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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexical_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lexical accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphosyntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphosyntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphosyntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphosyntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Current orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Comparison chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_writing_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_writing_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Arabic writing conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_writing_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sample comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sample sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avar language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaars" title="Awaars – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Awaars" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ауар бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ауар бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأوارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأوارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_avar" title="Idioma avar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma avar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Авар мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Авар мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_dili" title="Avar dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avar dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="آوار دیلی (قافقاز دیللری) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آوار دیلی (قافقاز دیللری)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আভার ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আভার ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Авар теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авар теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аварская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аварская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аварская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аварская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аварски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аварски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avareg" title="Avareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Avareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Авар хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Авар хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80var" title="Àvar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àvar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Авар чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авар чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar%C5%A1tina" title="Avarština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avarština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarische_Sprache_(Kaukasus)" title="Awarische Sprache (Kaukasus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Awarische Sprache (Kaukasus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaari_keel" title="Avaari keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avaari keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_avar" title="Idioma avar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma avar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avara_lingvo" title="Avara lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Avara lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarera" title="Avarera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Avarera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان آواری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آواری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_bhasa" title="Avar bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Avar bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar" title="Avar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A1vara" title="Lingua ávara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua ávara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%8F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Жӏайхой мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Жӏайхой мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar-ng%C3%AE" title="Avar-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Avar-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%96%B4" title="아바르어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아바르어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ավարերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավարերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awar%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Awaršćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Awaršćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarski_jezik" title="Avarski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Avarski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Avar" title="Bahasa Avar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Avar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Солиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Солиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarska" title="Avarska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Avarska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_avara" title="Lingua avara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua avara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אווארית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אווארית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ხუნძური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხუნძური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Авар тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авар тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiavar" title="Kiavar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiavar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Авар кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Авар кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Авар тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Авар тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Яруссаннал маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Яруссаннал маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Avarica" title="Lingua Avarica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Avarica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C4%81ru_valoda" title="Avāru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Avāru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Авар чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Авар чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar%C5%B3_kalba" title="Avarų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Avarų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_nyelv" title="Avar nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avar nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аварски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аварски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അവാർ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അവാർ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ხუნძური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხუნძური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاواريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاواريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آواری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آواری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Avar" title="Bahasa Avar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Avar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaars" title="Avaars – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avaars" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="アヴァル語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヴァル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ЖӀайхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЖӀайхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarisk" title="Avarisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avarisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarisk" title="Avarisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Avarisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar" title="Avar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Avar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Авар йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Авар йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_tili" title="Avar tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avar tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਵਾਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਵਾਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اوار بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوار بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اواري ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اواري ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Avar" title="Lenga Avar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Avar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_awarski" title="Język awarski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język awarski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_%C3%A1vara" title="Língua ávara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua ávara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_avar%C4%83" title="Limba avară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba avară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awar_simi" title="Awar simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awar simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Аварский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аварский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Аваар тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аваар тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Avar language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="آوار ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آوار ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Avarščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avarščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Аварьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аварьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Awarskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Awarskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Аварски језик (кавкаски) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аварски језик (кавкаски)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaarin_kieli" title="Avaarin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaarin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avariska" title="Avariska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avariska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="அவர மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவர மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Авар теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Авар теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarca" title="Avarca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avarca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awar_dili" title="Awar dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Awar dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аварська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аварська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آواری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آواری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaran_kel%27" title="Avaran kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Avaran kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Avar" title="Tiếng Avar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Avar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="阿瓦尔语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿瓦尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Afaaru" title="Èdè Afaaru – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Afaaru" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8F%AF%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="阿華爾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿華爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarki" title="Avarki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Avarki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="阿瓦尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瓦尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Avar" title="Bahasa Avar – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Avar" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29561#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northeast Caucasian language of the Avars of Dagestan, North Caucasus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language spoken in Dagestan. For the language spoken in medieval Europe, see <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars § Language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar language</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Awar_language" title="Awar language">Awar language</a> spoken in Papua New Guinea.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Avar_language" title="Special:EditPage/Avar language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Avar+language%22">"Avar language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Avar+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Avar+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Avar+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Avar+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Avar+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Avar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Avaric, Awar</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;"><span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av" dir="rtl">اوار ماض</span></span>, <span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">авар мацӏ</span></span>, <span title="Avar-language romanization"><i lang="av-Latn">avar maⱬ</i></span><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>, <span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av" dir="rtl">ماعارۇل ماض</span></span>, <span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">магӏарул мацӏ</span></span>, <span title="Avar-language romanization"><i lang="av-Latn">maⱨarul maⱬ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaˈwar<span class="wrap"> </span>mat͡sːʼ]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maʕarul<span class="wrap"> </span>mat͡sʼ]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,200,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Avar</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>see below</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (current) <br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (formerly)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=av">av</a></span></code> – Avaric</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=35">ava</a></span></code> – Avaric</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ava" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ava">ava</a></code> – Avaric<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/oav" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:oav">oav</a></code> – Old Avar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/oav">oav</a></code> – Old Avar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/avar1256">avar1256</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/320px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/480px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/640px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFACAC; color:black;"> </span> Avar</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Avar is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Avar</b> (<span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">магӏарул мацӏ</span></span>, <span title="Avar-language romanization"><i lang="av-Latn">maǥarul macʼ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[maʕarul<span class="wrap"> </span>mat͡sːʼ]</a></span>, "language of the mountains" or <span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">авар мацӏ</span></span>, <span title="Avar-language romanization"><i lang="av-Latn">awar macʼ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʔaˈwar<span class="wrap"> </span>mat͡sːʼ]</a></span>, "Avar language"), also known as <b>Avaric</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_639-2/RA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_639-2/RA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISO_639-3/RA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_639-3/RA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a> subgroup that is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>. In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balaken" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaken">Balaken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaqatala_Rayon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaqatala Rayon">Zaqatala</a> regions of north-western <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a> live in other regions of Russia. There are also small communities of speakers living in the Russian republics of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Sea">Marmara Sea</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It is spoken by about 1,200,000 people worldwide. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> classifies Avar as vulnerable to extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">language of communication</a> between different ethnic and linguistic groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> lists 14 <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of Avar, some of which correspond to the villages where they are spoken. The dialects are listed in alphabetical order based on their name in Glottolog: </p> <ul><li>Ancux (<a href="/wiki/Antsukh" title="Antsukh">Antsukh</a> / <i>Анцух</i>)</li> <li>Andalal-Gxdatl</li> <li>Bacadin</li> <li>Batlux</li> <li>Hid</li> <li>Karax</li> <li>Kaxib</li> <li>Keleb</li> <li>Salatav</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulani" title="Shulani">Shulanin</a></li> <li>Untib</li> <li>Xunzax (<a href="/wiki/Khunzakh" title="Khunzakh">Khunzakh</a> / <i>Xунзах</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqatala_(city)" title="Zaqatala (city)">Zakataly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqatala_(city)" title="Zaqatala (city)">Zaqatala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Avar<sup id="cite_ref-TITUS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TITUS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th colspan="2">central </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th>lenis </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> </th> <th>lenis </th> <th>fortis </th> <th>lenis </th> <th>fortis </th> <th>lenis </th> <th>fortis </th> <th>lenis </th> <th>fortis </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">kː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kːʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡sː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">t͡ɬː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sːʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃːʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">t͡ɬːʼ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">q͡χːʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">sː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">xː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ː</span>⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">tsː</a>]</span> (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">tːs</a>]</span> (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">t͡ɬː</a>]</span> as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɬɬ</span>] (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t𐞛ɬ/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<sup>ɬ</sup>ɬ/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Avar Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Avar has five phonemic vowels: /a e i o u/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_accent">Lexical accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lexical accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Avar, accent is contrastive, free and mobile, independent of the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">number of syllables</a> in the word. Changes in lexical accent placement indicate different semantic meaning and grammatical meanings of a word: </p> <ul><li><span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">ра́гӏи</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">word</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ~ <span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">рагӏи́</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fodder</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li><span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">ру́гънал</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wound.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case">nom</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number">pl</abbr></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ~ <span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">ругъна́л</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wound.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case">gen</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number">sg</abbr></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphosyntax">Morphosyntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphosyntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Avar is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> language, of <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> order. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> do not inflect, outside of inflection for <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> in some adverbs of place: e.g. the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒani-b/</span> "inside" and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡se-b-e/</span> "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">allative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> forms suffixally, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒani-b/</span> "inside", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒani-b-e/</span> "to the inside", and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒani-sa/</span> "from the inside". <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-go/</span> is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avar alphabets (page does not exist)">Avar alphabets</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Avar_language" title="Talk:Avar language">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(June 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were some attempts to write the Avar language in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian alphabet</a> as early as the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crisp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> for representing Avar in marginal glosses began in the 15th century. The use of Arabic, which is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">ajam</a></i>, is still known today.<sup id="cite_ref-Crisp_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Uslar" title="Peter von Uslar">Peter von Uslar</a> developed a Cyrillic-based alphabet, published in 1889, that also used some Georgian-based letters. Many of its letters have not been encoded in Unicode. The alphabet takes the following form:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>а б в г ӷ д е ж һ <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_high_right_breve_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="194" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg/15px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_Cil_top.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="201" /></a></span> і ј к қ <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_small_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/9px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cyrillic_small_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg/17px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Ka_with_loop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> л м н о п ԛ <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/7px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/10px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg/14px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Shha_with_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> р с ҫ т ҭ у х х̓ хّ ц <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_small_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cyrillic_small_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/9px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cyrillic_small_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/13px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cyrillic_small_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg/17px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Tse_with_long_left_leg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="227" /></a></span> ц̓ ꚑ ч ч̍ чّ <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_small_letter_Char.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char.svg/8px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char.svg/12px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cyrillic_small_letter_Char.svg/16px-Cyrillic_small_letter_Char.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="258" /></a></span>/ч̓ ш ƞ ƞ̓ ɳّ ດ</b> </p><p>As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928 the Ajam was <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">replaced</a> by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">replaced</a> by the current <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called <i><a href="/wiki/Palochka" title="Palochka">palochka</a></i> (<i>stick</i>, Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layouts</a>, it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( <i>I</i> ), small Latin letter L ( <i>l</i> ), or the numerical digit <i>1</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_orthography">Current orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Avar language is usually written in the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcription):<sup id="cite_ref-TITUS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TITUS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:5em;">А а <br /> /a/ </td> <td style="width:5em;">Б б <br /> /b/ </td> <td style="width:5em;">В в <br /> /w/ </td> <td style="width:5em;">Г г <br /> /ɡ/ </td> <td style="width:5em;">Гъ гъ <br /> /ʁ/ </td> <td style="width:5em;">Гь гь <br /> /ɦ/ </td> <td style="width:5em;">ГӀ гӏ <br /> /ʕ/ </td> <td style="width:5em;">Д д <br /> /d/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е <br /> /e/, /je/ </td> <td>Ё ё <br /> /jo/ </td> <td>Ж ж <br /> /ʒ/ </td> <td>З з <br /> /z/ </td> <td>И и <br /> /i/ </td> <td>Й й <br /> /j/ </td> <td>К к <br /> /k/ </td> <td>Къ къ <br /> /q͡χːʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кь кь <br /> /t͡ɬːʼ/ </td> <td>КӀ кӏ <br /> /kʼ/ </td> <td>КӀкӏ кӏкӏ <br /> /kːʼ/ </td> <td>Кк кк <br /> /kː/ </td> <td>Л л <br /> /l/ </td> <td>ЛӀ лӏ <br /> /t͡ɬː/ </td> <td>Лъ лъ <br /> /ɬ/ </td> <td>Лълъ лълъ <br /> /ɬː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м <br /> /m/ </td> <td>Н н <br /> /n/ </td> <td>О о <br /> /o/ </td> <td>П п <br /> /p/ </td> <td>Р р <br /> /r/ </td> <td>С с <br /> /s/ </td> <td>Сс сс <br /> /sː/ </td> <td>Т т <br /> /t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ТӀ тӏ <br /> /tʼ/ </td> <td>У у <br /> /u/ </td> <td>Ф ф <br /> /f/ </td> <td>Х х <br /> /χ/ </td> <td>Хх хх <br /> /χː/ </td> <td>Хъ хъ <br /> /q͡χː/ </td> <td>Хь хь <br /> /x/ </td> <td>Хьхь хьхь <br /> /xː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ХӀ хӏ <br /> /ʜ/ </td> <td>Ц ц <br /> /t͡s/ </td> <td>Цц цц <br /> /t͡sː/ </td> <td>ЦӀ цӏ <br /> /t͡sʼ/ </td> <td>ЦӀцӏ цӏцӏ <br /> /t͡sːʼ/ </td> <td>Ч ч <br /> /t͡ʃ/ </td> <td>Чч чч <br /> /t͡ʃː/ </td> <td>ЧӀ чӏ <br /> /t͡ʃʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ЧӀчӏ чӏчӏ <br /> /t͡ʃːʼ/ </td> <td>Ш ш <br /> /ʃ/ </td> <td>Щ щ <br /> /ʃː/ </td> <td>Ъ ъ <br /> /ʔ/ </td> <td>Ы ы <br /> /ɨ/ </td> <td>Ь ь <br /> /ʲ/  </td> <td>Э э <br /> /e/ </td> <td>Ю ю <br /> /ju/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я <br /> /ja/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_chart">Comparison chart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compiled according to:<sup id="cite_ref-Саидов_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Саидов-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-КиПВ_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-КиПВ-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Алексеев_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Алексеев-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-graham_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>Arabic </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>А а</td> <td>A a</td> <td>آ ,ا</td> <td>/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б б</td> <td>B b</td> <td>ب</td> <td>/b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>В в</td> <td>V v</td> <td>و</td> <td>/w/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г г</td> <td>G g</td> <td>ڬ</td> <td>/ɡ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Гъ Гъ</td> <td>Ƣ ƣ</td> <td>غ</td> <td>/ʁ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Гь гь</td> <td>H h</td> <td>ﻫ</td> <td>/ɦ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ГӀ гӀ</td> <td>Ⱨ ⱨ</td> <td>ع</td> <td>/ʕ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д</td> <td>D d</td> <td>د</td> <td>/d/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>E e, Je je</td> <td>ئې، ې، يې</td> <td>/e/, /je/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Jo, jo</td> <td>يۈ</td> <td>/jo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td>ج</td> <td>/ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>ز</td> <td>/z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>I i</td> <td>ئێ، ێ</td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>J j</td> <td>ي</td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>K k</td> <td>ك</td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кк кк</td> <td>Kk kk</td> <td>كّ</td> <td>/kː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Къ къ</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>ق</td> <td>/q͡χʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кь кь</td> <td>Ꝗ ꝗ</td> <td>ڨ</td> <td>/t͡ɬʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>КӀ кӀ</td> <td>Ⱪ ⱪ</td> <td>گ</td> <td>/kʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>КӀкӀ кӀкӀ</td> <td>Ⱪⱪ ⱪⱪ</td> <td>گّ</td> <td>/kʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>L l</td> <td>ل</td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Лъ лъ</td> <td>Ļ ļ</td> <td>ڸ</td> <td>/t͡ɬ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Лълъ лълъ</td> <td>Ļļ ļļ</td> <td>ڸّ</td> <td>/t͡ɬː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>M m</td> <td>م</td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н</td> <td>N n</td> <td>ن</td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о</td> <td>O o</td> <td>ئۈ، ۈ</td> <td>/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п</td> <td>P p</td> <td>ف</td> <td>/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ПӀ пӀ</td> <td>P p</td> <td>ڣ</td> <td>/pʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р</td> <td>R r</td> <td>ر</td> <td>/r/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>S s</td> <td>س</td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Сс сс</td> <td>Ss ss</td> <td>سّ</td> <td>/sː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>T t</td> <td>ت</td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ТӀ тӀ</td> <td>Ţ ţ</td> <td>ط</td> <td>/tʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>U u</td> <td>ئۇ، ۇ</td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>F f</td> <td>ف</td> <td>/f/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>X x</td> <td>خ</td> <td>/χ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хх хх</td> <td>Xx xx</td> <td>خّ</td> <td>/χː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хъ хъ</td> <td>Ӿ ӿ</td> <td>څ</td> <td>/q͡χː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Ҳ ҳ</td> <td>ڮ</td> <td>/x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хьхь хьхь</td> <td>Ҳҳ ҳҳ</td> <td>ڮّ</td> <td>/xː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ХӀ хӀ</td> <td>Ħ ħ</td> <td>ح</td> <td>/ʜ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ꞩ ꞩ</td> <td>ص</td> <td>/t͡s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Цц цц</td> <td>Ꞩꞩ ꞩꞩ</td> <td>صّ</td> <td>/t͡sː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ЦӀ цӀ</td> <td>Ⱬ ⱬ</td> <td>ض</td> <td>/t͡sʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ЦӀцӀ цӀцӀ</td> <td>Ⱬⱬ ⱬⱬ</td> <td>ضّ</td> <td>/t͡sʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>C c</td> <td>چ</td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Чч чч)</td> <td>Cc cc</td> <td>چّ</td> <td>/t͡ʃː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ЧӀ чӀ</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>ڃ</td> <td>/t͡ʃʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ЧӀчӀ чӀчӀ</td> <td>Çç çç</td> <td>ڃّ</td> <td>/t͡ʃʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>ش</td> <td>/ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Şş şş</td> <td>شّ</td> <td>/ʃː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>’</td> <td>ئ</td> <td>/ʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>ئێ، ێ</td> <td>/ɨ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>J j</td> <td>ي</td> <td>/ʲ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>E e</td> <td>ئې، ې</td> <td>/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Ju ju</td> <td>يۇ</td> <td>/ju/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ja ja</td> <td>يا</td> <td>/ja/ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>In Arabic order: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Arabic </th> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>ا </td> <td>А а</td> <td>A a</td> <td>/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ب </td> <td>Б б</td> <td>B b</td> <td>/b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ت </td> <td>Т т</td> <td>T t</td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>تُ </td> <td>Тв тв</td> <td>Tv tv</td> <td>/tʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ج </td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td>/ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>جُ </td> <td>Жв жв</td> <td>Ƶv ƶv</td> <td>/ʒʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڃ </td> <td>ЧӀ чӀ</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>/t͡ʃʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڃُ </td> <td>ЧӀв чӀв</td> <td>Çv çv</td> <td>/t͡ʃʼʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ ڃّ </td> <td>ЧӀчӀ чӀчӀ</td> <td>Çç çç</td> <td>/t͡ʃʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ ڃُّ </td> <td>ЧӀчӀв чӀчӀв</td> <td>Ççv ççv</td> <td>/t͡ʃʼːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>چ </td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>C c</td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>چُ </td> <td>Чв чв</td> <td>Cv cv</td> <td>/t͡ʃʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>چّ </td> <td>Чч чч</td> <td>Cc cc</td> <td>/t͡ʃː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>چُّ </td> <td>Ччв ччв</td> <td>Ccv ccv</td> <td>/t͡ʃːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ح </td> <td>ХӀ хӀ</td> <td>Ħ ħ</td> <td>/ʜ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>حُ </td> <td>ХӀв хӀв</td> <td>Ħv ħv</td> <td>/ʜʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>خ </td> <td>Х х</td> <td>X x</td> <td>/χ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>خُ </td> <td>Хв хв</td> <td>Xv xv</td> <td>/χʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>خّ </td> <td>Хх хх</td> <td>Xx xx</td> <td>/χː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>خُّ </td> <td>Ххв ххв</td> <td>Xxv xxv</td> <td>/χːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>څ </td> <td>Хъ хъ</td> <td>Ӿ ӿ</td> <td>/q͡χː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>څُ </td> <td>Хъв хъв</td> <td>Ӿv ӿv</td> <td>/q͡χːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>د </td> <td>Д д</td> <td>D d</td> <td>/d/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>دُ </td> <td>Дв дв</td> <td>Dv dv</td> <td>/dʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ ر </td> <td>Р р</td> <td>R r</td> <td>/r/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ ز </td> <td>З з</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>/z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ زُ </td> <td>Зв зв</td> <td>Zv zv</td> <td>/zʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ س </td> <td>С с</td> <td>S s</td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ سُ </td> <td>Св св</td> <td>Sv sv</td> <td>/sʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ سّ </td> <td>Сс сс</td> <td>Ss ss</td> <td>/sː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ سُّ </td> <td>Ссв ссв</td> <td>Ssv ssv</td> <td>/sːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ش </td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>/ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>شُ </td> <td>Шв шв</td> <td>Şv şv</td> <td>/ʃʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>شّ </td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Şş şş</td> <td>/ʃː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>شُّ </td> <td>Щв щв</td> <td>Şşv şşv</td> <td>/ʃːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ص </td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ꞩ ꞩ</td> <td>/t͡s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>صّ </td> <td>Цц цц</td> <td>Ꞩꞩ ꞩꞩ</td> <td>/t͡sː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ض </td> <td>ЦӀ цӀ</td> <td>Ⱬ ⱬ</td> <td>/t͡sʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ضُ </td> <td>ЦӀв цӀв</td> <td>Ⱬv ⱬv</td> <td>/t͡sʼʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ضّ </td> <td>ЦӀцӀ цӀцӀ</td> <td>Ⱬⱬ ⱬⱬ</td> <td>/t͡sʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ضُّ </td> <td>ЦӀцӀв цӀцӀв</td> <td>Ⱬⱬv ⱬⱬv</td> <td>/t͡sʼːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ط </td> <td>ТӀ тӀ</td> <td>Ţ ţ</td> <td>/tʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>طُ </td> <td>ТӀв тӀв</td> <td>Ţv ţv</td> <td>/tʼʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‌ ع </td> <td>ГӀ гӀ</td> <td>Ⱨ ⱨ</td> <td>/ʕ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>غ </td> <td>Гъ Гъ</td> <td>Ƣ ƣ</td> <td>/ʁ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>غُ </td> <td>Гъв Гъв</td> <td>Ƣv ƣv</td> <td>/ʁʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ف </td> <td>П п</td> <td>P p</td> <td>/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>F f</td> <td>/f/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڣ </td> <td>ПӀ пӀ</td> <td>P p</td> <td>/pʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ق </td> <td>Къ къ</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>/q͡χʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>قُ </td> <td>Къв къв</td> <td>Qv qv</td> <td>/q͡χʼːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڨ </td> <td>Кь кь</td> <td>Ꝗ ꝗ</td> <td>/t͡ɬʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڨُ </td> <td>Кьв кьв</td> <td>Ꝗv ꝗv</td> <td>/t͡ɬʼːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ك </td> <td>К к</td> <td>K k</td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>كُ </td> <td>Кв кв</td> <td>Kv kv</td> <td>/kʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>كّ </td> <td>Кк кк</td> <td>Kk kk</td> <td>/kː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>كُّ </td> <td>Ккв ккв</td> <td>Kkv kkv</td> <td>/kːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>گ </td> <td>КӀ кӀ</td> <td>Ⱪ ⱪ</td> <td>/kʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>گُ </td> <td>КӀв кӀв</td> <td>Ⱪv ⱪv</td> <td>/kʼʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>گّ </td> <td>КӀкӀ кӀкӀ</td> <td>Ⱪⱪ ⱪⱪ</td> <td>/kʼː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>گُّ </td> <td>КӀкӀв кӀкӀв</td> <td>Ⱪⱪv ⱪⱪv</td> <td>/kʼːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڬ </td> <td>Г г</td> <td>G g</td> <td>/ɡ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڬُ </td> <td>Гв гв</td> <td>Gv gv</td> <td>/ɡʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڮ </td> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Ҳ ҳ</td> <td>/x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڮُ </td> <td>Хьв хьв</td> <td>Ҳv ҳv</td> <td>/xʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڮّ </td> <td>Хьхь хьхь</td> <td>Ҳҳ ҳҳ</td> <td>/xː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ل </td> <td>Л л</td> <td>L l</td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڸ </td> <td>Лъ лъ</td> <td>Ļ ļ</td> <td>/t͡ɬ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڸُ </td> <td>Лъв лъв</td> <td>Ļv ļv</td> <td>/t͡ɬʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڸّ </td> <td>Лълъ лълъ</td> <td>Ļļ ļļ</td> <td>/t͡ɬː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ڸُّ </td> <td>Лълъв лълъв</td> <td>Ļļv ļļv</td> <td>/t͡ɬːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>م </td> <td>М м</td> <td>M m</td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ن </td> <td>Н н</td> <td>N n</td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>و </td> <td>В в</td> <td>V v</td> <td>/w/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ئۈ، ۈ </td> <td>О о</td> <td>O o</td> <td>/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ئۇ، ۇ </td> <td>У у</td> <td>U u</td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ﻫُ </td> <td>Гьв гьв</td> <td>Hv hv</td> <td>/ɦʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ﻫ </td> <td>Гь гь</td> <td>H h</td> <td>/ɦ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ئې، ې </td> <td>Э э</td> <td>E e</td> <td>/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ئې، ې، يې </td> <td>Е е</td> <td>E e, Je je</td> <td>/e/, /je/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ئێ، ێ </td> <td>И и</td> <td>I i</td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>/ɨ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ي </td> <td>Й й</td> <td>J j</td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>J j</td> <td>/ʲ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>يا </td> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ja ja</td> <td>/ja/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>يۈ</i> </td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Jo, jo</td> <td>/jo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>يۇ </td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Ju ju</td> <td>/ju/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ئ </td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>’</td> <td>/ʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ئُ </td> <td>Ъв ъв</td> <td>’v</td> <td>/ʔʷ/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_writing_conventions">Arabic writing conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arabic writing conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One feature of Avar Arabic script is that similar to alphabets such as <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur alphabet">Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a>, the script does not omit vowels and does not rely on <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritics</a> to represent vowels when need be. Instead, modified letters with dot placement and accents have been standardized to represent vowels. Thus, Avar Arabic script is no longer an "impure <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>" unlike its parent systems (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman</a>), it now resembles a proper "<a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>". </p><p>While this was not the case for most of the several centuries during which Arabic alphabet has been used for Avar, this has become the case in the latest and most common conventions. This was indeed not the case at the time of writing of a linguistic article for the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-graham_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an example, in Avar Arabic Script, four varieties of the letter <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yāʼ">yāʼ</a></i> ("ی") have been developed, each with a distinct function. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Varieties of "ی" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Leter </th> <th>Cyrillic Equivalent </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Functionn </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:110%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>- / ъ </td> <td>/ʔ/ </td> <td>Used at the beginning of words starting with vowels "О о" [o], "У у" [u], "Э э" [e], and "И и" [i]. Has no sound of its own, but acts as "vowel carrier". Similar to writing conventions of <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur alphabet">Uyghyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئې، ې</span>‎</span> </td> <td>Э э / Е е </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>Similar letter exists in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language#Southern_Uzbek_Alphabet" title="Southern Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur alphabet">Uyghyr</a> orthographies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئێ، ێ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>И и / Ы ы </td> <td>/i~ɨ/ </td> <td>Similar letter exists in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a> orthography, but for the vowel [e]. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎</span> </td> <td>Й й </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td>Equivalent to English "y" sound. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nevertheless, Avar Arabic script does retain two diacritics. </p><p>First is "<a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">shadda</a>" (ـّـ), used for <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>. While in Cyrillic, two back to back letters, including <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> are written, in Arabic script, shadda is used. </p><p>Second diacritic in use in Avar Arabic script is <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Ḍammah" title="Arabic diacritics">ḍammah</a> (ـُـ). In Arabic, Persian, and historically in Ottoman Turkish, this diacritic is used to represent [o] or [u]. But in Avar, this diacritic is used for <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> [◌ʷ] and not for any sort of vowel. So, it is the case that this diacritic is used in conjunction with a follow-up vowel. For example, the sound "зва" [zʷa] is written as "زُا". </p><p>This diacritic can optionally be used in conjunction with shadda. For example, the sound "ссвa" [sːʷa] is written as "سُّا". </p><p>If a word starts with a vowel, if it's an [a] sound, it is written with <i>alif</i> "ا". Otherwise, the vowel needs to be preceded by a "vowel carrier", which is <i>hamza-ya'</i> (ئـ). No need for such a carrier in the middle of words. Below table demonstrates vowels in Avar Arabic Script. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowel Table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>А а</th> <th>О о</th> <th>У у</th> <th>Э э / Е е</th> <th>И и </th></tr> <tr> <th>[a]</th> <th>[o]</th> <th>[u]</th> <th>[e]</th> <th>[i] </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Vowel at the beginning of a word </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئۈ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئۇ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئېـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئێـ</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Vowel in the middle or end of a word </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـا، ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـۈ، ۈ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـۇ، ۇ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ېـ، ـېـ، ـې</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ێـ، ـێـ، ـێ</span>‎</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_comparison">Sample comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sample comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Arabic Alphabet (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Cyrillic Alphabet (2007)</th> <th>Latin Alphabet </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"> <td dir="rtl"><div class="poem"> <p><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.65;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" lang="av-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><br /> نۈڸ ماڨێڸ وێڮانا، ڨالدا ڸۇق - ڸۇقۇن، <br /> ڨۇردا كُېر ڃُان ئۇنېو، بێدا وېضّۇن دۇن؛<br /> ڨۇرۇڬێ باطاڸۇن صېوې ئۇناڬۈ،<br /> صۈ ڸارال راعالدا عۈدۈو كّۈلېو دۇن.<br /> ڸار چُاخّۇلېب بۇڬۈ چابخێل گّالاڅان،<br /> ڸێن گانضۇلېب بۇڬۈ ڬانڃازدا طاسان؛<br /> طاراماغادێسېب قُال بالېب بۇڬۈ،<br /> قۈ ڸێگێلان دێصا سۈعاب راڨالدا</span>‎</span> </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Нолъ макьилъ вихьана, кьалда лъукъ-лъукъун,<br /> Кьурда квер чIван унев, бида вецIцIун дун;<br /> Кьуруги батIалъун цеве унаго,<br /> Цо лъарал рагIалда гIодов кколев дун.<br /> Лъар чваххулеб буго чабхил кIкIалахъан,<br /> Лъин кIанцIулеб буго ганчIазда тIасан;<br /> ТIарамагъадисеб къвал балеб буго,<br /> Къо лъикIилан дица согIаб ракьалда. </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Noļ maꝗiļ viҳana, ꝗalda ļuq-ļuqun,<br /> Ꝗurda кvеr çvan unеv, bida vеⱬⱬun dun;<br /> Ꝗuruⱨ baţaļun s̶еvе unago,<br /> Co ļaral raⱨalda ⱨodov ккolеv dun.<br /> Łar cvaxxulеb bugo cabxil ⱪⱪalax̶an,<br /> Łin ⱪanⱬulеb bugo gançazda ţaсan;<br /> Ţaramaƣadiсеb qval balеb bugo,<br /> Qo ļiⱪilan dis̶a сoⱨab raꝗalda. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary language is based on the болмацӏ (<i>bolmacʼ</i>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>—<i>bo</i> = "army" or "country", and <i>macʼ</i> = "language"—the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The <i>bolmacʼ</i> in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Khunzakh" title="Khunzakh">Khunzakh</a>, the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most famous figure of modern Avar literature is <a href="/wiki/Rasul_Gamzatov" title="Rasul Gamzatov">Rasul Gamzatov</a> (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> have gained him a wide audience all over the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_sentences">Sample sentences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sample sentences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Avar</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hello!</td> <td>Ворчӏами!</td> <td>Worch’ami!</td> <td>/wort͡ʃ’ami/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you doing?</td> <td>Щиб хӏaл бугеб?</td> <td>Shchib hal bugeb?</td> <td>/ʃːib ʜal bugeb/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td>Иш кин бугеб?</td> <td>Ish kin bugeb?</td> <td>/iʃ kin bugeb/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>What is your name?</td> <td>Дуда цӏар щиб?</td> <td>Duda c’ar shchib?</td> <td>/duda t͡s’ar ʃːib/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>How old are you?</td> <td>Дур чан сон бугеб?</td> <td>Dur chan son bugeb?</td> <td>/dur t͡ʃan son bugeb/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where are you going?</td> <td>Mун киве ина вугев?</td> <td>Mun kiwe ina wugew?</td> <td>/mun kiwe ina wugew/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sorry!</td> <td>Тӏаса лъугьа!</td> <td>T’asa łuḩa!</td> <td>/t’asa ɬuha/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where is the little boy going?</td> <td>Киве гьитӏинав вас унев вугев?</td> <td>Kiwe ḩit’inaw was unew wugew?</td> <td>/kiwe hit’inaw was unew wugew/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>The boy broke a bottle.</td> <td>Васас шиша бекана.</td> <td>Wasas shisha bekana.</td> <td>/wasas ʃiʃa bekana/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>They are building the road.</td> <td>Гьез нух бале (гьабулеб) буго.</td> <td>Ḩez nux́ bale (ḩabuleb) bugo. </td> <td>/hez nuχ bale (habuleb) bugo/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Avar </th> <th rowspan="2">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>Arabic </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av-Cyrl">Я, зобалазда вугев нижер Эмен, дур цӀар гӀадамаз мукъадасаблъун рикӀкӀаги, дур ПарччахӀлъи тӀаде щваги. Зобалаздаго гӀадин ракьалдаги дур амру билълъанхъаги. Жакъа нижер бетӀербахъиялъе хинкӀ-чед кье нижее. Нижер налъи-хӀакъалда тӀасаги лъугьа, нижерго налъулазда тӀаса нижги лъугьарал ругин. Нижер хӀалбихьизеги биччаге, Квешалдаса цӀуне ниж.</span></span> </td> <td>[Ja, zobalazda wugew niƶer Emen, dur ⱬar ⱨadamaz muqadasabļun, riⱪⱪagi, dur Parccaħļi ţade şşvagi. Zobalazdago ⱨadin raꝗaldagi dur amru biļļanӿagi. Ƶaqa niƶer beţerbaӿijaļe xinⱪ-ced ꝗe niƶeje. Niƶer naļi-ħaqalda ţasagi ļuha, niƶergo naļulazda, ţasa niƶgi ļuharal rugin. Niƶer ħalbiҳizegi biccage, Kveşaldasa ⱬune niƶ.] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> </td> <td><div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av-Arab" dir="rtl">يا، زۈبالازدا وۇڬېو نێجېر ئېمېن، دۇر ضار عاداماز مۇقاداسابڸۇن رێگّاڬێ، دۇر پارچّاحڸێ طادې شُّاڬێ. زۈبالازداڬۈ عادێن راڨالداڬێ دۇر امرۇ بێڸّانڅاڬێ. جاقا نێجېر بېطېرباڅێياڸې جێنگ-چېدڨ ڨې نێجېيې. نێجېر ناڸێ-حاقالدا طاساڬێ ڸۇﻫا، نێجېرڬۈ ناڸۇلازدا طاسا نێجرێ ڸۇﻫارال رۇڬێن. نێجېر حالبێڮێزېڬێ بێچّارێ، کُێشالداسا ضۇنې نێج.</span></span></div> </td> <td>Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth. Give us this day our daily bread, And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the Caucasus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ava">Avar</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/oav">Old Avar</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/avar">"Avar in Russian Federation"</a>. <i>UNESCO WAL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+WAL&rft.atitle=Avar+in+Russian+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Fcountries%2Frussian-federation%2Flanguages%2Favar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_639-2/RA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_639-2/RA_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=35">"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ava"</a>. ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-05</span></span>. <q>Name: Avaric</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+for+ISO+639+identifier%3A+ava&rft.pub=ISO+639-2+Registration+Authority+-+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstandards%2Fiso639-2%2Fphp%2Flangcodes_name.php%3Fcode_ID%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_639-3/RA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_639-3/RA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ava">"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ava"</a>. ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-05</span></span>. <q>Name: Avaric</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+for+ISO+639+identifier%3A+ava&rft.pub=ISO+639-3+Registration+Authority+-+SIL+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3Dava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1069.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-1069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TITUS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TITUS_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TITUS_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN1">Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laver (1994) <i>Principles of Phonetics</i> p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Crisp, "Language Planning and the Orthography of Avar", <i>Folia Slavica</i> 7, 1–2 (1984): 91–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crisp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crisp_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crisp_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Crisp, "The Formation and Development of Literary Avar", pp. 143–62, in Isabelle T. Kreindler, ed., <i>Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages: Their Past, Present and Future</i>, Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 40 (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFУслар1889" class="citation book cs1">Услар, Баронъ П. К. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.runivers.ru/upload/iblock/7e8/Uslar%20P.%20K.%20Etnografiya%20Kavkaza%2003%201889.pdf"><i>Аварскій языкъ</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Тифлисъ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A.&rft.place=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A+%D0%9F.+%D0%9A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.runivers.ru%2Fupload%2Fiblock%2F7e8%2FUslar%2520P.%2520K.%2520Etnografiya%2520Kavkaza%252003%25201889.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omniglot-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/avar.htm">Omniglot on the Avar alphabet, language and pronunciation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Саидов-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Саидов_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСаидов_М._Д.1948" class="citation journal cs1">Саидов М. 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Махач-Кала.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.date=1948&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9C.+%D0%94.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-КиПВ-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-КиПВ_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402173608/https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/rsl01005509731?page=177">"Новый алфавит для народностей Дагестана"</a> (II) (Культура и письменность Востока ed.). Б. 1928: 176–177. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/rsl01005509731?page=177">the original</a> on 2022-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.issue=II&rft.pages=176-177&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviewer.rusneb.ru%2Fru%2Frsl01005509731%3Fpage%3D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Алексеев-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Алексеев_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАлексеев_М._Е.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Алексеев М. Е. (2001). "Аварский язык. — Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. — М.: Наука". М.: 24–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.+%E2%80%94+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2.+%E2%80%94+%D0%9C.%3A+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pages=24-34&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%9C.+%D0%95.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graham-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graham_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1881" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, C. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/art-xithe-avar-language/B51A098F542020E3620B3464C68B6B63">"The Avâr Language"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland</i>. <b>13</b> (3) XI: 291–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00017858">10.1017/s0035869x00017858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164107540">164107540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Av%C3%A2r+Language&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.artnum=XI&rft.pages=291-352&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00017858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164107540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fart-xithe-avar-language%2FB51A098F542020E3620B3464C68B6B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avar.me/">http://avar.me/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/avar.htm">"Avar (Магӏарул мацӏ / Авар мацӏ)"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Avar+%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%8F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%8F+%2F+%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%8F%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Favar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="av:"> Avaric edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923013946/http://www.rferl.org/listen/ondemand/bd/ca/">RFE/RL North Caucasus Radio (also includes Chechen and Adyghe)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korpus.baltoslav.eu/index.php?mova=en">Avar language corpus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011133513/http://korpus.baltoslav.eu/index.php?mova=en">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in English, Russian, Polish and Belarusian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=mg&n=3&mova=en">Avar Cyrillic-Latin text and website converter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avar.me/">Online Avar–Russian dictionary, including Arabic and Latin scripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/madiyeva-67.htm">Avar language information in Russian</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Languages of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Languages of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garachi#Language" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Azerbaijan" title="Russian language in Azerbaijan">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formerly spoken minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Caucasian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template talk:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Caucasian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The proposed <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian language</a> family comprises the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> language families.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages#Connections_to_Hattic" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">proposed</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/250px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/375px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/500px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlix</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukita_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukita language (page does not exist)">Tukita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Тукитинский диалект каратинского языка">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkhoqwari_language" title="Inkhoqwari language">Inkhoqwari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br />(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Writing_systems">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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