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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-GB" class="no-js"><head><meta charSet="utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title data-rh="true">Russia gives North Korea a million barrels of oil, report finds - BBC News</title><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Satellite image analysis shows several North Korean tankers visiting Russia dozens of times since March. "/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#FFFFFF"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/bbcnews"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="1609039196070050"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Satellite image analysis shows several North Korean tankers visiting Russia dozens of times since March. 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(min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;padding:0;margin-top:-0.25rem;width:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:0.5rem;margin-right:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;}}.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:2.0625rem;vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;max-width:7rem;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 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off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;position:relative;display:block;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;padding:1rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:auto;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:absolute;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js .ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{display:none;}.ssrcss-n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper{min-width:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:100%;}.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{display:inline-block;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;border-radius:50%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:8.5rem;text-align:left;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:2rem;height:2rem;vertical-align:-0.6875rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;vertical-align:-0.5625rem;}}.ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;}}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct#more-menu-button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:3rem;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media ( min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}}.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#000000;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;color:#000000;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media ( min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li{padding-right:1.25rem;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#141414;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 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1);}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 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18.75rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' 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off;background:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-as2ggt-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #DB7F7F;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-wlpshj-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #B80000;}.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 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off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;padding:0.5rem;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#B80000;border:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.75rem;}}}.ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-0.5rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}}.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{min-height:2.75rem;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#E6E8EA;}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 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62.99875rem){.ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}.ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints .en81kx34{-webkit-flex:0 0 33%;-ms-flex:0 0 33%;flex:0 0 33%;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:33%;}.ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints .exn3ah99{-webkit-flex:0 0 67%;-ms-flex:0 0 67%;flex:0 0 67%;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:67%;}.ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints .en81kx34{padding-right:0;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints .en81kx34{padding-right:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints .exn3ah99{-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;padding-left:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem) and (max-width: 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scale(1);-moz-transform:translateZ(0) scale(1);-ms-transform:translateZ(0) scale(1);transform:translateZ(0) scale(1);}.ssrcss-7z33tz-Placeholder{display:block;position:relative;background-color:#FFFFFF;padding-bottom:56.11702127659575%;}.ssrcss-ykosa2-OnwardJourneysContainerWrapper{box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 0rem) and (max-width: 24.9375rem){.ssrcss-ykosa2-OnwardJourneysContainerWrapper{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 25rem) and (max-width: 37.4375rem){.ssrcss-ykosa2-OnwardJourneysContainerWrapper{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem) and (max-width: 56.1875rem){.ssrcss-ykosa2-OnwardJourneysContainerWrapper{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem) and (max-width: 62.9375rem){.ssrcss-ykosa2-OnwardJourneysContainerWrapper{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem) and (max-width: 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class="ssrcss-36ptm4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1mstwv3-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Middle East</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-1y9ep4i-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/news/world/us_and_canada" class="ssrcss-36ptm4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1mstwv3-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">US & Canada</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div></header></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="300" class="ssrcss-q03fby-ContainerWithSidebarWrapper e1jl38b40"><div class="ssrcss-1ki8hfp-StyledZone e1mcntqj3"><main id="main-content" data-testid="main-content"><article class="ssrcss-15tkd6i-ArticleWrapper e1nh2i2l3"><header data-component="headline-block" class="ssrcss-bwbna7-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h1 id="main-heading" type="headline" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-1s9pby4-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Satellite images show Russia giving N Korea oil, breaking sanctions</span></h1></header><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-fmt1c3-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt=" A satellite image shows a North Korean oil tanker docked at a Russian port. " loading="eager" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/602b/live/47586c80-a7f8-11ef-a4fe-a3e9a6c5d640.png 976w" width="1280" height="720" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1kk6ucf-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The latest of 43 journeys made by North Korean oil tankers to Russia since March 2024, documented by the Open Source Centre</p></div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="byline-block" class="ssrcss-1hbb5i-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e8mq1e917"><div class="ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e8mq1e916"><div class="ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e8mq1e913"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e8mq1e96">Jean Mackenzie</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e8mq1e910">Seoul correspondent, BBC News</div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e8mq1e915"></div></div><div data-component="metadata-block" class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1"><time data-testid="timestamp" dateTime="2024-11-21T22:22:31.189Z">21 November 2024</time></span></span></div></li></div></ul></div><div class="ssrcss-13mf69a-MetadataSnippetWrapper ek9haql0"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1"><time data-testid="timestamp" dateTime="2024-11-22T09:10:35.715Z">Updated 22 November 2024</time></span></span></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">Russia is estimated to have supplied North Korea with more than a million barrels of oil since March this year, according to satellite imagery analysis from the Open Source Centre, a non-profit research group based in the UK.</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The oil is payment for the weapons and troops Pyongyang has sent Moscow to fuel its war in Ukraine, leading experts and UK Foreign Secretary, David Lammy, have told the BBC.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">These transfers violate UN sanctions, which ban countries from selling oil to North Korea, except in small quantities, in an attempt to stifle its economy to prevent it from further developing nuclear weapons.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The satellite images, shared exclusively with the BBC, show more than a dozen different North Korean oil tankers arriving at an oil terminal in Russia’s Far East a total of 43 times over the past eight months. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Further pictures, taken of the ships at sea, appear to show the tankers arriving empty, and leaving almost full.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">North Korea is the only country in the world not allowed to buy oil on the open market. The number of barrels of refined petroleum it can receive is <a href="http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2397" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">capped by the United Nations <span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a><a href="http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2397" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">at 500,000 annually<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>, well below the amount it needs.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Russia’s foreign ministry did not respond to our request for comment.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1x9m6ni-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/live/cdj3kmel349t" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">LIVE: Zelensky says world must respond to Russia's use of new type of missile in Ukraine</a></p></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="links-block" class="ssrcss-12l5xzx-LinksComponentWrapper e3eyuya0"><section class="ssrcss-msolhr-LinksWrapper e3eyuya5"><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-mh3hvv-InContentLinksGrid e3eyuya3"><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-s1qr4x-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1enzf19-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/world-asia-68933778" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">North Korean weapons are killing Ukrainians. The implications are far bigger</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">4 May</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-s1qr4x-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1enzf19-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/cm2796pdm1lo" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">What we know about North Korean troops in Ukraine</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">18 November</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li></ul></section></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The first oil transfer <a href="https://stories.opensourcecentre.org/refined-tastes/" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">documented by the Open Source Centre in a new report<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>, was on 7 March 2024, seven months after it first emerged Pyongyang was sending Moscow weapons. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The shipments have continued as <a href="/news/articles/c3vkqwe9wwdo" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">thousands of North Korean troops</a> are reported to have been sent to Russia to fight, with the last one recorded on 5 November.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“While Kim Jong Un is providing Vladimir Putin with a lifeline to continue his war, Russia is quietly providing North Korea with a lifeline of its own,” says Joe Byrne from the Open Source Centre. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“This steady flow of oil gives North Korea a level of stability it hasn’t had since these sanctions were introduced.”</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Four former members of a UN panel responsible for tracking the sanctions on North Korea have told the BBC the transfers are a consequence of increasing ties between Moscow and Pyongyang.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“These transfers are fuelling Putin’s war machine – this is oil for missiles, oil for artillery and now oil for soldiers,” says Hugh Griffiths, who led the panel from 2014 to 2019.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy has told the BBC in a statement: “To keep fighting in Ukraine, Russia has become increasingly reliant on North Korea for troops and weapons in exchange for oil." </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">He added that this was “having a direct impact on security in the Korean peninsula, Europe and Indo-Pacific".</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-got162-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic showing on a map the ports from where a North Korean tanker departed and where it docked" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/6f8b/live/b781aed0-a7ea-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 976w" width="1280" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Easy-and-cheap-oil-supply" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Easy and cheap oil supply</span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">While most people in North Korea rely on coal for their daily lives, oil is essential for running the country’s military. Diesel and petrol are used to transport missile launchers and troops around the country, run munitions factories and fuel the cars of Pyongyang’s elite.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The 500,000 barrels North Korea is allowed to receive fall far short of the nine million it consumes – meaning that since the cap was introduced in 2017, the country has been forced to <a href="https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S%202024%20215.pdf" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">buy oil illicitly from criminal networks<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> to make up this deficit.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This involves transferring the oil between ships out at sea – a risky, expensive and time-consuming business, according to Dr Go Myong-hyun, a senior research fellow at South Korea’s Institute for National Security Strategy, which is linked to the country’s spy agency.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“Now Kim Jong Un is getting oil directly, it’s likely better quality, and chances are he’s getting it for free, as quid pro quo for supplying munitions. What could be better than that?"</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“A million barrels is nothing for a large oil producer like Russia to release, but it is a substantial amount for North Korea to receive,” Dr Go adds.</p></div></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Tracking-the-‘silent-transfers" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Tracking the ‘silent’ transfers</span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In all 43 of the journeys tracked by the Open Source Centre using satellite images, the North Korean-flagged tankers arrived at Russia’s Vostochny Port with their trackers switched off, concealing their movements. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The images show they then made their way back to one of four ports on North Korea’s east and west coast.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“The vessels appear silently, almost every week,” says Joe Byrne, the researcher from the Open Source Centre. “Since March there’s been a fairly constant flow.”</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The team, which has been tracking these tankers since the oil sanctions were first introduced, used their knowledge of each ship’s capacity to calculate how many oil barrels they could carry. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Then they studied images of the ships entering and leaving Vostochny and, in most instances, could see how low they sat in the water and, therefore, how full they were.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The tankers, they assess, were loaded to 90% of their capacity. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“We can see from some of the images that if the ships were any fuller they would sink,” Mr Byrne says.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-11qysz1-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="A comparison image showing a tanker sitting high in the water and then anothe rimage showing a tanker sitting low in the water." loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/d419/live/89b8e440-a7f0-11ef-bdf5-b7cb2fa86e10.png 976w" width="1280" height="1224" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Based on this, they calculate that, since March, Russia has given North Korea more than a million barrels of oil - more than double the annual cap, and around <a href="https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1718/supply-sale-or-transfer-of-all-refined-petroleum" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">ten times the amount Moscow officially gave Pyongyang<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> in 2023. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This follows an <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russia-is-shipping-oil-north-korea-above-un-mandated-levels-us-official-2024-05-02/" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">assessment by the US government in May<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> that Moscow had already supplied more than 500,000 barrels’ worth of oil.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Cloud cover means the researchers cannot get a clear image of the port every day.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“The whole of August was cloudy, so we weren’t able to document a single trip,” Mr Byrne says, leading his team to believe that one million barrels is a “baseline” figure.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-rm5obp-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="A chart showing the estimated amount of refined oil Russia gave North Korea each month, based on the tankers being 90% full" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1600/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/22c2/live/5ca139e0-a7f9-11ef-8ab9-9192db313061.png 976w" width="1600" height="1158.6901763224182" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="A-‘new-level-of-contempt-for-sanctions" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">A ‘new level of contempt’ for sanctions</span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Not only do these oil deliveries breach UN sanctions on North Korea, that Russia, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, signed off on – but also, more than half of the journeys tracked by the Open Source Centre were made by vessels that have been individually sanctioned by the UN. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This means they should have been impounded upon entering Russian waters.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But in March 2024, three weeks after the first oil transfer was documented, <a href="/news/world-asia-68691417" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Russia disbanded the UN panel</a> responsible for monitoring sanctions violations, by using its veto at the UN Security Council.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Ashley Hess, who was working on the panel up until its collapse, says they saw evidence the transfers had started. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“We were tracking some of the ships and companies involved, but our work was stopped, possibly after they had already breached the 500,000-barrel cap”.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Eric Penton-Voak, who led the group from 2021-2023, says the Russian members on the panel tried to censor its work. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“Now the panel is gone, they can simply ignore the rules,” he adds. “The fact that Russia is now encouraging these ships to visit its ports and load up with oil shows a new level of contempt for these sanctions.”</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But Mr Penton-Voak, who is on the board of the Open Source Centre, thinks the problem runs much deeper. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“You now have these autocratic regimes increasingly working together to help one another achieve whatever it is they want, and ignoring the wishes of the international community.” </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This is an “increasingly dangerous” playbook, he argues. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“The last thing you want is a North Korean tactical nuclear weapon turning up in Iran, for instance.”</p></div></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Oil-the-tip-of-the-iceberg" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Oil the tip of the iceberg?</span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">As Kim Jong Un steps up his support for Vladimir Putin’s war, concern is growing over what else he will receive in return. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The US and South Korea estimate Pyongyang has now sent Moscow 16,000 shipping containers filled with artillery shells and rockets, while remnants of exploded North Korean ballistic missiles have been <a href="/news/world-asia-68933778" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">recovered on the battlefield</a> in Ukraine.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1cqn2kd-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Kim Jong-un and Vladimir Putin meeting in Pyongyang" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1024/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/dd24/live/b2d4ac10-a7eb-11ef-b6ef-6186dfb2da3a.jpg 976w" width="1024" height="575.5620723362658" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1kk6ucf-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Since the start of the invasion of Ukraine, Russia's President Vladimir Putin has strengthened ties with North Korea's Kim Jong Un</p></div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">More recently, Putin and Kim signed a defence pact, leading to thousands of North Korean troops being sent to Russia’s Kursk region, where intelligence reports indicate they are now engaged in battle.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The South Korean government has told the BBC it would “sternly respond to the violation of the UN Security Council resolutions by Russia and North Korea”.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Its biggest worry is that Moscow will provide Pyongyang with technology to improve its spy satellites and ballistic missiles. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Last month, Seoul’s defence minister, Kim Yong-hyun, stated there was <a href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241031000800315" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">a “high chance” North Korea was asking for such help<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“If you’re sending your people to die in a foreign war, a million barrels of oil is just not sufficient reward,” Dr Go says.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Andrei Lankov, an expert in North Korea-Russia relations at Seoul’s Kookmin University, agrees. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">“I used to think it was not in Russia’s interest to share military technology, but perhaps its calculus has changed. The Russians need these troops, and this gives the North Koreans more leverage.”</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">Additional reporting by Josh Cheetham in London and Jake Kwon in Seoul</i></p></div></div><div data-component="topic-list" class="ssrcss-1qmkvfu-TopicListWrapper etw6iwl1"><div class="ssrcss-113c0cq-StyledTagContainer ed0g1kj1"><div class="ssrcss-50vlbt-TopicListHeaderWrapper etw6iwl0"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">Related topics</h2></div><div class="ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="/news/topics/c5rznn0nvvyt" class="ssrcss-z69h1q-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Asia</a></li><li><a href="/news/topics/ce1qrvlegnyt" class="ssrcss-z69h1q-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/news/topics/cywd23g0gz5t" class="ssrcss-z69h1q-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">North Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="links-block" class="ssrcss-5i1hhv-LinksComponentWrapper e3eyuya0"><section class="ssrcss-msolhr-LinksWrapper e3eyuya5"><div class="ssrcss-1lqqmgw-LinksHeadingWrapper e3eyuya4"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">More on this story</h2></div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ypkflt-EndOfContentLinksGrid e3eyuya2"><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-s1qr4x-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints et5qctl0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/world-asia-67610240" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">A family's escape from North Korea through a minefield and stormy seas</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">5 December 2023</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-fmt1c3-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Mr Kim" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/A4B2/production/_131926124_north_korea_super_promo.jpg 976w" width="976" height="549" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-s1qr4x-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints et5qctl0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/c207gzprr33o" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">Kim Jong Un is China's ally - but has become the 'comrade from hell'</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">1 November</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-7z33tz-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="A commemorative stamp featuring North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un (L) meeting with China's leader Xi Jinping is pictured at a shop in Pyongyang on June 18, 2019." loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1104/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/4c9b/live/0d795bf0-9844-11ef-8538-e1655f5a8342.jpg 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href="/news/world-asia-68052515" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">Is North Korea's leader actually considering war?</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">23 January</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-fmt1c3-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Kim Jong Un" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/10946/production/_132401976_8a0709e77e852116213774b086d8164e0122804f.jpg 976w" width="976" height="549" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></li></ul></section></div></article></main></div><div class="ssrcss-115e9m-StyledZone e1mcntqj3"><aside id="topStories-label-aside-content" data-testid="topStories-label-aside-content" aria-labelledby="topStories-label"><div data-component="topStories" class="ssrcss-ykosa2-OnwardJourneysContainerWrapper e1ia0oo99"><h2 id="topStories-label" type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">Top stories</h2><div class="ssrcss-17tdcpg-PromoGroupWrapper e1ia0oo98"><ul role="list" spacing="responsive" class="ssrcss-1020bd1-Stack e1y4nx260"><li class="ssrcss-2pgqep-PromoItem e1ia0oo97"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-s1qr4x-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1enzf19-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/ce9gle4m1v3o" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">Police investigate more people over Al Fayed abuse</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">1 hour ago</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-2pgqep-PromoItem e1ia0oo97"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-s1qr4x-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1enzf19-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack 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class="ssrcss-1enzf19-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/cj6kj383k4ko" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">Bomb threats made against Trump cabinet nominees</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">2 hours 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is a respite, not a solution for the Middle East</span></p></span></a></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-1ssuv19-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><img alt="Smoke rises from the site of an Israeli airstrike. 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supplied North Korea with more than a million barrels of oil since March this year, according to satellite imagery analysis from the Open Source Centre, a non-profit research group based in the UK.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The oil is payment for the weapons and troops Pyongyang has sent Moscow to fuel its war in Ukraine, leading experts and UK Foreign Secretary, David Lammy, have told the BBC.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The oil is payment for the weapons and troops Pyongyang has sent Moscow to fuel its war in Ukraine, leading experts and UK Foreign Secretary, David Lammy, have told the BBC.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These transfers violate UN sanctions, which ban countries from selling oil to North Korea, except in small quantities, in an attempt to stifle its economy to prevent it from further developing nuclear weapons.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These transfers violate UN sanctions, which ban countries from selling oil to North Korea, except in small quantities, in an attempt to stifle its economy to prevent it from further developing nuclear weapons.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The satellite images, shared exclusively with the BBC, show more than a dozen different North Korean oil tankers arriving at an oil terminal in Russia’s Far East a total of 43 times over the past eight months. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The satellite images, shared exclusively with the BBC, show more than a dozen different North Korean oil tankers arriving at an oil terminal in Russia’s Far East a total of 43 times over the past eight months. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Further pictures, taken of the ships at sea, appear to show the tankers arriving empty, and leaving almost full.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Further pictures, taken of the ships at sea, appear to show the tankers arriving empty, and leaving almost full.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"North Korea is the only country in the world not allowed to buy oil on the open market. The number of barrels of refined petroleum it can receive is capped by the United Nations at 500,000 annually, well below the amount it needs.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"North Korea is the only country in the world not allowed to buy oil on the open market. The number of barrels of refined petroleum it can receive is \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"capped by the United Nations \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"capped by the United Nations \",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2397\",\"isExternal\":true}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"at 500,000 annually\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"at 500,000 annually\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2397\",\"isExternal\":true}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", well below the amount it needs.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Russia’s foreign ministry did not respond to our request for comment.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Russia’s foreign ministry did not respond to our request for comment.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"LIVE: Zelensky says world must respond to Russia's use of new type of missile in Ukraine\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"LIVE: Zelensky says world must respond to Russia's use of new type of missile in Ukraine\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"LIVE: Zelensky says world must respond to Russia's use of new type of missile in Ukraine\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"/news/live/cdj3kmel349t\",\"isExternal\":false}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"links\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"North Korean weapons are killing Ukrainians. The implications are far bigger\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"4 May\"}],\"url\":\"/news/world-asia-68933778\",\"service\":\"news\"}},{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"What we know about North Korean troops in Ukraine\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"18 November\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/cm2796pdm1lo\",\"service\":\"news\"}}],\"isAfterContent\":false}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The first oil transfer documented by the Open Source Centre in a new report, was on 7 March 2024, seven months after it first emerged Pyongyang was sending Moscow weapons. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The first oil transfer \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"documented by the Open Source Centre in a new report\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"documented by the Open Source Centre in a new report\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"https://stories.opensourcecentre.org/refined-tastes/\",\"isExternal\":true}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", was on 7 March 2024, seven months after it first emerged Pyongyang was sending Moscow weapons. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The shipments have continued as thousands of North Korean troops are reported to have been sent to Russia to fight, with the last one recorded on 5 November.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The shipments have continued as \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"thousands of North Korean troops\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"thousands of North Korean troops\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"/news/articles/c3vkqwe9wwdo\",\"isExternal\":false}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" are reported to have been sent to Russia to fight, with the last one recorded on 5 November.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“While Kim Jong Un is providing Vladimir Putin with a lifeline to continue his war, Russia is quietly providing North Korea with a lifeline of its own,” says Joe Byrne from the Open Source Centre. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“While Kim Jong Un is providing Vladimir Putin with a lifeline to continue his war, Russia is quietly providing North Korea with a lifeline of its own,” says Joe Byrne from the Open Source Centre. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“This steady flow of oil gives North Korea a level of stability it hasn’t had since these sanctions were introduced.”\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“This steady flow of oil gives North Korea a level of stability it hasn’t had since these sanctions were introduced.”\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Four former members of a UN panel responsible for tracking the sanctions on North Korea have told the BBC the transfers are a consequence of increasing ties between Moscow and Pyongyang.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Four former members of a UN panel responsible for tracking the sanctions on North Korea have told the BBC the transfers are a consequence of increasing ties between Moscow and Pyongyang.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“These transfers are fuelling Putin’s war machine – this is oil for missiles, oil for artillery and now oil for soldiers,” says Hugh Griffiths, who led the panel from 2014 to 2019.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“These transfers are fuelling Putin’s war machine – this is oil for missiles, oil for artillery and now oil for soldiers,” says Hugh Griffiths, who led the panel from 2014 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Diesel and petrol are used to transport missile launchers and troops around the country, run munitions factories and fuel the cars of Pyongyang’s elite.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While most people in North Korea rely on coal for their daily lives, oil is essential for running the country’s military. Diesel and petrol are used to transport missile launchers and troops around the country, run munitions factories and fuel the cars of Pyongyang’s elite.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 500,000 barrels North Korea is allowed to receive fall far short of the nine million it consumes – meaning that since the cap was introduced in 2017, the country has been forced to buy oil illicitly from criminal networks to make up this deficit.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 500,000 barrels North Korea is allowed to receive fall far short of the nine million it consumes – meaning that since the cap was introduced in 2017, the country has been forced to \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"buy oil illicitly from criminal networks\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"buy oil illicitly from criminal networks\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S%202024%20215.pdf\",\"isExternal\":true}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" to make up this deficit.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This involves transferring the oil between ships out at sea – a risky, expensive and time-consuming business, according to Dr Go Myong-hyun, a senior research fellow at South Korea’s Institute for National Security Strategy, which is linked to the country’s spy agency.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This involves transferring the oil between ships out at sea – a risky, expensive and time-consuming business, according to Dr Go Myong-hyun, a senior research fellow at South Korea’s Institute for National Security Strategy, which is linked to the country’s spy agency.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“Now Kim Jong Un is getting oil directly, it’s likely better quality, and chances are he’s getting it for free, as quid pro quo for supplying munitions. What could be better than that?\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“Now Kim Jong Un is getting oil directly, it’s likely better quality, and chances are he’s getting it for free, as quid pro quo for supplying munitions. 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worth of oil.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Cloud cover means the researchers cannot get a clear image of the port every day.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Cloud cover means the researchers cannot get a clear image of the port every day.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“The whole of August was cloudy, so we weren’t able to document a single trip,” Mr Byrne says, leading his team to believe that one million barrels is a “baseline” figure.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“The whole of August was cloudy, so we weren’t able to document a single trip,” Mr Byrne says, leading his team to believe that one million barrels is a “baseline” figure.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"A chart showing the estimated amount of refined oil Russia gave North Korea each month, based on the tankers being 90% 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\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This means they should have been impounded upon entering Russian waters.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This means they should have been impounded upon entering Russian waters.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But in March 2024, three weeks after the first oil transfer was documented, Russia disbanded the UN panel responsible for monitoring sanctions violations, by using its veto at the UN Security Council.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But in March 2024, three weeks after the first oil transfer was documented, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Russia disbanded the UN panel\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Russia disbanded the UN panel\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"/news/world-asia-68691417\",\"isExternal\":false}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" responsible for monitoring sanctions violations, by using its veto at the UN Security Council.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ashley Hess, who was working on the panel up until its collapse, says they saw evidence the transfers had started. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ashley Hess, who was working on the panel up until its collapse, says they saw evidence the transfers had started. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“We were tracking some of the ships and companies involved, but our work was stopped, possibly after they had already breached the 500,000-barrel cap”.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“We were tracking some of the ships and companies involved, but our work was stopped, possibly after they had already breached the 500,000-barrel cap”.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Eric Penton-Voak, who led the group from 2021-2023, says the Russian members on the panel tried to censor its work. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Eric Penton-Voak, who led the group from 2021-2023, says the Russian members on the panel tried to censor its work. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“Now the panel is gone, they can simply ignore the rules,” he adds. “The fact that Russia is now encouraging these ships to visit its ports and load up with oil shows a new level of contempt for these sanctions.”\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“Now the panel is gone, they can simply ignore the rules,” he adds. “The fact that Russia is now encouraging these ships to visit its ports and load up with oil shows a new level of contempt for these sanctions.”\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Mr Penton-Voak, who is on the board of the Open Source Centre, thinks the problem runs much deeper. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Mr Penton-Voak, who is on the board of the Open Source Centre, thinks the problem runs much deeper. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“You now have these autocratic regimes increasingly working together to help one another achieve whatever it is they want, and ignoring the wishes of the international community.” \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“You now have these autocratic regimes increasingly working together to help one another achieve whatever it is they want, and ignoring the wishes of the international community.” \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This is an “increasingly dangerous” playbook, he argues. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This is an “increasingly dangerous” playbook, he argues. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“The last thing you want is a North Korean tactical nuclear weapon turning up in Iran, for instance.”\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“The last thing you want is a North Korean tactical nuclear weapon turning up in Iran, for instance.”\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oil the tip of the iceberg?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oil the tip of the iceberg?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Oil-the-tip-of-the-iceberg\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As Kim Jong 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Kursk region, where intelligence reports indicate they are now engaged in battle.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More recently, Putin and Kim signed a defence pact, leading to thousands of North Korean troops being sent to Russia’s Kursk region, where intelligence reports indicate they are now engaged in battle.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The South Korean government has told the BBC it would “sternly respond to the violation of the UN Security Council resolutions by Russia and North Korea”.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The South Korean government has told the BBC it would “sternly respond to the violation of the UN Security Council resolutions by Russia and North Korea”.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its biggest worry is that Moscow will provide Pyongyang with technology to improve its spy satellites and ballistic missiles. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its biggest worry is that Moscow will provide Pyongyang with technology to improve its spy satellites and ballistic missiles. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Last month, Seoul’s defence minister, Kim Yong-hyun, stated there was a “high chance” North Korea was asking for such help.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Last month, Seoul’s defence minister, Kim Yong-hyun, stated there was \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a “high chance” North Korea was asking for such help\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a “high chance” North Korea was asking for such help\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241031000800315\",\"isExternal\":true}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“If you’re sending your people to die in a foreign war, a million barrels of oil is just not sufficient reward,” Dr Go says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“If you’re sending your people to die in a foreign war, a million barrels of oil is just not sufficient reward,” Dr Go says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrei Lankov, an expert in North Korea-Russia relations at Seoul’s Kookmin University, agrees. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrei Lankov, an expert in North Korea-Russia relations at Seoul’s Kookmin University, agrees. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“I used to think it was not in Russia’s interest to share military technology, but perhaps its calculus has changed. The Russians need these troops, and this gives the North Koreans more leverage.”\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"“I used to think it was not in Russia’s interest to share military technology, but perhaps its calculus has changed. 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