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id="toc-Common_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Slavic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slavic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>South Slavic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Bulgarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Serbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Montenegrin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Macedonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Bosnian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Croatian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>East Slavic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarusian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarusian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Belarusian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarusian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Ukrainian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rusyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rusyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Rusyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rusyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Slavic_Indo-European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Slavic_Indo-European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-Slavic Indo-European languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Slavic_Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-Slavic Indo-European languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Slavic_Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanian_and_Moldovan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_and_Moldovan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Romanian and Moldovan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_and_Moldovan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ladino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ladino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Ladino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ladino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Aryan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Aryan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indo-Aryan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Aryan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Romani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kurdish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Kurdish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ossetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ossetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Ossetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ossetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tajik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tajik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Tajik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tajik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uralic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uralic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uralic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uralic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karelian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karelian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Karelian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karelian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kildin_Sámi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kildin_Sámi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kildin Sámi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kildin_Sámi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komi-Permyak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komi-Permyak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Komi-Permyak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komi-Permyak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mari_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mari_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mari alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mari_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Turkic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turkic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turkic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azerbaijani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Azerbaijani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bashkir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bashkir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bashkir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bashkir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chuvash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chuvash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Chuvash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chuvash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Kazakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrgyz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Kyrgyz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Tatar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Turkmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Uzbek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yakut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yakut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Yakut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yakut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Caucasian languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caucasian_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caucasian languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caucasian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northwest_Caucasian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Caucasian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Northwest Caucasian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Caucasian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Abaza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abkhaz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abkhaz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Abkhaz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abkhaz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adyghe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adyghe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Adyghe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adyghe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabardian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabardian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Kabardian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabardian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeast_Caucasian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Caucasian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Northeast Caucasian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Caucasian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Avar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lezgian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lezgian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Lezgian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lezgian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mongolian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mongolian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mongolian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mongolian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khalkha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khalkha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Khalkha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khalkha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buryat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buryat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Buryat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buryat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalmyk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalmyk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Kalmyk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalmyk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Tibetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Tibetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sino-Tibetan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sino-Tibetan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sino-Tibetan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sino-Tibetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dungan_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dungan_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Dungan language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dungan_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tungusic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tungusic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tungusic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tungusic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chukchi_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chukchi_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Chukchi language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chukchi_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koryak_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koryak_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Koryak language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koryak_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itelmen_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itelmen_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Itelmen language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itelmen_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alyutor_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alyutor_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Alyutor language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alyutor_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eskaleut_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eskaleut_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Eskaleut languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eskaleut_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Eskaleut languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eskaleut_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aleut_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleut_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Aleut language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleut_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Siberian_Yupik_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Central Siberian Yupik language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Siberian_Yupik_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chaplino_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaplino_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.1</span> <span>Chaplino dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaplino_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sirenik_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sirenik_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sirenik language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sirenik_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructed_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructed_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Constructed languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Constructed_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Constructed languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Constructed_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_auxiliary_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_auxiliary_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>International auxiliary languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_auxiliary_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Fictional languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Summary table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Cyrillic alphabets</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الأبجدية الكيريلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبجدية الكيريلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiril_qrafikal%C4%B1_%C9%99lifbal%C4%B1_dill%C9%99r_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Kiril qrafikalı əlifbalı dillər siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kiril qrafikalı əlifbalı dillər siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8,_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Списък на езици, използващи кирилица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Списък на езици, използващи кирилица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D1%82-%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%C4%95" title="Кириллица алфавичĕсен ят-йышĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кириллица алфавичĕсен ят-йышĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_jazyk%C5%AF_pou%C5%BE%C3%ADvaj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_cyrilici" title="Seznam jazyků používajících cyrilici – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam jazyků používajících cyrilici" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirilaj_alfabetoj" title="Cirilaj alfabetoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cirilaj alfabetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EB%A6%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%BC_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="키릴 문자를 사용하는 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키릴 문자를 사용하는 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B3%C3%A6_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4" title="Кириллон алфавитæй фысгæ æвзæгты номхыгъд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кириллон алфавитæй фысгæ æвзæгты номхыгъд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirill_%C3%ADr%C3%A1st_haszn%C3%A1l%C3%B3_nyelvek" title="Cirill írást használó nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirill írást használó nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Список на јазици што користат кирилица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на јазици што користат кирилица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_sirilika" title="Abidy sirilika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy sirilika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_idiomas_que_adotam_o_alfabeto_cir%C3%ADlico" title="Lista de idiomas que adotam o alfabeto cirílico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de idiomas que adotam o alfabeto cirílico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Алфавиты на основе кириллицы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алфавиты на основе кириллицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96" title="Абетки на основі кирилиці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абетки на основі кирилиці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="سائریلک حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائریلک حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="使用西里尔字母的语言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="使用西里尔字母的语言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Related alphabets based on Cyrillic scripts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the variants of the Cyrillic alphabet. For the writing system as a whole, see <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols">symbols</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of phonetic symbols.</div></div> </div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/440px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/660px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/880px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0b280b; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sole official script</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#44aa00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Co-official with another script (either because the official language is biscriptal, or the state is bilingual)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#55d400; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Being replaced with Latin, but is still in official use</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccffaa; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Legacy script for the official language, or large minority use</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D7D7D7; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Cyrillic is not widely used</div> </figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>Numerous <b>Cyrillic alphabets</b> are based on the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">early Cyrillic alphabet</a> was developed in the 9th century AD and replaced the earlier <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a> developed by the theologians <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a>. It is the basis of alphabets used in various languages, past and present, Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages influenced by Russian. As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages. About half of them are in Russia. Cyrillic is one of the most-used writing systems in the world. The creator is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Clement_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Clement of Ohrid">Saint Clement of Ohrid</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a> literary school in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. </p><p>Some of these are illustrated below; for others, and for more detail, see the links. Sounds are transcribed in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. While these languages largely have <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthographies</a>, there are occasional exceptions—for example, Russian <span class="nowrap">⟨г⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> in a number of words, an orthographic relic from when they <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">were pronounced</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> (e.g. его <i>yego</i> 'him/his', is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɪˈvo]</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɪˈɡo]</span>). </p><p>Spellings of names transliterated into the Roman alphabet may vary, especially й (<i>y</i>/<i>j</i>/<i>i</i>), but also г (<i>gh</i>/<i>g</i>/<i>h</i>) and ж (<i>zh</i>/<i>j</i>). </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, which is usually adapted to different languages by adding diacritical marks/supplementary glyphs (such as acutes and carons) to standard Roman letters, by assigning new phonetic values to existing letters (<i>e.g.</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span>, whose original value in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was /k/, represents /g/ in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, /t͡ɕʰ/ in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Mandarin Chinese Pinyin</a>, /q/ in a lot of other languages and /ǃ/ in some <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>), or by the use of <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> (such as <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span>), the Cyrillic script is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes. However, in some alphabets invented in the 19th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlauts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breves</a> also were used. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Jews">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Jews">Bosnian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a> without <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> typefaces occasionally printed <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> in Cyrillic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:125%;">The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> letters</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">А</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="A with grave (Cyrillic)">А̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" title="A with circumflex (Cyrillic)">А̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="A with macron (Cyrillic)">А̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_breve_(Cyrillic)" title="A with breve (Cyrillic)">Ӑ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="A with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӓ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Б</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">В</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Г</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ghe_with_upturn" title="Ghe with upturn">Ґ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)" title="De (Cyrillic)">Д</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dje" title="Dje">Ђ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Gje" title="Gje">Ѓ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Е</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_grave" title="Ye with grave">Ѐ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_circumflex" title="Ye with circumflex">Е̂</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_macron" title="Ye with macron">Е̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye" title="Ukrainian Ye">Є</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Ye with acute">Є́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">Ж</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">З</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zje" title="Zje">З́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ѕ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">И</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">І</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotted I with acute">І́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Cyrillic)" title="Yi (Cyrillic)">Ї</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iota_(Cyrillic)" title="Iota (Cyrillic)">Ꙇ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="I with grave (Cyrillic)">Ѝ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" title="I with circumflex (Cyrillic)">И̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="I with macron (Cyrillic)">Ӣ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Short_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Short I (Cyrillic)">Й</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="I with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӥ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Je_(Cyrillic)" title="Je (Cyrillic)">Ј</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">К</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">Л</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Lje" title="Lje">Љ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)" title="Em (Cyrillic)">М</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">Н</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Nje" title="Nje">Њ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">О</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="O with grave (Cyrillic)">О̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" title="O with circumflex (Cyrillic)">О̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="O with macron (Cyrillic)">О̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="O with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӧ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Cyrillic)" title="Pe (Cyrillic)">П</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Р</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">С</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sje" title="Sje">С́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)" title="Te (Cyrillic)">Т</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tshe" title="Tshe">Ћ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kje" title="Kje">Ќ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_(Cyrillic)" title="U (Cyrillic)">У</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_grave_(Cyrillic)" title="U with grave (Cyrillic)">У̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="U with circumflex (Cyrillic)">У̂</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="U with macron (Cyrillic)">Ӯ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Short_U_(Cyrillic)" title="Short U (Cyrillic)">Ў</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӱ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Ф</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Х</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Ц</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">Ч</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dzhe" title="Dzhe">Џ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ш</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shcha" title="Shcha">Щ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Yer" title="Neutral Yer"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙏ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">Ъ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Hard_sign_with_grave" title="Hard sign with grave">Ъ̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ы</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">Ь</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">Ѣ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">Э</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_(Cyrillic)" title="Yu (Cyrillic)">Ю</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Yu with grave">Ю̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Cyrillic)" title="Ya (Cyrillic)">Я</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya with grave">Я̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">ʼ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_double_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter double apostrophe">ˮ</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Non-Slavic letters</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_ring_above_(Cyrillic)" title="A with ring above (Cyrillic)">А̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="A with tilde (Cyrillic)">А̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_diaeresis_and_macron_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="A with diaeresis and macron (Cyrillic)">Ӓ̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/%D3%94_(Cyrillic)" title="Ӕ (Cyrillic)">Ӕ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_(Cyrillic)" title="Schwa (Cyrillic)">Ә</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_with_acute" title="Schwa with acute">Ә́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_with_tilde" title="Schwa with tilde">Ә̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Schwa_with_diaeresis" title="Schwa with diaeresis">Ӛ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ve_with_caron" title="Ve with caron">В̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/We_(Cyrillic)" title="We (Cyrillic)">Ԝ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_inverted_breve" title="Ge with inverted breve">Г̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with dot above (page does not exist)">Г̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_dot_below" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with dot below">Г̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_caron" title="Ge with caron">Г̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with circumflex (page does not exist)">Г̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_breve" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with breve">Г̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with diaeresis">Г̈</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with ring above (page does not exist)">Г̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_middle_hook" title="Ge with middle hook">Ҕ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke" title="Ge with stroke">Ғ</a></td><td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke_and_descender" title="Ge with stroke and descender"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ghe_with_stroke_and_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke_and_hook" title="Ge with stroke and hook">Ӻ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_stroke_and_caron" title="Ge with stroke and caron">Ғ̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_stroke_and_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with stroke and ring above (page does not exist)">Ғ̊</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_descender" title="Ge with descender">Ӷ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_hook" title="Ge with hook">Г̡</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with acute (page does not exist)">Д́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/De_with_caron" title="De with caron">Д̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Д̈</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with dot below (page does not exist)">Д̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/De_with_breve" title="De with breve">Д̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_breve" title="Ye with breve">Ӗ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ye_with_tilde" title="Ye with tilde">Е̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yo_with_macron" title="Yo with macron">Ё̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye_with_diaeresis" title="Ukrainian Ye with diaeresis">Є̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Ze" title="Reversed Ze">Ԑ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Ze_with_diaeresis" title="Reversed Ze with diaeresis">Ԑ̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhje" title="Zhje">Җ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_with_diaeresis" title="Zhe with diaeresis">Ӝ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Zhe_with_breve" title="Zhe with breve">Ӂ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhe_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhe with dot below (page does not exist)">Ж̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Dhe (Cyrillic)">Ҙ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_with_diaeresis" title="Ze with diaeresis">Ӟ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_with_caron" title="Ze with caron">З̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with dot below (page does not exist)">З̣</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with breve (page does not exist)">З̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Dze" title="Abkhazian Dze">Ӡ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="I with tilde (Cyrillic)">И̃</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/I_with_dot_above" class="mw-redirect" title="I with dot above">И̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Short_I_with_tail" title="Short I with tail">Ҋ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_descender" title="Ka with descender">Қ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_hook" title="Ka with hook">Ӄ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_Qa" title="Bashkir Qa">Ҡ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_stroke" title="Ka with stroke">Ҟ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_vertical_stroke" title="Ka with vertical stroke">Ҝ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with dot below (page does not exist)">К̣</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with ring above (page does not exist)">К̊</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaf_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaf with ring above (page does not exist)">Қ̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Qa_(Cyrillic)" title="Qa (Cyrillic)">Ԛ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴫ">ᴫ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with acute (page does not exist)">Л́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_tail" title="El with tail">Ӆ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_descender" title="El with descender">Ԯ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_hook" title="El with hook">Ԓ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Л̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Em_with_tail" title="Em with tail">Ӎ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Superscript_En" title="Superscript En">ᵸ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with acute (page does not exist)">Н́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_tail" title="En with tail">Ӊ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_descender" title="En with descender">Ң</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_left_hook" title="En with left hook">Ԩ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_hook" title="En with hook">Ӈ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/En-ge" title="En-ge">Ҥ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_breve_(Cyrillic)" title="O with breve (Cyrillic)">О̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="O with tilde (Cyrillic)">О̃</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_with_diaeresis_and_macron_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O with diaeresis and macron (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Ӧ̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_(Cyrillic)" title="Oe (Cyrillic)">Ө</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_with_macron" title="Oe with macron">Ө̄</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oe_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oe with acute (page does not exist)">Ө́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_with_breve" title="Oe with breve">Ө̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Oe_with_diaeresis" title="Oe with diaeresis">Ӫ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pe_with_descender" title="Pe with descender">Ԥ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with diaeresis (page does not exist)">П̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Er_with_caron" title="Er with caron">Р̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Er_with_tick" title="Er with tick">Ҏ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_caron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with caron (page does not exist)">С̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_(Cyrillic)" title="The (Cyrillic)">Ҫ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_dot_below_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with dot below (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">С̣</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_macron_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with macron below (page does not exist)">С̱</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with acute (page does not exist)">Т́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Т̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_with_caron" title="Te with caron">Т̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with dot above (page does not exist)">Т̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with dot below (page does not exist)">Т̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_with_descender" title="Te with descender">Ҭ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tje" title="Tje">Ᲊ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)" title="U with tilde (Cyrillic)">У̃</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_with_caron_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U with caron (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">У̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_double_acute_(Cyrillic)" title="U with double acute (Cyrillic)">Ӳ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/U_with_ring_above_(Cyrillic)" title="U with ring above (Cyrillic)">У̊</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_with_diaeresis_and_macron_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U with diaeresis and macron (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Ӱ̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Short_U" title="Kazakh Short U">Ұ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ue_(Cyrillic)" title="Ue (Cyrillic)">Ү</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ue_with_acute_(Cyrillic)" title="Ue with acute (Cyrillic)">Ү́</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with dot below (page does not exist)">Х̣</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_macron_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with macron below (page does not exist)">Х̱</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_inverted_breve_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with inverted breve below (page does not exist)">Х̮</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_inverted_breve" title="Kha with inverted breve">Х̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_caron" title="Kha with caron">Х̌</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_descender" title="Kha with descender">Ҳ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_hook" title="Kha with hook">Ӽ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with ring above (page does not exist)">Х̊</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_stroke" title="Kha with stroke">Ӿ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_stroke_and_ring_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with stroke and ring above (page does not exist)">Ӿ̊</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shha" title="Shha">Һ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shha_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shha with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Һ̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_descender" title="Shha with descender">Ԧ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_caron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with caron (page does not exist)">Ц̌</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with diaeresis (page does not exist)">Ц̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Te Tse (Cyrillic)">Ҵ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_descender" title="Che with descender">Ҷ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_descender_and_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with descender and dot below (page does not exist)">Ҷ̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_diaeresis" title="Che with diaeresis">Ӵ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Khakassian_Che" title="Khakassian Che">Ӌ</a></td><td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Che_with_hook" title="Che with hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_with_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_vertical_stroke" title="Che with vertical stroke">Ҹ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with dot above (page does not exist)">Ч̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Che_with_dot_below" title="Che with dot below">Ч̣</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Che" title="Abkhazian Che">Ҽ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Che_with_descender" title="Abkhazian Che with descender">Ҿ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sha_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sha with dot below (page does not exist)">Ш̣</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Unicode_superscripts_and_subscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode superscripts and subscripts">ꚜ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_breve" title="Yery with breve"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ы̆</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_macron" title="Yery with macron"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ы̄</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_diaeresis" title="Yery with diaeresis">Ӹ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Unicode_superscripts_and_subscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode superscripts and subscripts">ꚝ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Semisoft_sign" title="Semisoft sign">Ҍ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/O-hook" title="O-hook">Ҩ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_breve_(Cyrillic)" title="E with breve (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Э̆</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_macron_(Cyrillic)" title="E with macron (Cyrillic)">Э̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_dot_above_(Cyrillic)" title="E with dot above (Cyrillic)">Э̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="E with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӭ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=E_with_diaeresis_and_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E with diaeresis and acute (page does not exist)">Ӭ́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/E_with_diaeresis_and_macron" class="mw-redirect" title="E with diaeresis and macron">Ӭ̄</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_breve" title="Yu with breve"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ю̆</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_diaeresis" title="Yu with diaeresis"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ю̈</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yu_with_macron" title="Yu with macron"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ю̄</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_breve" title="Ya with breve"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Я̆</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_macron" title="Ya with macron"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Я̄</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_diaeresis" title="Ya with diaeresis"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Я̈</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Palochka" title="Palochka">Ӏ</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Archaic</a> or unused letters</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="skin-invert-image"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Script_A" title="Script A"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="203" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/A_with_ogonek_(Cyrillic)" title="A with ogonek (Cyrillic)">А̨</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Be with grave (page does not exist)">Б̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Be_with_dot_below" title="Be with dot below">Б̣</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be_with_macron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Be with macron (page does not exist)">Б̱</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ve with grave (page does not exist)">В̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with grave (page does not exist)">Г̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_cedilla" title="Ge with cedilla"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Г̧</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_macron" title="Ge with macron"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Г̄</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with comma (page does not exist)">Г̓</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_breve" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with breve">Г̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_middle_hook_and_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with middle hook and grave (page does not exist)">Ҕ̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_with_middle_hook_and_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge with middle hook and breve (page does not exist)">Ҕ̆</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ge_split_by_middle_ring" title="Ge split by middle ring"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_split_by_middle_ring_Ghe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_De" title="Komi De">Ԁ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with comma (page does not exist)">Д̓</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with grave (page does not exist)">Д̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/De_with_ogonek" class="mw-redirect" title="De with ogonek">Д̨</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dje" title="Archaic Dje"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_archaic_Dje.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Dje" title="Komi Dje">Ԃ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dwe_(Cyrillic)" title="Dwe (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚁ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_De" title="Soft De"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙣ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye with dot above (page does not exist)">Е̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_with_ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye with ogonek (page does not exist)">Е̨</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhe_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhe with grave (page does not exist)">Ж̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhe_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhe with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ж̑</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zhe_with_stroke" title="Zhe with stroke"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Zhe_with_long_middle_leg_and_stroke_through_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Je_with_belt" title="Je with belt"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙃ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ꙅ</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif" title="Dje with high right breve serif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Dje_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzhe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzhe with breve (page does not exist)">Џ̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Zhwe" title="Zhwe"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚅ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhwe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhwe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚅ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙁ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with grave (page does not exist)">З̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with inverted breve (page does not exist)">З̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Zje" title="Komi Zje">Ԅ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Dzje" title="Komi Dzje">Ԇ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dzze" title="Dzze"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚉ</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Dzzhe" title="Dzzhe"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԫ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dzwe" title="Dzwe"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚃ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Hwe_(Cyrillic)" title="Hwe (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚕ</span></a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_Cil_top" title="Shha with Cil top"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="201" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif" title="Shha with high right breve serif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dotted_I_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dotted I with circumflex (page does not exist)">І̂</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dotted_I_with_dot_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dotted I with dot below (page does not exist)">І̣</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dotted_I_with_ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dotted I with ogonek (page does not exist)">І̨</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_with_curve_at_bottom" title="Dotted I with curve at bottom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Dha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Je_with_stroke_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Je with stroke (Cyrillic)">Ј̵</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Je_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Je with tilde (page does not exist)">Ј̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Djerv" title="Djerv"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙉ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with comma (page does not exist)">К̓</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_grave" title="Ka with grave">К̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with breve (page does not exist)">К̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_hook_and_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with hook and breve (page does not exist)">Ӄ̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with inverted breve (page does not exist)">К̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with dot above (page does not exist)">К̇</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_with_diaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka with diaeresis (page does not exist)">К̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_macron" title="Ka with macron">К̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Aleut_Ka" title="Aleut Ka"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԟ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_circumflex" title="Ka with circumflex">К̂</a></td><td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_loop" title="Ka with loop"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="201" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ka_with_ascender" title="Ka with ascender"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_ka_with_ascender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with grave (page does not exist)">Л̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/El_with_middle_hook" title="El with middle hook"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԡ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_El" title="Soft El"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙥ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Lje" title="Komi Lje">Ԉ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Л̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with dot above (page does not exist)">Л̇</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Lha_(Cyrillic)" title="Lha (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԕ</span></a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_with_retroflex_hook" title="El with retroflex hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_Er" title="El Er"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_El_Er.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Te_El_with_retroflex_hook" title="Te El with retroflex hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_with_retroflex_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Em_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Em with grave (page does not exist)">М̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Em_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Em with tilde (page does not exist)">М̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Soft_Em" title="Soft Em"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙧ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with grave (page does not exist)">Н̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_macron" title="En with macron">Н̄</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with cedilla (page does not exist)">Н̧</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_tilde_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with tilde (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Н̃</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Nje" title="Komi Nje">Ԋ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/En_with_middle_hook" title="En with middle hook"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԣ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_palatal_hook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with palatal hook (page does not exist)">Н̡</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Broad_On" title="Broad On">Ѻ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Monocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙩ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Binocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙫ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Double_monocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙭ</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Multiocular_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">ꙮ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Double_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">Ꚙ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants#Crossed_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚛ</span></a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/O_with_open_top" title="O with open top"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg/18px-Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg/24px-Cyrillic_small_letter_O_with_notch_at_top.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="139" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/O_with_open_bottom" title="O with open bottom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_open_at_bottom_O.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/O_with_left_notch" title="O with left notch"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with comma (page does not exist)">П̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with grave (page does not exist)">П̀</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with acute (page does not exist)">П́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pe_with_middle_hook" title="Pe with middle hook">Ҧ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with cedilla (page does not exist)">П̧</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe with inverted breve (page does not exist)">П̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(Cyrillic)" title="Koppa (Cyrillic)">Ҁ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Qa_with_breve" class="mw-redirect" title="Qa with breve">Ԛ̆</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shha_with_hook" title="Shha with hook"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/7px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/11px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/15px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Er_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er with acute (page does not exist)">Р́</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Er_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er with grave (page does not exist)">Р̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Er_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er with tilde (page does not exist)">Р̃</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Split_at_right_Er" title="Split at right Er"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg/6px-Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg/9px-Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_split_at_right_Er.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Rha_(Cyrillic)" title="Rha (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԗ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with grave (page does not exist)">С̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Es_with_diaeresis" title="Es with diaeresis">С̈</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Sje" title="Komi Sje">Ԍ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The with comma (page does not exist)">Ҫ̓</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Long_Es" title="Long Es"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_long_Es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with comma (page does not exist)">Т̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with grave (page does not exist)">Т̀</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Tje" title="Komi Tje">Ԏ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Т̑</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Te_with_middle_hook" title="Te with middle hook"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚋ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with cedilla (page does not exist)">Т̧</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Twe" title="Twe"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚍ</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚍ̆</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Te_El" title="Te El"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_El" title="Voiceless El"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Te_El_Soft-sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_El_with_comma" title="Voiceless El with comma"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg/20px-Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg/26px-Cyrillic_small_letter_voiceless_L_with_comma_above.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Uk_(Cyrillic)" title="Uk (Cyrillic)">Ѹ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Uk_(Cyrillic)" title="Uk (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙋ</span></a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Script_U" title="Script U"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg/11px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg/17px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg/22px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_script_U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_with_dot_above_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U with dot above (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">У̇</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_with_ogonek_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U with ogonek (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">У̨</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uk_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uk with acute (page does not exist)">ꙋ́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ef_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ef with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ф̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ef_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ef with comma (page does not exist)">Ф̓</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with acute (page does not exist)">Х́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with grave (page does not exist)">Х̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with breve (page does not exist)">Х̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_dot_above&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with dot above (page does not exist)">Х̇</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_cedilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with cedilla (page does not exist)">Х̧</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kha_with_vertical_tilde" title="Kha with vertical tilde">Х̾</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kha_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kha with comma (page does not exist)">Х̓</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_Ha" title="Bashkir Ha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg/6px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg/9px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_bashkir_Ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shha_with_macron_below&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shha with macron below (page does not exist)">һ̱</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ѡ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙍ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Omega_(Cyrillic)" title="Omega (Cyrillic)">Ѽ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ot_(Cyrillic)" title="Ot (Cyrillic)">Ѿ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Tse" title="Reversed Tse"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙡ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with grave (page does not exist)">Ц̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with acute (page does not exist)">Ц́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tse_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tse with comma (page does not exist)">Ц̓</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tse_with_long_left_leg" title="Tse with long left leg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/10px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/15px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/20px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tswe" title="Tswe"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚏ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tswe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tswe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚏ̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cil_(Cyrillic)" title="Cil (Cyrillic)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cil_with_bar" title="Cil with bar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg/8px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg/12px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Cil_with_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tsse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tsse (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚑ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_acute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with acute (page does not exist)">Ч́</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with grave (page does not exist)">Ч̀</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with breve (page does not exist)">Ч̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ч̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_comma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with comma (page does not exist)">Ч̓</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Char_(Cyrillic)" title="Char (Cyrillic)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg/10px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg/15px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg/20px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Char.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Char_with_high_right_breve_serif" title="Char with high right breve serif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Dche" title="Dche"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԭ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tche" title="Tche"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚓ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Cche" class="mw-redirect" title="Cche"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚇ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cche_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cche with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚇ̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazian_Che_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhazian Che with breve (page does not exist)">Ҽ̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sha_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sha with grave (page does not exist)">Ш̀</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Sha_with_breve" title="Sha with breve">Ш̆</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sha_with_inverted_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sha with inverted breve (page does not exist)">Ш̑</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shcha_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shcha with breve (page does not exist)">Щ̆</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Shwe_(Cyrillic)" title="Shwe (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꚗ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shwe_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shwe with breve (page does not exist)">Ꚗ̆</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Che_Sha" title="Che Sha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg/18px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg/27px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg/36px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_Che_Sha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_sign_with_macron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard sign with macron (page does not exist)">Ъ̄</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_sign_with_diaresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard sign with diaresis (page does not exist)">Ъ̈</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_sign_with_diaresis_and_macron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard sign with diaresis and macron (page does not exist)">Ъ̈̄</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ꙑ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yery_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yery with circumflex (page does not exist)">Ы̂</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yery_with_tilde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yery with tilde (page does not exist)">Ы̃</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yery_with_connecting_stroke" title="Yery with connecting stroke"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg/11px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg/17px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg/22px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Yeru_with_connecting_stroke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yat_with_acute" class="mw-redirect" title="Yat with acute">Ѣ́</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yat_with_diaeresis" title="Yat with diaeresis">Ѣ̈</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yat_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yat with breve (page does not exist)">Ѣ̆</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙓ</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=E_with_ogonek_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E with ogonek (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Э̨</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=E_with_circumflex_(Cyrillic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E with circumflex (Cyrillic) (page does not exist)">Э̂</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversed Yu">Ꙕ</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_wth_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu wth circumflex (page does not exist)">Ю̂</a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iotated_uk" title="Iotated uk"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg/16px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg/24px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg/32px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iotated_uk_with_breve" title="Iotated uk with breve"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg/14px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg/21px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg/28px-Cyrillic_capital_letter_iotified_monograph_uk_with_breve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_A" title="Iotated A">Ꙗ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ya_with_diaeresis" title="Ya with diaeresis"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Я̈</span></a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya_with_circumflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ya with circumflex (page does not exist)">Я̂</a></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya_with_ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ya with ogonek (page does not exist)">Я̨</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yae_(Cyrillic)" title="Yae (Cyrillic)"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ԙ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Iotated_E" title="Iotated E">Ѥ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѧ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙙ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѫ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ꙛ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѩ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙝ</span></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѭ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(Cyrillic)" title="Ksi (Cyrillic)">Ѯ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Cyrillic)" title="Psi (Cyrillic)">Ѱ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">Ѳ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Izhitsa" title="Izhitsa">Ѵ</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Izhitsa" title="Izhitsa">Ѷ</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yn" title="Yn"><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', Junicode, Quivira, sans-serif;">Ꙟ</span></a></td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Old_Serbian_Ha" title="Old Serbian Ha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Old_Serbian_Ha.svg/14px-Old_Serbian_Ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Old_Serbian_Ha.svg/21px-Old_Serbian_Ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Old_Serbian_Ha.svg/28px-Old_Serbian_Ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="background:#efefef;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_letters" title="List of Cyrillic letters">List of Cyrillic letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_multigraphs" title="List of Cyrillic multigraphs">List of Cyrillic multigraphs</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyrillic_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Cyrillic alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyrillic_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Cyrillic alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyrillic_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyrillic alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Non-Slavic alphabets are generally modelled after <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a>, but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian languages">Caucasian languages</a>. The first few of these alphabets were developed by Orthodox missionaries for the Finnic and Turkic peoples of <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Idel-Ural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt people">Udmurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordvin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin people">Mordva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kerashen_Tatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerashen Tatars">Kerashen Tatars</a>) in the 1870s. Later, such alphabets were created for some of the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> peoples who had recently converted to Christianity. In the 1930s, some of those languages were switched to the <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">New Turkic Alphabet</a>. All of the peoples of the former Soviet Union who had been using an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> or a different Asian script also adopted Cyrillic alphabets, and during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in the late 1930s, all of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabets</a> of the peoples of the Soviet Union were switched to Cyrillic as well (<a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> were occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, and were not affected by this change). The Abkhazian and Ossetian languages were switched to <a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a>, but after the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, both also adopted Cyrillic. The last language to adopt Cyrillic was the <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz language</a>, which had used <a href="/wiki/Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek script</a> before. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, the use of Cyrillic to write local languages has often been a politically controversial issue since the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, as it evokes the era of Soviet rule and <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>. Some of Russia's peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatars</a> have also tried to drop Cyrillic, but the move was halted under Russian law. A number of languages have switched from Cyrillic to either a Roman-based orthography or a return to a former script. </p><p>Cyrillic alphabets continue to be used in several Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Belarusian) and non-Slavic (Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Gagauz, Mongolian) languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_letters">Common letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists the Cyrillic letters which are used in the alphabets of most of the national languages which use a Cyrillic alphabet. Exceptions and additions for particular languages are noted below. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" summary="Twenty-nine Cyrillic letters common to most national alphabets, showing each one's italic form, most common name and represented sound"> <caption>Common Cyrillic letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Upright </th> <th>Italic </th> <th>Name(s) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>А а </td> <td><i>А а</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">A</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б б </td> <td><i>Б б</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Be</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>В в </td> <td><i>В в</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">Ve</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г г </td> <td><i>Г г</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Ge</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д </td> <td><i>Д д</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)" title="De (Cyrillic)">De</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiced dental and alveolar plosives">d</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е </td> <td><i>Е е</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">E</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Je</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Ye</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʲ</a><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж </td> <td><i>Ж ж</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">Že</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">Zhe</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з </td> <td><i>З з</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">Ze</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и </td> <td><i>И и</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">I</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲi/</span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й </td> <td><i>Й й</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">Short I</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к </td> <td><i>К к</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">Ka</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л </td> <td><i>Л л</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">El</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">l</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м </td> <td><i>М м</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)" title="Em (Cyrillic)">Em</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н </td> <td><i>Н н</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">En</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">Ne</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о </td> <td><i>О о</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">O</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п </td> <td><i>П п</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Cyrillic)" title="Pe (Cyrillic)">Pe</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р </td> <td><i>Р р</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Er</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Re</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с </td> <td><i>С с</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">Es</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">Se</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т </td> <td><i>Т т</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)" title="Te (Cyrillic)">Te</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">t</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у </td> <td><i>У у</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U_(Cyrillic)" title="U (Cyrillic)">U</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф </td> <td><i>Ф ф</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Ef</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Fe</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х </td> <td><i>Х х</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Xa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Kha</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц </td> <td><i>Ц ц</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Ce</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Tse</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span></li><li>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡s</span>)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч </td> <td><i>Ч ч</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">Če</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">Che</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span></li><li>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃ</span>)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш </td> <td><i>Ш ш</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ša</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Sha</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь </td> <td><i>Ь ь</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">Soft sign</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Small <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yer</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʲ</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю </td> <td><i>Ю ю</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_(Cyrillic)" title="Yu (Cyrillic)">Ju</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_(Cyrillic)" title="Yu (Cyrillic)">Yu</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲu/</span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я </td> <td><i>Я я</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Cyrillic)" title="Ya (Cyrillic)">Ja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Cyrillic)" title="Ya (Cyrillic)">Ya</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲa/</span></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">и краткое</span>, <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">i kratkoye</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">и кратко</span>, <i><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">i kratko</i></span></i>. Both mean "short i".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">мягкий знак</span>, <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">myagkiy znak</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">ер малък</span>, <i><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">er malâk</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft sign</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ь⟩</span> usually does not represent a sound, but modifies the sound of the preceding letter, indicating <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> ("softening"), also separates the consonant and the following vowel. Sometimes it does not have phonetic meaning, just orthographic; e.g. Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">туш</span></span>, <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">tush</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tuʂ]</span> 'flourish after a toast'; <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">тушь</span></span>, <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">tushʹ</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tuʂ]</span> '<a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a>'. In some languages, a <a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">hard sign</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ъ⟩</span> or apostrophe <span class="nowrap">⟨’⟩</span> just separates the consonant and the following vowel (бя <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲa]</span>, бья <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲja]</span>, бъя = б’я <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bja]</span>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavic_languages">Slavic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slavic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyrillic alphabets used by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> can be divided into two categories: </p> <ul><li>West <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a>, such as all varieties of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, often share the following letters, among others: Ј, Љ, Њ, Џ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">East South Slavic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, often share the following letters, among others: Ё, Й, Щ, Ы, Ь (soft sign), Э, Ю, Я</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Slavic">South Slavic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: South Slavic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian">Bulgarian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bulgarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Bulgarian_orthography" title="Reforms of Bulgarian orthography">Reforms of Bulgarian orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/400px-Balkans850.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/600px-Balkans850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Balkans850.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, 9th century (850)</figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" lang="bg-Cyrl"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А а</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б б</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В в</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г г</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д д</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е е</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">Ж ж</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З з</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И и</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й й</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К к</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л л</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М м</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н н</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О о</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П п</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р р</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С с</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т т</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У у</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф ф</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х х</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц ц</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">Ч ч</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш ш</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ щ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">Ъ ъ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">Ь ь</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">Ю ю</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я я</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> alphabet features: </p> <ul><li>The Bulgarian names for the consonants are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɤ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɤ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫɤ]</span> (bǔ, kǔ, lǔ) etc. instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɛ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛl]</span> (be, ka, el) etc.</li> <li>Е represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and is called "е" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>. Unlike in other Slavic languages, the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɛ]</span> does not exist in native words, being replaced with Е in most cases.</li> <li>The sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span>) are represented by the digraphs дж and дз respectively, as in Ukrainian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">Short I</a> (Й, й) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, as in Russian.</li> <li>Щ represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃt/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ͡t/</span>) and is called "щъ" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃtɤ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ͡tɤ]</span>).</li> <li>Ъ represents the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤ/</span>, and is called "ер голям" (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɛr<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡoˈʎam]</span>) ('big er'). Despite the official name being "big er", the letter is only referred to as that in the context of the alphabet, and is usually called <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤ/</span> in common speech. The vowel Ъ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤ/</span> is sometimes approximated to the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>) sound found in many languages for easier comprehension of its Bulgarian pronunciation for foreigners, but it is actually a back vowel, not a central vowel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ь is used on rare occasions (only after a consonant [and] before the vowel "о"), such as in the words 'каньон' (canyon), 'шофьор' (driver), etc. It represents the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, unless after Г, К and Л, in which case it palatalizes them to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[c]<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʎ]</span>. It is called "ер малък" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɛr<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmalɐk]</span> ('small er').</li> <li>Before 1945, the letter Ѣ (yat) was used. In eastern dialects, the letter would be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja]</span> depending on the context, while in western dialects, it would be pronounced almost exclusively as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>. This led to cases in which words such as млѣко (Modern Bulgarian: мляко) would be pronounced as "mlyako" in the east, but as "mleko" in the west. In 1945, the letter was abolished and replaced by Я or Е, depending on its use in the eastern dialects. The letter is also referred to as "е двойно" (double e).</li> <li>Before 1945, the letter Ѫ (big yus) was used. In early Bulgarian, the letter represented the nasal vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃]</span>. By the late 18th century however, the sound had shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤ/</span>, the same sound as Ъ, and was mostly used in its etymological locations. There are no differences between the two, apart from the fact that Ѫ can be used at the end of words. In 1945, the letter was abolished along with Ѣ (yat) and was replaced by А or Ъ. It is sometimes referred to as "голяма носовка" (big nasal sign) and "ъ широко" (wide ъ).</li> <li>For a brief period, the letter Ѭ (iotated big yus) was used, during the use of the <a href="/wiki/Marin_Drinov" title="Marin Drinov">Drinov Orthography</a>, and represented the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɐ]<span class="wrap"> </span>or<span class="wrap"> </span>/jɤ/</span> in words verb conjugations, for example in търпѭ (IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɐrˈpjɤ/</span>). The letter Ѫ was also used for the same purpose alongside its normal usage. In 1899, both letters replaced in verb conjugations by Я and А in all cases as part of the new <a href="/wiki/Todor_Ivanchov" title="Todor Ivanchov">Ivanchov Orthography</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> during the 9th – 10th century AD at the <a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been used in <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> (with modifications and exclusion of certain archaic letters via spelling reforms) continuously since then, superseding the previously used <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, which was also invented and used there before the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> overtook its use as a written script for the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian language</a>. The Cyrillic alphabet was used in the then much bigger territory of <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> (including most of today's Serbia), <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, Kosovo, Albania, Northern Greece (Macedonia region), <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, officially from 893. It was also transferred from <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> and adopted by the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> and the alphabets of many other Slavic (and later non-Slavic) languages. Later, some Slavs modified it and added/excluded letters from it to better suit the needs of their own language varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian">Serbian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Serbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">language</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_alternates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cyrillic_alternates.svg/300px-Cyrillic_alternates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cyrillic_alternates.svg/450px-Cyrillic_alternates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cyrillic_alternates.svg/600px-Cyrillic_alternates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption> Alternate variants of lowercase Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9CC2E5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F4B083; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD966; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right.</div><br /> <i>See also:</i><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_cursive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cyrillic_cursive.svg/100px-Cyrillic_cursive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cyrillic_cursive.svg/150px-Cyrillic_cursive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cyrillic_cursive.svg/200px-Cyrillic_cursive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg/100px-Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg/150px-Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg/200px-Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> Cyrillic alphabets (with the exception of Bulgarian) are generally derived from <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>. It, and by extension its descendants, differs from the East Slavic ones in that the alphabet has generally been simplified: Letters such as Й, Я, Ю, Ё, and Ь representing /j/, /ja/, /ju/, /jo/, and palatalization in Russian, respectively, have been removed. Instead, these are represented by the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨Ј⟩</span>, digraphs <span class="nowrap">⟨ја⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ју⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨јо⟩</span>, and unmarked palatalization, respectively. Additionally, the letter Е, representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> in Russian, is instead pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> being represented by <span class="nowrap">⟨је⟩</span>. Alphabets based on the Serbian that add new letters often do so by adding an acute accent <span class="nowrap">⟨´⟩</span> over an existing letter. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" lang="sr-Cyrl" summary="Thirty letters of the Serbian alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dje" title="Dje">Ђ ђ</a></td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Je_(Cyrillic)" title="Je (Cyrillic)">Ј ј</a></td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lje" title="Lje">Љ љ</a></td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nje" title="Nje">Њ њ</a></td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tshe" title="Tshe">Ћ ћ</a></td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzhe" title="Dzhe">Џ џ</a></td> <td>Ш ш </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> alphabet shows the following features: </p> <ul><li>E represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>.</li> <li>Between Д and E is the letter <a href="/wiki/Dje" title="Dje">Dje</a> (Ђ, ђ), which represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʑ/</span>, and looks like <a href="/wiki/Tshe" title="Tshe">Tshe</a>, except that the loop of the h curls farther and dips downwards.</li> <li>Between И and К is the letter <a href="/wiki/Je_(Cyrillic)" title="Je (Cyrillic)">Je</a> (Ј, ј), represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, which looks like the Latin letter J.</li> <li>Between Л and М is the letter <a href="/wiki/Lje" title="Lje">Lje</a> (Љ, љ), representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span>, which looks like a ligature of Л and the Soft Sign.</li> <li>Between Н and О is the letter <a href="/wiki/Nje" title="Nje">Nje</a> (Њ, њ), representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span>, which looks like a ligature of Н and the Soft Sign.</li> <li>Between Т and У is the letter <a href="/wiki/Tshe" title="Tshe">Tshe</a> (Ћ, ћ), representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span> and looks like a lowercase Latin letter h with a bar. On the uppercase letter, the bar appears at the top; on the lowercase letter, the bar crosses the top at half of the vertical line.</li> <li>Between Ч and Ш is the letter <a href="/wiki/Dzhe" title="Dzhe">Dzhe</a> (Џ, џ), representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>, which looks like Tse but with the descender moved from the right side of the bottom bar to the middle of the bottom bar.</li> <li>Ш is the last letter.</li> <li>Certain letters are handwritten differently,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as seen in the adjacent image.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montenegrin">Montenegrin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Montenegrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">language</a></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty-two letters of the Montenegrin alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Ђ ђ</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zje" title="Zje">З́ з́</a></td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ј ј</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Љ љ</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Њ њ</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sje" title="Sje">С́ с́</a></td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Ћ ћ</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Џ џ</td> <td>Ш ш </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways: </p> <ul><li>Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%CC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="З́">З́</a>, which represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʑ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">voiced alveolo-palatal fricative</a>). It is written <span class="nowrap">⟨Ź ź⟩</span> in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written <span class="nowrap">⟨Zj zj⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨Žj žj⟩</span>.</li> <li>Between Es (С с) and Te (Т т) is the letter <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%CC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="С́">С́</a>, which represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative</a>). It is written <span class="nowrap">⟨Ś ś⟩</span> in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written <span class="nowrap">⟨Sj sj⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨Šj šj⟩</span>.</li> <li>The letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), from Macedonian, is used in scientific literature when representing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span> phoneme, although it is not officially part of the alphabet. A Latin equivalent was proposed that looks identical to Ze (З з).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macedonian">Macedonian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Macedonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_cursive_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Macedonian_cursive_script.svg/220px-Macedonian_cursive_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Macedonian_cursive_script.svg/330px-Macedonian_cursive_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Macedonian_cursive_script.svg/440px-Macedonian_cursive_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Macedonian cursive</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">language</a></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Twenty-nine letters of the Macedonian alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gje" title="Gje">Ѓ ѓ</a> </td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Ѕ ѕ</a></td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ј ј</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Љ љ</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Њ њ</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kje" title="Kje">Ќ ќ</a></td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Џ џ</td> <td>Ш ш </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways: </p> <ul><li>Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), which looks like the Latin letter S and represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span>.</li> <li>Dje (Ђ ђ) is replaced by Gje (Ѓ ѓ), which represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palatal stop">voiced palatal stop</a>). In some dialects, it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʑ/</span> instead, like Dje. It is written <span class="nowrap">⟨Ǵ ǵ⟩</span> in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.</li> <li>Tshe (Ћ ћ) is replaced by Kje (Ќ ќ), which represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal stop">voiceless palatal stop</a>). In some dialects, it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕ/</span> instead, like Tshe. It is written <span class="nowrap">⟨Ḱ ḱ⟩</span> in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.</li> <li>Lje (Љ љ) often represents the consonant cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lj/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span>.</li> <li>Certain letters are handwritten differently, as seen in the adjacent image.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnian">Bosnian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bosnian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian Cyrillic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatian">Croatian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Croatian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a> briefly used the Cyrillic script in areas with large <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> speaking populations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Slavic">East Slavic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Slavic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">language</a></div> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Russian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д (∂) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё ё</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Ъ) ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ы ы</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Ь) ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">Э э</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Yo (Ё ё) indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span>.</li> <li>The Hard Sign¹ (Ъ ъ) indicates no palatalization².</li> <li>Yery (Ы ы) indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span> (an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>).</li> <li>The letter Ф is most often found in loanwords or other foreign words and only occurs in a few native words.</li> <li>E (Э э) indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>.</li> <li>Ж and Ш indicate sounds that are <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a>.</li></ul> <p>Notes: </p> <ol><li>In the pre-reform <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> orthography, in <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> the letter is called <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yer</a>. Historically, the "hard sign" takes the place of a now-absent <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, which is still preserved as a distinct vowel in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> (which represents it with <i>ъ</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> (which is written in the Latin alphabet and writes it as <i>e</i>), but only in some places in the word.</li> <li>When an iotated vowel (vowel whose sound begins with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>) follows a consonant, the consonant is palatalized. The Hard Sign indicates that this does not happen, and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> sound will appear only in front of the vowel. The Soft Sign indicates that the consonant should be palatalized in addition to a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> preceding the vowel. The Soft Sign also indicates that a consonant before another consonant or at the end of a word is palatalized. Examples: та (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ta]</span>); тя (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲa]</span>); тья (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲja]</span>); тъя (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tja]</span>); т (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>); ть (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲ]</span>).</li></ol> <p>Before 1918, there were four extra letters in use: Іі (replaced by Ии), Ѳѳ (Фита "<a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">Fita</a>", replaced by Фф), Ѣѣ (Ять "<a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">Yat</a>", replaced by Ее), and Ѵѵ (ижица "<a href="/wiki/Izhitsa" title="Izhitsa">Izhitsa</a>", replaced by Ии); these were eliminated by <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">reforms of Russian orthography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belarusian">Belarusian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Belarusian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a></div> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">І і</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Short_U_(Cyrillic)" title="Short U (Cyrillic)">Ў ў</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> alphabet displays the following features: </p> <ul><li>He or Ge (Г г) represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> of /ɣ/ or /ɡ/</li> <li>Yo (Ё ё) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span>, just like in Russian.</li> <li>I (І і), also known as the <i>dotted I</i> or <i>decimal I</i>, resembles the Latin letter I. Unlike Russian and Ukrainian, "И" is not used. <ul><li>Short I (Й й), however, uses the base И glyph.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_U_(Cyrillic)" title="Short U (Cyrillic)">Short U</a> (Ў ў) is the letter У with a <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> and represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, or like the <i>u</i> part of the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> in <i>loud</i>. The use of the breve to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> is analogous to the Short I (Й).</li> <li>A combination of Sh and Ch (ШЧ шч) is used where those familiar only with Russian and or Ukrainian would expect Shcha (Щ щ).</li> <li>Yery (Ы ы) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>.</li> <li>E (Э э) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, just like in Russian.</li> <li>An apostrophe (’) is used to indicate depalatalization<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the preceding consonant. This orthographical symbol is used instead of the traditional Cyrillic letter <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Yer</a> (Ъ), also known as the hard sign.</li> <li>The letter combinations Dzh (Дж дж) and Dz (Дз дз) appear after D (Д д) in the Belarusian alphabet in some publications. These <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> represent the affricates Дж <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> and Дз <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span> correspondingly.</li> <li>Before 1933, the letter <a href="/wiki/Ghe_with_upturn" title="Ghe with upturn">Ґ ґ</a> (Ge) was used, although its use was optional.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian">Ukrainian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ukrainian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">language</a></div> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ґ ґ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye" title="Ukrainian Ye">Є є</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">І і </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Cyrillic)" title="Yi (Cyrillic)">Ї ї</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> alphabet displays the following features: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">Ve</a> (В) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> (which may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> in a word final position and before consonants).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">He</a> (Г, г) represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">voiced glottal fricative</a>, (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>), similar to the respective sound in Belarusian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_with_upturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with upturn">Ge</a> (Ґ, ґ) appears after He, represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>. It looks like He with an "upturn" pointing up from the right side of the top bar. (This letter was removed in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a> in 1933–1990, so it may be missing from older Cyrillic fonts.)</li> <li>E (Е, е) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye" title="Ukrainian Ye">Ye</a> (Є, є) appears after E and represents the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span>.</li> <li>E and И (И, и) both represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> if unstressed. <ul><li>И when stressed represents the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>, the same as the traditional Cyrillic letter Yery (Ы).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">I</a> (І, і) appears after И and represents the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Cyrillic)" title="Yi (Cyrillic)">Yi</a> (Ї, ї) appears after I and represents the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ji/</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">Jot</a> (Й, й) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcha" title="Shcha">Shcha</a> (Щ, щ) represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃtʃ/</span>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe_(mark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostrophe (mark)">apostrophe</a> (’) is used to mark nonpalatalization of the preceding consonant before Ya (Я, я), Yu (Ю, ю), Ye (Є, є), Yi (Ї, ї), the same as how it’s used in Belarusian.</li> <li>As in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> Cyrillic, the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span> are represented by digraphs Дж and Дз respectively.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rusyn">Rusyn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rusyn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language#Alphabet" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyns" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpatho-Rusyns">Carpatho-Rusyns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, Slovakia, and Poland, and the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a> in Croatia and Serbia. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Letters of the Rusyn alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Rusyn Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Ґ ґ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Є є</td> <td>Ё ё*</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>І і </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ї ї</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Ъ ъ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Rusyn alphabet differs from Ukrainian in that the letters Ё, Ы, and the hard sign (Ъ), from Russian, are also used. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Letters of the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Ґ ґ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Є є</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ї ї</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a> is a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Slavic language">West Slavic language</a> despite its name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Slavic_Indo-European_languages">Non-Slavic Indo-European languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-Slavic Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet_chart.svg/250px-Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet_chart.svg/375px-Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet_chart.svg/500px-Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanian_and_Moldovan">Romanian and Moldovan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Romanian and Moldovan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a> used the cyrillic script up to the 19th century (see <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a> (an alternative name of the Romanian language in <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian ASSR">Moldavian ASSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>) used varieties of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet in 1812–1918, and the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (derived from the Russian alphabet and standardised in the Soviet Union) in 1924–1932 and 1938–1989. Nowadays, this alphabet is still official in the unrecognized republic of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ladino">Ladino</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ladino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> uses the cyrillic script in occasional Bulgarian Sephardic publications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Aryan">Indo-Aryan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indo-Aryan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romani">Romani</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Romani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> is written in Cyrillic in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian">Iranian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurdish">Kurdish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kurdish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish alphabets</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurds</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> use a Cyrillic alphabet: </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Forty-three letters of the Ossetian Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">Kurdish Cyrillic Orthography </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Г' г'</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ә">Ә ә</a></td> <td>Ә' ә'</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>К' к'</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ӧ ö</a></td> <td>П п </td></tr> <tr> <td>П' п'</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>Р' р'</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Т' т'</td> <td>У у </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Һ">Һ һ</a></td> <td>Һ' һ'</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ч' ч'</td> <td>Ш ш </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qa_(Cyrillic)" title="Qa (Cyrillic)">Ԛ ԛ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/We_(Cyrillic)" title="We (Cyrillic)">Ԝ ԝ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ossetic">Ossetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ossetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language#Writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic language</a> has officially used the Cyrillic script since 1937. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Forty-three letters of the Ossetian Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">Ossetian Cyrillic script </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӕ">Ӕ ӕ</a></td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гъ гъ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Дж дж </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дз дз</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>Къ къ</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Пъ пъ</td> <td>Р р </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Тъ тъ</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Хъ хъ</td> <td>Ц ц </td></tr> <tr> <td>Цъ цъ</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Чъ чъ</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tajik">Tajik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tajik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></div> <p>The Tajik alphabet is written using a <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>-based alphabet. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty-four letters of the Tajik Cyrillic script, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">Tajik-Persian Cyrillic Alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ғ">Ғ ғ</a></td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӣ">Ӣ ӣ</a></td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Қ">Қ қ</a></td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӯ">Ӯ ӯ</a></td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҳ">Ҳ ҳ</a></td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҷ">Ҷ ҷ</a></td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Э э </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uralic_languages">Uralic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Uralic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> using the Cyrillic script (currently or in the past) include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> until 1921 and 1937–1940 (<a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olonets_Karelian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Olonets Karelian language">Olonets Karelian</a>); <a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a>; <a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_Sami" title="Kildin Sami">Kildin Sami</a> in Russia (since the 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Zyrian</a> (since the 17th century, modern alphabet since the 1930s); <a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Permyak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Komi-Yodzyak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Yodzyak language">Yodzyak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> (writing has not received distribution since 1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i>; Nenets since 1937 (<a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a>); <a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Kamassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamassian language">Kamassian</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_language_(Samoyedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koibal language (Samoyedic)">Koibal</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a> (since the 1950s; not used recently)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a>, since the 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a>; <a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvin</a>, since the 18th century (<a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a>)</li> <li>Other: <i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Meshcherian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshcherian language">Meshcherian</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karelian">Karelian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Karelian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Karelian_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Matthew_Karelian_1820.jpg/300px-Matthew_Karelian_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Matthew_Karelian_1820.jpg/450px-Matthew_Karelian_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Matthew_Karelian_1820.jpg/600px-Matthew_Karelian_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>The first lines of the Book of Matthew in Karelian using the Cyrillic script, 1820</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian alphabet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian language</a> was written in the Cyrillic script in various forms until 1940 when publication in Karelian ceased in favor of Finnish, except for Tver Karelian, written in a Latin alphabet. In 1989 publication began again in the other Karelian dialects and Latin alphabets were used, in some cases with the addition of Cyrillic letters such as ь. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kildin_Sámi"><span id="Kildin_S.C3.A1mi"></span>Kildin Sámi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kildin Sámi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kildin_Sami_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sami orthography">Kildin Sami orthography</a></div> <p>Over the last century, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin Sámi</a> has changed three times: from <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and back again to Cyrillic. Work on the latest version of the official orthography commenced in 1979. It was officially approved in 1982 and started to be widely used by 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komi-Permyak">Komi-Permyak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Komi-Permyak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language#Alphabet" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak language § Alphabet</a></div> <p>The Komi-Permyak Cyrillic alphabet: </p> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">І і</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӧ">Ӧ ӧ</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mari_alphabets">Mari alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mari alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mari_alphabet" title="Mari alphabet">Mari alphabet</a></div> <p><b>Meadow Mari Cyrillic alphabet:</b> </p> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ҥ ҥ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӧ ӧ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӱ ӱ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hill Mari Cyrillic alphabet</b> </p> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӓ ӓ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӧ ӧ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӱ ӱ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӹ ӹ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkic_languages">Turkic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Turkic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Azerbaijani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani alphabet</a></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Bashkir Alphabet"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Azerbaijani Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;">First version (1939–1958): </th> <td>Аа</td> <td>Бб</td> <td>Вв</td> <td>Гг</td> <td>Ғғ</td> <td>Дд</td> <td>Ее</td> <td>Әә</td> <td>Жж</td> <td>Зз</td> <td>Ии</td> <td>Йй</td> <td>Кк</td> <td>Ҝҝ</td> <td>Лл</td> <td>Мм</td> <td>Нн</td> <td>Оо </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;"> </th> <td>Өө</td> <td>Пп</td> <td>Рр</td> <td>Сс</td> <td>Тт</td> <td>Уу</td> <td>Үү</td> <td>Фф</td> <td>Хх</td> <td>Һһ</td> <td>Цц</td> <td>Чч</td> <td>Ҹҹ</td> <td>Шш</td> <td>Ыы</td> <td>Ээ</td> <td>Юю</td> <td>Яя</td> <td>ʼ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;">Second version (1958–1991):<br /><i>still used today by Dagestan</i> </th> <td>Аа</td> <td>Бб</td> <td>Вв</td> <td>Гг</td> <td>Ғғ</td> <td>Дд</td> <td>Ее</td> <td>Әә</td> <td>Жж</td> <td>Зз</td> <td>Ии</td> <td>Ыы</td> <td>Јј</td> <td>Кк</td> <td>Ҝҝ</td> <td>Лл</td> <td>Мм</td> <td>Нн </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;"> </th> <td>Оо</td> <td>Өө</td> <td>Пп</td> <td>Рр</td> <td>Сс</td> <td>Тт</td> <td>Уу</td> <td>Үү</td> <td>Фф</td> <td>Хх</td> <td>Һһ</td> <td>Чч</td> <td>Ҹҹ</td> <td>Шш</td> <td>ʼ </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Latin Alphabet (as of 1992)</dt> <dd>Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bashkir">Bashkir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bashkir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cyrillic script was used for the <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir language</a> after the winter of 1938. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Bashkir Alphabet"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Bashkir Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Ғ ғ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҙ">Ҙ ҙ</a></td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡ">Ҡ ҡ</a></td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>П п </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҫ">Ҫ ҫ</a></td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Һ һ</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chuvash">Chuvash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chuvash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cyrillic alphabet is used for the <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash language</a> since the late 19th century, with some changes in 1938. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty-seven letters of the Soviet-era Chuvash alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Chuvash Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Ӑ ӑ</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ӗ ӗ</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Ҫ ҫ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ӳ ӳ</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Cyrillic letters Бб, Гг, Дд, Ёё, Жж, Зз, Оо, Фф, Цц, Щщ and Ъъ are not used in native Chuvash words, but only for Russian loans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakh">Kazakh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Kazakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh alphabets</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. Latin is expected to entirely replace Cyrillic by 2031, alongside the modified <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>). </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Forty-two letters of the Kazakh alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ә">Ә ә</a></td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ғ">Ғ ғ</a></td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Қ">Қ қ</a></td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ң">Ң ң</a></td> <td>О о</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ө">Ө ө</a></td> <td>П п </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ұ">Ұ ұ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ү">Ү ү</a></td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Һ">Һ һ</a></td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>І і</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ә ә = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span></li> <li>Ғ ғ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a>)</li> <li>Е е = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɪ/</span></li> <li>И и = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪj/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɘj/</span></li> <li>Қ қ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a>)</li> <li>Ң ң = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɴ/</span></li> <li>О о = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʷo/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʷʊ/</span></li> <li>Ө ө = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʷœ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʷʏ/</span></li> <li>У у = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊw/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉw/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></li> <li>Ұ ұ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span></li> <li>Ү ү = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʏ/</span></li> <li>Һ һ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></li> <li>Щ щ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃʃ/</span></li> <li>Ы ы = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ә/</span></li> <li>І і = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɘ/</span></li></ul> <p>The Cyrillic letters Вв, Ёё, Цц, Чч, Ъъ, Ьь and Ээ are not used in native Kazakh words, but only for Russian loans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Kyrgyz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz alphabets</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> has also been written in Latin and in Arabic. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty letters of the Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ү ү </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ң ң = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a>)</li> <li>Ү ү = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a>)</li> <li>Ө ө = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">open-mid front rounded vowel</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Bold</b> letters are used only in loanwords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tatar">Tatar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a></div> <p>Tatar has used Cyrillic since 1939, but the Russian Orthodox Tatar community has used Cyrillic since the 19th century. In 2000 a new Latin alphabet was adopted for Tatar, but it is used generally on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty-nine letters of the Tatar alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Tatar Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Җ җ </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ө ө </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Һ һ</td> <td>Ц ц </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ә ә = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span></li> <li>Ң ң = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></li> <li>Ө ө = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span></li> <li>У у = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uw/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yw/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></li> <li>Ү ү = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span></li> <li>Һ һ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></li> <li>Җ җ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʑ/</span></li></ul> <p>The Cyrillic letters Ёё, Цц, Щщ are not used in native Tatar words, but only for Russian loans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmen">Turkmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Turkmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen alphabet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, written 1940–1994 exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1994 officially in Roman, but in everyday communication Cyrillic is still used along with Roman script. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Җ җ</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>(Ц ц)</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>(Щ щ)</td> <td>(Ъ ъ)</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>(Ь ь)</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ә ә </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbek">Uzbek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Uzbek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek alphabet</a></div> <p>From 1941 the Cyrillic script was used exclusively. In 1998 the government has adopted a Latin alphabet to replace it. The deadline for making this transition has however been repeatedly changed, and Cyrillic is still more common. It is not clear that the transition will be made at all. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty letters of the Soviet-era Uzbek alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ў ў</td> <td>Қ қ</td> <td>Ғ ғ</td> <td>Ҳ ҳ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>В в = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></li> <li>Ж ж = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span></li> <li>Ф ф = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/</span></li> <li>Х х = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ/</span></li> <li>Ъ ъ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span></li> <li>Ў ў = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ө/</span></li> <li>Қ қ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span></li> <li>Ғ ғ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span></li> <li>Ҳ ҳ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></li></ul> <p>In addition to the letters from the Russian alphabet, А–Я, except for Щ and Ы, the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet includes Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ at the end. They are distinct letters in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet and are sorted after Я as shown above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yakut">Yakut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Yakut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut scripts</a></div> <p>Several Cyrillic alphabets have been used to write Yakut, but the current alphabet was adopted in 1939. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Yakut Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td><b>В в</b></td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Ҕ ҕ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Дь дь</td> <td><b>Е е</b></td> <td><b>Ё ё</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ж ж</b></td> <td><b>З з</b></td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ҥ ҥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Нь нь</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Һ һ</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ү ү</td> <td><b>Ф ф</b></td> <td>Х х</td> <td><b>Ц ц</b></td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td><b>Ш ш</b></td> <td><b>Щ щ</b></td> <td><b>Ъ ъ</b></td> <td>Ы ы </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ь ь</b></td> <td>Э э</td> <td><b>Ю ю</b></td> <td><b>Я я</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Letters in <b>Bold</b> are only used in Russian Loanwords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Altai language">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> (1938–1991, now mostly replaced by Roman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a> (1957–1990s, exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1990s officially in Roman, but in reality in everyday communication Cyrillic is used along with Roman script)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a> (1940s–1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> – <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet</a> (<i>Uyghur Siril Yëziqi</i>). Used along with <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic alphabet</a> (<i>Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_New_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur New script">New Script</a> (<i>Uyghur Yëngi Yëziqi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>-based), and modern <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur Latin alphabet</a> (<i>Uyghur Latin Yëziqi</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Gagauz Turkish">Balkan Gagauz Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Turkic language">Siberian Turkic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caucasian_languages">Caucasian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Caucasian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northwest_Caucasian_languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Northwest Caucasian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Living <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a> are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abaza">Abaza</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Abaza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian language">Caucasian language</a>, spoken by Abazins in the <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> Republic, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="4" class="Unicode" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Seventy-two letters of the Abaza alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Abaza Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гв гв</td> <td>Гъ гъ</td> <td>Гъв гъв</td> <td>Гъь гъь</td> <td>Гь гь </td></tr> <tr> <td>Гӏ гӏ</td> <td>Гӏв гӏв</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Дж дж</td> <td>Джв джв</td> <td>Джь джь</td> <td>Дз дз</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Жв жв</td> <td>Жь жь</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Кв кв</td> <td>Къ къ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Къв къв</td> <td>Къь къь</td> <td>Кь кь</td> <td>Кӏ кӏ</td> <td>Кӏв кӏв</td> <td>Кӏь кӏь</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Ль ль</td> <td>(Лӏ лӏ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Пӏ пӏ</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Тл тл </td></tr> <tr> <td>Тш тш</td> <td>Тӏ тӏ</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>(Фӏ фӏ)</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Хв хв</td> <td>Хъ хъ</td> <td>Хъв хъв </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Хӏ хӏ</td> <td>Хӏв хӏв</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Цӏ цӏ</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Чв чв</td> <td>Чӏ чӏ</td> <td>Чӏв чӏв </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Шв шв</td> <td>Шӏ шӏ</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Digraphs in parentheses are dialectal, and are therefore absent from the literary language and the official alphabet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abkhaz">Abkhaz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Abkhaz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz alphabet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian language">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="4" class="Unicode" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Sixty-two letters of the Abkhaz alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Abkhaz Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гь гь</td> <td>Гә гә</td> <td>Ӷ ӷ</td> <td>Ӷь ӷь</td> <td>Ӷә ӷә </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д</td> <td>Дә дә</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Жь жь</td> <td>Жә жә</td> <td>З з</td> <td>Ӡ ӡ</td> <td>Ӡә ӡә </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Кь кь</td> <td>Кә кә</td> <td>Қ қ</td> <td>Қь қь</td> <td>Қә қә</td> <td>Ҟ ҟ</td> <td>Ҟь ҟь </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ҟә ҟә</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Ԥ ԥ</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>Тә тә</td> <td>Ҭ ҭ</td> <td>Ҭә ҭә</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Хә хә </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ҳ ҳ</td> <td>Ҳә ҳә</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Цә цә</td> <td>Ҵ ҵ</td> <td>Ҵә ҵә</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ҷ ҷ</td> <td>Ҽ ҽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ҿ ҿ</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Шь шь</td> <td>Шә шә</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ҩ ҩ</td> <td>Џ џ</td> <td>Џь џь </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>For older conventions, see <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz alphabet</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adyghe">Adyghe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Adyghe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian language">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="4" class="Unicode" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Sixty-six letters of the Adyghe alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гу гу</td> <td>Гъ гъ</td> <td>Гъу гъу</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Дж дж</td> <td>Дз дз</td> <td>Дзу дзу </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Жъ жъ</td> <td>Жъу жъу</td> <td>Жь жь</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Ку ку </td></tr> <tr> <td>Къ къ</td> <td>Къу къу</td> <td>Кӏ кӏ</td> <td>Кӏу кӏу</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Лъ лъ</td> <td>Лӏ лӏ</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п </td></tr> <tr> <td>Пӏ пӏ</td> <td>Пӏу пӏу</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Тӏ тӏ</td> <td>Тӏу тӏу</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Хъ хъ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хъу хъу</td> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Цу цу</td> <td>Цӏ цӏ</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Чъ чъ</td> <td>Чӏ чӏ</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Шъ шъ</td> <td>Шъу шъу </td></tr> <tr> <td>Шӏ шӏ</td> <td>Шӏу шӏу</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>(Ъ ъ)</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>(Ь ь)</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ӏ ӏ</td> <td>Ӏу ӏу </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Letters in parentheses are only used in digraphs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kabardian">Kabardian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Kabardian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian language">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Republics of <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="4" class="Unicode" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Fifty-nine letters of the Kabardian alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гу гу</td> <td>Гъ гъ</td> <td>Гъу гъу</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Дж дж</td> <td>Дз дз </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Жь жь</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Ку ку</td> <td>Кӏ кӏ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кӏу кӏу</td> <td>Къ къ</td> <td>Къу къу</td> <td>Кхъ кхъ</td> <td>Кхъу кхъу</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Лъ лъ</td> <td>Лӏ лӏ</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Пӏ пӏ</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Тӏ тӏ</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Фӏ фӏ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ху ху</td> <td>Хъ хъ</td> <td>Хъу хъу</td> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Цӏ цӏ</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щӏ щӏ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ӏ ӏ</td> <td>Ӏу ӏу </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeast_Caucasian_languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Northeast Caucasian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a> are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avar">Avar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Avar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian language">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, of the Russian Federation, where it is co-official together with other Caucasian languages like <a href="/wiki/Dargin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargin language">Dargwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgi language">Lezgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabassaran_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabassaran language">Tabassaran</a>. All these alphabets, and other ones (<a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>) have an extra sign: <a href="/wiki/Palochka" title="Palochka">palochka</a> (Ӏ), which gives voiceless occlusive consonants its particular ejective sound. </p> <table cellpadding="4" class="Unicode" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Fifty-one letters of the Avar alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Avar Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гъ гъ</td> <td>Гь гь</td> <td>Гӏ гӏ</td> <td>Д д </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Къ къ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кь кь</td> <td>Кӏ кӏ</td> <td>Кӏкӏ кӏкӏ</td> <td>Кк кк</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Тӏ тӏ</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хх хх</td> <td>Хъ хъ</td> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Хӏ хӏ</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Цц цц</td> <td>Цӏ цӏ</td> <td>Цӏцӏ цӏцӏ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Чӏ чӏ</td> <td>Чӏчӏ чӏчӏ</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ӏ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>В = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></li> <li>гъ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span></li> <li>гь = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></li> <li>гӀ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span></li> <li>къ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qːʼ/</span></li> <li>кӀ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span></li> <li>кь = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɬːʼ/</span></li> <li>кӀкӀ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɬː/</span>, is also written ЛӀ лӀ.</li> <li>кк = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span>, is also written Лъ лъ.</li> <li>тӀ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʼ/</span></li> <li>х = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ/</span></li> <li>хъ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qː/</span></li> <li>хь = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></li> <li>хӀ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħ/</span></li> <li>цӀ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʼ/</span></li> <li>чӀ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʼ/</span></li> <li>Double consonants, called "fortis", are pronounced longer than single consonants (called "lenis").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lezgian">Lezgian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Lezgian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lezgin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin alphabet">Lezgin alphabet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>, who live in southern <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Lezgian is a literary language and an official language of Dagestan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_3">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> (since 1938, also with Roman 1991–2000, but switch back to Cyrillic alphabets since 2001.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabassaran_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabassaran language">Tabassaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongolian">Mongolian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Mongolian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a> include <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha language">Khalkha</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>; Cyrillic is official since 1941, in practice from 1946), <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>; Cyrillic is used since the 1930s) and <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk language">Kalmyk</a> (northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>; Cyrillic is used in various forms since the 1920-30s). Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabet">Mongol vertical alphabet</a>, which was the official script before 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the beginning of the 1990s Mongolia has been making attempts to extend the rather limited use of Mongol script and the most recent National Plan for Mongol Script aims to bring its use to the same level as Cyrillic by 2025 and maintain a dual-script system (<a href="/wiki/Digraphia" title="Digraphia">digraphia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic script</a></div> <p>This table contains all the characters used. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Shha" title="Shha">Һһ</a> is shown twice as it appears at two different locations in Buryat and Kalmyk</i> </p> <table cellpadding="2" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Forty letters of all the Mongolian Cyrillic scripts, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">Mongolian Cyrillic alphabets </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha</a> </th> <td>Аа</td> <td></td> <td>Бб</td> <td>Вв</td> <td>Гг</td> <td></td> <td>Дд</td> <td>Ее</td> <td>Ёё</td> <td>Жж</td> <td></td> <td>Зз</td> <td>Ии</td> <td>Йй</td> <td>Кк</td> <td>Лл</td> <td>Мм</td> <td>Нн</td> <td></td> <td>Оо </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a> </th> <td>Аа</td> <td></td> <td>Бб</td> <td>Вв</td> <td>Гг</td> <td></td> <td>Дд</td> <td>Ее</td> <td>Ёё</td> <td>Жж</td> <td></td> <td>Зз</td> <td>Ии</td> <td>Йй</td> <td>Кк</td> <td>Лл</td> <td>Мм</td> <td>Нн</td> <td></td> <td>Оо </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a> </th> <td>Аа</td> <td>Әә</td> <td>Бб</td> <td>Вв</td> <td>Гг</td> <td>Һһ</td> <td>Дд</td> <td>Ее</td> <td>Ёё</td> <td>Жж</td> <td>Җҗ</td> <td>Зз</td> <td>Ии</td> <td>Йй</td> <td>Кк</td> <td>Лл</td> <td>Мм</td> <td>Нн</td> <td>Ңң</td> <td>Оо </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;">Khalkha </th> <td>Өө</td> <td>Пп</td> <td>Рр</td> <td>Сс</td> <td>Тт</td> <td>Уу</td> <td>Үү</td> <td>Фф</td> <td>Хх</td> <td></td> <td>Цц</td> <td>Чч</td> <td>Шш</td> <td>Щщ</td> <td>Ъъ</td> <td>Ыы</td> <td>Ьь</td> <td>Ээ</td> <td>Юю</td> <td>Яя </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;">Buryat </th> <td>Өө</td> <td>Пп</td> <td>Рр</td> <td>Сс</td> <td>Тт</td> <td>Уу</td> <td>Үү</td> <td>Фф</td> <td>Хх</td> <td>Һһ</td> <td>Цц</td> <td>Чч</td> <td>Шш</td> <td>Щщ</td> <td>Ъъ</td> <td>Ыы</td> <td>Ьь</td> <td>Ээ</td> <td>Юю</td> <td>Яя </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller;">Kalmyk </th> <td>Өө</td> <td>Пп</td> <td>Рр</td> <td>Сс</td> <td>Тт</td> <td>Уу</td> <td>Үү</td> <td>Фф</td> <td>Хх</td> <td></td> <td>Цц</td> <td>Чч</td> <td>Шш</td> <td>Щщ</td> <td>Ъъ</td> <td>ЫЫ</td> <td>Ьь</td> <td>Ээ</td> <td>Юю</td> <td>Яя </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khalkha">Khalkha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Khalkha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty-five letters of the Mongolian Cyrillic script, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Khalkha Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oe_(Cyrillic)" title="Oe (Cyrillic)">Ө ө</a></td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ue_(Cyrillic)" title="Ue (Cyrillic)">Ү ү</a></td> <td>Ф ф </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>В в = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></li> <li>Е е = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jœ/</span></li> <li>Ё ё = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span></li> <li>Ж ж = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span></li> <li>З з = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span></li> <li>Ий ий = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span></li> <li>Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.) and long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> (ий), it never indicates /j/ in native words</li> <li>Н н = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n-/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span></li> <li>Ө ө = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span></li> <li>У у = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span></li> <li>Ү ү = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></li> <li>Ы ы = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> (in suffixes after a hard consonant)</li> <li>Ь ь = palatalization of the preceding consonant</li> <li>Ю ю = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jy/</span></li></ul> <p>Long vowels are indicated with double letters. The Cyrillic letters Кк, Пп, Фф and Щщ are not used in native Mongolian words, but only for Russian or other loans (Пп may occur in native <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> words). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buryat">Buryat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Buryat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a> (буряад) Cyrillic script is similar to the Khalkha above, but Ьь indicates palatalization as in Russian. Buryat does not use Вв, Кк, Пп, Фф, Цц, Чч, Щщ or Ъъ in its native words (Пп may occur in native <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> words). </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty-two letters of the Buryat Cyrillic script, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Buryat Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Ф ф </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>Һ һ</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Е е = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jœ/</span></li> <li>Ё ё = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span></li> <li>Ж ж = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span></li> <li>Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.), it never indicates /j/ in native words</li> <li>Н н = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n-/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span></li> <li>Өө өө = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œː/</span>, ө does not occur in short form in literary Buryat based on the Khori dialect</li> <li>У у = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span></li> <li>Ү ү = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></li> <li>Һ һ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></li> <li>Ы ы = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span></li> <li>Ю ю = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalmyk">Kalmyk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Kalmyk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk language">Kalmyk</a> (хальмг) Cyrillic script differs from Khalkha in some respects: there are additional letters (Әә, Җҗ, Ңң, Һһ), letters Ээ, Юю and Яя appear only word-initially, long vowels are written double in the first syllable (нөөрин), but single in syllables after the first. Short vowels are omitted altogether in syllables after the first syllable (хальмг = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xaʎmaɡ/</span>). Жж and Пп are used in loanwords only (Russian, Tibetan, etc.), but Пп may occur in native <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> words. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Thirty-four letters of the Kalmyk Cyrillic script, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Kalmyk Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Һ һ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Җ җ</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ә ә = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span></li> <li>В в = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></li> <li>Һ һ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span></li> <li>Е е = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ-/</span></li> <li>Җ җ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span></li> <li>Ң ң = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></li> <li>Ө ө = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span></li> <li>У у = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span></li> <li>Ү ү = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Sino-Tibetan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dungan_language">Dungan language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Dungan language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan language</a></div> <p>Since 1953. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="38 letters of the modern Dungan alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The modern Dungan Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Җ җ</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ў ў</td> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Letters in <b>bold</b> are used only in Russian loanwords.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tungusic_languages">Tungusic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Tungusic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenk language">Evenk</a> (since 1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_language" title="Udege language">Udihe</a> (Udekhe) (not used recently)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok language">Orok</a> (since 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulch_language" title="Ulch language">Ulch</a> (since late 1980s)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chukchi_language">Chukchi language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Chukchi language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi language</a></div> <p>Since 1936. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Letters of the Chukchi alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Chukchi Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӄ ӄ</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Ԓ ԓ</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ӈ ӈ</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʼ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koryak_language">Koryak language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Koryak language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Koryak_language" title="Koryak language">Koryak language</a></div> <p>Since 1936. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Letters of the Koryak alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Koryak Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Вʼ вʼ</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гʼ гʼ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Ӄ ӄ</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ӈ ӈ</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itelmen_language">Itelmen language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Itelmen language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Itelmen_language" title="Itelmen language">Itelmen language</a></div> <p>Since late 1980s. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Letters of the Itelmen alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Itelmen Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Ӑ ӑ</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>Кʼ кʼ</td> <td>Ӄ ӄ</td> <td>Ӄʼ ӄʼ</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Љ љ</td> <td>Ԓ ԓ</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Њ њ</td> <td>Ӈ ӈ</td> <td>О о </td></tr> <tr> <td>О̆ о̆</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Пʼ пʼ</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>Тʼ тʼ</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ў ў</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ӽ ӽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Чʼ чʼ</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alyutor_language">Alyutor language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Alyutor language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alyutor_language" title="Alyutor language">Alyutor language</a></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="Letters of the Alyutor alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Alyutor Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Вʼ вʼ</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Гʼ гʼ</td> <td>Ғ ғ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Ӄ ӄ</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Ӈ ӈ</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eskaleut_languages">Eskaleut languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Eskaleut languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleut_language">Aleut language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Aleut language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut language</a></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="55 letters of the modern Aleut alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Aleut Cyrillic alphabet (Bering dialect) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>А̄ а̄</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Ӷ ӷ</td> <td>Гў гў</td> <td>Д д </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%CC%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Д̆">Д̆ д̆</a></td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Е̄ е̄</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Ӣ ӣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>ʼЙ ʼй</td> <td>К к</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӄ"> Ӄ ӄ</a></td> <td>Л л</td> <td>ʼЛ ʼл</td> <td>М м</td> <td>ʼМ ʼм </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н</td> <td>ʼН ʼн</td> <td>Ӈ ӈ</td> <td>ʼӇ ʼӈ</td> <td>О о</td> <td>О̄ о̄</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ӯ ӯ</td> <td>Ў ў</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ӽ ӽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ы̄ ы̄</td> <td>Ь ь </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>Э̄ э̄</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Ю̄ ю̄</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Я̄ я̄</td> <td>ʼ</td> <td>’Ў ’ў </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Siberian_Yupik_language">Central Siberian Yupik language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Central Siberian Yupik language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chaplino_dialect">Chaplino dialect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Chaplino dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chaplino_dialect" title="Chaplino dialect">Chaplino dialect</a></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="55 letters of the modern Aleut alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Central Siberian Yupik Cyrillic alphabet (Chaplino dialect) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Ӷ ӷ</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Ӄ ӄ</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Лъ лъ </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Нъ нъ</td> <td>Ӈ ӈ</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ў ў</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ӽ ӽ</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letters Ӷ ӷ, Ӄ ӄ, Ӈ ӈ, Ӽ ӽ are sometines replaced by Гʼ гʼ, Кʼ кʼ, Нʼ нʼ, Хʼ хʼ or Ґ ґ, Қ қ, Ң ң, Ҳ ҳ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sirenik_language">Sirenik language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Sirenik language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik language</a></div> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;" summary="55 letters of the modern Aleut alphabet, capital and lowercase"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Sirenik Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>А̄ а̄</td> <td><b>Б б</b></td> <td>В в</td> <td>Ԝ ԝ</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Ӷ ӷ</td> <td><b>Д д</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Е е</b></td> <td><b>Ё ё</b></td> <td><b>Ж ж</b></td> <td><b>З з</b></td> <td>И и</td> <td>Ӣ ӣ</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>Йь йь </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>Ӄ ӄ</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>Лъ лъ</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>Нъ нъ</td> <td>Ӈ ӈ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>О о</b></td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ӯ ӯ</td> <td><b>Ф ф</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ӽ ӽ</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td><b>Ч ч</b></td> <td><b>Ш ш</b></td> <td><b>Щ щ</b></td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ь ь</b></td> <td><b>Э э</b></td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Ю̄ ю̄</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Я̄ я̄ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Letters in <b>bold</b> are used only in Russian loanwords.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_4">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan Yupik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a> (in Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a> (Aisor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ket_language" title="Ket language">Ket</a> (since 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkh language">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> (in Russian Alaska)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukaghir language">Yukaghirs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Tundra Yukaghir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Forest Yukaghir</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constructed_languages">Constructed languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Constructed languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_auxiliary_languages">International auxiliary languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: International auxiliary languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_languages">Fictional languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Fictional languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutopia">Brutopian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a> stories)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_table">Summary table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Summary table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cyrillic Letters: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; empty-cells: hide; font-size: 0.9em"> <caption>Cyrillic alphabets comparison table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Early scripts </th></tr> <tr> <th>Church Slavonic </th> <th>А </th> <th> </th> <th>Б </th> <th>В </th> <th>Г </th> <th> </th> <th>Д </th> <th> </th> <th>(Ѕ) </th> <th>Е </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Ж </th> <th> </th> <th>Ѕ/З </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>И </th> <th>І </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>К </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Л </th> <th> </th> <th>М </th> <th> </th> <th>Н </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>О </th> <th> </th> <th>П </th> <th><i>(Ҁ)</i> </th> <th>Р </th> <th> </th> <th>С </th> <th> </th> <th>Т </th> <th> </th> <th>Оу </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Ф </th> <th>Х </th> <th>(Ѡ) </th> <th>Ц </th> <th> </th> <th>Ч </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Ш </th> <th>Щ </th> <th>Ъ </th> <th>Ы </th> <th> </th> <th>Ь </th> <th>Ѣ </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Ю </th> <th>Ꙗ </th> <th>Ѥ </th> <th>Ѧ </th> <th>Ѩ </th> <th>Ѫ </th> <th>Ѭ </th> <th><b>Ѯ</b> </th> <th>Ѱ </th> <th>Ѳ </th> <th>Ѵ </th> <th><i>Ҁ</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Most common shared letters </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Common</i> </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">South Slavic languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bulgarian </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Дж</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Дз</span></td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Serbian </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td>Ђ</td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td>Ј</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td>Љ</td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Њ</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td>Ћ</td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Џ </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Montenegrin </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td>Ђ</td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З</td> <td>З́ </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td>Ј</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td>Љ</td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Њ</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td>С́</td> <td>Т</td> <td>Ћ</td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Џ </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Macedonian </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td>Ѓ</td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td>Ѕ</td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td>Ј</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td>Љ</td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Њ</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td>Ќ</td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Џ </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">East Slavic languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Russian </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Belarusian </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ґ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>І</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ў</td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td> </td> <td>’</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ukrainian </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ґ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td>Є</td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td>І</td> <td> </td> <td>Ї</td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>’</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rusyn </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ґ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td>Є</td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З</td> <td>І </td> <td>Ї</td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td>Ы</td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td>Ѣ</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Iranian languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Kurdish </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Г'</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>Ә'</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>К' </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ö</td> <td>П</td> <td>П' </td> <td>Р</td> <td>Р'</td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td>Т'</td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Һ </td> <td>Һ'</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Ч' </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>Ԛ </td> <td>Ԝ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ossetian </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ӕ</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Гъ</span></td> <td>Д</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Дж</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Дз</span></td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Къ</span> </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Пъ</span> </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Тъ</span></td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Хъ</span> </td> <td>Ц</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Цъ</span></td> <td>Ч</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Чъ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tajik </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td>Ӣ</td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>Қ </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ӯ</td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Ҳ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Ҷ </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td> </td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Romance languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Moldovan </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td>Ӂ</td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Uralic languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Komi-Permyak </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td>І</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ӧ</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Meadow Mari </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ҥ</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ӧ</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ӱ</td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hill Mari </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ӓ</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ӧ</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ӱ</td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td>Ӹ</td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kildin Sami </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ӓ</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td>Й</td> <td>Ҋ</td> <td>Ј </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td>Ӆ</td> <td>М</td> <td>Ӎ</td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ӊ</td> <td>Ӈ</td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td>Ҏ</td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Һ </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td>Ҍ</td> <td>Ь</td> <td></td> <td>Э</td> <td>Ӭ </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Turkic languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Azerbaijani </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td></td> <td>Ы</td> <td>И</td> <td>Ј</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й</td> <td>К</td> <td>Ҝ </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td> </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Һ</td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Ҹ </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bashkir </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td>Ҙ</td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>Ҡ </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ң</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td>Ҫ</td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Һ </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>Ә </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chuvash </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ӑ</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ӗ</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td>Ҫ</td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ӳ</td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kazakh </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td>І</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>Қ </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ң</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ұ</td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Һ </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kyrgyz </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ң</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tatar </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td>Җ</td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ң</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Һ </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Uzbek </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>Қ </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ў</td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Ҳ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td> </td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Caucasian languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Abkhaz </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г <span style="font-size:85%;">Ӷь</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ӷә</span></td> <td>Ӷ(Ҕ) <span style="font-size:85%;">Ӷь(Ҕь)</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ӷә(Ҕә)</span></td> <td>Д</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Дә</span></td> <td></td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж <span style="font-size:85%;">Жь</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Жә</span></td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td></td> <td>Ӡ <span style="font-size:85%;">Ӡә</span></td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>К <span style="font-size:85%;">Кь</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Кә</span></td> <td>Қ(Ӄ) <span style="font-size:85%;">Қь(Ӄь)</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Қә(Ӄә)</span></td> <td>Ҟ <span style="font-size:85%;">Ҟь</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ҟә</span></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td></td> <td>П</td> <td>Ԥ(Ҧ)</td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т <span style="font-size:85%;">Тә</span></td> <td>Ҭ <span style="font-size:85%;">Ҭә</span></td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х <span style="font-size:85%;">Хь</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Хә</span></td> <td>Ҳ <span style="font-size:85%;">Ҳә</span></td> <td>Ц <span style="font-size:85%;">Цә</span></td> <td>Ҵ <span style="font-size:85%;">Ҵә</span></td> <td>Ч</td> <td>Ҷ </td> <td>Ҽ </td> <td>Ҿ</td> <td>Ш <span style="font-size:85%;">Шь</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Шә</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ы</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ҩ</td> <td>Џ <span style="font-size:85%;">Џь</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Mongolian languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Khalkha </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Buryat </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td> </td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>Һ </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kalmyk </th> <td>А</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td>Һ</td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ж</td> <td>Җ</td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ң</td> <td> </td> <td>О</td> <td>Ө</td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td> </td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="77" style="text-align: center">Sino-Tibetan languages </th></tr> <tr> <th>Dungan </th> <td>А</td> <td> </td> <td>Б</td> <td>В</td> <td>Г</td> <td> </td> <td>Д</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е</td> <td> </td> <td>Ё</td> <td>Ж</td> <td>Җ</td> <td>З </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>И</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Й </td> <td>К</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Л</td> <td> </td> <td>М</td> <td> </td> <td>Н</td> <td>Ң</td> <td>Ә</td> <td>О</td> <td> </td> <td>П</td> <td>  </td> <td>Р</td> <td> </td> <td>С</td> <td> </td> <td>Т</td> <td> </td> <td>У</td> <td>Ў</td> <td>Ү</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>  </td> <td>Ц</td> <td> </td> <td>Ч</td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>Ш</td> <td>Щ</td> <td>Ъ</td> <td>Ы </td> <td></td> <td>Ь</td> <td> </td> <td>Э</td> <td>  </td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td>Я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Use </th> <td>29 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>29 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_letters" title="List of Cyrillic letters">List of Cyrillic letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Šmid (2002), pp. 113–24: "Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego... Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto cirilico." Translation: "It is an interesting fact that in Bulgaria a few [Sephardic] publications are printed in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet and in Greece in the Greek alphabet... Nezirović (1992:128) writes that in Bosnia a document has also been found in which the Sephardic language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&q=Cyrillic+preslav&pg=PR1">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521815398" title="Special:BookSources/0521815398">0521815398</a>, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&q=+preslav+eastern&pg=PR3-IA34">The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church, J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0191614882" title="Special:BookSources/0191614882">0191614882</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="PravopisSrpskog" class="citation book cs1">Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). <i>Pravopis srpskoga jezika</i>. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-363-0296-X" title="Special:BookSources/86-363-0296-X"><bdi>86-363-0296-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pravopis+srpskoga+jezika&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Matica+Srpska&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=86-363-0296-X&rft.aulast=Peshikan&rft.aufirst=Mitar&rft.au=Jerkovi%C4%87%2C+Jovan&rft.au=Pi%C5%BEurica%2C+Mato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrillic+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MakedonskiPravopis" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF"><i>Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-608-220-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-608-220-042-2"><bdi>978-608-220-042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pravopis+na+makedonskiot+jazik&rft.place=Skopje&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Institut+za+makedonski+jazik+Krste+Misirkov&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-608-220-042-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravopis.mk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPravopis-2017.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrillic+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2013/01/08/croats-build-monument-to-cyrillic/">"Croats Revive Forgotten Cyrillic Through Stone"</a>. January 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Croats+Revive+Forgotten+Cyrillic+Through+Stone&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2013%2F01%2F08%2Fcroats-build-monument-to-cyrillic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrillic+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rießler, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/sikriessler.pdf">Towards a digital infrastructure for Kildin Saami</a>. In: <i>Sustaining Indigenous Knowledge</i>, ed. by Erich Kasten, Erich and Tjeerd de Graaf. Fürstenberg, 2013, 195–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeronika2005" class="citation journal cs1">Veronika, Kapišovská (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42618544">"Language Planning in Mongolia I"</a>. <i>Mongolica Pragensia</i>. <b>2005</b>: <span class="nowrap">55–</span>83 – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongolica+Pragensia&rft.atitle=Language+Planning+in+Mongolia+I&rft.volume=2005&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Veronika&rft.aufirst=Kapi%C5%A1ovsk%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42618544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrillic+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalinfo.mn/annex/details/10927?lawid=15248">"Монгол бичгийн үндэсний хөтөлбөр III (National Plan for Mongol Script III)"</a>. <i>Эрх Зүйн Мэдээллийн Нэгдсэн Систем</i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508141329/https://www.legalinfo.mn/annex/details/10927?lawid=15248">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%85+%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%85%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%80+III+%28National+Plan+for+Mongol+Script+III%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalinfo.mn%2Fannex%2Fdetails%2F10927%3Flawid%3D15248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrillic+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ivan G. Iliev. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ivanilievlogosmaster.blogspot.com/2012/07/scriptura-mundi-cyrillic-alphabet.html">Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet</a></li> <li>Philipp Ammon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/ფილიპპ%20ამონი.pdf"><i>Tractatus slavonicus</i>.</a> in: <i>Sjani (Thoughts) Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature</i>, N 17, 2016, pp. 248–56</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cyrillic_script" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script">Appendix:Cyrillic script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cyrillic_script" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Cyrillic script">Appendix:Cyrillic script</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://localfonts.eu/cyrillic-alphabets-of-slavic-languages/">Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages</a> review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_I_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox I script">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transliteration_and_transcription_into_Cyrillic90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyrillization" title="Template:Cyrillization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyrillization" title="Template talk:Cyrillization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyrillization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyrillization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transliteration_and_transcription_into_Cyrillic90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Transliteration and transcription into Cyrillic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Existing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Arabic" title="Cyrillization of Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillization_of_Armenian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillization of Armenian (page does not exist)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillization_of_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillization of English (page does not exist)">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_French" title="Cyrillization of French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_German" title="Cyrillization of German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillization_of_Georgian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillization of Georgian (page does not exist)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillization_of_Irish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillization of Irish (page does not exist)">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillization of Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Cyrillic">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Polish" title="Cyrillization of Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillization_of_Spanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillization of Spanish (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillization_of_Vietnamese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillization of Vietnamese (page does not exist)">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_letter_Dwe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cyrillic letter Dwe, a commonly cited example of both Cyrillization and a native Language's ability to influence its imposed Writing system"><img alt="The Cyrillic letter Dwe, a commonly cited example of both Cyrillization and a native Language's ability to influence its imposed Writing system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cyrillic_letter_Dwe.svg/80px-Cyrillic_letter_Dwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cyrillic_letter_Dwe.svg/120px-Cyrillic_letter_Dwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cyrillic_letter_Dwe.svg/160px-Cyrillic_letter_Dwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="2205" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Summary_table">Alphabet comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration_of_Cyrillic" title="Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic">Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Западные южнославянские языки">ru</a>]</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">Odesan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia489" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia489" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_dialects47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_dialects" title="Template:Russian dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_dialects" 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<small>(<a href="/wiki/Siberian_dialects" title="Siberian dialects">Siberian</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">Southern</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Russian" title="Astrakhan Russian">Astrakhan</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryun language">Goryun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Kuban Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomor_dialects" title="Pomor dialects">Pomor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagestani_Russian" title="Dagestani Russian">Dagestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Belarus73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Belarus" title="Template:Languages of Belarus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Belarus" title="Template talk:Languages of Belarus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Belarus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Belarus73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages of Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian dialect">West Polesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kazakhstan77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Languages of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Languages of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kazakhstan77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Languages of Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:Languages of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template talk:Languages of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Languages of Kyrgyzstan">Languages of Kyrgyzstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyk_language" title="Sart Kalmyk language">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Israel115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Israel" title="Template:Languages of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Languages of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Israel115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedouin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel#Other_spoken_languages" title="Languages of Israel">others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Kaf_Bedouin_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Kaf Bedouin Sign Language (page does not exist)">Abu Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Atrash_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Atrash Sign Language (page does not exist)">Al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_El-Naim_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab El-Naim Sign Language (page does not exist)">El-Naim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ein_Mahel_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ein Mahel Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ein Mahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Aramaic">Talmudic Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic Arabic">Quranic Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek">Biblical Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Caribbean Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_period_and_cessation_of_the_existence_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transition period and cessation of the existence of the Soviet Union">Transition period and cessation of the existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession,_continuity_and_legacy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Succession, continuity and legacy of the Soviet Union">Succession, continuity and legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Languages_of_Kosovo170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kosovo" title="Template:Languages of Kosovo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kosovo" title="Template talk:Languages of Kosovo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kosovo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kosovo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Languages_of_Kosovo170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Languages of Kosovo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Montenegro123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template talk:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Montenegro123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages of Montenegro</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Montenegro">Minority languages of Montenegro</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bulgaria94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Languages of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Languages of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bulgaria94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Languages of Bulgaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_of_the_Bulgarian_language493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulgarian_dialects" title="Template:Bulgarian dialects"><abbr title="View this 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Восточноболгарские говоры">ru</a>]</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moesian_dialects" title="Moesian dialects">Moesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shumen_dialect" title="Shumen dialect">Shumen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan dialects">Balkan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Balkan_dialect" title="Central Balkan dialect">Central Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo_dialect" title="Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect">Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_dialect" title="Panagyurishte dialect">Panagyurishte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirdop_dialect" title="Pirdop dialect">Pirdop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teteven_dialect" title="Teteven dialect">Teteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkech_dialect" title="Erkech dialect">Erkech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbalkan_dialect" title="Subbalkan dialect">Subbalkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rup_dialects" title="Rup dialects">Rup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_dialect" title="Strandzha dialect">Strandzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_dialect" title="Thracian dialect">Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyan_dialect" title="Smolyan dialect">Smolyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvoyna_dialect" title="Hvoyna dialect">Hvoyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepino_dialect" title="Chepino dialect">Chepino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulician_dialect" title="Paulician dialect">Paulician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatograd_dialect" title="Zlatograd dialect">Zlatograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babyak_dialect" title="Babyak dialect">Babyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlog_dialect" title="Razlog dialect">Razlog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serres-Nevrokop_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Serres-Nevrokop dialect">Serres-Nevrokop</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Bulgarian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Bulgarian dialects">Western</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Западноболгарские говоры">ru</a>]</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Northwestern Bulgarian dialects">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byala_Slatina-Pleven_dialect" title="Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect">Byala Slatina-Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidin-Lom_dialect" title="Vidin-Lom dialect">Vidin-Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_dialect" title="Sofia dialect">Sofia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Southwestern Bulgarian dialects">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botevgrad_dialect" title="Botevgrad dialect">Botevgrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vratsa_dialect" title="Vratsa dialect">Vratsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihtiman_dialect" title="Ihtiman dialect">Ihtiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Pelin_dialect" title="Elin Pelin dialect">Elin Pelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samokov_dialect" title="Samokov dialect">Samokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupnitsa_dialect" title="Dupnitsa dialect">Dupnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyustendil_dialect" title="Kyustendil dialect">Kyustendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleshevo-Pirin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleshevo-Pirin dialect">Maleshevo-Pirin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solun-Kukush_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Solun-Kukush dialect">Solun-Kukush</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Transitional Bulgarian dialects">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tran_dialect" title="Tran dialect">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breznik_dialect" title="Breznik dialect">Breznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik_dialect" title="Belogradchik dialect">Belogradchik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also considered a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bulgaria_articles423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template talk:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bulgaria_articles423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">3rd Tsardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1990">Bulgaria since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">Black Sea coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Bulgaria" title="List of earthquakes in Bulgaria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bulgaria" title="List of islands of Bulgaria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bulgaria" title="List of rivers of Bulgaria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Gora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bulgaria" title="List of villages in Bulgaria">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bulgaria" title="Human rights in Bulgaria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bulgaria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bulgaria" title="Law of Bulgaria">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bulgaria" title="Law enforcement in Bulgaria">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_(Bulgaria)" title="Chief of the Defence (Bulgaria)">Chief of the Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria" title="Chairperson of the National Assembly of Bulgaria">Chairperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bulgaria" title="List of political parties in Bulgaria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bulgaria" title="Agriculture in Bulgaria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_about_the_economy_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistics about the economy of Bulgaria">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Bulgaria" title="Industry of Bulgaria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Lev <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bulgaria" title="Science and technology in Bulgaria">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Stock_Exchange_%E2%80%93_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bulgaria" title="Tourism in Bulgaria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Transport in Bulgaria">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Rail transport in Bulgaria">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bulgaria" title="Category:Society of Bulgaria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bulgaria" title="Crime in Bulgaria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bulgaria" title="Mass media in Bulgaria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_customs" title="Bulgarian customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bulgaria" title="Sport in Bulgaria">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bulgaria" title="Outline of Bulgaria">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulgaria" title="Category:Bulgaria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia_Languages_of_North_Macedonia205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template talk:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia_Languages_of_North_Macedonia205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages of North Macedonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_of_Macedonian471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macedonian_dialects" title="Template:Macedonian dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macedonian_dialects" title="Template talk:Macedonian dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macedonian_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macedonian dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_of_Macedonian471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Macedonian" title="Dialects of Macedonian">Dialects of</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonian_dialects" title="Western Macedonian dialects">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.3em;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prilep-Bitola_dialect" title="Prilep-Bitola dialect">Prilep-Bitola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo-Pore%C4%8De_dialect" title="Kičevo-Poreče dialect">Kičevo-Poreče</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje-Veles_dialect" title="Skopje-Veles dialect">Skopje-Veles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.3em;">Western and<br />northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gostivar_dialect" title="Gostivar dialect">Gostivar</a> (Upper Polog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debar_dialect" title="Debar dialect">Debar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drimkol-Golo_Brdo_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drimkol-Golo Brdo dialect (page does not exist)">Drimkol-Golo Brdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gali%C4%8Dnik_dialect" title="Galičnik dialect">Galičnik</a> (Small Reka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reka_dialect" title="Reka dialect">Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vev%C4%8Dani-Rado%C5%BEda_dialect" title="Vevčani-Radožda dialect">Vevčani-Radožda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struga_dialect" title="Struga dialect">Struga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_dialect" title="Ohrid dialect">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Prespa_dialect" title="Upper Prespa dialect">Upper Prespa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Prespa_dialect" title="Lower Prespa dialect">Lower Prespa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Slavic_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Macedonian_Slavic_dialects.png/200px-Macedonian_Slavic_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Macedonian_Slavic_dialects.png/300px-Macedonian_Slavic_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Macedonian_Slavic_dialects.png/400px-Macedonian_Slavic_dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Northern Macedonian dialects">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.3em;">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_dialect" title="Kumanovo dialect">Kumanovo</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratovo_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kratovo dialect (page does not exist)">Kratovo</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriva_Palanka_dialect" title="Kriva Palanka dialect">Kriva Palanka</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ov%C4%8De_Pole_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovče Pole dialect (page does not exist)">Ovče Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.3em;">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora_dialect" title="Skopska Crna Gora dialect">Skopska Crna Gora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetovo_dialect" title="Tetovo dialect">Tetovo</a> (Lower Polog)<sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gora</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Southeastern Macedonian dialects">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.3em;">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip-Ko%C4%8Dani_dialect" title="Štip-Kočani dialect">Štip-Kočani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strumica_dialect" title="Strumica dialect">Strumica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikve%C5%A1-Mariovo_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikveš-Mariovo dialect (page does not exist)">Tikveš-Mariovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male%C5%A1evo-Pirin_dialect" title="Maleševo-Pirin dialect">Maleševo-Pirin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.3em;">Southeastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solun-Voden_dialect" title="Solun-Voden dialect">Solun-Voden</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop_dialect" title="Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect">Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestram-Kostenar_dialect" title="Nestram-Kostenar dialect">Nestram-Kostenar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostur_dialect" title="Kostur dialect">Kostur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kor%C4%8Da_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korča dialect (page does not exist)">Korča</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also considered a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>. <sup><small>2</small></sup> Considered to be a part of the transitional <a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlak dialect</a> and as a subdialect of Bulgarian, Macedonian, and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Macedonia_articles502" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Template:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Template talk:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Macedonia_articles502" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Ancient_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Kingdom of Macedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Roman Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)#Macedonia_Secunda_or_Salutaris" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Salutaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Roman Diocese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Medieval_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Theme of Bulgaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep" title="Lordship of Prilep">Kingdom of Prilep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Manifesto" title="Kruševo Manifesto">Kruševo Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Bulgarian occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">War in Yugoslav Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">The Holocaust in Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)" title="Independent Macedonia (1944)">Independent Macedonia (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-Fascist Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(ASNOM)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Front (Macedonia)">National Liberation Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">Refugees of the Greek Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 Skopje earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2001)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2001)">Ohrid Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republic_of_Macedonia_inter-ethnic_violence" title="2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence">2012 inter-ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Macedonian_government_building_attack" title="2014 Macedonian government building attack">2014 Macedonian government building attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kumanovo_clashes" title="2015 Kumanovo clashes">2015 Kumanovo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Macedonian_protests" title="2015 Macedonian protests">2015 Macedonian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Macedonian_protests" title="2016 Macedonian protests">2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_storming_of_the_Macedonian_Parliament" title="2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament">2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">2018 Prespa agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Macedonia_protests" title="2022 North Macedonia protests">2022 North Macedonia protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia" title="Environmental issues in North Macedonia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geology of North Macedonia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#North_Macedonia" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of mountains in North Macedonia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of rivers of North Macedonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia" title="Wildlife of North Macedonia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Macedonia" title="Elections in North Macedonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of political parties in North Macedonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Administrative divisions of North Macedonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Macedonia" title="Foreign relations of North Macedonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Macedonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Police of North Macedonia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Naming dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Macedonia" title="Agriculture in North Macedonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of power stations in North Macedonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange" title="Macedonian Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Tourism in North Macedonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makedonski_%C5%BDeleznici" title="Makedonski Železnici">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Society of North Macedonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Macedonia" title="Women in North Macedonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija" title="Denes nad Makedonija">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Architecture of North Macedonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_embroidery" title="Macedonian embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_North_Macedonia" title="Mass media in North Macedonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Slavic_mythology" title="Macedonian Slavic mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_North_Macedonia" title="National emblem of North Macedonia">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Macedonia" title="National symbols of North Macedonia">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of radio stations in North Macedonia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_North_Macedonia" title="Television in North Macedonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia" title="Outline of North Macedonia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Macedonia" title="Category:North Macedonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Albania73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Albania" title="Template:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Albania" title="Template talk:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Albania73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Languages of Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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