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<div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定义式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>定义式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定义式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與熱量和內能的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與熱量和內能的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>與熱量和內能的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與熱量和內能的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>歷史背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见条目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见条目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见条目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">热能</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。52种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة حرارية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاقة حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stilik_enerjisi" title="İstilik enerjisi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstilik enerjisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Цеплавая энэргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цеплавая энэргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotna_energija" title="Toplotna energija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toplotna energija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_t%C3%A8rmica" title="Energia tèrmica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Energia tèrmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%B4%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="وزەی گەرمی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وزەی گەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termisk_energi" title="Termisk energi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termisk energi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermische_Energie" title="Thermische Energie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermische Energie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Θερμική ενέργεια – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμική ενέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermal energy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmoenergio" title="Varmoenergio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varmoenergio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Energía térmica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Energía térmica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termiline_energia" title="Termiline energia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termiline energia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_termiko" title="Energia termiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Energia termiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انرژی گرمایی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی گرمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6energia" title="Lämpöenergia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpöenergia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_thermique" title="Énergie thermique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie thermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Enerxía térmica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enerxía térmica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנרגיה תרמית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרגיה תרמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊष्मीय ऊर्जा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मीय ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ջերմային էներգիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմային էներգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_termal" title="Energi termal – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Energi termal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termala_energio" title="Termala energio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Termala energio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_termica" title="Energia termica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Energia termica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="熱エネルギー – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱エネルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafasa_ta%E1%BA%93e%C9%A3lawt" title="Tafasa taẓeɣlawt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafasa taẓeɣlawt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="열에너지 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열에너지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEn" title="Tîn – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermesch_Energie" title="Thermesch Energie – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thermesch Energie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltuma_daudzums" title="Siltuma daudzums – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siltuma daudzums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Топлинска енергија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топлинска енергија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="औष्णिक ऊर्जा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="औष्णिक ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termisk_energi" title="Termisk energi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termisk energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termisk_energi" title="Termisk energi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termisk energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_termiczna" title="Energia termiczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Energia termiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Energia térmica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia térmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_termic%C4%83" title="Energie termică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Energie termică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тепловая энергия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тепловая энергия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thermal energy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermal energy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotna_energija" title="Toplotna energija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplotna energija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energjia_termike" title="Energjia termike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Energjia termike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termisk_energi" title="Termisk energi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termisk energi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வெப்ப ஆற்றல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப ஆற்றல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="พลังงานความร้อน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลังงานความร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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title="Wikipedia:列明来源">参考或来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2021年2月2日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>維基百科所有的內容都應該<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">可供查證</a>。请协助補充<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <p><b>熱能</b>（英語：<span lang="en">thermal energy</span>）在熱力學上，是存在於热力学系统（或物體）<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="內能">內能</a>的一種形式，是其处于“热平衡”时的“热力学能”。热能的宏觀表現，為该系统或物体的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>；微观上来看，热能是由于其构成原子或分子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E5%BA%8F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无序运动（页面不存在）">无序运动</a>而产生的能量，也是其以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E7%86%B1" title="顯熱">显热</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潜热</a>的形式所表现的能量。 </p><p>一個物體的熱能和其整體的運動狀態（即物體的位置與速度）無關，僅和物體的內部狀態有關，因此我們有時也稱熱能為內能。 </p><p>熱能這個概念在物理或熱力學方面沒有明確定義，因為內部能量可以在不改變溫度的情況下進行改變，而無法區分系統內部能量的哪一部分是“熱”。熱能有時被鬆散地用作更嚴格的熱力學量（例如系統的（整個）內部能量）的同義詞；或用於定義為能量轉移類型的熱或顯熱（正如作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功 (热力学)（页面不存在）">功</a>(work)是另一種類型的能量轉移）。熱量和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功 (热力学)（页面不存在）">功</a>取決於能量轉移發生的方式。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="傳播"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E6.92.AD"></span>傳播</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：傳播"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>熱是一種能量的表現方式，所以熱的傳播就是熱能的轉移。並由高溫向低溫流動。轉移方式有三種: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%82%B3%E5%B0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="熱傳導">傳導</a>，是一个分子向另一个分子传递通过振动传递能量的传热方式。傳導速率因介質的比熱和狀態有關而異，同介質固體>液體>氣體。固體、液體、氣體皆可呈現。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a>，是流体内部分子运动所导致的传热方式</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a>，是以波或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="次原子粒子">次原子粒子</a>传递的方式</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熱功當量"><span id=".E7.86.B1.E5.8A.9F.E7.95.B6.E9.87.8F"></span>熱功當量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：熱功當量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>功與能量的單位是焦耳，熱量的單位是<b>卡</b>，1卡就是讓1公克的水從14.5 °C 升至15.5°C所需的熱量。英國人焦耳在1837~1847年間，以一連串的實驗證實了<b>熱量與功之間可以互相轉換</b>，並定出了它們單位之間換算的比值。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定义式"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89.E5.BC.8F"></span>定义式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：定义式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>热水中一个粒子的热能是： </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{thermal}=f\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}kT.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{thermal}=f\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}kT.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/097f545ea5b09411bf25412ae20cd3626ff03aa8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.22ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{thermal}=f\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}kT.}"></span> </p><p>其中f是指<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (物理学)">自由度</a>，T指温度，K为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="波尔兹曼常数">波尔兹曼常数</a>。例如，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="理想气体">理想气体</a>中的一个粒子有三个自由度，因此， </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{thermal,monatomic}={\frac {3}{2}}kT.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{thermal,monatomic}={\frac {3}{2}}kT.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5143ca0f865bbbc84d9c36d6d173337a37b7015" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:24.928ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{thermal,monatomic}={\frac {3}{2}}kT.}"></span> </p><p>总热能为在系统中所有粒子的热能总和。因此，对于一个有N个粒子的系统， </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{thermal}=N\cdot f\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}kT.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{thermal}=N\cdot f\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}kT.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f33557fe6d1cdeab5495fcc4159b58acb14bfbc7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.962ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{thermal}=N\cdot f\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}kT.}"></span> </p><p>请注意，<i>U<sub>thermal</sub></i>只是总系统能量的一部分，一些能量不随温度而改变，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="势能">势能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AE%E8%83%BD" title="键能">键能</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="不变质量">不变质量</a>（E=mc<sup>2</sup>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="與熱量和內能的關係"><span id=".E8.88.87.E7.86.B1.E9.87.8F.E5.92.8C.E5.85.A7.E8.83.BD.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>與熱量和內能的關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：與熱量和內能的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">熱量</a>是自發地從較熱的系統或物體傳遞的能量。熱量是轉移的能量，而不是系統的性质，或者“包含”在系統的邊界內。另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="內能">內能</a>是系統的性质。在理想氣體中，內能是氣體粒子的動能的統計學平均值，作為動力學運動是動力源，也是导致跨越系統邊界的熱量傳遞的原因。在這個意義上，理想氣體的內能可以被認為是“熱能”。然而，在這種情況下，熱能和內能是相同的。 </p><p>比理想氣體更複雜的系統（如真實氣體）可能會發生相變。相變可以改變系統的內能而不改變其溫度。因此，熱能不能僅由溫度來定義。熱能也不能通過內能和系統內外的淨熱傳遞之間的差異來定義，因為它很容易構建系統開始和結束於完全相同狀態的熱力循環，但是有一個淨循環過程中進出熱量。這些循環可以在相當小的發電機上引起，從而產生轉子以旋轉和發電。這被稱為發電。 </p><p>由於這些原因，系統的熱能概念不明確，不用於熱力學。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史背景"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>歷史背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：歷史背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳（James Prescott Joule）在1847年題為“物質，生命力和熱力”的演講中，描述了與熱能和熱量密切相關的各種術語。他將“潛熱”和“明熱”這兩個術語分別定義為各種不同的物理現象，即分別是潛在和動能。他將潛在能量描述為在給定的顆粒構型（即潛在能量的形式）中的相互作用的能量，以及由於熱能而由溫度計測量的能量影響溫度的顯熱，他稱之為活力。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见条目"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>参见条目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参见条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="熵 (熱力學)">熵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92" class="mw-redirect" title="热传递">热传递</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%AB%E5%B7%AE%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="海水溫差發電">海水溫差發電</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=热能&oldid=82498117">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=热能&oldid=82498117</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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