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href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (nb)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//no.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsk"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.no"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-mating" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siste_endringer&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Polsk rootpage-Polsk skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Hopp til innhold</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hovedmeny" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hovedmeny</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hovedmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasjon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forside" title="Gå til hovedsiden [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Forside</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Tilfeldig" title="Vis en tilfeldig side [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tilfeldig side</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Portal" title="Stedet for å få hjelp"><span>Hjelp</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Siste_endringer" title="Liste over siste endringer på wikien. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringer</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-prosjekt" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-prosjekt" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Prosjektportal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal"><span>Prosjektportal</span></a></li><li id="n-bidra" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bidra_til_Wikipedia"><span>Hvordan bidra?</span></a></li><li id="n-tinget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinget"><span>Tinget</span></a></li><li id="n-torget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Torget"><span>Torget</span></a></li><li id="n-konkurranser" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Konkurranser"><span>Konkurranser</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-wmno" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.no" rel="nofollow" title="Medlemsorganisasjon for wikipedianere"><span>Wikimedia Norge</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-no.svg" width="121" height="14" style="width: 7.5625em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:S%C3%B8k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Søk i Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Søk</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Søk i Wikipedia" aria-label="Søk i Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Søk i Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesial:Søk"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Søk</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personlig"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Endre skriftstørrelse, bredde og farge på siden." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Polsk" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Polsk" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere alternativer" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlig" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Polsk" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Polsk" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klassifisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Klassifisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassifisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografisk_fordeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografisk_fordeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografisk fordeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografisk_fordeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alfabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alfabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fonologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Fonologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prosodi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosodi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prosodi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosodi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilasjoner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilasjoner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Assimilasjoner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilasjoner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intern_assimilasjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intern_assimilasjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Intern assimilasjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intern_assimilasjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekstern_assimilasjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekstern_assimilasjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Ekstern assimilasjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekstern_assimilasjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andre_assimilasjoner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andre_assimilasjoner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Andre assimilasjoner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andre_assimilasjoner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasalvokalene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasalvokalene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nasalvokalene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasalvokalene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ortografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ortografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ortografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ortografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammatikk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatikk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Grammatikk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genussystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genussystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Genussystem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genussystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polsk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 197 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-197" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">197 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsk" title="Polsk – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsk_(sprog)" title="Polsk (sprog) – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Pólskt mál – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pólskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pools" title="Pools – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pools" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polnische_Sprache" title="Polnische Sprache – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polnische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ፖልኛ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोलिश भाषा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Polisc sprǣc – gammelengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Polisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="gammelengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аполиак бызшәа – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аполиак бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البولندية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البولندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_polaco" title="Idioma polaco – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma polaco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܘܠܢܕܝܐ – arameisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܘܠܢܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon%C3%A8s" title="Polonès – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Polonès" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_polacu" title="Idioma polacu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma polacu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Poloñañe'ẽ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Poloñañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Пол мацӀ – avarisk" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пол мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyak_dili" title="Polyak dili – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polyak dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لهیستان دیلی – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Polandia" title="Basa Polandia – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পোলীয় ভাষা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোলীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Pho-lân-gí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Поляк теле – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Поляк теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Польская мова – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Польская мова – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोलिश भाषा – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Полски език – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinische_Sproch" title="Poinische Sproch – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Poinische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕོ་ལན་སྐད། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོ་ལན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljski_jezik" title="Poljski jezik – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloneg" title="Poloneg – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poloneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Польшо хэлэн – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Польшо хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon%C3%A8s" title="Polonès – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Поляк чĕлхи – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Поляк чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Polako" title="Pinulongang Polako – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Polako" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%A1tina" title="Polština – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_pulacca" title="Lingua pulacca – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua pulacca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwyleg" title="Pwyleg – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pwyleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لپولونية – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لپولونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskkagiella" title="Polskkagiella – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Polskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polnische_Sprache" title="Polnische Sprache – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polnische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ލަހިސްތާނީ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލަހިސްތާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Pólšćina – lavsorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lavsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola_keel" title="Poola keel – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poola keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Πολωνική γλώσσα – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%A0c" title="Pulàc – emiliano-romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pulàc" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="emiliano-romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Polish language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Поляконь кель – erzia" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Поляконь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_polaco" title="Idioma polaco – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma polaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_lingvo" title="Pola lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pola lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniera" title="Poloniera – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poloniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94lisigbe" title="Pɔlisigbe – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔlisigbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان لهستانی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لهستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_bhasa" title="Polish bhasa – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Polish bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonais" title="Polonais – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalsk" title="Poalsk – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholainnis" title="An Pholainnis – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynnish" title="Polynnish – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Polynnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2lais" title="Pòlais – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pòlais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_polaca" title="Lingua polaca – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua polaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%A0n-ng%C3%AE" title="Pô-làn-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4" title="폴란드어 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լեհերեն – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोलिश भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Pólšćina – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljski_jezik" title="Poljski jezik – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polona_linguo" title="Polona linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polona linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Polako" title="Pagsasao a Polako – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Polako" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Polandia" title="Bahasa Polandia – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_polonese" title="Lingua polonese – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua polonese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Польшæйаг æвзаг – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæйаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiPholisi" title="IsiPholisi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiPholisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_polacca" title="Lingua polacca – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua polacca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פולנית – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Polen" title="Basa Polen – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Polen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon%C9%9B%C9%9B_k%CA%8Bn%CA%8B%C5%8B" title="Polonɛɛ kʋnʋŋ – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Polonɛɛ kʋnʋŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Поляк тил – karatsjajbalkarsk" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Поляк тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatsjajbalkarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პოლონური ენა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پولیٖش زبان – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پولیٖش زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2lsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Pòlsczi jãzëk – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Поляк тілі – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поляк тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonek" title="Polonek – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Polonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipoland" title="Kipoland – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipoland" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Поляк кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Поляк кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskava" title="Polskava – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polskava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_polon%C3%AE" title="Zimanê polonî – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê polonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Поляк тили – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Поляк тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_polach" title="Lingaz polach – ladinsk" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz polach" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_polaka" title="Lingua polaka – jødespansk" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua polaka" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="jødespansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Polonica" title="Lingua Polonica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Polonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Poļu valoda – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Poļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polnesch" title="Polnesch – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polnesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Поляк чӀал – lesgisk" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Поляк чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenk%C5%B3_kalba" title="Lenkų kalba – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_polacca" title="Lengua polacca – ligurisk" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua polacca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pools" title="Pools – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pools" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsce_(lingua)" title="Polsce (lingua) – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polsce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%E2%80%99%C5%A1an_kieli" title="Pol’šan kieli – livvisk" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pol’šan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_polacca" title="Lengua polacca – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua polacca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyel_nyelv" title="Lengyel nyelv – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyel nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोलिश भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोलिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Полски јазик – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_p%C3%B4l%C3%B4ney" title="Fiteny pôlôney – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny pôlôney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പോളിഷ് ഭാഷ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളിഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Pollakka" title="Lingwa Pollakka – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Pollakka" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_P%C5%8Drana" title="Reo Pōrana – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोलिश भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პოლონური ნინა – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="لغه بولاندى – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه بولاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لهستانی – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لهستانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Poland" title="Bahasa Poland – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Poland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Pŏ̤-làng-ngṳ̄ – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-làng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Поляконь кяль – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Поляконь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Польш хэл – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польш хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pools" title="Pools – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pools" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pools" title="Pools – nedersaksisk" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pools" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nedersaksisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोलिश भाषा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोलिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="ポーランド語 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_pulacca" title="Lengua pulacca – napolitansk" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua pulacca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Полякийн мотт – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Полякийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolsk_spriak" title="Poolsk spriak – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poolsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poelish" title="Poelish – pitkairnsk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Poelish" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="pitkairnsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon%C3%A9s" title="Polonés – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polonés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Поляк йылме – østmarisk" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Поляк йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="østmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyak_tili" title="Polyak tili – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polyak tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੋਲਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پولی – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaco" title="Polaco – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polaco" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="پولينډي ژبه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولينډي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolish" title="Puolish – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puolish" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%89" title="ភាសាប៉ូឡូញ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon%C3%A8" title="Polonè – pikardisk" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Polonè" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_polon%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga polonèisa – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga polonèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Polan" title="Tok Polan – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Polan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolsche_Spraak" title="Poolsche Spraak – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Poolsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_polski" title="Język polski – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język polski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_polaca" title="Língua polaca – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua polaca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyak_tili" title="Polyak tili – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Polyak tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh_tili" title="Leh tili – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Leh tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83" title="Limba poloneză – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba poloneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaku_simi" title="Pulaku simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulaku simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Польскый язык – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Польский язык – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Поляк тыла – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Поляк тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Polani" title="Faʻa Polani – samoansk" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Polani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon%C3%ABe" title="Polonëe – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Polonëe" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_polonesa" title="Limba polonesa – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba polonesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_leid" title="Pols leid – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pols leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolsk" title="Poolsk – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poolsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_polake" title="Gjuha polake – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha polake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_pulacca" title="Lingua pulacca – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua pulacca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BE%C5%A1tina" title="Poľština – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Poljščina – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Пол҄ьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – kirkeslavisk" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пол҄ьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="kirkeslavisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko_godka" title="Polsko godka – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی پۆڵەندی – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی پۆڵەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пољски језик – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljski_jezik" title="Poljski jezik – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Polandia" title="Basa Polandia – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Polandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan_kieli" title="Puolan kieli – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Polako" title="Wikang Polako – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Polako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="போலிய மொழி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapulunit" title="Tapulunit – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tapulunit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Поляк теле – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Поляк теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-polaku" title="Lia-polaku – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-polaku" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาโปแลนด์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8A%E1%88%BD" title="ፖሊሽ – tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖሊሽ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони лаҳистонӣ – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони лаҳистонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh%C3%A7e" title="Lehçe – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lehçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Поляк дыл – tuvinsk" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Поляк дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Поляк кыл – udmurtisk" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Поляк кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Польська мова – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پولش زبان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولش زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%D9%83_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="پولەك تىلى – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پولەك تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_po%C5%82aca" title="Łéngua połaca – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua połaca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1an_kel%27" title="Pol'šan kel' – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ba_Lan" title="Tiếng Ba Lan – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Polänapük – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Polänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola_kiil" title="Poola kiil – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poola kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polon%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Polonès (lingaedje) – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Polonès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pools" title="Pools – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pools" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinolako" title="Pinolako – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinolako" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9" title="פויליש – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פויליש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_P%C3%B3l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Èdè Pólándì – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Pólándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" title="波蘭文 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonki" title="Polonki – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Polonki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%B4ls" title="Poôls – zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Poôls" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97nku_kalba" title="Lėnku kalba – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnku kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波兰语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Poland" title="Jaku Poland – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Poland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Polandia" title="Bahasa Polandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Polandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljaki_zyvon" title="Poljaki zyvon – talysj" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Poljaki zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q809#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polsk" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Polsk" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polsk"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polsk"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Polsk" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Polsk" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&oldid=24533716" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Polsk&id=24533716&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolsk"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolsk"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polsk&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q809" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>«Polsk» kan også referere til <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Polakker" title="Polakker">polakker</a>.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24461009">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks bred"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Polsk</th></tr><tr class="hode"><th colspan="4">język polski, polszczyzna</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Polish_language_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Polish_language_map.PNG/250px-Polish_language_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Polish_language_map.PNG/375px-Polish_language_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Polish_language_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Brukt i</th><td colspan="2">Polen<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6be3ed6ad698e3bd2d58dbec69df2d20eb9e6354-v2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6be3ed6ad698e3bd2d58dbec69df2d20eb9e6354-v2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Antall brukere</th><td colspan="2">50 millioner</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfamilie" title="Språkfamilie">Lingvistisk<br />klassifikasjon</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk">Indoeuropeisk</a><br /><span style="margin-left:.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Slaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviske språk">Slavisk</a></span><br /><span style="margin-left:1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestslaviske_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestslaviske språk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Vestslavisk</a></span><br /><span style="margin-left:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Lekhitiske_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhitiske språk">Lekhitisk</a></span><br /><span style="margin-left:2em;"><b>Polsk</b></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem">Skriftsystem</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Det_latinske_alfabetet" title="Det latinske alfabetet">Det latinske alfabetet</a></td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4">Offisiell status</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Offisielt i</th><td colspan="2"><span class="flagg"><span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen"><img alt="Polens flagg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a></span><br /><span class="flagg"><span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Den_europeiske_union" title="Den europeiske union"><img alt="EUs flagg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Den_europeiske_union" title="Den europeiske union">EU</a></span><br /></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Normert av</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk_spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polsk språkråd (ikke skrevet ennå)">Polsk språkråd</a></td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4">Språkkoder</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td colspan="2">pl</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td colspan="2">pol</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td colspan="2">pol</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Glottolog</th><td colspan="2" class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/poli1260">poli1260</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center wikipedia-lenke"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="pl:"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/15px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/23px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/30px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pl:">Wikipedia på polsk</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kategori:Polsk" title="wikt:Kategori:Polsk"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/15px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/23px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/30px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kategori:Polsk" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kategori:Polsk">Polsk på Wiktionary</a><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Polsk</b> (<i>język polski</i>, <i>polszczyzna</i>) er det offisielle språket i <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a>. Språket er det fremste i den <a href="/wiki/Lekhitiske_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhitiske språk">lekhitiske grenen</a> av de vestslaviske språkene. Det oppstod i området som utgjøres i dagens Polen, fra flere lokale vestslaviske dialekter, først og fremst dem i <a href="/wiki/Stor-Polen" title="Stor-Polen">Stor-Polen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lille-Polen" title="Lille-Polen">Lille-Polen</a>. </p><p>Polsk var en gang et «<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>» i forskjellige områder i <a href="/wiki/Sentral-Europa" title="Sentral-Europa">Sentral-</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98st-Europa" title="Øst-Europa">Øst-Europa</a>, først og fremst på grunn av <a href="/wiki/Det_polsk-litauiske_samveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Det polsk-litauiske samveldet">Det polsk-litauiske samveldets</a> politiske, kulturelle, vitenskapelige og militære innflytelse. Skjønt språket ikke lenger har like stor innflytelse utenfor Polen, på grunn av det <a href="/wiki/Russisk_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Russisk språk">russiske språkets</a> dominans, tales eller i det minste forstås det i de vestlige grensestrøkene i <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> og <a href="/wiki/Litauen" title="Litauen">Litauen</a> som andrespråk. Det deler noe av ordforrådet med språkene i de nærliggende <a href="/wiki/Slavere" title="Slavere">slaviske landene</a>, først og fremst med <a href="/wiki/Tsjekkisk" title="Tsjekkisk">tsjekkisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakisk" title="Slovakisk">slovakisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainsk" title="Ukrainsk">ukrainsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Belarusisk" title="Belarusisk">belarusisk</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassifisering">Klassifisering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Klassifisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Klassifisering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polsk er det største språket i den <a href="/wiki/Lekhitiske_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhitiske språk">lekhitiske undergruppen</a> av de slaviske språkene. Denne undergruppen omfatter også <a href="/wiki/Kasjubisk" title="Kasjubisk">kasjubisk</a> (den eneste overlevende dialekt av det utdødde pommerske språket). Polsk og kasjubisk utgjør sammen med <a href="/wiki/Sorbisk_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbisk språk">over- og nedersorbisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsjekkisk" title="Tsjekkisk">tsjekkisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Slovakisk" title="Slovakisk">slovakisk</a> den vestlige grenen av de <a href="/wiki/Slaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviske språk">slaviske språkene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografisk_fordeling">Geografisk fordeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Geografisk fordeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Geografisk fordeling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Man regner med at polsk er morsmålet til omtrent 50 millioner mennesker i verden, da først og fremst i <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a>, men også blant polakker i utlandet. Polsk er det 21. mest utbredte språket i verden. Faktisk er Polen et av de mest <a href="/wiki/Homogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogen">homogene</a> europeiske landene med hensyn til nasjonalspråket, ettersom nesten 97 % av de polske statsborgerne oppgir polsk som <a href="/wiki/Morsm%C3%A5l" title="Morsmål">morsmål</a>. Etter <a href="/wiki/2._verdenskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="2. verdenskrig">2. verdenskrig</a> beholdt de tidligere polske territoriene annektert av <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> en stor del av den polske befolkningen, som ikke ville eller ikke kunne flytte til Polen av <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>. Selv i dag utgjør etniske polakker store minoriteter i <a href="/wiki/Litauen" title="Litauen">Litauen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>. I Litauen oppgav 9 % av befolkningen polsk som morsmål. Det er det største minoritetsspråket i <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_fylke" title="Vilnius fylke">Vilnius fylke</a> (26 % av befolkningen, ifølge folketellingen av <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>), men finnes også i andre fylker. I Ukraina er polsk mest brukt i områdene omkring <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a>. Det vestlige Belarus har en stor polsk minoritet, spesielt i områdene omkring <a href="/wiki/Brest_(Belarus)" title="Brest (Belarus)">Brest</a> og <a href="/wiki/Grodno" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>. </p><p>Det er også et betydelig antall polsktalende i <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater">De forente arabiske emirater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas">Hellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irland" title="Irland">Irland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsjekkia" title="Tsjekkia">Tsjekkia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn">Ungarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sterrike" title="Østerrike">Østerrike</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alfabet">Alfabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Alfabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Alfabet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det moderne polske <a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">alfabet</a> (<i>alfabet polski</i>, <i>abecadło</i>) har sitt grunnlag i <a href="/wiki/Det_latinske_alfabetet" title="Det latinske alfabetet">det latinske alfabetet</a>, utvidet med en rekke diakritiske tegn, og består av 32 bokstaver: </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Aa</b></td> <td><b>Ąą</b></td> <td><b>Bb</b></td> <td><b>Cc</b></td> <td><b>Ćć</b></td> <td><b>Dd</b></td> <td><b>Ee</b></td> <td><b>Ęę</b></td> <td><b>Ff</b></td> <td><b>Gg</b></td> <td><b>Hh</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ii</b></td> <td><b>Jj</b></td> <td><b>Kk</b></td> <td><b>Ll</b></td> <td><b>Łł</b></td> <td><b>Mm</b></td> <td><b>Nn</b></td> <td><b>Ńń</b></td> <td><b>Oo</b></td> <td><b>Óó</b></td> <td><b>Pp</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Rr</b></td> <td><b>Ss</b></td> <td><b>Śś</b></td> <td><b>Tt</b></td> <td><b>Uu</b></td> <td><b>Ww</b></td> <td><b>Yy</b></td> <td><b>Zz</b></td> <td><b>Źź</b></td> <td><b>Żż</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bokstavene <i>q</i>, <i>v</i> og <i>x</i> finnes per definisjon ikke i det polske alfabetet, men de brukes imidlertid i noen få lånord og utenlandske navn, i samsvar med den opprinnelige skrivemåten. Alle ord som utgjør det polske ordforrådet kan skrives ved bruk av den polske <a href="/wiki/Ortografi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortografi">ortografien</a>, og de tre bokstavene <i>q</i>, <i>v</i> og <i>x</i> i lånord eller navn vil vanligvis omdannes til bokstavsammensetninger med grunnlag i det polske alfabetet – i takt med ordenes utbredelse. Denne omskrivningen er dessuten obligatorisk ved ordbøyninger. Et eksempel er <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, som i genitiv entall blir <i>Linuksa</i>. </p><p>Det gammelpolske <i>Abecadło według ortografi pana Kochanowskiego</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kochanowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kochanowski (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kochanowskis</a> <a href="/wiki/Ortografi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortografi">ortografi</a> fra <a href="/wiki/1500-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1500-tallet">1500-tallet</a>) består av følgende bokstaver og digrafer: </p><p><b>a á à ą b b’ c ć cz d dz dź dż é è ę f g h ch i j k l ł m m’ n ń o ó p p’ q r rz s ś sz t u v w w’ x y z ź ż</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialekter">Dialekter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Dialekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Dialekter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polsk ble mye mer ensartet i andre del av <a href="/wiki/1900-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1900-tallet">1900-tallet</a>, dels på grunn av allmenn skolegang, men også på grunn av masseforflytningen fra den østlige til den vestlige delen av landet, etter at de østlige delene ble annektert av <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> i <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>. </p><p>Standard polsk (<i>język literacki</i>) blir fortsatt uttalt noe forskjellig i de ulike delene av landet, skjønt disse forskjellene er små. Det er aldri noe hinder for gjensidig forståelse, og ikke-innfødte er oftest ute av stand til å atskille dem uten å konsentrere seg. Moderne standard polsk tales eller i det minste forstås over hele landet, og i massemedia, undervisning og all offentlig informasjon er det utelukkende standard (overdialektalt) polsk som benyttes. </p><p>I det etniske polske språket skiller man ved siden av standard polsk også mellom fire (fem) hoveddialekter, hvis forskjeller for det meste samsvarer til gamle stammeinndelinger fra omkring 1000 år tilbake. Dialektene viser forskjeller i fonetikk, morfologi, ordforråd og syntaks: </p> <ul><li>Dialekt małopolski (Lillepolsk) – i sør og sørøst</li> <li>Dialekt śląski (Schlesisk) – i sørvest</li> <li>Dialekt wielkopolski (Storpolsk) – i det vestlige Midt-Polen</li> <li>Dialekt mazowiecki (Masovisk; Masurisk) – i nordøst og i det østlige Midt-Polen</li></ul> <p>Tradisjonelt sett har man i Polen også regnet <a href="/wiki/Kasjubisk" title="Kasjubisk">kasjubisk</a> som en polsk dialekt (dialekt kaszubski). Dens status er imidlertid ikke enstemmig definert, og i dag betraktes den vanligvis som et eget språk (egentlig en dialekt av det utdødde pommerske språk). I tillegg skiller man mellom en rekke blandingsdialekter, men disse er relativt nye og har oppstått som følge av befolkningsblandinger og påvirkning fra andre språk. </p><p>Dialektenes grunnenheter utgjøres av <i>gwary</i> (entall <i>gwara</i>). <i>Gwara</i> er et mer spesifikt og underordnet begrep enn <i>dialekt</i>, og betegner de ulike forskjellene innenfor dialektene. En dialekt er således en samling av <i>gwary</i> med felles kjennetegn. Avhengig av den geografiske lokalisering skiller man mellom gwary ludowe / gwary wiejskie (landdialekter) og <i>gwary miejskie</i> (bydialekter). De sistnevnte viser snarere forskjeller i fonetikk og ordforråd fremfor syntaks eller morfologi i forhold til standard polsk. </p><p>En annen gruppe <i>gwary</i> er <i>gwary kresowe</i> (Kresy-dialektene), som tales av polakker i de tidligere polske områdene i <a href="/wiki/Litauen" title="Litauen">Litauen</a> (først og fremst i <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_fylke" title="Vilnius fylke">Vilnius fylke</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a> og <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. </p><p>I motsetning til dialektene i <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a> er ikke dialekter særlig utbredt i Polen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologi">Fonologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fonologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fonologi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den polske <a href="/wiki/Fonetikk" title="Fonetikk">fonetikken</a> omfatter 8 vokaler og et velutbygd konsonantsystem bestående av 43 konsonanter (63 hvis man tar hensyn til konsonantvariasjoner, allofoner). Av den grunn er polsk et konsonantisk språk. </p><p>Uttalen følger mer eller mindre skrivemåten, men unntak består i konsonantassimilasjoner, uttalen av konsonanter i finitt utlyd samt uttalen av nasalvokalene i forskjellige posisjoner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosodi">Prosodi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Prosodi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Prosodi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polsk har en langt enklere prosodi enn norsk. Språket mangler tonemforskjeller, trykket faller praktisk talt alltid på nest siste stavelse, og det skjelnes ikke mellom lange og korte vokaler. Polakker som lærer norsk, kan derfor ha problemer med å differensiere mellom "tak":"takk", "lek":"lekk" o.l. Det naturlige for en polakk er å uttale "lek" og "lekk" likt, som [lek] med en halvvlang vokal (slik vil forøvrig også "leg" og "legg" bli uttalt, siden stemte konsonanter mister stemtheten i utlyd). </p><p>Prosodisk er polsk vesentlig lettere å tilegne seg enn slaviske språk som russisk, hvor trykket kan falle på en hvilken som helst stavelse i ordet og ofte flytter seg under bøyning, og tsjekkisk, hvor det skjelnes mellom lange og korte vokaler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilasjoner">Assimilasjoner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Assimilasjoner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Assimilasjoner"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polske konsonantgrupper kan i uttale være enten stemte eller ustemte, aldri begge deler. Assimilasjoner vil da forekomme når to eller flere konsonanter av forskjellig stemthetskvalitet (stemt og ustemt) står ved siden av hverandre, og går ut på at én eller flere av konsonantene forandrer sin stemthet slik at konsonantgruppen blir av én stemthetskvalitet. </p><p>I finitt utlyd uttales de stemte konsonantene b, d, dz, dź, dż, g, w, z, ź, ż/rz henholdsvis som sine ustemte motparter p, t, c, ć, cz, k, f, s, ś, sz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intern_assimilasjon">Intern assimilasjon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Intern assimilasjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Intern assimilasjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intern assimilasjon innebærer assimilasjon inne i et ord. På polsk kan den være både progressiv og regressiv. </p><p><b>Regressiv assimilasjon</b><br /> Vanligst på polsk er regressiv assimilasjon, som går ut på at stemthetsprosessen går bakover i ordet. Stemtheten til de foregående konsonanter tilpasses da stemtheten til den siste konsonanten i konsonantgruppen. </p><p>Hvis en stemt konsonant (b, d, dz, dź, dż, g, rz, w, z, ź, ż) etterfølges av en ustemt konsonant (c, ć, cz, f, k, p, s, ś, sz, t), blir den således selv ustemt. På samme måte blir en ustemt konsonant (c, ć, cz, f, k, p, s, ś, sz, t) etterfulgt av de stemte konsonantene b, d, dz, dź, dż, g, s, ś, sz, t, ż selv stemt. </p><p><i>Eksempler</i>: </p> <ul><li>rozkaz (stemt z foran ustemt k >> z blir ustemt; stemt z i finitt utlyd >> z blir ustemt) uttales [roskas]</li> <li>mózg (stemt g i finitt utlyd >> g blir ustemt; stemt z foran ustemt g >> z blir ustemt) uttales [musk]</li> <li>jeźdźcze (stemt ź og dź foran ustemt cz >> ź og dź blir ustemt) uttales [jeśćcze]</li> <li>prośba (ustemt ś står foran stemt b >> ś blir stemt) uttales [proźba]</li></ul> <p><b>Progressiv assimilasjon</b><br /> Progressiv assimilasjon innebærer at stemthetsprosessen går forover i ordet. Stemtheten til de etterfølgende konsonanter tilpasses da stemtheten til den første konsonanten i konsonantgruppen. Progressiv assimilasjon oppstår kun når en ustemt konsonant etterfølges av de stemte w og rz (ikke ż!), som da blir ustemt. </p><p><i>Eksempler</i>: </p> <ul><li>świat (ustemt ś foran stemt w >> w blir ustemt) uttales [śf’at]</li> <li>krzesło (ustemt k foran stemt rz >> rz blir ustemt) uttales [kszesło]</li> <li>także (ustemt k foran stemt ż >> k blir stemt) uttales [tagże]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekstern_assimilasjon">Ekstern assimilasjon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ekstern assimilasjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ekstern assimilasjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekstern assimilasjon innebærer konsonantassimilasjon mellom to ord (kun hvis det første ordet ender på konsonant, og det andre ordet begynner med konsonant). Den finitte konsonanten i det første ordet tilpasser seg alltid stemtheten til den første konsonanten på det andre ordet. </p><p>Eksempler: </p> <ul><li>brak wody (ustemt k foran stemt w >> ustemt k tilpasser seg den stemte w og blir stemt) uttales [brag wody]</li> <li>przed chwilą (stemt d foran ustemt ch >> stemt d tilpasser seg den ustemte ch og blir stemt) uttales [pszet chfilą]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andre_assimilasjoner">Andre assimilasjoner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Andre assimilasjoner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Andre assimilasjoner"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Assimilasjon med ch, h</b><br /> Reglene for intern (progressiv og regressiv) og ekstern assimilasjon gjelder også for den ustemte konsonanten ch, skjønt denne har vanligvis ingen stemt motpart. </p><p><i>Eksempler</i>: </p> <ul><li>chrzan (ustemt ch foran stemt rz >> stemt rz blir ustemt) uttales [chszan]</li> <li>chwała (ustemt ch foran stemt w >> stemt w blir ustemt) uttales [chfała]</li></ul> <p>Konsonanten h er den historiske stemte motparten til den ustemte ch, men representerer i de fleste tilfeller samme fonetiske verdi som ch. Stemt h blir av polakker uttalt sjeldent (hvis i det hele tatt) – kun foran en stemt konsonant inne i et ord (et eksempel er navnet Bohdan, som uttales [bohdan], ikke [bochtan]), eller i eksterne assimilasjoner (for eksempel dach domu [dah domu]). De fleste polakker gjør derimot ingen forskjell på h og ch i andre posisjoner, og uttaler da h som ch. </p><p><b>Assimilasjon med l, ł, r</b><br /> De stemte sonantene l, ł, r blir ustemt kun i utlyd etter en konsonant. Denne konsonanten kan i teorien være ustemt eller stemt, men i praksis vil den på grunn av sin posisjon alltid være (fonetisk) ustemt. </p><p><i>Eksempler</i>: </p> <ul><li>plótł (stemt ł i utlyd >> stemt ł blir til ustemt ł)</li> <li>upadł (stemt ł i utlyd >> stemt ł blir til ustemt ł; stemt d foran ustemt ł >> stemt d blir ustemt) uttales [upatł] (med ustemt ł)</li></ul> <p>Sonantene l, ł, r blir dessuten også ustemt mellom to ustemte konsonanter (som for eksempel i <i>krtań</i> eller <i>jabłko</i>). Ellers er de alltid av stemt kvalitet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasalvokalene">Nasalvokalene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Nasalvokalene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Nasalvokalene"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polsk er det eneste slaviske språket som har bevart de gammelslaviske nasalvokalene. I skrift markeres de med det diakritiske tegnet <i>ogonek</i> (som <b>ą</b> og <b>ę</b>). I motsetning til nasalvokalene i for eksempel det franske språket, er de polske imidlertid asynkrone, det vil si at hver nasalvokal uttales først som en vokal etterfulgt av en nasal semivokal, eller en nasalvokal etterfulgt av en nasal semivokal. Derfor uttales <b>ą</b> snarere som <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19918143">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"DejaVu Sans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Code2000","MV Boli","MS Mincho","Arial",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔɰ̃]</span> fremfor <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔ̃]</span>. Grunnen til at nasal <i>o</i> uttrykkes i skrift som nasal <i>a</i> er rent historisk. På tiden da den polske ortografien ble normert, ble denne nasalvokalen uttalt som nasal <i>a</i>, og denne skrivemåten er bevart frem til i dag. </p><p>Nasalvokalenes asynkronhet er utgangspunktet til en rekke fonetiske forandringer i deres uttale i ulike posisjoner: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>uttale av ą </th> <th>uttale av ę </th> <th>posisjon </th> <th>eksempel </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[ą]</td> <td align="center">[ę]</td> <td align="center">foran f, f’ w, w’, s, z, sz, rz/ż, ś, ź, ch/h, ch’/h’</td> <td>wąs [wąs], kęs [kęs] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[ą]</td> <td align="center">[e], [ę]</td> <td align="center">i utlyd</td> <td>idę [ide] / [idę], idą [idą] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[o]</td> <td align="center">[e]</td> <td>foran sonantene ł, l</td> <td>wziął [wźoł], wzięła [wźeła] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[om]</td> <td align="center">[em]</td> <td>foran labialene p, b</td> <td>gołąb [gołomp], sęp [semp] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[om’]</td> <td align="center">[em’]</td> <td>foran de myke p’, b’</td> <td>kąpiel [kom’p’el], gołębia [gołem’b’a] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[on]</td> <td align="center">[en]</td> <td>foran dentalene t, d, c, dz</td> <td>kąt [kont], wędka [wentka] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[oń]</td> <td align="center">[eń]</td> <td>foran palatalene ć, dź</td> <td>ująć [ujońć], pięć [p’eńć] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[on]<sup>(1)</sup></td> <td align="center">[en]<sup>(1)</sup></td> <td>foran alveolarene cz, dż</td> <td>pączek [ponczek], podręcznik [podrenczńik] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[oŋ]</td> <td align="center">[eŋ]</td> <td>foran velarene g, k</td> <td>bąk [boŋk], pęknięcie [peŋkńeńće] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">[oŋ’]</td> <td align="center">[eŋ’]</td> <td>foran de myke g’, k’</td> <td>łąki [łoŋ’k’i], węgiel [weŋ’g’el] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"> <p><sup>(1)</sup> <i>n</i> betegner her alveolar <i>n</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ortografi">Ortografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ortografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ortografi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det polske alfabetet er basert på det <a href="/wiki/Latinsk_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinsk alfabet">latinske alfabetet</a>, men bruker <a href="/wiki/Diakritika" class="mw-redirect" title="Diakritika">diakritika</a> slik som kreska, overstilt prikk og ogonek. Polsk er et av få slaviske språk skrevet med det latinske alfabet som ikke har tatt i bruk den tsjekkiske ortografien. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Stor<br />bokstav </th> <th>HTML-<br />kode </th> <th>Liten<br />bokstav </th> <th>HTML-<br />kode </th> <th>Vanlig<br />fonetisk verdi </th> <th>Andre<br />fonetiske verdier </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>A</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>a </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[a]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">Ą</a></b> </td> <td>&#260; </td> <td>ą </td> <td>&#261; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔɰ̃]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔm]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔn]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔŋ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔɲ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔj̃]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>B</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>b </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[b]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[p]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>C</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>c </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʦ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʣ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʨ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">Ć</a></b> </td> <td>&#262; </td> <td>ć </td> <td>&#263; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʨ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʥ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>D</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>d </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[t]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>E</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>e </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">Ę</a></b> </td> <td>&#280; </td> <td>ę </td> <td>&#281; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛɰ̃]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛm]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛn]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛŋ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛɲ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɛj̃]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>F</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>f </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[f]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[v]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>G</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>g </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[g]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[k]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>H</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>h </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[x]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɣ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>I</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>i </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[i]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[i̯]</span>, stum (gjør foregående konsonant bløt) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>J</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>j </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[j]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>K</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>k </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[k]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[g]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>L</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>l </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[l]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a></b> </td> <td>&#321; </td> <td>ł </td> <td>&#322; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[w]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɫ]</span> i eldre uttale og i østlige dialekter </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>M</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>m </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[m]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>N</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>n </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[n]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń</a></b> </td> <td>&#323; </td> <td>ń </td> <td>&#324; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>O</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>o </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">Ó</a></b> </td> <td>&Oacute; </td> <td>ó </td> <td>&oacute; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[u]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>P</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>p </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[p]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[b]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>R</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>r </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[r]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>S</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>s </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[s]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[z]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">Ś</a></b> </td> <td>&#346; </td> <td>ś </td> <td>&#347; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʑ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>T</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>t </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[t]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>U</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>u </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[u]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[u̯]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>W</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>w </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[v]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[f]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Y</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>y </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɨ]</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Z</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>z </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[z]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[s]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʑ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">Ź</a></b> </td> <td>&#377; </td> <td>ź </td> <td>&#378; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʑ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%BB" title="Ż">Ż</a></b> </td> <td>&#379; </td> <td>ż </td> <td>&#380; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Polsk ortografi omfatter også syv <a href="/wiki/Digraf" title="Digraf">digrafer</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Stor bokstav </th> <th>HTML-<br />kode </th> <th>Liten<br />bokstav </th> <th>HTML-<br />kode </th> <th>Vanlig<br />fonetisk verdi </th> <th>Andre<br />fonetiske verdier </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ch</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>ch </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[x]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɣ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Cz</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>cz </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[tʂ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[dʐ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Dz</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>dz </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʣ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʦ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʥ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d-z]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Dź</b> </td> <td>D&#377; </td> <td>dź </td> <td>d&#378; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʥ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʨ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d-ʑ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Dż</b> </td> <td>D&#379; </td> <td>dż </td> <td>d&#380; </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[dʐ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[tʂ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d-ʐ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Rz</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>rz </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[r-z]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Sz</b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>sz </td> <td>  </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Kjenner man reglene for den polske uttalen, kan man praktisk talt uttale ethvert ord korrekt på grunnlag av skriftbildet. Går man den motsatte vei reiser det seg imidlertid en del problemer, og det viser seg at den polske ortografien ikke er fullstendig fonetisk. Dette skyldes først og fremst desonorisering av stemte konsonanter i utlyd, stemmingsassimilasjoner og nasalvokalenes ulike fonetiske verdier som ikke vises i ortografien. I tillegg realiseres tre polske fonemer forskjellig i skrift: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[x]</span> som enten <b>h</b> eller <b>ch</b></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span> som enten <b>ż</b> eller <b>rz</b> – også <b>sz</b> hvis man tar hensyn til assimilasjoner</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[u]</span> som enten <b>u</b> eller <b>ó</b></li></ul> <p>De palataliserte konsonantene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʨ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʥ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʑ]</span> skrives foran konsonanter og i utlyd henholdsvis som <b>ć</b>, <b>dź</b>, <b>ń</b>, <b>ś</b>, <b>ź</b>; foran vokaler (med unntak av <i>i</i>) som <b>ci</b>, <b>dzi</b>, <b>ni</b>, <b>si</b>, <b>zi</b>; foran <i>i</i> som <b>c</b>, <b>dz</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>z</b>. </p><p>Uttalen av doble konsonanter er tydelig forlenget, men den fører ikke til en reduksjon som ville gjøre at de to konsonantene kom sammen i én artikulasjonsenhet. Med forlengelse menes her derfor en gjentagelse av konsonanten. Dette gjelder både særegne polske ord (som <i>panna</i> eller <i>oddech</i>) så vel som lånord (<i>lasso</i>, <i>attyka</i>). Således bør <i>panna</i> uttales pan-na, med to <i>n</i>-er. I polsk kan doble konsonanter (det vil si konsonanter med samme <i>fonetiske verdi</i>) forekomme i begynnelsen av et ord – for eksempel <i>czczenie</i>, <i>dżdżownica</i>, <i>ssak</i>, <i>wwóz</i>, <i>zstąpić</i> eller <i>zza</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatikk">Grammatikk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Grammatikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Grammatikk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polsk er et bøyningsspråk og har beholdt det gammelslaviske kasussystemet med syv <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a> for <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantiver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">pronomener</a> og <a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">adjektiver</a>, som finnes i to tall (entall og flertall): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ">nominativ</a> (<i>mianownik</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a> (<i>dopełniacz</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dativ" title="Dativ">dativ</a> (<i>celownik</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkusativ" title="Akkusativ">akkusativ</a> (<i>biernik</i>)</li> <li>instrumentalis (<i>narzędnik</i>)</li> <li>lokativ (<i>miejscownik</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vokativ" title="Vokativ">vokativ</a> (<i>wołacz</i>)</li></ul> <p>Av den grunn er ordstillingen svært fri, da ordenes relasjoner inngår i bøyningene. Subjektet og objektet kan derfor komme både før og etter verbalet, eller forsvinne dersom de kan forstås ut fra konteksten. Ordstillingen har imidlertid betydning for setningstrykket, og vil på denne måten skape betydningsnyanser. Følgende setninger betyr mer eller mindre ”Katten spiser fisk”, skjønt ulike nyanser trykklegges som følge av forskjellig ordstilling: </p> <ul><li>Kot je rybę – katten spiser fisk</li> <li>Kot rybę je – katten fisken spiser</li> <li>Rybę je kot – fisken blir spist av katten</li> <li>Rybę kot je – fisken katten spiser</li> <li>Je rybę kot – spises fisken av katten</li> <li>Je kot rybę – spiser katten fisken</li></ul> <p>Alle disse setningene kan sies å være riktig på polsk, skjønt det er de fire første som høres mest naturlig ut. De to siste bør brukes kun for å legge spesielt trykk, hvis i det hele tatt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb">Verb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Rediger avsnitt: Verb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=14" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Verb"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspekt er en grammatisk kategori av verbet, og så å si alle polske verb har to former – en imperfektiv (<i>aspekt niedokonany</i>) og en perfektiv (<i>aspekt dokonany</i>). Noen få verb har to imperfektivformer. Det perfektive verbet er oftest et imperfektivt verb med et prefiks (<i>robić</i> – <i>zrobić</i> (å gjøre)), et suffiks (<i>kichać</i> – <i>kichnąć</i> (å nyse)) eller en stammeforandring (<i>oddychać </i>- <i>odetchnąć</i> (å puste)). </p><p>De polske verbene (både imperfektive og perfektive) har former i tre genera verbi (diateser): </p> <ul><li>aktiv (<i>strona czynna</i>)</li> <li>passiv (<i>strona bierna</i>)</li> <li>refleksiv (<i>strona zwrotna</i>)</li></ul> <p>Diatesene i det polske verbalsystemet deles videre inn i tre <a href="/wiki/Grammatisk_modus" title="Grammatisk modus">modi</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indikativ" title="Indikativ">indikativ</a> (<i>tryb oznajmujący</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presens" title="Presens">nåtid</a> (<i>czas teraźniejszy</i> – kun for imperfektiv form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preteritum" title="Preteritum">fortid</a> (<i>czas przeszły</i> – både for imperfektiv og perfektiv form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurum" title="Futurum">fremtid</a> (<i>czas przyszły</i>) <ul><li>sammensatt fremtid I (<i>czas przyszły złożony I</i> – kun for imperfektiv form)</li> <li>sammensatt fremtid II (<i>czas przyszły złożony II</i> – kun for imperfektiv form)</li> <li>enkel fremtid (<i>czas przyszły prosty</i> – kun for perfektiv form)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>kondisjonalis (<i>tryb przypuszczający</i>) <ul><li>kondisjonalis I (<i>tryb przypuszczający I</i>)</li> <li>kondisjonalis II (<i>tryb przypuszczający II</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>imperativ (<i>tryb rozkazujący</i>)</li></ul> <p>Kondisjonalis og imperativ brukes både for verbets imperfektive og perfektive former, mens tilgjengeligheten av <a href="/wiki/Indikativ" title="Indikativ">indikativens</a> tidsformer avhenger av verbets aspektform, som følge av aspektenes grammatiske betydning. Verbenes imperfektive form har både <a href="/wiki/Presens" title="Presens">nåtid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preteritum" title="Preteritum">fortid</a> og <a href="/wiki/Futurum" title="Futurum">fremtid</a> (sammensatt fremtid). Den sammensatte fremtiden finnes i to former som er fullstendig synonyme. Verbenes perfektive form har derimot kun fortid og fremtid (enkel fremtid). Begrepene sammensatt og enkel gjenspeiler her formdannelsen. Hvis man tar verbets aspekt i betraktning, kan man på polsk skille mellom fem (og ikke tre) tider. </p><p>Gammelpolsk hadde i tillegg tre andre tider – <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a>, imperfektum og pluskvamperfektum. I moderne polsk er det derimot kun det såkalte slaviske perfektum som brukes i vanlig tale. Fortidsendelsene er bevegelige og kan overføres til et vilkårlig ord i setningen, vanligvis ordet setningstrykket ligger på: </p><p>Dawno nie byli<b>śmy</b> w Gdańsku<br /> Dawno<b>śmy</b> nie byli w Gdańsku<br /> W Gdańsku <b>żeśmy</b> dawno nie byli<br /> (Det er lenge siden vi har vært i Gdańsk >> <i>dawno</i> (lenge siden) <i>nie byliśmy</i> (vi var ikke) <i>w Gdańsku</i> (i Gdańsk)) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a> bøyes i henhold til person og tall i alle <a href="/wiki/Grammatisk_modus" title="Grammatisk modus">modi</a> og genera verbi, og personlige <a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">pronomener</a> brukes derfor kun i spesielle tilfeller, da de ellers er overflødige. Verbene bøyes også i henhold til kjønn, med unntak av (aktiv og refleksiv) nåtid og enkel fremtid samt imperativ. I passiv bøyes derimot også disse i henhold til kjønn. </p><p>Det polske verbalsystemet har også et velutbygd upersonlig verbsystem, som grunnet sin funksjon finnes kun i aktiv, hvor det representeres fullstendig av både perfektive og imperfektive verb i <a href="/wiki/Indikativ" title="Indikativ">indikativ</a>, kondisjonalis og imperativ. </p><p>Andre verbformer omfatter <a href="/wiki/Infinitiv" title="Infinitiv">infinitiv</a> (<i>bezokolicznik</i>), infinitiv kondisjonalis (<i>forma przypuszczająca bezokolicznika</i>), upersonlig form (<i>bezosobnik</i>) og <a href="/wiki/Verbalsubstantiv" title="Verbalsubstantiv">verbalsubstantiv</a> (<i>odsłownik</i>), skjønt den sistnevnte regnes ikke som en form av verbet på polsk (i motsetning til for eksempel latin). I tillegg kan man skille mellom 7 partisipper: </p> <ul><li><i>Imiesłów przymiotnikowy czynny</i> (adjektivisk aktivt partisipp)</li> <li><i>Imiesłów przymiotnikowy bierny niedokonany</i> (adjektivisk passivt imperfektivt partisipp)</li> <li><i>Imiesłów przymiotnikowy bierny dokonany</i> (adjektivisk passivt perfektivt partisipp)</li> <li><i>Imiesłów przysłówkowy współczesny</i> (presens gerundium)</li> <li><i>Imiesłów przysłówkowy uprzedni</i> (preteritum gerundium)</li> <li><i>Imiesłów przymiotnikowy przeszły niedokonany</i> (imperfektivt fortidspartisipp)</li> <li><i>Imiesłów przymiotnikowy przeszły dokonany</i> (perfektivt fortidspartisipp)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genussystem">Genussystem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Rediger avsnitt: Genussystem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=15" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Genussystem"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polsk har et komplisert genussystem med fem kjønn (personlig <a href="/wiki/Maskulinum" title="Maskulinum">maskulinum</a> (<i>rodzaj męskoosobowy</i>), levende maskulinum (<i>rodzaj męskożywotny</i>), ikke-levende maskulinum (<i>rodzaj męskorzeczowy</i>), <a href="/wiki/Femininum" title="Femininum">femininum</a> (<i>rodzaj żeński</i>) og <a href="/wiki/Neutrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrum">neutrum</a> (<i>rodzaj nijaki</i>)) med grunnlag i prinsippet om samsvar mellom <a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">adjektiv</a> og <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantiv</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Genus </th> <th colspan="2">Eksempel – akkusativ entall </th> <th colspan="2">Eksempel – nominativ flertall </th></tr> <tr> <th>Adjektiv </th> <th>Substantiv </th> <th>Adjektiv </th> <th>Substantiv </th></tr> <tr> <td>Personlig maskulinum </td> <td>nowego </td> <td>pracownika </td> <td>nowi </td> <td>pracownicy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Levende maskulinum </td> <td>nowego </td> <td>psa </td> <td>nowe </td> <td>psy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ikke-levende maskulinum </td> <td>nowy </td> <td>stół </td> <td>nowe </td> <td>stoły </td></tr> <tr> <td>Femininum </td> <td>nową </td> <td>szafę </td> <td>nowe </td> <td>szafy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neutrum </td> <td>nowe </td> <td>krzesło </td> <td>nowe </td> <td>krzesła </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Formene i nominativ entall og deres betydning er: </p> <ul><li><i>nowy pracownik</i> — ny arbeider</li> <li><i>nowy pies</i> — ny hund</li> <li><i>nowy stół</i> – nytt bord</li> <li><i>nowa szafa</i> — nytt skap</li> <li><i>nowe krzesło</i> — ny stol</li> <li><i>Nowe jabłko</i> – nytt eple</li></ul> <p>Polsk sies å være et av de mest uregelrette språkene, og både deklinasjonen og konjugasjonen følger komplekse mønstre med mange unntak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=16" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2012041008029"><i>Polsk</i></a>. Cappelen. 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8202026660" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8202026660">8202026660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3APolsk&rft.btitle=Polsk&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8202026660&rft.pub=Cappelen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2012041008029&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polsk&action=edit&section=17" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: all; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 200px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://wikipedia.org/"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> på <b><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pl:">polsk</a></b></div> </div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="align: right; float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wiktionary-logo-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/45px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/68px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/90px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Wiktionary</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><i><b><a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/pl:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikt:pl:Main 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