2%BB" title="顺治">顺治</a>十八年（1661年）筑成。範圍從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E9%81%A0%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="威遠堡">威遠堡</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E5%AE%81%E7%9C%81" title="辽宁省">辽宁省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%8E%9F%E5%B8%82" title="开原市">开原市</a>）為中心點，南至<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="遼寧">遼寧</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%B3%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="鳳城">鳳城</a>，西南到<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="長城">長城</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="山海關">山海關</a>，長達1950公里。第二期亦稱“新邊”，自清<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a>九年（1670年）由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="宁古塔将军">宁古塔将军</a>开始主持修筑，自至康熙二十年（1681年）完成。從威遠堡往東北走向，一直展築到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E8%8A%B1%E6%B1%9F" title="松花江">松花江</a>边的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82" title="吉林市">吉林市</a>，全長690公里。柳条边设有边门，老边有16座，新边4座。各门设立哨卡，派兵驻守。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一般來說，該壕溝關防，是為了保護<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="盛京">盛京</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82" title="沈阳市">沈阳市</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>柳条边内外均設立禁区，限制民眾的进出。凡出关者“<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旗人">旗人</a>须持本旗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%8D%E7%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="固山額真">固山额真</a>送牌子至兵部起满文票，汉人则呈请<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8" title="兵部">兵部</a>或随便印官<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="衙门">衙门</a>起汉文票”，凡进关者如出时经专人检查搜检是否夹带<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%82" class="mw-redirect" title="人参">人参</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%8D%89" title="皮草">皮草</a>等违禁物品之后方可放行。进关时：“汉人赴附关衙门起票从南衙验进”而旗人则“便于他时销档而出不必更起部票”。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在柳条边内采<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0" title="珍珠">东珠</a>、人参、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜">蜂蜜</a>，捕<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%8D%BA" title="水獺">水獭</a>者则由专人管理：“按旗分地令其采捕”。偷采猎者则处以：“鞭刑”、“杖刑”、“徒刑”、“流放”直至“绞监候”等。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>清廷雖然對進入關內定居多有限制，但也高度依賴內地流民帶來先進農業技術并從事生產，以及內地商人的經商促進貨物暢通，<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因此長期保持“封而不禁”的狀態。尤其每逢災年，便默許流民自行“出關就食”，甚至諭令守衛“立行放出，不許留難”。 <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="厲行封禁"><span id=".E5.8E.B2.E8.A1.8C.E5.B0.81.E7.A6.81"></span>厲行封禁</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：厲行封禁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>乾隆元年四月，諭令停止原本往东北发遣囚犯的做法。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>從乾隆三年至乾隆六年，又陸續将东北较为重要的威远堡等六口文员改成武职，以加强边口的巡守能力；下令守口官兵严加盘查出入山海关的旗人民人等；禁止吉林、伯都讷等处八旗官兵招募民人耕种，并鼓勵生活艱難的旗人前往東北謀生<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="逐步開放"><span id=".E9.80.90.E6.AD.A5.E9.96.8B.E6.94.BE"></span>逐步開放</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：逐步開放"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1792年，由於發生旱災，清政府公開放鬆禁令，允許並且鼓勵災民前往長城及柳條邊外的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%92%99" class="mw-disambig" title="东蒙">東蒙</a>及東北各地謀生，以分流難民潮。這一措施隨即引發了規模空前的難民遷徙，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東三省">東三省</a>、特別是柳條邊沿線地區從此開始大量接收關內移民。1792年旱災後的10餘年間，清廷即在東北柳條邊沿線地區新建4個行政單元以管理移民（<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%98%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="長春">長春</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="昌图">昌圖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E9%83%BD%E8%A8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯都訥（页面不存在）">伯都訥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91" class="mw-disambig" title="新民">新民</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%87%8C%E6%B2%B3" title="大凌河">大凌河</a>東岸、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A4%8A%E6%81%AF%E7%89%A7%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="養息牧廠（页面不存在）">養息牧廠</a>（今彰武县）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9E%97" title="拉林">拉林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%9F%8E" title="雙城">雙城</a>等官墾聚落也分佈在附近。1780年東北人口約95萬，至1820年猛增至247萬人，較1780年增長1.6倍，年均增長率24.2‰，增長人口中大部分來自移民（約100萬），其中吉林省接收移民30萬人，移民增加的趨勢極為迅猛<sup id="cite_ref-方萧魏_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-方萧魏-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1801年，關內的水災導致有大量難民背井離鄉，部分進入京城暫時棲身，湧入京師的災民均達數萬之眾，部分向外流動，當時有大批難民沿柳條邊一線遷徙和定居<sup id="cite_ref-方萧魏_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-方萧魏-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1804至1819年間，清廷因顧慮移民過多威脅“龍興之地”，決定重申封禁政策。進入19世紀10年代，在對邊外地區的私墾聚落進行大規模清理的行動告一段落，以及封禁效果顯現之後，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="華北平原">華北平原</a>難民問題失控，行為日趨暴力，盜匪橫行，區內清代首次大規模起義事件在1813年旱災背景下爆發<sup id="cite_ref-方萧魏_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-方萧魏-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="徹底廢除"><span id=".E5.BE.B9.E5.BA.95.E5.BB.A2.E9.99.A4"></span>徹底廢除</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：徹底廢除"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1860年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E4%BF%84" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="沙俄">沙俄</a>進犯柳條邊外多處領土，加上關內人口暴增，關外土地極待開發等因素，1873年柳條邊被下詔即時撤除，其關防防堵措施亦全數取消。有學者认为柳条边的實施導致俄罗斯能夠輕易的殖民<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="外东北">外东北</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="庫頁島">庫頁島</a>，並令中國永久失去了當地近100万平方公里的领土、以及日本海的出海口<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1890年，清廷重申邊防與海防並重的意旨，責令<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>及東三省練軍欽差大臣和將軍加緊練兵，採取了一系列措施維護了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E8%8A%B1%E6%B1%9F" title="松花江">松花江</a>航行、漠河金礦開採等主權，收回了部分被沙俄佔領的領土，保障了東北邊疆的安全，大體直到義和團運動前夕，沙俄不曾侵佔東北領土<sup id="cite_ref-方萧魏_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-方萧魏-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="作用影响"><span id=".E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>作用影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：作用影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>满洲贵族出於保卫盛京这一根本重地、維護其政治及經濟特權，阻礙人員自由流動與民眾遷入的目的，從而修筑柳条边<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。邊內土地也是清廷解决八旗生计问题的重要保障，通過“以资养赡”的方式，“移驻京旗闲散”，讓生活拮据的旗人前往邊內的“旗地”自行生產謀生<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。柳条边的“边”除了标示“禁区”的界限外，更主要的是盛京和宁古塔、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%9C%AD%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="內札薩克蒙古">内札萨克蒙古</a>几个行政区的分界线。如清代地方志载：“清起东北，蒙古内附，修边示限，使畜牧游猎之民，知所止境，设门置守，以资镇慑。”<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>“吉林、开原以西边外，为蒙古科尔沁等诸部驻牧地。”<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及康熙时高士奇的《息从东巡日录》称：“癸亥，道经柳条边，插柳结绳，以界蒙古。”柳条边不仅是政区界线，并且具有经济分界的功效。柳条边划定了东北的农耕区、狩猎采集区、游牧区三个经济区，它是北方农牧林交错带的界标，是一条人造的生态隔离带。它在客观上对恢复辽东地区被战争破坏的经济、保护东北边外地区原有的生态资源起到重要作用<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但是其隔离作用束缚了边外城镇的发展，限制了人民的自由迁徙，更使得俄国人有机可乘，直到清末东北弛禁后，进入东北的移民人数才达到顶峰<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="監視朝鮮"><span id=".E7.9B.A3.E8.A6.96.E6.9C.9D.E9.AE.AE"></span>監視朝鮮</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：監視朝鮮"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>柳條邊東南的凤凰城边门，“是为通朝鲜之孔道”，作為中朝交流貿易及朝鮮朝貢的必經之路。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而长白山东麓与朝鲜半岛接壤，因之朝鲜与清朝不仅交往频繁，争执事项亦很多。朝鲜半岛多山，适宜农耕者少，其东北部与长白山东坡走向，有一片沃野平原，朝鲜人为寻找生产场所，或采掘人参，往往偷偷潜入东北地区。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>尤其清初，八旗從龍入關大举內徙之时，更给朝鲜的大批移入以可乘之机。<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因此在1638年，清廷曾在鴨綠江下游地區修築防禦工事，並在日後將柳條邊向外擴展五十里。凤凰城以东的长栅，即为防止侵入大摩天岭谷地的朝鲜人而设。但由於耗費甚巨，清廷只好在舊基基礎上進行修築，而東邊與鴨綠江國界之間形成了“中間地帶”，給日後的邊防安全及朝鮮邊民非法越境屯墾留下了隱患。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關事件"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>相關事件</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：相關事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1969年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>宣稱清朝的柳條邊是當時中國的東北國界，並且以此宣稱<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="黑龍江">黑龍江</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="烏蘇里江">烏蘇里江</a>流域不是中國的領土。同年十月，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国外交部">中國外交部</a>發表聲明反駁：「什麼是『柳條邊』呢？『柳條邊』是清朝在<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="遼河">遼河</a>流域修的一條柳條籬笆，用以標示禁區的界限，禁止一般居民越過籬笆<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="打獵">打獵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%89%A7" title="放牧">放牧</a>、採<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%83" class="mw-redirect" title="人參">人參</a>。『柳條邊』所標示的區域，僅僅是由鎮守黑龍江的<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%A6%E7%90%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="璦琿">璦琿</a>將軍、鎮守<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="吉林">吉林</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="寧古塔">寧古塔</a>將軍和鎮守<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="遼寧">遼寧</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="盛京">盛京</a>將軍所管轄的，包括黑龍江和烏蘇里江流域在內的東北廣大地區的很小的一部分。卑鄙的蘇聯政府竟然把這樣一個『柳條邊』說成是中國的國界，其荒唐有如把<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="克里姆林宮">克里姆林宮</a>的圍牆說成是俄羅斯的國界一樣。」<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民族分佈與人口變化"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E6.97.8F.E5.88.86.E4.BD.88.E8.88.87.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>民族分佈與人口變化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：民族分佈與人口變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清代前中期東北地區的人口增長主要以柳條邊包圍的盛京地區為主，而邊外更北的吉林與黑龍江地區則人口增長緩慢，開發遲緩。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="柳條邊內"><span id=".E6.9F.B3.E6.A2.9D.E9.82.8A.E5.85.A7"></span>柳條邊內</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：柳條邊內"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>邊內的盛京地區，根據《盛京通志》記載，僅奉天府，從順治十八年（1661）年丁數5557，到康熙二十四年（1685）的丁數26227，雍正二年（1724）的丁數42210，再到乾隆十八年（1753）的丁數221732，而乾隆三十一年年（1766）更是達到了丁數713485。當地人口因民人流入而快速增長。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="柳條邊外"><span id=".E6.9F.B3.E6.A2.9D.E9.82.8A.E5.A4.96"></span>柳條邊外</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：柳條邊外"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清初東北地區的民族分佈大致以柳條邊為界，邊內為滿漢雜居的農業區；老邊外以北、新邊以西為蒙古族的游牧區，老邊外以東、新邊以東為滿族等少數民族的漁獵區。以吉林省為例，清初<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E7%9C%81" title="吉林省">吉林省</a>內民族主要為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="滿族">滿族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="蒙古族">蒙古族</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E4%BC%AF%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="錫伯族">錫伯族</a>等，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="漢族">漢族</a>也有少量定居。過去300年間，大量漢族、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F" title="回族">回族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮族">朝鮮族</a>等遷入到吉林省境內，省內人口人口總數從清初的不過數萬人，至1711年約9.9 萬，1850年的32.7萬，1912年約558萬，至2001年人口達2690.8萬人<sup id="cite_ref-曾方葉_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-曾方葉-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:清朝歷史事件"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_清朝歷史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">清朝歷史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="建州女真">建州女真</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战">努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8B%92%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="古勒山之战">古勒山之战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%8E" title="費阿拉城">建造费阿拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E8%B5%AB" title="葉赫">击败叶赫部</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1862%E2%80%931889).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="三角黄龙旗"><img alt="三角黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="黄龙旗"><img alt="黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="海西女真">吞并海西女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="野人女真">征服野人女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">创制八旗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91)" title="天命 (后金)">天命</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91" title="后金">後金建國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清朝开国战争">立國戰事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%81%A8" title="七大恨">七大恨誓师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AB%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="撫清之戰">抚清之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="薩爾滸之戰">薩爾滸之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E8%BF%9C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宁远之战">宁远之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%81%E6%8E%88%E7%94%B0" title="计丁授田">计丁授田</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA" title="天聪">天聪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92" title="四大贝勒">四大贝勒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%96%84" title="代善">代善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%95%8F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="阿敏 (清朝)">阿敏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="莽古爾泰">莽古爾泰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="天聪新政">天聪新政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丁卯戰爭"><span style="color:green;">入侵朝鲜</span></a></li> <li>三王归顺 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7" title="孔有德">孔有德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%AF%E5%96%9C" title="尚可喜">尚可喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%BF%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E" title="耿仲明">耿仲明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%85%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%A1%9E" title="清兵入塞">清兵入塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" title="后金征服察哈尔">征服察哈尔</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2" title="理藩院">蒙古衙門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%9B%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清代蒙古盟部旗列表">编设盟旗</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7" title="崇德">崇德</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81#建立大清" class="mw-redirect" title="皇太极">皇太极称帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="議政王大臣會議">議政王大臣會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%AD%90%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丙子戰爭"><span style="color:green;">再侵朝鲜</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%91%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="丁丑下城">丁丑下城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E9%8C%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="松錦之戰">松錦之戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E6%B2%BB" title="顺治">顺治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞">多爾袞攝政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%89%87%E7%9F%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="一片石之战">清軍入關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5" title="扬州十日">扬州十日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%A0" title="嘉定三屠">嘉定三屠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E9%98%B4%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5" title="江阴八十一日">江阴八十一日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E8%9C%80" title="屠蜀">屠蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AF%85%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%AB" title="庚寅之劫">庚寅之劫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E7%87%9F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="綠營 (清朝)">綠營</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%B5%B7%E6%A1%88" title="通海案">通海案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%8A%E6%94%BF" title="清初六大弊政">清初六大弊政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%B0" title="圈地">圈地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E9%AB%AE%E6%98%93%E6%9C%8D" title="剃髮易服">剃发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%85%85" title="投充">投充</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%83%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95" title="逃人法">逃人</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">禁关</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%AB%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="明末清初屠殺事件">屠城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E5%BE%8B%E4%BE%8B" title="大清律例">大清律例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B4%87%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="首崇满洲">首崇满洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="滿城">滿城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%95%86" title="皇商">皇商</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E5%8F%AF%E6%A1%88" title="函可案">函可案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%8D%B7%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D" title="清荷聯軍">清荷聯軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E9%BB%A8%E7%88%AD" title="南北黨爭">南北黨爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%B4%E6%A1%88" title="丁酉科場案">丁酉科場案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%AD%E5%BA%99%E6%A1%88" title="哭庙案">哭庙案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%BC%82%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="丁未漂人事件">丁未漂人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%BE%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="康乾盛世">康雍乾盛世</a></li> <li>四大臣辅政 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="索尼 (清朝)">索尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8F%E5%BF%85%E9%9A%86" title="遏必隆">遏必隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%8C%E6%8B%9C" title="鳌拜">鳌拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88" title="蘇克薩哈">蘇克薩哈</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%8F%E9%8A%B7%E6%A1%88" title="江南奏銷案">江南奏銷案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%8E%86%E7%8B%B1" title="康熙历狱">康熙历狱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="雅克萨战役"><span style="color:green;">雅克萨战役</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E6%A5%9A%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="尼布楚條約">《尼布楚條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E5%9B%A2" title="东正教北京传道团">俄罗斯馆</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%8D%84" title="文字獄">文字獄</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%BB%B7%E9%91%A8%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%88" title="莊廷鑨明史案">莊廷鑨明史案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%A1%88" title="南山案">南山案</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="三藩之乱">三藩之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" title="南書房">南書房</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="澎湖海战">施琅攻台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%AB%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%9B%9F" title="多倫諾爾會盟">多倫諾爾會盟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%AD%E5%B8%83%E9%80%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="烏蘭布通之戰"><span style="color:green;">烏蘭布通之戰</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="昭莫多之战"><span style="color:green;">昭莫多之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B0%94%E5%96%80%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="喀尔喀蒙古族">喀尔喀蒙古</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="康熙帝南巡">康熙帝南巡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">康熙</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="康熙字典">《康熙字典》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="清朝征服西藏"><span style="color:green;">驱准保藏</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BC%E4%BB%AA%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="中国礼仪之争">礼仪之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%84" title="弟子规">《弟子规》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="朱一貴事件">朱一貴之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%BA%E5%AB%A1" title="九子夺嫡">九子夺嫡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝">世宗改制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%8D%9C%E8%97%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%B4%A5%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="清朝平定罗卜藏丹津之乱">羅卜藏丹津之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="和通泊之战"><span style="color:green;">和通泊之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%BE%E5%AF%BA%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="光显寺之战"><span style="color:green;">光显寺之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="藏區分治">藏區分治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E5%BD%92%E6%B5%81" title="改土归流">改土归流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B4%84" title="恰克圖界約">《恰克圖界約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%97%E7%BE%A1%E6%AD%B8%E5%85%AC" title="耗羡歸公">火耗歸公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E8%99%95" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機處">軍機處</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%A4%E4%B8%81%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%B0" title="攤丁入地">攤丁入地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%85%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%93%E5%B7%AE%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%AE" title="官绅一体当差纳粮">官绅一体当差纳粮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%91%BA" title="密摺">密摺制度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="骨宗事件">骨宗事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B2%99%E9%80%A3%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="水沙連之役">水沙連之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B2%E8%A5%BF%E7%A4%BE%E6%8A%97%E6%B8%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="大甲西社抗清事件">大甲西社抗清</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">古州苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="八旗生计">八旗生计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%86%9B%E5%87%BA%E6%97%97" title="汉军出旗">汉军出旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="大小金川之役">大小金川之役</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="大金川之戰">大金川之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="第二次金川之戰">第二次金川之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AD%E5%8B%92" title="珠爾默特那木札勒">珠爾默特那木札勒之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="乾隆帝南巡">乾隆帝南巡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%A6%81" title="海禁">鎖國政策</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E4%BB%BB%E8%BE%89" title="洪任辉"><span style="color:green;">洪任辉事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86" title="一口通商">一口通商</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%99%B6%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="準噶爾之役"><span style="color:green;">準噶爾之役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="大小和卓之亂">大小和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%BC%85%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清缅战争"><span style="color:green;">清缅战争</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="四庫全書">《四庫全書》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E9%A9%9B%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="撤驛之變">撤驛之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%AF%E6%A1%88" title="字贯案">字贯案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E5%86%92%E8%B3%91%E6%A1%88" title="甘肅冒賑案">甘肅冒賑案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇四十三起義">蘇四十三起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%88%BD%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="林爽文事件">林爽文起义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E9%97%A8" title="洪门">天地會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%A4%E5%98%89%E8%8E%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="篤嘉莊之戰">篤嘉莊之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="清軍入越戰爭"><span style="color:green;">清軍入越戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="廓爾喀之役"><span style="color:green;">廓爾喀侵藏戰爭</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">《西藏善後章程》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">《欽定藏內善後章程》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%A8%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%9F" title="十全武功">十全武功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E7%BD%AA%E9%8A%80" title="議罪銀">議罪銀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%9B%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98" title="馬戛爾尼使團">馬戛爾尼使團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89_(1795%E2%80%931806%E5%B9%B4)" title="苗民起义 (1795–1806年)">乾嘉苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%BA%86" title="嘉庆">嘉庆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%A5%9A%E6%95%99%E4%B9%B1" title="川楚教乱">川楚教乱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99" title="白蓮教">白蓮教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">嘉庆</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%BE%B7_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="陳德 (清朝)">神武门遇刺案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E9%87%91" title="尤里·亚历山德罗夫·戈洛夫金">戈洛夫金使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A0%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" title="英国图占澳门"><span style="color:green;">英国图占澳门</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%9C%E6%A1%88" title="黄亚胜案"><span style="color:green;">黄亚胜案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B8%E9%85%89%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="癸酉之变">癸酉之变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="天理教 (中国)">天理教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9C%E7%89%99%E5%A2%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="孜牙墩事件">孜牙墩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7%E4%BD%BF%E5%9B%A2" title="阿美士德使团">阿美士德使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%B0%E4%B8%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%A1%88" title="嘉慶兵部大印丟失案">兵部大印丟失案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="張格爾之亂">張格爾之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%81%93%E4%B8%AD%E8%A1%B0" title="嘉道中衰">嘉道中衰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89" title="道光">道光</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%8D%91" title="律勞卑"><span style="color:green;">律勞卑事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第一次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%AD%E5%96%9C%E6%A1%88" title="林維喜案">林維喜案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="穿鼻之战"><span style="color:green;">穿鼻之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E9%94%80%E7%83%9F" title="虎门销烟">虎门销烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E8%8D%89%E7%B4%84" title="穿鼻草約">《穿鼻草約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第一次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第一次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第二次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第二次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1841%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇海之战 (1841年)"><span style="color:green;">镇海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E6%B5%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="乍浦之战"><span style="color:green;">乍浦之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%B7%9E%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="吴淞战役"><span style="color:green;">吴淞战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B1%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1842%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇江之战 (1842年)"><span style="color:green;">镇江之战</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="不平等条约">不平等条约</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="广州和约">广州和约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="南京条约">南京条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E5%BB%88%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="望廈條約">望廈條約</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="黄埔条约">黄埔条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英五口通商章程">五口通商章程</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="虎门条约">虎门条约</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="森巴戰爭"><span style="color:green;">西藏森巴戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="七和卓之亂">七和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="太平天国">太平天国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0" title="咸丰">咸丰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AC%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="天京之變">天京之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%BB%E5%86%9B" title="捻军">捻军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B4%AA%E5%85%B5%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="广东洪兵起义">广东洪兵起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%80%E4%BC%9A" title="小刀会">小刀会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%83" title="团练">团练武装</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%86%9B" title="湘军">湘军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%8B%87" title="楚勇">楚军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">苗民起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E5%9B%BD" title="大成国">大成国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大洪国">大洪国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1855%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941856%E5%B9%B4)" title="廓藏戰爭 (1855年—1856年)"><span style="color:green;">廓藏戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="塔城贸易圈事件"><span style="color:green;">塔城贸易圈事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%AE%9D%E9%92%9E%E6%A1%88" title="户部宝钞案">户部宝钞案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E5%8D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%9C%BA%E6%A1%88" title="戊午科场案">戊午科场案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%98" title="云南回变">云南回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%A6%E7%90%BF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="璦琿條約">《璦琿條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第二次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%96" title="马赖"><span style="color:green;">廣西教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%85%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="亞羅號事件"><span style="color:green;">亞羅號事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="廣州城戰役"><span style="color:green;">廣州城戰役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%BD%E5%8F%A3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="大沽口战役"><span style="color:green;">大沽口战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%98%8E%E5%9B%AD" title="圆明园">火烧圆明园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="天津条约">《天津條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="北京条约">《北京條約》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%81%93" title="咸丰黄河大改道">咸丰黄河大改道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%85%89%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="辛酉政变">辛酉政变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="顧命八大臣">顧命八大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%AE%AE%E8%81%BD%E6%94%BF" title="兩宮聽政">兩宮聽政</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB" title="同治">同治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%85%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B4" title="同光中兴">同光中兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">洋务运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%BD%AE%E6%98%A5%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="戴潮春事件">戴潮春事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%99%95%E7%94%98%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治陕甘回乱">陕甘回变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E7%A0%8D%E7%AB%B9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="圣山砍竹事件">圣山砍竹事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%BB%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="秦家滩事件">秦家滩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0" title="左宗棠">左宗棠入陕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%B6%E5%86%9B" title="马家军">马家军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治新疆回乱">新疆回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%98%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="海防与塞防之争">海防与塞防之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9F%E8%85%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="樟腦戰爭"><span style="color:green;">樟腦戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="天津教案"><span style="color:green;">天津教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1870年长江洪水">庚午洪灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%A1%88" title="刺馬案">刺馬案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%99%E7%BE%8E%E5%B9%BC%E7%AB%A5" title="中国留美幼童">中国留美幼童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5" title="申报">《申報》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E4%B9%83%E6%AD%A6%E8%88%87%E5%B0%8F%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E6%A1%88" title="楊乃武與小白菜案">楊乃武與小白菜案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA" title="光绪">光绪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%98%89%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="馬嘉理事件"><span style="color:green;">馬嘉理事件</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="烟台条约">烟台条约</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="左宗棠收复新疆">左宗棠收复新疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="伊犁危機"><span style="color:green;">伊犁危機</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后專政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">丁戊奇荒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃新疆省">新疆置省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="清朝新式海軍">新式海军</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中法战争"><span style="color:green;">中法战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%B6%BE%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="交趾支那遠征"><span style="color:green;">交趾支那遠征</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%A6" title="中法新约">《中法新約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81" title="福建臺灣省">臺灣建省</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="长崎事件"><span style="color:green;">长崎事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="1887年黄河决口">郑州河决</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="甲午战争"><span style="color:green;">甲午战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">《馬關條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">三國干涉還遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄密约">《中俄密約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国通商银行">通商银行</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭"><span style="color:green;">乙未割讓台灣</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="臺灣民主國">臺灣民主國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%AD%E4%BC%9A" title="兴中会">兴中会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="乙未廣州起義">乙未廣州起義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BB%8D" title="新軍">新軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%AD%A6%E5%86%9B" title="定武军">定武军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="瓜分中國"><span style="color:green;">瓜分风潮</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%88%B6%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="門戶開放">门户开放</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%B7%9E%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="曹州教案"><span style="color:green;">曹州教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="戊戌变法">戊戌变法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E5%BB%BA%E5%82%A8" title="己亥建储">己亥建储</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动"><span style="color:green;">庚子国变</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役"><span style="color:green;">八国联军</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%92%E4%BF%9D" title="東南互保">東南互保</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%84%E9%9A%BE" title="庚子俄难"><span style="color:green;">庚子俄难</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">光绪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%B8%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="辛丑条约">《辛丑條約》</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E8%B5%94%E6%AC%BE" title="庚子赔款">庚子赔款</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="清末新政">清末新政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE" title="科举">廢科舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%BD%BF%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="出使各国考察政治大臣">五大臣出使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%BB%8D" title="北洋軍">北洋新軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="交通銀行">交通銀行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="立憲運動">立憲運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2" title="资政院">资政院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%AE%E8%AD%B0%E5%B1%80" title="諮議局">諮議局</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="英國侵藏戰爭"><span style="color:green;">英國侵藏</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約"><span style="color:green;">《中英續訂藏印條約》</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="巴塘事变"><span style="color:green;">巴塘事变</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="中国同盟会">中国同盟会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="黃花崗起義">黃花崗起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争"><span style="color:green;">日俄战争</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%86%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="安庆起义">安庆起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%94%BF%E6%BD%AE" title="丁未政潮">丁未政潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%B7%E6%84%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="国会请愿运动">国会请愿运动</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="宣统">宣统</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F" title="川軍入藏">川軍入藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="慶親王內閣">皇族內閣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="保路运动">保路运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="武昌起义">武昌起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">第一次驅漢事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A6%E5%B7%9E%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="滦州兵变">滦州兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="外蒙古独立">外蒙古独立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941913%E5%B9%B4)" title="中華民國臨時政府 (1912年—1913年)">中華民國臨時政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E7%A4%BE%E5%85%9A" title="宗社党">宗社党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%A4%E5%84%AA%E5%BE%85%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6" title="清室優待條件">《清室優待條件》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%9D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="宣統帝退位詔書">清帝退位</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="遜清皇室小朝廷">遜清皇室小朝廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%8B%8B%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="张勋复辟">张勋复辟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="甲子政变">甲子政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="逊清皇室流亡小朝廷">流亡小朝廷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B2" title="專門史">專門史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">历史</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="清朝政治">政治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%86%9B" title="清军">军事</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="清朝外交">外交</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="清朝经济">经济</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝文化（页面不存在）">文化</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝科技（页面不存在）">科技</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝君主列表">君主</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="清朝行政区划">區劃</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>【说明：<span style="color:green;">绿色</span>为与外國人有关冲突事件】<div style="background-color:#8B2323;font-weight:bold;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表"><span style="color:white">中國歷史事件</span></a></div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%96%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:中國傳疑時代歷史事件">傳疑時代</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:夏朝歷史事件">夏朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:商朝歷史事件">商朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:西周歷史事件">西周</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ 東周（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:春秋歷史事件">春秋</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:戰國歷史事件">戰國</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:秦朝歷史事件">秦朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:漢朝歷史事件">漢朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:三國歷史事件">三國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%89%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:晉朝歷史事件">晉朝</a>／<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五胡十六國歷史事件">十六國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:南北朝歷史事件">南北朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:隋朝歷史事件">隋朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:唐朝歷史事件">唐朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五代十國歷史事件">五代十國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:宋朝歷史事件">宋朝</a>／<a 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