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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-GB" class="no-js"><head><meta charSet="utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title data-rh="true">North Korean weapons are killing Ukrainians. 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(max-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;padding:0;margin-top:-0.25rem;width:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover 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18.75rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js 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(min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:8.5rem;text-align:left;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:2rem;height:2rem;vertical-align:-0.6875rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;vertical-align:-0.5625rem;}}.ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;}}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 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1);}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct#more-menu-button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:3rem;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus 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active){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media ( min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}}.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#000000;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;color:#000000;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media ( min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li{padding-right:1.25rem;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#141414;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' 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(text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;-webkit-transition:text-decoration 0.2s;transition:text-decoration 0.2s;}}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:hover,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:active{cursor:pointer;background:#0051AD;color:#FFFFFF;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:hover .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:active .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:2px solid currentcolor;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:hover .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:active .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;}}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1hfawy1-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.125rem;height:1.125rem;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:middle;}.ssrcss-12njlvq-ProductNavigationContainer{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;position:relative;}.ssrcss-1fa1ju1-Masthead{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;background:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-as2ggt-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #DB7F7F;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-wlpshj-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #B80000;}.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 .eis6szr1{border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0.0625rem;border-right-color:#DB7F7F;}}.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer{position:absolute;right:0.5rem;top:0.25rem;background-color:transparent;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer{top:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591{border:0.0625rem solid;border-color:#DB7F7F;}.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover,.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus,.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active{color:#141414;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-color:transparent;}.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;padding:0.5rem;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#B80000;border:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.75rem;}}}.ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-0.5rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}}.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{min-height:2.75rem;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#E6E8EA;}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 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Ukrainians. The implications are far bigger</h1><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1"><time data-testid="timestamp" dateTime="2024-05-04T22:06:02.000Z"><span data-testid="time-and-date:clock" class="ssrcss-1mh4yp1-IconContainer e4wm5bw0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m0-2.7C9 28.3 3.7 23 3.7 16S9 3.7 16 3.7 28.3 9 28.3 16 23 28.3 16 28.3m6.2-6.7 1-1.5-5.7-4.5-.6-8.6H15l-.7 10.5z"></path></svg></span>4 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class="ssrcss-113c0cq-StyledTagContainer ed0g1kj1"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Related topics</span><div class="ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="/news/topics/c1vw6q14rzqt" class="ssrcss-w6az1r-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">War in Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></div></header><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1lw0zz9-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="North Korean missile in Ukraine" loading="eager" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/5737/production/_133272322_de73ea88-bc5f-4b4a-b115-af0f456fa31c.jpg 976w" width="976" height="549" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Conflict Armament Research</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1kk6ucf-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">An unusual-looking wreckage that holds many clues</p></div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="byline-block" class="ssrcss-1hbb5i-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e8mq1e917"><div class="ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e8mq1e916"><div class="ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e8mq1e913"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e8mq1e96">By Jean Mackenzie</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e8mq1e910">Seoul correspondent</div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e8mq1e915"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">On 2 January, a young Ukrainian weapons inspector, Khrystyna Kimachuk, got word that an unusual-looking missile had crashed into a building in the city of Kharkiv. She began calling her contacts in the Ukrainian military, desperate to get her hands on it. Within a week, she had the mangled debris splayed out in front of her at a secure location in the capital Kyiv.</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">She began taking it apart and photographing every piece, including the screws and computer chips smaller than her fingernails. She could tell almost immediately this was not a Russian missile, but her challenge was to prove it.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Buried amidst the mess of metal and spouting wires, Ms Kimachuk spotted a tiny character from the Korean alphabet. Then she came across a more telling detail. The number 112 had been stamped onto parts of the shell. This corresponds to the year 2023 in the North Korean calendar. She realised she was looking at the first piece of hard evidence that North Korean weapons were being used to attack her country. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;We&#x27;d heard they had delivered some weapons to Russia, but I could see it, touch it, investigate it, in a way no-one had been able to do before. This was very exciting&quot;, she told me over the phone from Kyiv.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Since then, the Ukrainian military says dozens of North Korean missiles have been fired by Russia into its territory. They have killed at least 24 people and injured more than 70.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/world-asia-68052515" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">For all the recent talk of Kim Jong Un preparing to start a nuclear war,</a> the more immediate threat is now North Korea&#x27;s ability to fuel existing wars and feed global instability.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Ms Kimachuk works for Conflict Armament Research (CAR), an organisation that retrieves weapons used in war, to work out how they were made. But it wasn&#x27;t until after she had finished photographing the wreckage of the missile and her team analysed its hundreds of components, that the most jaw-dropping revelation came.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It was bursting with the latest foreign technology. Most of the electronic parts had been manufactured in the US and Europe over the past few years. There was even a US computer chip made as recently as March 2023. This meant that North Korea had illicitly procured vital weapons components, snuck them into the country, assembled the missile, and shipped it to Russia in secret, where it had then been transported to the frontline and fired - all in a matter of months.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;This was the biggest surprise, that despite being under severe sanctions for almost two decades, North Korea is still managing to get its hands on all it needs to make its weapons, and with extraordinary speed,&quot; said Damien Spleeters, the deputy director at CAR.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-k1cmc6-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic of parts of North Korean weapon in Ukraine" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 976w" width="1280" height="1690" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Over in London, Joseph Byrne, a North Korea expert at the defence think tank the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), was equally stunned. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;I never thought I would see North Korean ballistic missiles being used to kill people on European soil,&quot; he said. He and his team at RUSI have been tracking the shipment of North Korean weapons to Russia ever since Mr Kim met his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin in Russia in September of last year to strike a suspected arms deal.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Using satellite imagery, they have been able to observe four Russian cargo ships shuttling back and forth between North Korea and a Russian military port, loaded with hundreds of containers at a time. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In total RUSI estimates 7,000 containers have been sent, filled with more than a million ammunition shells and grad rockets - the sort that can be fired out of trucks in large volleys. Their assessments are backed up by intelligence from the US, UK and South Korea, though Russia and North Korea have denied the trade.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1105681-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic shows path of North Korean missiles to Russia" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 976w" width="1280" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;These shells and rockets are some of the most sought-after things in the world today and are allowing Russia to keep pounding Ukrainian cities at a time when the US and Europe have been faltering over what weapons to contribute,&quot; Mr Byrne said.</p></div></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Buying-and-firing-" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Buying and firing </span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But it is the arrival of ballistic missiles on the battlefield that has concerned Mr Byrne and his colleagues the most, because of what they reveal about North Korea&#x27;s weapons programme.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Since the 1980s North Korea has sold its weapons abroad, largely to countries in the North Africa and the Middle East, including Libya, Syria and Iran. They have tended to be old, Soviet-style missiles with a poor reputation. There is evidence that Hamas fighters likely used some of Pyongyang&#x27;s old rocket-propelled grenades in their attack last 7 October.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1x9m6ni-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/world-europe-66784830" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Putin and Kim: Friends in need (of ammunition)</a></p></li><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/world-europe-62002218" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">What weapons are being supplied to Ukraine?</a></p></li><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/world-asia-41174689" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">What missiles has North Korea been testing?</a></p></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But the missile fired on 2 January, that Ms Kimachuk took apart, was seemingly Pyongyang&#x27;s most sophisticated short-range missile - the Hwasong 11 - capable of travelling up to 700km (435 miles). </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Although the Ukrainians have downplayed their accuracy, Dr Jeffrey Lewis, an expert in North Korean weapons and non-proliferation at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, says they appear to be not much worse than the Russian missiles.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The advantage of these missiles is that they are extremely cheap, explained Dr Lewis. This means you can buy more and fire more, in the hope of overwhelming air defences, which is exactly what the Russians appear to be doing. </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-uch4mg-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic of North Korean factory making ballistic missiles" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 976w" width="1280" height="934" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This then raises the question of how many of these missiles the North Koreans can produce. The South Korean government recently observed North Korea has sent 6,700 containers of munitions to Russia, it says that Pyongyang&#x27;s weapons factories were operating at full-tilt, and Dr Lewis, who has been studying these factories through satellites, reckons they can churn out a few hundred a year.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Still reeling from their discovery, Mr Spleeters and his team are now trying to work out how this is possible, given that companies are banned from selling parts to North Korea. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Many of the computer chips that are integral to modern weapons, that guide them through the air to their intended targets, are the same chips that are used to power our phones, washing machines and cars, Mr Spleeters explained.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">These are being sold all over the world in staggering numbers. Manufacturers sell to distributors in their billions, who sell them on in their millions, meaning they often have no idea where their products end up.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Even so, Mr Byrne was frustrated to learn how many components in the missile had come from the West. It proved that North Korea&#x27;s procurement networks were more robust and effective than even he, who investigates these networks, had realised. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">From his experience, North Koreans based overseas set up fake companies in Hong Kong or other central Asian countries to buy the items using predominantly stolen cash. They then send the products onto North Korea, usually over its border with China. If a fake company is discovered and sanctioned, another will quickly pop up in its place.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Sanctions have long been considered an imperfect tool to combat these networks, but to have any hope of working they need to be regularly updated and enforced. Both Russia and China have refused to impose new sanctions on North Korea since 2017. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">By buying Pyongyang&#x27;s weapons, Moscow is now violating the very sanctions it once voted for as a member of the UN Security Council. Then earlier this year it effectively disbanded a UN panel that monitored sanctions breaches, likely to avoid scrutiny. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;We are witnessing the real-time crumbling of UN sanctions against North Korea, which buys Pyongyang a lot of breathing space&quot;, Mr Byrne said. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">All this has implications that reach far beyond the war in Ukraine.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;The real winners here are the North Koreans&quot;, said Mr Byrne. &quot;They have helped the Russians in a significant way, and this has bought them a tonne of leverage&quot;. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In March, RUSI documented large amounts of oil being shipped from Russia to North Korea, while railcars filled with what are thought to be rice and flour have been spotted crossing the countries&#x27; land border. This deal, thought to be worth hundreds of millions of pounds, will boost not only Pyongyang&#x27;s economy, but its military.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-uch4mg-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic of Tumangang freight terminal" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 976w" width="1280" height="934" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Russia could also supply the North with the raw materials to continue making its missiles, or even military equipment such a fighter jets, and - at the most extreme end - the technical assistance to improve its nuclear weapons.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Additionally, the North is getting the chance to test its latest missiles in a real-war scenario for the first time. With this valuable data, it will be able to make them better.</p></div></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Pyongyang-A-major-missile-supplier" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Pyongyang: A major missile supplier?</span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">More troubling still is that the war is providing North Korea with a shop window to the rest of the world. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Now that Pyongyang is mass producing these weapons, it will want to sell them to more countries, and if the missiles are good enough for Russia, they will be good enough for others, said Dr Lewis - especially as the Russians are setting the example that it is okay to violate sanctions. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">He predicts going forward that North Korea will become a big supplier of missiles to countries in the China-Russia-Iran bloc. In the wake of Iran&#x27;s assault on Israel this month, the US said it was &quot;incredibly concerned&quot; that North Korea could be working with Iran on its nuclear and ballistic weapons programmes.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;I see a lot of gloomy faces when we talk about this problem,&quot; said Mr Spleeters. &quot;But the good news is that now we know how reliant they are on foreign technology, we can do something about it&quot;. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Mr Spleeters is optimistic that by working with manufacturers they can cut off North Korea&#x27;s supply chains. His team has already succeeded in identifying and shutting down an illicit network before it was able to complete a critical sale.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But Dr Lewis is not convinced. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">&quot;We can make it harder, more inconvenient, maybe raise the cost, but none of this is going to prevent North Korea from making these weapons,&quot; he said, adding that the West had ultimately failed in its attempt to contain the rogue state. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Now not only are its missiles a source of prestige and political power, but they are also generating it vast amounts of money, Dr Lewis explained. So why would Kim Jong Un ever give them up now? </p></div></div><div data-component="topic-list" class="ssrcss-1qmkvfu-TopicListWrapper etw6iwl1"><div class="ssrcss-113c0cq-StyledTagContainer ed0g1kj1"><div class="ssrcss-50vlbt-TopicListHeaderWrapper etw6iwl0"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">Related topics</h2></div><div class="ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="/news/topics/c1vw6q14rzqt" class="ssrcss-w6az1r-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">War in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/news/topics/c5rznn0nvvyt" class="ssrcss-w6az1r-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Asia</a></li><li><a href="/news/topics/cywd23g0gz5t" class="ssrcss-w6az1r-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">North Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="links-block" class="ssrcss-5i1hhv-LinksComponentWrapper e3eyuya0"><section class="ssrcss-msolhr-LinksWrapper e3eyuya5"><div class="ssrcss-1lqqmgw-LinksHeadingWrapper e3eyuya4"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">More on this story</h2></div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ypkflt-EndOfContentLinksGrid e3eyuya2"><li class="ssrcss-547yr3-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-15ic1ob-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints et5qctl0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/world-europe-62002218" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">What weapons are countries giving Ukraine?</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden 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class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">24 April</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/FEE8/production/_128365256_weapons_promo_v2.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/FEE8/production/_128365256_weapons_promo_v2.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/FEE8/production/_128365256_weapons_promo_v2.png.webp 480w, 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class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">5 January</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/120FC/production/_132208937_5b8aea237121a3e6a7c0508b0b0110e0827409d00_0_6000_40001000x667.jpg.webp 240w, 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class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/7496/production/_131064892_9fdbc6ac954b1ce2414cadcf73bf8624c9447f18.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/7496/production/_131064892_9fdbc6ac954b1ce2414cadcf73bf8624c9447f18.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/7496/production/_131064892_9fdbc6ac954b1ce2414cadcf73bf8624c9447f18.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/7496/production/_131064892_9fdbc6ac954b1ce2414cadcf73bf8624c9447f18.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/7496/production/_131064892_9fdbc6ac954b1ce2414cadcf73bf8624c9447f18.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/7496/production/_131064892_9fdbc6ac954b1ce2414cadcf73bf8624c9447f18.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong 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class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-547yr3-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-15ic1ob-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1m4lri3-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints et5qctl0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/uk-68505383" class="ssrcss-1mrs5ns-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">The hidden village just metres from North Korea</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">12 March</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/6618/production/_132863162_promo-0h9a3551.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/6618/production/_132863162_promo-0h9a3551.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/6618/production/_132863162_promo-0h9a3551.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/6618/production/_132863162_promo-0h9a3551.jpg.webp 624w, 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class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">29 November 2023</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/529C/production/_131884112_kimglobe.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/529C/production/_131884112_kimglobe.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/529C/production/_131884112_kimglobe.png.webp 480w, 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She began calling her contacts in the Ukrainian military, desperate to get her hands on it. Within a week, she had the mangled debris splayed out in front of her at a secure location in the capital Kyiv.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"On 2 January, a young Ukrainian weapons inspector, Khrystyna Kimachuk, got word that an unusual-looking missile had crashed into a building in the city of Kharkiv. She began calling her contacts in the Ukrainian military, desperate to get her hands on it. Within a week, she had the mangled debris splayed out in front of her at a secure location in the capital Kyiv.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"She began taking it apart and photographing every piece, including the screws and computer chips smaller than her fingernails. She could tell almost immediately this was not a Russian missile, but her challenge was to prove it.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"She began taking it apart and photographing every piece, including the screws and computer chips smaller than her fingernails. She could tell almost immediately this was not a Russian missile, but her challenge was to prove it.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Buried amidst the mess of metal and spouting wires, Ms Kimachuk spotted a tiny character from the Korean alphabet. Then she came across a more telling detail. The number 112 had been stamped onto parts of the shell. This corresponds to the year 2023 in the North Korean calendar. She realised she was looking at the first piece of hard evidence that North Korean weapons were being used to attack her country. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Buried amidst the mess of metal and spouting wires, Ms Kimachuk spotted a tiny character from the Korean alphabet. Then she came across a more telling detail. The number 112 had been stamped onto parts of the shell. This corresponds to the year 2023 in the North Korean calendar. She realised she was looking at the first piece of hard evidence that North Korean weapons were being used to attack her country. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We'd heard they had delivered some weapons to Russia, but I could see it, touch it, investigate it, in a way no-one had been able to do before. This was very exciting\\\", she told me over the phone from Kyiv.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We'd heard they had delivered some weapons to Russia, but I could see it, touch it, investigate it, in a way no-one had been able to do before. This was very exciting\\\", she told me over the phone from Kyiv.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since then, the Ukrainian military says dozens of North Korean missiles have been fired by Russia into its territory. They have killed at least 24 people and injured more than 70.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since then, the Ukrainian military says dozens of North Korean missiles have been fired by Russia into its territory. They have killed at least 24 people and injured more than 70.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For all the recent talk of Kim Jong Un preparing to start a nuclear war, the more immediate threat is now North Korea's ability to fuel existing wars and feed global instability.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For all the recent talk of Kim Jong Un preparing to start a nuclear war,\",\"locator\":\"/news/world-asia-68052515\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For all the recent talk of Kim Jong Un preparing to start a nuclear war,\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" the more immediate threat is now North Korea's ability to fuel existing wars and feed global instability.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ms Kimachuk works for Conflict Armament Research (CAR), an organisation that retrieves weapons used in war, to work out how they were made. But it wasn't until after she had finished photographing the wreckage of the missile and her team analysed its hundreds of components, that the most jaw-dropping revelation came.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ms Kimachuk works for Conflict Armament Research (CAR), an organisation that retrieves weapons used in war, to work out how they were made. But it wasn't until after she had finished photographing the wreckage of the missile and her team analysed its hundreds of components, that the most jaw-dropping revelation came.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was bursting with the latest foreign technology. Most of the electronic parts had been manufactured in the US and Europe over the past few years. There was even a US computer chip made as recently as March 2023. This meant that North Korea had illicitly procured vital weapons components, snuck them into the country, assembled the missile, and shipped it to Russia in secret, where it had then been transported to the frontline and fired - all in a matter of months.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was bursting with the latest foreign technology. Most of the electronic parts had been manufactured in the US and Europe over the past few years. There was even a US computer chip made as recently as March 2023. This meant that North Korea had illicitly procured vital weapons components, snuck them into the country, assembled the missile, and shipped it to Russia in secret, where it had then been transported to the frontline and fired - all in a matter of months.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"This was the biggest surprise, that despite being under severe sanctions for almost two decades, North Korea is still managing to get its hands on all it needs to make its weapons, and with extraordinary speed,\\\" said Damien Spleeters, the deputy director at CAR.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"This was the biggest surprise, that despite being under severe sanctions for almost two decades, North Korea is still managing to get its hands on all it needs to make its weapons, and with extraordinary speed,\\\" said Damien Spleeters, the deputy director at CAR.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic of parts of North Korean weapon in Ukraine\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":1690,\"width\":1280,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/A557/production/_133272324_north_korea_112weapons_to_russia_01_640v8-nc.png 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over in London, Joseph Byrne, a North Korea expert at the defence think tank the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), was equally stunned. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over in London, Joseph Byrne, a North Korea expert at the defence think tank the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), was equally stunned. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I never thought I would see North Korean ballistic missiles being used to kill people on European soil,\\\" he said. He and his team at RUSI have been tracking the shipment of North Korean weapons to Russia ever since Mr Kim met his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin in Russia in September of last year to strike a suspected arms deal.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I never thought I would see North Korean ballistic missiles being used to kill people on European soil,\\\" he said. He and his team at RUSI have been tracking the shipment of North Korean weapons to Russia ever since Mr Kim met his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin in Russia in September of last year to strike a suspected arms deal.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Using satellite imagery, they have been able to observe four Russian cargo ships shuttling back and forth between North Korea and a Russian military port, loaded with hundreds of containers at a time. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Using satellite imagery, they have been able to observe four Russian cargo ships shuttling back and forth between North Korea and a Russian military port, loaded with hundreds of containers at a time. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In total RUSI estimates 7,000 containers have been sent, filled with more than a million ammunition shells and grad rockets - the sort that can be fired out of trucks in large volleys. Their assessments are backed up by intelligence from the US, UK and South Korea, though Russia and North Korea have denied the trade.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In total RUSI estimates 7,000 containers have been sent, filled with more than a million ammunition shells and grad rockets - the sort that can be fired out of trucks in large volleys. Their assessments are backed up by intelligence from the US, UK and South Korea, though Russia and North Korea have denied the trade.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic shows path of North Korean missiles to Russia\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":1280,\"width\":1280,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/CC67/production/_133272325_north_korea_russia_map_640-ncv6-nc.png 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"These shells and rockets are some of the most sought-after things in the world today and are allowing Russia to keep pounding Ukrainian cities at a time when the US and Europe have been faltering over what weapons to contribute,\\\" Mr Byrne said.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"These shells and rockets are some of the most sought-after things in the world today and are allowing Russia to keep pounding Ukrainian cities at a time when the US and Europe have been faltering over what weapons to contribute,\\\" Mr Byrne said.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Buying and firing \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Buying and firing \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Buying-and-firing-\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it is the arrival of ballistic missiles on the battlefield that has concerned Mr Byrne and his colleagues the most, because of what they reveal about North Korea's weapons programme.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it is the arrival of ballistic missiles on the battlefield that has concerned Mr Byrne and his colleagues the most, because of what they reveal about North Korea's weapons programme.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since the 1980s North Korea has sold its weapons abroad, largely to countries in the North Africa and the Middle East, including Libya, Syria and Iran. They have tended to be old, Soviet-style missiles with a poor reputation. There is evidence that Hamas fighters likely used some of Pyongyang's old rocket-propelled grenades in their attack last 7 October.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since the 1980s North Korea has sold its weapons abroad, largely to countries in the North Africa and the Middle East, including Libya, Syria and Iran. They have tended to be old, Soviet-style missiles with a poor reputation. There is evidence that Hamas fighters likely used some of Pyongyang's old rocket-propelled grenades in their attack last 7 October.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin and Kim: Friends in need (of ammunition)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin and Kim: Friends in need (of ammunition)\",\"locator\":\"/news/world-europe-66784830\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin and Kim: Friends in need (of ammunition)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What weapons are being supplied to Ukraine?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What weapons are being supplied to Ukraine?\",\"locator\":\"/news/world-europe-62002218\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What weapons are being supplied to Ukraine?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What missiles has North Korea been testing?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What missiles has North Korea been testing?\",\"locator\":\"/news/world-asia-41174689\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What missiles has North Korea been testing?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the missile fired on 2 January, that Ms Kimachuk took apart, was seemingly Pyongyang's most sophisticated short-range missile - the Hwasong 11 - capable of travelling up to 700km (435 miles). \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the missile fired on 2 January, that Ms Kimachuk took apart, was seemingly Pyongyang's most sophisticated short-range missile - the Hwasong 11 - capable of travelling up to 700km (435 miles). \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Although the Ukrainians have downplayed their accuracy, Dr Jeffrey Lewis, an expert in North Korean weapons and non-proliferation at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, says they appear to be not much worse than the Russian missiles.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Although the Ukrainians have downplayed their accuracy, Dr Jeffrey Lewis, an expert in North Korean weapons and non-proliferation at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, says they appear to be not much worse than the Russian missiles.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The advantage of these missiles is that they are extremely cheap, explained Dr Lewis. This means you can buy more and fire more, in the hope of overwhelming air defences, which is exactly what the Russians appear to be doing. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The advantage of these missiles is that they are extremely cheap, explained Dr Lewis. This means you can buy more and fire more, in the hope of overwhelming air defences, which is exactly what the Russians appear to be doing. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic of North Korean factory making ballistic missiles\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":934,\"width\":1280,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/1805B/production/_133259389_north_korea_factory_map_04_640v4-2x-nc.png 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This then raises the question of how many of these missiles the North Koreans can produce. The South Korean government recently observed North Korea has sent 6,700 containers of munitions to Russia, it says that Pyongyang's weapons factories were operating at full-tilt, and Dr Lewis, who has been studying these factories through satellites, reckons they can churn out a few hundred a year.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This then raises the question of how many of these missiles the North Koreans can produce. The South Korean government recently observed North Korea has sent 6,700 containers of munitions to Russia, it says that Pyongyang's weapons factories were operating at full-tilt, and Dr Lewis, who has been studying these factories through satellites, reckons they can churn out a few hundred a year.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Still reeling from their discovery, Mr Spleeters and his team are now trying to work out how this is possible, given that companies are banned from selling parts to North Korea. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Still reeling from their discovery, Mr Spleeters and his team are now trying to work out how this is possible, given that companies are banned from selling parts to North Korea. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many of the computer chips that are integral to modern weapons, that guide them through the air to their intended targets, are the same chips that are used to power our phones, washing machines and cars, Mr Spleeters explained.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many of the computer chips that are integral to modern weapons, that guide them through the air to their intended targets, are the same chips that are used to power our phones, washing machines and cars, Mr Spleeters explained.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These are being sold all over the world in staggering numbers. Manufacturers sell to distributors in their billions, who sell them on in their millions, meaning they often have no idea where their products end up.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These are being sold all over the world in staggering numbers. Manufacturers sell to distributors in their billions, who sell them on in their millions, meaning they often have no idea where their products end up.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even so, Mr Byrne was frustrated to learn how many components in the missile had come from the West. It proved that North Korea's procurement networks were more robust and effective than even he, who investigates these networks, had realised. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even so, Mr Byrne was frustrated to learn how many components in the missile had come from the West. It proved that North Korea's procurement networks were more robust and effective than even he, who investigates these networks, had realised. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"From his experience, North Koreans based overseas set up fake companies in Hong Kong or other central Asian countries to buy the items using predominantly stolen cash. They then send the products onto North Korea, usually over its border with China. If a fake company is discovered and sanctioned, another will quickly pop up in its place.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"From his experience, North Koreans based overseas set up fake companies in Hong Kong or other central Asian countries to buy the items using predominantly stolen cash. They then send the products onto North Korea, usually over its border with China. If a fake company is discovered and sanctioned, another will quickly pop up in its place.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sanctions have long been considered an imperfect tool to combat these networks, but to have any hope of working they need to be regularly updated and enforced. Both Russia and China have refused to impose new sanctions on North Korea since 2017. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sanctions have long been considered an imperfect tool to combat these networks, but to have any hope of working they need to be regularly updated and enforced. Both Russia and China have refused to impose new sanctions on North Korea since 2017. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By buying Pyongyang's weapons, Moscow is now violating the very sanctions it once voted for as a member of the UN Security Council. Then earlier this year it effectively disbanded a UN panel that monitored sanctions breaches, likely to avoid scrutiny. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By buying Pyongyang's weapons, Moscow is now violating the very sanctions it once voted for as a member of the UN Security Council. Then earlier this year it effectively disbanded a UN panel that monitored sanctions breaches, likely to avoid scrutiny. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We are witnessing the real-time crumbling of UN sanctions against North Korea, which buys Pyongyang a lot of breathing space\\\", Mr Byrne said. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We are witnessing the real-time crumbling of UN sanctions against North Korea, which buys Pyongyang a lot of breathing space\\\", Mr Byrne said. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All this has implications that reach far beyond the war in Ukraine.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All this has implications that reach far beyond the war in Ukraine.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The real winners here are the North Koreans\\\", said Mr Byrne. \\\"They have helped the Russians in a significant way, and this has bought them a tonne of leverage\\\". \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The real winners here are the North Koreans\\\", said Mr Byrne. \\\"They have helped the Russians in a significant way, and this has bought them a tonne of leverage\\\". \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In March, RUSI documented large amounts of oil being shipped from Russia to North Korea, while railcars filled with what are thought to be rice and flour have been spotted crossing the countries' land border. This deal, thought to be worth hundreds of millions of pounds, will boost not only Pyongyang's economy, but its military.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In March, RUSI documented large amounts of oil being shipped from Russia to North Korea, while railcars filled with what are thought to be rice and flour have been spotted crossing the countries' land border. This deal, thought to be worth hundreds of millions of pounds, will boost not only Pyongyang's economy, but its military.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic of Tumangang freight terminal\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":934,\"width\":1280,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/99E3/production/_133259393_north_korea_tumang_terminal_05_640v3-2x-nc.png 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Russia could also supply the North with the raw materials to continue making its missiles, or even military equipment such a fighter jets, and - at the most extreme end - the technical assistance to improve its nuclear weapons.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Russia could also supply the North with the raw materials to continue making its missiles, or even military equipment such a fighter jets, and - at the most extreme end - the technical assistance to improve its nuclear weapons.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Additionally, the North is getting the chance to test its latest missiles in a real-war scenario for the first time. With this valuable data, it will be able to make them better.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Additionally, the North is getting the chance to test its latest missiles in a real-war scenario for the first time. With this valuable data, it will be able to make them better.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pyongyang: A major missile supplier?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pyongyang: A major missile supplier?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Pyongyang-A-major-missile-supplier\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More troubling still is that the war is providing North Korea with a shop window to the rest of the world. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More troubling still is that the war is providing North Korea with a shop window to the rest of the world. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now that Pyongyang is mass producing these weapons, it will want to sell them to more countries, and if the missiles are good enough for Russia, they will be good enough for others, said Dr Lewis - especially as the Russians are setting the example that it is okay to violate sanctions. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now that Pyongyang is mass producing these weapons, it will want to sell them to more countries, and if the missiles are good enough for Russia, they will be good enough for others, said Dr Lewis - especially as the Russians are setting the example that it is okay to violate sanctions. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He predicts going forward that North Korea will become a big supplier of missiles to countries in the China-Russia-Iran bloc. In the wake of Iran's assault on Israel this month, the US said it was \\\"incredibly concerned\\\" that North Korea could be working with Iran on its nuclear and ballistic weapons programmes.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He predicts going forward that North Korea will become a big supplier of missiles to countries in the China-Russia-Iran bloc. In the wake of Iran's assault on Israel this month, the US said it was \\\"incredibly concerned\\\" that North Korea could be working with Iran on its nuclear and ballistic weapons programmes.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I see a lot of gloomy faces when we talk about this problem,\\\" said Mr Spleeters. \\\"But the good news is that now we know how reliant they are on foreign technology, we can do something about it\\\". \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I see a lot of gloomy faces when we talk about this problem,\\\" said Mr Spleeters. \\\"But the good news is that now we know how reliant they are on foreign technology, we can do something about it\\\". \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Spleeters is optimistic that by working with manufacturers they can cut off North Korea's supply chains. His team has already succeeded in identifying and shutting down an illicit network before it was able to complete a critical sale.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Spleeters is optimistic that by working with manufacturers they can cut off North Korea's supply chains. His team has already succeeded in identifying and shutting down an illicit network before it was able to complete a critical sale.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Dr Lewis is not convinced. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Dr Lewis is not convinced. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We can make it harder, more inconvenient, maybe raise the cost, but none of this is going to prevent North Korea from making these weapons,\\\" he said, adding that the West had ultimately failed in its attempt to contain the rogue state. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We can make it harder, more inconvenient, maybe raise the cost, but none of this is going to prevent North Korea from making these weapons,\\\" he said, adding that the West had ultimately failed in its attempt to contain the rogue state. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now not only are its missiles a source of prestige and political power, but they are also generating it vast amounts of money, Dr Lewis explained. So why would Kim Jong Un ever give them up now? \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now not only are its missiles a source of prestige and political power, but they are also generating it vast amounts of money, Dr Lewis explained. So why would Kim Jong Un ever give them up now? \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"topicList\",\"model\":{\"topics\":[{\"title\":\"War in Ukraine\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/c1vw6q14rzqt\",\"isEvent\":true},{\"title\":\"Asia\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/c5rznn0nvvyt\",\"isEvent\":false},{\"title\":\"North Korea\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cywd23g0gz5t\",\"isEvent\":false}]}},{\"type\":\"links\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"What weapons are countries giving Ukraine?\",\"image\":{\"alt\":\"An illustration of a tank with the Ukrainian flag in the background\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/14E7F/production/_128413658_tank_promo-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/14E7F/production/_128413658_tank_promo-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/14E7F/production/_128413658_tank_promo-nc.png.webp 320w, 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