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董仲舒 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。​[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。​[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表​[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论​[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-思想" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#思想"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>思想</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-思想-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关思想子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-思想-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宇宙論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宇宙論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>宇宙論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宇宙論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-天人關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天人關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>天人關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天人關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-陰陽五行" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#陰陽五行"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>陰陽五行</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-陰陽五行-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-治國之道" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#治國之道"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>治國之道</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-治國之道-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-正當性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#正當性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>正當性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-正當性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>政治制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-時政" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時政"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>時政</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時政-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-倫理道德" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#倫理道德"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>倫理道德</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-倫理道德-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>歷史哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-養生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#養生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>養生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-養生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>經學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教儀式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教儀式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>宗教儀式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教儀式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>文學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-傳說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>傳說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-評價與地位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#評價與地位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>評價與地位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-評價與地位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">董仲舒</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。29种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="دونغ تشونغشو – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دونغ تشونغشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%88" title="دونج زهونجشو – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دونج زهونجشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%98%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%88" title="دۆنگ ژۆنگشو – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆنگ ژۆنگشو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_%C4%8Cung-%C5%A1u" title="Tung Čung-šu – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tung Čung-šu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Csung-su" title="Tung Csung-su – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tung Csung-su" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%83%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տոն Ճոնշուն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոն Ճոնշուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="董仲舒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%A4%91%EC%84%9C" title="동중서 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동중서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%83" title="Дун Чжуншу – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дун Чжуншу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dong Zhongshu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD-%D1%88%D1%83" title="Дун Чжун-шу – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дун Чжун-шу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Th%C6%B0" title="Đổng Trọng Thư – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đổng Trọng Thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="董仲舒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungj_Cungsuh" title="Dungj Cungsuh – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dungj Cungsuh" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">董仲舒</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92_(Dong_Zhongshu).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92_%28Dong_Zhongshu%29.png/220px-%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92_%28Dong_Zhongshu%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92_%28Dong_Zhongshu%29.png/330px-%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92_%28Dong_Zhongshu%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92_%28Dong_Zhongshu%29.png/440px-%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92_%28Dong_Zhongshu%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">董仲舒畫像</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">不詳<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9D%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣川郡">廣川郡</a>(今河北<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%8E%BF" title="景县">景縣</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">不詳<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="長安">長安</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">国籍</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">知名作品</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%89%E7%AD%96" title="天人三策">天人三策</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>》、《士不遇賦》</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">时代</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="">漢代</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">地区</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="">中國</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">学派</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="nowrap">主要领域</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">政治思想</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="nowrap">著名思想</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94" title="天人相应">天人相應</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;"><div>受影响于</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a>、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="公羊傳">公羊傳</a>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;"><div>影响于</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%B7" title="司馬遷">司馬遷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a></li></ul> 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACC-s05667.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ACC-s05667.svg/60px-ACC-s05667.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ACC-s05667.svg/90px-ACC-s05667.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ACC-s05667.svg/120px-ACC-s05667.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="153" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">儒家思想</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">仁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9" title="義">義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E4%B9%90%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="礼乐制度">礼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="智">智</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A0%E4%BF%A1" title="誠信">信</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E7%9F%A5" title="良知">良知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86_(%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6)" title="天理 (儒家)">天理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8" title="中庸">中庸</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%B2%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" title="三纲五常">三纲五常</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%96%84%E7%AB%AF" title="四善端">四端</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%80%AB" title="五倫">五倫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%AB%E5%BE%B7" title="四维八德">四维八德</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%94%BF" title="仁政">仁政</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%95%99" title="礼教">名教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="宗法">宗法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E7%94%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="井田">井田</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%A9%E8%87%B4%E7%9F%A5" title="格物致知">格物致知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="知行合一">知行合一</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B" title="内圣外王">内圣外王</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C_(%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" title="大同 (思想)">大同</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%B5%B1" title="道統">道統</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聖賢">聖賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90" title="君子">君子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%81%93" title="王道">王道</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">先聖先哲</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A7" title="尧">尧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9C" title="舜">舜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%B9" title="禹">禹</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%B1%A4" title="商汤">商汤</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%96%87%E7%8E%8B" title="周文王">周文王</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A6%E7%8E%8B" title="周武王">周武王</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC%E6%97%A6" title="周公旦">周公</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a> <p><b>四配</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E5%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="顏回">顏回</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%AD%90" title="曾子">曾参</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="孔伋">孔伋</a> </p> <b>十二哲</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B5%E6%8D%9F" title="闵损">闵损</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%89%E9%9B%8D" title="冉雍">冉雍</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A1" title="子贡">端木赐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E8%B7%AF" title="子路">仲由</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E5%95%86" class="mw-redirect" title="卜商">卜商</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%A5" title="有若">有若</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E4%BA%88" title="宰予">宰予</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%89%E8%80%95" title="冉耕">冉耕</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%89%E6%B1%82" title="冉求">冉求</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E5%81%83" title="言偃">言偃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9B%E5%AD%99%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="颛孙师">颛孙师</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">古代儒者</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>中國</b><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">董仲舒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E4%BC%91" title="何休">何休</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E7%8E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭玄">鄭玄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%82%83_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)" title="王肃 (三国)">王肅</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%80%9A_(%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="王通 (隋朝)">王通</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="韓愈">韓愈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A1%A5" title="程顥">程顥</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A2%90" title="程颐">程颐</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E9%9B%8D" title="邵雍">邵雍</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="周敦頤">周敦頤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%BC%89_(%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="張載 (北宋)">張載</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E4%B9%9D%E6%B7%B5" title="陸九淵">陸九淵</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E8%A1%A1" title="许衡">许衡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E7%8D%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="陳獻章">陳獻章</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%99%BD%E6%98%8E" title="王陽明">王陽明</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E7%91%84" title="薛瑄">薛瑄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E5%9D%A4" title="吕坤">吕坤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%92%A6%E9%A1%BA" title="罗钦顺">罗钦顺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BE%E7%82%8E%E6%AD%A6" title="顾炎武">顾炎武</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B" title="王夫之">王夫之</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%AE%97%E7%BE%B2" title="黄宗羲">黄宗羲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="颜元">颜元</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E9%9C%87" title="戴震">戴震</a><br /> <p><b>日本</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%83%BA%E7%AA%A9" title="藤原惺窩">藤原惺窩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BE%85%E5%B1%B1" title="林羅山">林羅山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E9%B3%A9%E5%B7%A2" title="室鳩巢">室鳩巢</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%95%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%B3" title="新井白石">新井白石</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%A3%AE%E8%8A%B3%E6%B4%B2" title="雨森芳洲">雨森芳洲</a> </p><p><b>朝鮮</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E8%81%B0_(%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85)" title="薛聰 (新羅)">薛聰</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E8%BF%91" title="權近">權近</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%86%8D" title="吉再">吉再</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%8F%A6" title="安珦">安珦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%A9%A1" title="李穡">李穡</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%BB%89" title="李滉">李滉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BB%81_(%E5%84%92%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="王仁 (儒学学者)">王仁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%BD%8A%E8%B3%A2" title="李齊賢">李齊賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E6%A2%A6%E5%91%A8" title="郑梦周">郑梦周</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E9%81%93%E5%82%B3" title="鄭道傳">鄭道傳</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%94%E8%87%B4%E8%BF%9C" title="崔致远">崔致远</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%95%AC%E5%BE%B7" title="徐敬德">徐敬德</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%85%89%E7%A5%96" title="趙光祖">趙光祖</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BD%A6%E8%BF%AA" title="李彦迪">李彦迪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%80%80%E6%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="李退溪">李退溪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%A0%97%E8%B0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="李栗谷">李栗谷</a> </p><p><b>越南</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%96%87%E5%AE%89" title="朱文安">朱文安</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E7%A7%89%E8%AC%99" title="阮秉謙">阮秉謙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E5%BB%8C" title="阮廌">阮廌</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E8%B4%B5%E6%83%87" title="黎贵惇">黎贵惇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%96%87%E8%B6%85" title="阮文超">阮文超</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E6%99%82%E4%BB%BB" title="吳時任">吳時任</a> </p> <b>琉球</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E9%A0%86%E5%89%87" title="程順則">程順則</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E8%B1%A1%E8%B3%A2" title="向象賢">向象賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a 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title="经学">经学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E6%96%87%E7%BB%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="今文经学">今文经学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8" title="古文經學">古文經學</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="程朱理学">程朱理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">陆王心学</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="阳明学">阳明学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B4%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="朴学">朴学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="經世之學">經世之學</a><span 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title="馬一浮">馬一浮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%90%9B%E6%AF%85" title="唐君毅">唐君毅</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%89" title="牟宗三">牟宗三</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%8E" title="方東美">方東美</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%82" title="徐复观">徐复观</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" title="张君劢">张君劢</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E6%85%B6" title="蔣慶">蔣慶</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%B6%AD%E6%98%8E" title="杜維明">杜維明</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1" title="成中英">成中英</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E8%BF%B0%E5%85%88" title="劉述先">劉述先</a><br /><b>學派</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99" title="儒教">孔教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="學衡派">學衡派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="波士頓儒家">波士頓儒家</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">宗教場所</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>聖所</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9D%9B" title="天坛">天坛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%9B" title="地坛">地坛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%9D%9B" title="日坛">日月壇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A8%B7%E5%A3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="社稷壇">社稷壇</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BA%99" title="太庙">太庙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99" title="孔庙">孔庙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0%E7%83%88%E7%A5%A0" title="忠烈祠">忠烈祠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A0%E5%A0%82" title="祠堂">祠堂</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%91" title="国子监">国子监</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2" title="书院">书院</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E5%A1%BE" title="私塾">私塾</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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class="mw-redirect" title="喪禮">喪禮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%AB%E5%BE%92" title="師徒">拜師禮</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">信仰崇拜</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>神祇</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="自然崇拜">自然崇拜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="祖先崇拜">祖先崇拜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%9C%A1" title="八蜡">庶物崇拜</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聖賢">聖賢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0%E7%83%88%E7%A5%A0" title="忠烈祠">忠烈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="祖師">行業祖師</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">相关事项</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E8%89%BA" title="六艺">六艺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="孔子弟子列表">孔子弟子</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%9D%91%E5%84%92" title="焚书坑儒">焚书坑儒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E5%B0%8A%E5%84%92%E6%9C%AF" title="独尊儒术">独尊儒术</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E6%89%B9%E5%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="批林批孔">批林批孔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="Template:儒家"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="Template talk:儒家"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:儒家"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>董仲舒</b>(?—?),<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9D%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣川郡">廣川</a>(今河北省<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%8E%BF" title="景县">景縣</a>)人<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1</sup>,西漢時官員與學者,活躍於<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%AF%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢景帝">漢景帝</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>時期,曾任《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB_(%E5%AE%98%E8%81%B7)" title="博士 (官職)">博士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E9%99%B5%E9%83%A1" title="廣陵郡">江都國</a>相、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A1" title="胶西郡">膠西國</a>相。董仲舒向<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>呈上《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%89%E7%AD%96" title="天人三策">天人三策</a>》,提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>的治國藍圖,晚年閉門研究與著作,甚受朝廷重視,所作文章後世編為《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>》。董仲舒在儒學史上地位崇高,被視為漢代第一大儒,他建議罷黜百家,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%B0%8A%E5%84%92%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="獨尊儒術">獨尊儒術</a>,促進漢代以至後世儒學的興盛及主流化。然而董仲舒抑黜百家的主張,亦被今人批評為阻礙中國學術思想的發展。 </p><p>董仲舒以思想著稱,主要分成幾個方面:在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙論">宇宙論</a>方面,董仲舒相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>是至高無上的人格神與萬物之本,主宰自然;他提倡<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94" title="天人相应">天人相應</a>,天之道與人之道一致而相通,天是人倫道德與價值根源,儒家哲學本體。董仲舒是<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>說的集大成者,最早提出五行相生說,認為陰陽二氣充盈天地,推動四季變化。董仲舒給予儒家思想與價值觀以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙論">宇宙論</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上</a>基礎。在政治方面,提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>論,勸告君主施政須合乎<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>,推行<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%94%BF" title="仁政">仁政</a>與德治,以禮樂教化移風易俗,反對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a>以刑罰治國,主張「德主刑輔」,並申張災異與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A5%E7%91%9E" title="祥瑞">祥瑞</a>之說,在精神上制約君權。在倫理道德方面,董仲舒提倡<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱五常">三綱五常</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0" title="忠">忠</a>君之道,人性有先天的仁義與貪欲,必須接受君王聖人的教化。他提出三統循環的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">歷史哲學</a>論,三朝為一周期。 </p><p>除了思想之外,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經學">經學</a>方面,董仲舒以研究《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》聞名,教授春秋<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="公羊学">公羊學</a>,著重發揮<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>的微言大義。宗教方面,董仲舒最重視天子祭天的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E7%A5%80" class="mw-redirect" title="郊祀">郊祀</a>。文學方面,撰有《士不遇賦》。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒生卒年不詳<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%83%9F%E4%B8%80" title="鲁惟一">魯惟一</a>推斷為前198—前107年<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46</sup>,桂思卓(Sarah A. Queen)推斷為前195—前105年<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%AF%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢景帝">漢景帝</a>時(前157—前141),董仲舒受命為《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB_(%E5%AE%98%E8%81%B7)" title="博士 (官職)">博士</a><sup id="cite_ref-深_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>,頗受士人尊崇,在長安開班授徒,入門較早的弟子會把所學授予入門較晚的弟子,很多學生沒有真正見過董仲舒<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:21</sup>。據說他專心學術,三年間不看自家庭院一眼,日常舉止儀容合乎禮儀<sup id="cite_ref-戶_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-戶-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:86</sup>。前141年<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>即位後重用儒生,董仲舒獲提拔為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E9%99%B5%E9%83%A1" title="廣陵郡">江都國</a>相<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:81</sup>,侍奉漢武帝的兄長易王<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%9D%9E" title="劉非">劉非</a><sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup>,以仁義之道輔助傲慢好勇的易王,得到易王尊重。董仲舒為了治理江都國,記述《春秋》災異之變,還施行求雨降雨等儀式<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:2-3</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E7%AB%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="孝文竇皇后">竇太后</a>尊崇<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a>,前139年逼迫一些漢武帝重用的儒生自盡,董仲舒稍後也被罷免<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:81</sup>。 </p><p>前135年竇太后離世,同年<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:81、78</sup>(一說前134年<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:84</sup>)董仲舒被<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E4%B8%BE" title="察举">薦舉</a>賢良,呈上《賢良對策》,<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>看中董仲舒的答卷<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10、15</sup>,其對策被取為第一,再對他發策問兩次。對策後董仲舒拜為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB_(%E5%AE%98%E5%90%8D)" title="大夫 (官名)">中大夫</a><sup id="cite_ref-深_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:34、15、81</sup>,奉命向漢武帝寵臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E5%AF%BF%E7%8E%8B" title="吾丘寿王">吾丘壽王</a>傳授《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30</sup>,不久發生筆禍事件<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="遼東郡">遼東郡</a>的高廟和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%95%B7%E9%99%B5" title="漢長陵">長陵</a>的高園宮先後發生火災,董仲舒推究其意義與原因,寫下奏疏的草稿<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup>,文中建議皇帝應誅殺行為傲慢不當的皇親國戚<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:139</sup>,以及皇帝身邊的腐敗官員<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31</sup>。董仲舒還未上書,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%88%B6%E5%81%83" title="主父偃">主父偃</a>來訪,偷看並擅自拿走這份草稿,上呈漢武帝。武帝招集儒生出示草稿,董仲舒弟子<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E6%AD%A5%E8%88%92" title="吕步舒">呂步舒</a>不知是其師的文書,批評文稿十分愚劣,於是董仲舒該當死罪<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup>,後來得到漢武帝赦免,恢復中大夫之職,但終生不敢再言災異之說<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:32-33</sup>。 </p><p>後來董仲舒受<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%BC%98" title="公孫弘">公孫弘</a>嫉妒,被外放為<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="膠西國">膠西</a>王<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E7%AB%AF_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%BC%A2)" title="劉端 (西漢)">劉端</a>的相<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:34</sup>,在職期間曾設壇講授《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:163</sup>。他雖得到膠西王尊重,但還是怕獲罪而辭任<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup>,約於前125年以病請辭,回到<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="長安">長安</a><sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42、55</sup>,潛心研究與著述<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup>。約於前122年<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:36</sup>,董仲舒曾受<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>之令,與治《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%A2%81%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="穀梁春秋">穀梁春秋</a>》的<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%95%E4%B8%98%E6%B1%9F%E5%85%AC" title="瑕丘江公">瑕丘江公</a>辯論,由於瑕丘江公口吃,表現欠佳,朝廷更欣賞董仲舒<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="公羊学">公羊之學</a><sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:56</sup>,漢武帝命太子跟隨董仲舒學習《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋公羊傳">春秋公羊傳</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:36</sup>。朝廷每逢有大問題,便派使者徵求董仲舒的意見<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" title="御史大夫">御史大夫</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%B9%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="張湯">張湯</a>等官員也向他請教<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:109</sup>,董仲舒的回答有禮有節,明白準確<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup>。董仲舒敢於批評世風流俗及朝廷政策<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:77</sup>,為人率直誠實,不慕財利,其門徒數以百計,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E5%AF%BF%E7%8E%8B" title="吾丘寿王">吾丘壽王</a>、褚大、殷忠、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E6%AD%A5%E8%88%92" title="吕步舒">呂步舒</a>、嬴公等<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42、40、281</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著作"><span id=".E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>著作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒上呈給<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>的策問答卷三篇,稱為《賢良對策》,又稱《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%89%E7%AD%96" title="天人三策">天人三策</a>》,向漢武帝提出施政建議,以實現<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>的治國藍圖。董仲舒寫過百多篇文章,當中包括上呈的奏疏,以及有關《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="公羊学">公羊學</a>的討論。董仲舒另撰有《公羊董仲舒治獄》16篇<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11-13</sup>,收錄了董仲舒依據《春秋》,對232個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%B9%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="張湯">張湯</a>向他諮詢的疑難案件所作出的判決。董仲舒並著有《災異之記》,分析《春秋》所載與漢代時所發生的災異<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup>,部份採錄於<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BA" title="班固">班固</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>.<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%BF%97" title="五行志">五行志</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:12</sup>及唐代《<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E5%8D%A0%E7%B6%93" title="開元占經">開元占經</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:69</sup>。大約在南北朝時,人們把董仲舒的文章編成《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>》一書,流傳至今。深川真樹認為,《春秋繁露》部份內容為董仲舒的弟子後學所附加,並非全部都是董仲舒所寫<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11、14</sup>。《春秋繁露》現存79篇,依內容可分為四部份:第一部份17篇,發揮《春秋》經傳的微言大義,第二部份20篇,討論君主治國的原則與方法;第三部份27篇,論述天地、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>的運行和發展,講<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94" title="天人相应">天人相應</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>的原理;第四部份12篇,論述祭祀和求雨之事<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:6-7</sup>。深川真樹<sup id="cite_ref-深c_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%83%9F%E4%B8%80" title="鲁惟一">魯惟一</a><sup id="cite_ref-深_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:43</sup>、桂思卓(Sarah A. Queen)<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:120</sup>、慶松光雄、田中麻紗巳和近藤則之認為《春秋繁露》中有關五行的各篇都是或部份是偽作的<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:178、180、272</sup>;宇佐美一博<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup>、齋木哲郎<sup id="cite_ref-齋_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-齋-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:25</sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%82" title="徐复观">徐復觀</a>和鄧紅都反駁此說<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:179-180</sup><sup id="cite_ref-鄧b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:21</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="思想"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>思想</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:思想"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宇宙論"><span id=".E5.AE.87.E5.AE.99.E8.AB.96"></span>宇宙論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:宇宙論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="天人關係"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E4.BA.BA.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>天人關係</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:天人關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒的宇宙論廣納<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽家">陰陽</a>等各家學說,既接受墨家有意志的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>之「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>」,又吸收陰陽家無意志的自然之「天」<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:87、89</sup>。他提出「天者,百神之大君也」,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>是至高無上的人格神,萬物之本<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:52、46、48</sup>,公正有序<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:238</sup>,無始無終,永恒存在<sup id="cite_ref-深d_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深d-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:48-49</sup>,為支配萬物及人類的主宰<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:83</sup>,宇宙秩序的根源<sup id="cite_ref-戶_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-戶-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89</sup>。天也是有規律地變化而生成萬物的自然界,以日月風雨與陰陽寒暑而成就萬物。天意主宰自然,透過自然示意;天意也使自然運作,自然體現著天意。主宰者居於自然界之上,天意指向道德並統御自然<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:83-84、91</sup>。在一些篇章中,董仲舒認為天是自然的存在,沒有意志和人格,君王必須效法天的秩序,以創造人類社會的秩序。鄧紅認為董仲舒建天道以立人道的理論,參考了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黄老道家">黃老道家</a>之「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>」的學說<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31、250、240</sup>,採納道家對自然的看法<sup id="cite_ref-桂b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:293</sup>;董仲舒人格化「天」的原型,則是黃老道家所言的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="黃帝">黃帝</a><sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:251</sup>。董仲舒相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="天人合一">天人合一</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94" title="天人相应">天人相應</a>,天人之間的性質與規律相一致。人類居於萬物之上,在宇宙中佔有極高地位<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:86、90</sup>;天之道與人之道是一致的,天和人有相通之處,一樣都有喜怒哀樂、仁義道德<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50、113-114</sup>,人的肉體也類似於自然天地。一年四季、12個月、360日,和人體的四肢、12關節和360塊骨骼之間有共同之處<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:71、223-224</sup>。人就是宇宙的縮影,是一個小宇宙<sup id="cite_ref-馮_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:76</sup>。董仲舒天人合一思想的原型,部份來自漢初<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E8%B3%88" class="mw-redirect" title="陸賈">陸賈</a>的天道觀,也受儒家<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93%E8%AE%BE%E6%95%99" title="神道设教">神道設教</a>的傾向影響<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:38、43</sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="池田知久" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="池田知久"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="池田知久(页面不存在)">池田知久</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">(</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85" class="extiw" title="ja:池田知久"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">池田知久</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">)</span></span></span>則認為,董仲舒的天人相應論也許受<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90" title="墨子">墨子</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BF%97" title="天志">天志</a>」思想影響<sup id="cite_ref-池_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-池-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:60</sup>。 </p><p>董仲舒利用天<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>說來改造<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>思想<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:9</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>是價值根源,既是人倫道德的來源,也是政治措施的標準<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:113</sup>。天道是儒家哲學本體,自然現象、社會現象以致精神世界,都源自天<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:55、57</sup>。董仲舒提出<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96" title="目的論">目的論</a>:自然被造出來,是為了讓人對其加以利用而致興旺<sup id="cite_ref-普_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-普-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:403-404</sup>。春夏秋冬是最重要的天道,不僅是自然現象,也是天意的表現。天地生成養育萬物,是有目的有意識的活動,是一種至美的仁德。天養育萬物生生不已,天的仁德也是無窮無盡<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:47-48、85</sup>。董仲舒主張<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>論,天象異變被視為神意<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:103</sup>。災異、陰陽、四季變化、晝夜更迭乃至人的性情,都是天意的表現形式<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:68</sup>。君王是否以教化治國,將左右陰陽是否調和,進而影響萬物繁榮與否。董仲舒想法與《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="公羊傳">公羊傳</a>》相同,視災異為上天的警戒。火災、水災、日蝕、彗星等災異,都是上天對失道之君發出的警告,若君王仍無反省與改變,天將使其滅亡。君王能教化萬民,陰陽調和,上天則會降下「<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%B3%E7%9A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鳳皇">鳳皇</a>來集,<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F" title="麒麟">麒麟</a>來遊」等<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A5%E7%91%9E" title="祥瑞">祥瑞</a><sup id="cite_ref-深_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:103-105</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="陰陽五行"><span id=".E9.99.B0.E9.99.BD.E4.BA.94.E8.A1.8C"></span>陰陽五行</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:陰陽五行"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒是<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>說的集大成者<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:197</sup>。陰陽乃指晝夜與四時的基本規律<sup id="cite_ref-鄺_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄺-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:55</sup>,陰和陽並存而對立,相牽制互相影響<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:159-160</sup>。萬物陰陽交感,相似之物互相吸引:陰吸引陰,陽吸引陽<sup id="cite_ref-普_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-普-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:406</sup>。天意主張「陽尊陰卑」<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89</sup>,陽是支配性而主要的,陰是從屬性而次要的<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:235</sup>,陽處於實位而陰處於虛位<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:282</sup>。萬物由「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">氣</a>」構成<sup id="cite_ref-宇a_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup>,陰陽五行是天地之氣的不同形態<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:158</sup>。陰陽之氣肉眼雖看不見,但充滿於天地之間<sup id="cite_ref-馮_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:64</sup>。氣是生命之源,無氣則人死<sup id="cite_ref-宇a_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup>。天地之氣分為陰陽、四時、五行之氣,是萬事萬物的來源。陰陽二氣的循環產生四季,以一年四季為一個周期。陰陽分為「少陽」「太陽」「少陰」「太陰」,分別配當春夏秋冬四季<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:163-165</sup>。陽氣有絕對優勢叫「太陽」,陰氣有絕對優勢則叫「太陰」。陽氣給大地帶來溫暖,陰氣則帶來寒冷。每天陽氣從東方上昇,經過南方向西方降下,在地下的北方運行,再向東方移動;另一方面,太陰從西方開始降下,經過南方向東方上昇,出地上向南方運行,再到西方。完成一周的軌跡,是為四季。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至">夏至</a>時,陽氣在最高的位置,陰氣在地下最低的位置;<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E8%87%B3" title="冬至">冬至</a>時則相反<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:160、166</sup>。 </p><p>董仲舒認為<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>表現和傳達了天道,人們通過觀察陰陽五行的動靜和運行狀態,可以了解到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>和天意。天道受到破壞,陰陽五行之氣便失去平衡和穩定,邪氣生而引起災異。其陰陽五行理論承繼了《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%93" title="黃帝四經">黃帝四經</a>》中的陰陽五行思想,兩者都把陰陽和災異論掛勾<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:204、212、243</sup>。董仲舒最早提出五行相生說<sup id="cite_ref-鄺_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄺-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46</sup>,五行間相生相勝,木火土金水依次相生,另一方面,金勝木、水勝火、木勝土、火勝金、土勝火,是為相勝。五行中土最尊貴<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:188</sup>。從空間上來說,木居東方,火居南方,金居西方,水居北方,土居中央<sup id="cite_ref-馮_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:65</sup>。四季中,董仲舒在夏秋之間加入「季夏」,以便四時與五行相配。一年360日可分為五季,一季72日,分別配之以五行<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:188、182</sup>。此72日之說,源自《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="管子 (書籍)">管子</a>.五行篇》<sup id="cite_ref-鄧a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:33</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%83%9F%E4%B8%80" title="鲁惟一">魯惟一</a><sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:283</sup>、慶松光雄認為董仲舒不講五行,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%82" title="徐复观">徐復觀</a>和鄧紅反駁此說,認為董仲舒提出五行之說<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:179、177</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7_%E5%AE%8B%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%A1%E6%A7%BB%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7_%E5%AE%8B%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%A1%E6%A7%BB%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC.jpg/220px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7_%E5%AE%8B%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%A1%E6%A7%BB%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7_%E5%AE%8B%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%A1%E6%A7%BB%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC.jpg/330px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7_%E5%AE%8B%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%A1%E6%A7%BB%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7_%E5%AE%8B%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%A1%E6%A7%BB%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC.jpg/440px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%B7_%E5%AE%8B%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%83%A1%E6%A7%BB%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>》南宋1211年刻本</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="治國之道"><span id=".E6.B2.BB.E5.9C.8B.E4.B9.8B.E9.81.93"></span>治國之道</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:治國之道"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒給予<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>政治學說以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙論">宇宙論</a>依據和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上</a>基礎<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:115</sup>,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>論勸告君主推行仁政<sup id="cite_ref-馮_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:81</sup>,施政應合乎仁義禮智信<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱五常">五常</a>之道<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:176</sup>。董仲舒要求君王要有仁義禮智信等道德修養,在理論上保持<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B" title="内圣外王">內聖外王</a>的觀點<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:95-96</sup>。(一說董仲舒不太強調「內聖」<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:132</sup>。)統治者應滿足民生所需,但不可放任人民的欲望,須防止欲望橫行<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。儒者的使命是給統治者提供學問與道德,使君王不會施行惡政<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:75</sup>。君王應遵守禮義,節欲養心,治身成仁,在其德行的基礎上,借助賢人引導眾民遵守禮義,逐漸移風易俗,進而感化域外異族,以使邪氣消失,<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a>調和,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A5%E7%91%9E" title="祥瑞">祥瑞</a>降臨<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23</sup>。君王有責任對民眾實行禮樂教化<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:83</sup>,聖王之道就是奠基於仁義禮樂的教化<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:94</sup>。君王才有至善的人格,普通百姓都依賴其教化<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:99</sup>。君王應統一其臣民,並通過自己的示範改造臣民,皇帝應接受<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>經典教誨,以道德典範的身份施行統治<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:264、250</sup>,以教化陶冶人性,以禮樂節制人欲,如此才能平治天下<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:95</sup>,達致移風易俗<sup id="cite_ref-桂b_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:289</sup>。董仲舒不太要求君主個人的道德修養心性工夫,而是要求根據天道。政事必須相應春夏秋冬四季及<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a><sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91-92、121</sup>。君王以外,高官也有責任教化百姓;高官無能從事教化,則君主如何有德也無法實現教化<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:120</sup>。董仲舒也指出政治清廉,君主才能對人民施以教化。教化的基本內容是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱">三綱</a>五紀,使民眾政治上服從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="大一統">大一統</a>專制政體。君王制作禮樂,使人民感動,不敢相爭<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:103-105</sup>。 </p><p>董仲舒反<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a>反秦政<sup id="cite_ref-張_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-張-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:67</sup>,反對酷吏的做法<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92</sup>,主張「陰陽刑德」,陽為尊,陰為卑,「德尊刑卑」<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:88-89</sup>。君王應順天行道,「任德不任刑」,以道德教化而非刑罰治國。教化比刑罰法律更重要<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:114、99</sup>,以刑罰治國違反天意<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:170</sup>,刑罰誤用會在人民心中累積戾氣,危及國家<sup id="cite_ref-李_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:378</sup>。董仲舒指出在上古時代,法律是多餘的,牢獄虛空,後世君主則用嚴刑重罰來控制人民<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:150-151</sup>。但刑罰和法律仍有其價值,君王應「德主刑輔」,禮法並用<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:100</sup>。君王並應以賞罰左右風俗美惡,引導眾民奉行禮義,遵守尊卑上下的區別<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:19</sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%AF%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢景帝">漢景帝</a>時,董仲舒思想受<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黄老道家">黃老道家</a>影響,主張君主<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%82%BA_(%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="無為 (道家)">無為</a>,自我超越,「安精養神」,滋養精氣<sup id="cite_ref-桂a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:363、356、359</sup>,無形無聲,虛心寂靜,賞罰無私,錄用賢人<sup id="cite_ref-桂a_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:358、360</sup>;臣下則是有為的,不斷勞碌。只有聚集聖人賢士在堂,為人君者方能為國帶來太平<sup id="cite_ref-桂a_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:357、362</sup>。董仲舒君王順應<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>的思想,和《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%93" title="黃帝四經">黃帝四經</a>》的概念非常接近。後來董仲舒則反對君主無為之說,主張君主有為,積極主動<sup id="cite_ref-桂b_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:289、295</sup>,務必努力;社會治亂和國家安危都維繫於君王是否努力<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:96</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="正當性"><span id=".E6.AD.A3.E7.95.B6.E6.80.A7"></span>正當性</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:正當性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒的政治論,以「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="大一統">大一統</a>」專制政治為目標,而君主實行專制政治的前提,是必須服從天意<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:87-88</sup>。他繼承周代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a>思想<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:139</sup>,天子和諸侯的權力,都受之於天命<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:53</sup>,君王須符合天意<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:142</sup>,遵從天命統治民眾<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:75</sup>。管制皇帝的力量在人間是找不到的,董仲舒只能提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88" class="mw-redirect" title="君權神授">君權神授</a>說,强調君主應知天命並接受天命,同時將皇帝的獨尊地位和權力合理化<sup id="cite_ref-宋_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。董仲舒從<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>的立場提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>論,申張災異之說<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:146、126</sup>。君王以教化治國,能實現治世,消除災異,使陰陽調和,進而招徠<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A5%E7%91%9E" title="祥瑞">祥瑞</a>。聖人「法天而立道」,即效法自然界的變化規律而建立治國之道。君王能法天而行道,就能順利統治,大有成就<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:140、97</sup>,陰陽調和,出現景星、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%BE%8D_(%E7%A5%9E%E7%8D%B8)" title="黃龍 (神獸)">黃龍</a><sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:174</sup>、紫雲、珍獸等<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A5%E7%91%9E" title="祥瑞">祥瑞</a><sup id="cite_ref-戶_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-戶-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89</sup>。人的壽夭也是由君主政治的善惡所左右<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:94</sup>。像<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>一樣,董仲舒主張君主若失德失道,天會使他喪失天命<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:264</sup>。若君王的行為違背天意,上天將降下災異以示警告,君王應由此察覺自己的錯誤,改變治國方式<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:126</sup>,若能反省改過,就能維持天命;若逆天而行,不僅陰陽錯亂而災異發生,甚至遭上天剝奪其天命,最終亡國,失去君權,暴秦的滅亡就是例子<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:135、143、97</sup>。 </p><p>上天會對另一至德的聖人授予<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a>,天下人民心所歸者,上天將使他擔當君王,發出「受命之符」等異象,以昭告天下已有聖人受天之命<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:135、106</sup>。君王得到了天命,便意味著得到了人類社會的統治權。新受命的君主要遷都,換稱號,改曆法,變服色,以昭告天下<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:62、68</sup>。開創王朝的君王即「受命之君」,因其至高的德行而獲得君權的正當性,第二代以後即「繼體之君」,則因第一代的遺德餘烈而確保君權的正當性<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:135</sup>。君王能維護儒家仁義禮智信「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱五常">五常</a>」,則可以保天命,實現帝王萬世偉業,得到天地的庇祐,鬼神之靈的保護<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:5、50</sup>。董仲舒<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>論在君王順天時肯定君權,在君王逆天時則發揮批評君權的作用<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:136</sup>。他把<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱五常">三綱五常</a>倫理綱常原則置於君權之上,在精神上制約君權<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:122</sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重澤俊郎" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="重澤俊郎"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%8A%E9%83%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="重澤俊郎(页面不存在)">重澤俊郎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">(</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%8A%E9%83%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:重澤俊郎"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">重澤俊郎</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">)</span></span></span>認為災異說目的是抑制君權,限制君王恣意行動,以天的權威約束君權,使其行使合乎<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>思想<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:126、130</sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="池田知久" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="池田知久"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="池田知久(页面不存在)">池田知久</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">(</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85" class="extiw" title="ja:池田知久"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">池田知久</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">)</span></span></span>則認為董仲舒主張<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88" class="mw-redirect" title="君權神授">君權神授</a>,強調君主權力由天授予,而不著重天對君權的抑制<sup id="cite_ref-池_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-池-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:71-72</sup>。其災異說擁護君權,即藉由天所降下的災異給予君王反省改過的機會,以使其維持君權<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:133</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="政治制度"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>政治制度</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:政治制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒將皇權與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙論">宇宙論</a>結合起來<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42</sup>,謀求強化君權<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:95</sup>,天對人類的支配,通過天子即「王」來進行,王是天在人類社會的代理人。相對於君王,臣下地位卑賤,奉事人主要「盡其情」,不得怠慢與隱瞞。國家應從儒者中選擇官員<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:62、94、5</sup>,君主應態度謙卑,擢用賢者,則可國家太平<sup id="cite_ref-宇a_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:97</sup>。臣下要把榮耀和成就都歸功於君主,使其更尊貴;有時為天子犧牲也是必要的<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:99</sup>。有關<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="封建制度 (中國)">封建制度</a>,董仲舒主張「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%B9%B9%E5%BC%B1%E6%9E%9D" title="強幹弱枝">強幹弱枝</a>」。天子分封諸侯,是為了讓諸侯替天子管理耳目所不及之地,諸侯則通過朝聘而服從於天子。天子派出「州伯」直接監察各諸侯。諸侯地位低於天子的大夫,所有諸侯兵力加起來亦遠不及天子軍隊多<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:96-97</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="時政"><span id=".E6.99.82.E6.94.BF"></span>時政</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:時政"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒繼承與發展<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a>之說,依據《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋公羊傳">春秋公羊傳</a>》的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="大一統">大一統</a>」思想,建議定<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="儒學">儒學</a>於一尊,將儒學作為官方學術或指導思想<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:122、45、18</sup>。他認為只有儒者才能教化萬民,建議「諸不在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="六藝">六藝</a>之科<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>之術者,皆絕其道,勿使並進」,「推明孔氏,抑黜百家」,要堵絕非儒諸家的仕途。董仲舒建議制定<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E4%B8%BE" title="察举">察舉</a>制<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:121、4、123</sup>,各諸侯、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1%E5%AE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="郡守">郡守</a>和品秩<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%83%E7%9F%B3" title="二千石">二千石</a>的官員每年為朝廷舉薦兩位賢才,朝廷效法<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="蕭何">蕭何</a>廣招人才,加以禮遇<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:150、117</sup>;又提議建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="太學">太學</a>,以培養天下士人<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:120</sup>,並通過禮樂制度與學校教化百姓<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:97</sup>。董仲舒反對當時繁重的賦稅制度,反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%B9%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="張湯">張湯</a>等人的強硬執法,反對朝廷不斷授予爵位導致的財富不均,建議<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>消除當時的不公平現象,下詔<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B8%E8%BE%B2" title="大司農">大司農</a>命令關中地區種植小麥;建議朝廷限制擁有土地的數量,防止土地兼併<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:77、92、107</sup>,使人民都有可耕之地以保障生活<sup id="cite_ref-楊_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-楊-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:273</sup>,並將<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="盐铁">鹽鐵</a>之利歸還人民,廢除奴隸制度,滅免賦稅和徭役。董仲舒又建議對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>採取和平策略,指出對匈奴人是不能談仁義道德的,只能用豐厚物質來收買他們,與匈奴對天結盟以約束他們,朝廷並要以匈奴首領的子孫為人質<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:107、79、115</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="倫理道德"><span id=".E5.80.AB.E7.90.86.E9.81.93.E5.BE.B7"></span>倫理道德</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:倫理道德"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dong_zhongshu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dong_zhongshu.jpg/200px-Dong_zhongshu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dong_zhongshu.jpg/300px-Dong_zhongshu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dong_zhongshu.jpg/400px-Dong_zhongshu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>董仲舒畫像</figcaption></figure> <p>董仲舒以<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a>概念解釋一系列的社會關係,如君臣關係、父子關係與夫妻關係,又借來<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>概念解釋儒家的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱五常">五常</a>仁義禮智信。董仲舒由此給予儒家所尊崇的各種價值觀一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙論">宇宙論</a>基礎<sup id="cite_ref-李_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:378</sup>,把價值秩序建立於自然秩序之上<sup id="cite_ref-鄺_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄺-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:56</sup>。董仲舒繼承《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8" title="中庸">中庸</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E4%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="易传">易傳</a>》的思想,認為人的德性本源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>。天是人類道德的根源,下令規定人類實踐倫理道德<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91、86</sup>。倫理道德的基本原理是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱五常">三綱五常</a>,是聖人取之於天道而建立的,仁義禮智信五常又稱五德,配合天有五行。人只要奉天法天,便可建立人類社會的理想秩序<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50、192、59</sup>。個人修養的要義,在於「正其誼不謀其利,明其道不計其功」,官員不應追求財利而應力行仁義<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。判斷一個行為的善惡,著重的是其動機,其次才是行為的效果<sup id="cite_ref-馮_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup>。董仲舒認為「仁」是施於人的,「義」則是律己的<sup id="cite_ref-戶_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-戶-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup>。人際關係要順遂滿意,必須能以同情心、忠恕心、愛心,也就是「仁」去對待別人;對自己則要不自私、不護短,不把自己看得高於別人。人必須有智慧,才能以仁待人,不致陷於愚昧;有智又有仁,才能先看清楚別人面臨的問題,而採取行動,為人消除困難<sup id="cite_ref-楊_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-楊-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:276-277</sup>。 </p><p>董仲舒認為人類社會所有原則,以及人際關係的法則,都是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>倫理道德為基礎。人所有的社會關係,都只是血緣人倫關係的外延。董仲舒所說的仁義王道,便是君臣、父子、夫婦之<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱">三綱</a><sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50、82、90</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0" title="忠">忠</a>君是社會倫理最高的道德價值,比孝順優先,父子、夫婦關係為君臣關係的派生物,父子、夫婦間的倫常,也是參照君臣的倫常而成立<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92、84、94</sup>。在上者有領導權和領導責任,在下者有服從領導的義務,也有由領導者獲得協助的權利,這就是「綱」的意思<sup id="cite_ref-楊_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-楊-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:287</sup>。董仲舒認為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D" title="孝">孝</a>」既是天地人類萬物的生養原理,也是人間世界「臣事君」、「子事父」、「妻事夫」的倫理依據,使孝成爲維護君主統治的倫理<sup id="cite_ref-莊_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-莊-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30-31</sup>。三綱是天經地義的,君父夫是「陽」,臣子妻是「陰」,根據「陽尊陰卑」的原理,前者尊貴而後者卑賤。但君父夫如果沒有臣子妻的配合和支持,也成不了一國、一族、一家的主人<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:94-95</sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96" title="人性論">人性論</a>方面,董仲舒持「性三品」論,分別是「聖人之性」、「中人之性」與「筲人(下愚)之性」。聖人之性先天至善,下愚之性則接受教化也不能為善,一般人的心性裏有「性」與「情」的對立,有先天的仁義與貪欲,如果沒有聖人的教化,便不能自發地為善<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:99、100-101</sup>。人道德上原不自律<sup id="cite_ref-深d_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深d-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup>,要受教化才能完善本性,也要依從禮樂來節制情欲<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92</sup>。董仲舒承襲<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a>對人性的理解<sup id="cite_ref-深d_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深d-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:68</sup>,並批評<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>的人性論。孟子主張人擴展<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%96%84%E7%AB%AF" title="四善端">善端</a>,強調自己修養,董仲舒則否定「中人之性」可以自己為善的可能,要依賴君王的後天教化<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:101-103</sup>。人天生便兼有貪婪和仁恕兩種資質,人心本來是好仁義的,但一己之私利會遮掩仁義之「心」。人應當節制欲望,抑制「貪氣」,如同天抑制陰氣<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10-11</sup>。人的心要思考判斷,體認到聖人之道,才能抑制欲望,進而調節惡喜怒哀樂等情緒<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:12、14</sup>。人秉承了天之「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="精气">精氣</a>」而生,比萬物都貴重。人和動物的區別,在於人類有仁義倫理道德<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:79-80</sup>,也有控馭萬物的智慧,故居於其他萬物之上<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歷史哲學"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>歷史哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:歷史哲學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">歷史哲學</a>論與<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%92%E8%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鄒衍">鄒衍</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" title="五德終始說">五德終始說</a>相似,提出三統循環,三統以黑、白、赤三色為象徵。朝代更迭是宇宙循環的一部份,三朝為一周期<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14、316</sup>,王朝交替只是三統,即黑統,白統,赤統的循環<sup id="cite_ref-宋_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,殷代白統,周代赤統,春秋<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魯國">魯國</a>為黑統。漢朝繼承的不是秦朝的天下,而是春秋魯國的天下;秦朝則被排除在三統循環之外。三統配以三色,是董仲舒雜揉鄒衍和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>》的五德終始說而提出的<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:314-315、318</sup>。董氏提出「天不變,道亦不變」的保守世界觀,其歷史理論否定社會歷史的進步性<sup id="cite_ref-宋_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。三代表面上制度不同,但其中有原則一以貫之,即遵循天道,奠基於仁義禮樂的教化<sup id="cite_ref-深d_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深d-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:52-54</sup>。王者雖然名義上進行改制,卻沒有改變「道」的實質<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:297</sup>。董仲舒認為決定歷史的是天意,受命于天的新王為了突出這種天意,必須改換喪失歷史意義的舊王制度,包括新年伊始(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%9C%94" title="正朔">正朔</a>,一月一日),又要改換新的服飾顏色和所有禮樂制度,受命於天的新王應按「統」的正色改制。三統改制說的主要内容在於制定「三正」(即三曆)。三正是指各以建子(夏十一月),建丑(夏十二月),建寅(夏十三月)為正月的周曆、商曆及夏曆<sup id="cite_ref-宋_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。夏代強調「忠」,殷代強調「敬」,周代強調「文」,三代都採取一些措施彌補前朝的不足。當時漢朝應當減少周朝的「文」,而提倡夏朝的「忠」<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:297</sup>。新王與前二代王組成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B" title="三王">三王</a>,三王之前五代叫作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="五帝">五帝</a>,五帝以前屬於九皇的時代。董仲舒三統說把新王即漢朝皇帝的出現合理化,其歷史改制論則表現對腐敗現象的批判和力圖革新的立場<sup id="cite_ref-宋_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="養生"><span id=".E9.A4.8A.E7.94.9F"></span>養生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:養生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒認為壽命長短依據<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a>,但短壽者也有延命的可能<sup id="cite_ref-宇a_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:94</sup>。他吸收<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黄老道家">黃老道家</a>思想,認為養生長壽是修身成德的結果,但與黃老思想不同,他並沒有將養生保命視作治國的必要條件<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15、25</sup>。董仲舒主張修煉心神才可「養<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">氣</a>」,養氣才可養生保命。修煉心神(養心)有兩大要項,一為抑制欲望,一為調適情感<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:7、9</sup>。人要遵循天道,保持「外無貪而內清淨」的情緒狀態,能行仁義而抑制欲望,調適情感以正心治身,成為君子仁人,然後便健康長壽<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:8、15</sup>。氣是生命之源,無氣則人死,故養生最重要的是養氣。他引用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>和公孫尼子之說,說明氣的重要性。養生能使氣增強,在體內順暢運行而不停滯<sup id="cite_ref-宇a_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89-91</sup>。人內心平靜,便能吸引「精氣」,精氣集聚於心,則能延年益壽<sup id="cite_ref-深b_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup>。養生也應遵循天道,即四季變化。男女房中須遵循天地陰陽之氣的運行,節制欲望而不傷氣,可保身體健康<sup id="cite_ref-宇a_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89、92</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經學"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E5.AD.B8"></span>經學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:經學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%83%8F_20240120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%83%8F_20240120.jpg/220px-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%83%8F_20240120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%83%8F_20240120.jpg/330px-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%83%8F_20240120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%83%8F_20240120.jpg/440px-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%83%8F_20240120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="4386" /></a><figcaption>位於河北省<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%A3%E5%BC%BA%E5%8E%BF" title="枣强县">棗强縣</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%9F%B3%E5%83%8F" title="董仲舒石像">董仲舒石像</a></figcaption></figure> <p>董仲舒是西漢最重要的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經學">經學</a>家之一<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:133</sup>,因研究《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》而聞名,教授的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="公羊学">公羊派的學說</a>,清代學者如<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%BA%90" title="魏源">魏源</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%8C%AB%E7%91%9E" title="皮錫瑞">皮錫瑞</a>都公認董仲舒是公羊學的大師<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:162、78</sup>。董仲舒深入理解春秋時代複雜的政治情況,和《春秋》裏用字遣詞的微妙意義<sup id="cite_ref-柳_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-柳-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:96</sup>,透過詮釋《春秋》經文,以經學奠定<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94" title="天人相应">天人相應</a>的學術基礎<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:99</sup>,發揮孔子《春秋》的微言大義。其春秋公羊學的最大發明,在於將《春秋》經傳的「法古」宗旨轉換為「奉天」,其具體理論,如復讐說、革命說、名節說、華夷論等,都是基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>倫理的<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:6、11</sup>。董仲舒闡釋《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="公羊傳">公羊傳</a>》有三種方式,即春秋三世說、魯為新王以及三代改制。孔子認為,魯國受命於天,是春秋時代的新王<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:330-332</sup>。董仲舒強調《春秋》能作預言,君王如果熟知《春秋》對成敗的記錄,就能避免重蹈古人之覆轍,掌控其王朝的未來。董仲舒又把《春秋》視為法律先例的匯編,建立起《春秋》在法律上的權威地位,《春秋》之義是法律之上更高的權威性原則<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:143、252、149</sup>。董仲舒認為孔子判斷一個人是否有罪,往往根據行為動機的善惡,董仲舒自己斷獄時也主要考慮意圖問題。例如在一件兒子為保護父親而意外毆傷父親的案件中,董仲舒認為應根據動機判兒子無罪,並引用《春秋》來論證:「《春秋》之義,許止父病,進藥於父而卒,君子原心,赦而不誅。」董仲舒用類推手法應用《春秋》義理<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:156-157</sup>。 </p><p>董仲舒以《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>的理論依據<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:109</sup>,對災異的解釋大體上都以《春秋》為據,通過分析經中的災異而建立自己的災異論<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:241、247</sup>。他曾考察《春秋》所載的37次日蝕,將其中10次視作預兆。透過《春秋》對災異的記錄,君主可以了解天意,自我反省檢討<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:246、265</sup>。董仲舒認為孔子就是受命於天的聖人<sup id="cite_ref-宋_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,受尊稱為「素王」,從王者的立場來編修《春秋》,把自己沒有實現的王道理想寄託於<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魯國">魯國</a><sup id="cite_ref-關_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-關-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:153</sup>,有意用微言大義來描繪完美國家的藍圖<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:256</sup>。《春秋》匯集了君主施政所必需的知識,要除去禍亂,走向王道世界,必須精通《春秋》之法<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:94-95</sup>。宗教典禮方面,董仲舒闡釋《春秋》中的禮制與禮論,如「天子祭天地,諸侯祭社稷」,認為漢朝可根據《春秋》設計和修正諸種禮制<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:208、222</sup>。董仲舒亦有不拘泥於《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="公羊傳">公羊傳</a>》之說。有關<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="齊國">齊國</a>滅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="紀國">紀國</a>一事,《公羊傳》讚揚<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E8%A5%84%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="齊襄公">齊襄公</a>能復仇,董仲舒則讚賞紀侯,宣揚《春秋》的仁義與王道,表示殺身成仁和深得民心比復仇更重要,突出要以德服人<sup id="cite_ref-深f_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深f-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:40、34</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗教儀式"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E5.84.80.E5.BC.8F"></span>宗教儀式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:宗教儀式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒意圖設立一種國家宗教,強調天作為崇拜對象的至上權威<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:225</sup>,相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>神為至高無上的神祇,祭天的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E7%A5%80" class="mw-redirect" title="郊祀">郊祀</a>比<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="宗廟">宗廟</a>祭祀更優先<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:13、196</sup>,也比祭祀其他神祇更重要<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:219</sup>。他批判秦朝沒有每年舉行郊祀<sup id="cite_ref-深e_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深e-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:123</sup>。天子必須每年祭天一次<sup id="cite_ref-宇_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宇-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:96</sup>,君主即使正在服喪,也必須舉行郊祀<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:223</sup>。郊祀目的是為萬物群生祈求降福,具有趨吉避凶的作用。郊祀也有教化作用,能影響天象,乃至影響天下秩序,災害是否發生<sup id="cite_ref-深e_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深e-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:124-125</sup>。 </p><p>董仲舒曾為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="江都國">江都國</a>進行止雨之禮,行禮後不到三天就停雨。有關求雨或止雨,董仲舒提出三種的方法:一是控制<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a>,二是以土龍求雨,三是通過祈禱與舞蹈,儀式須符合<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>原理<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:184-185、178</sup>。以土龍求雨,在於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="龍">龍</a>和雨都屬陰性,同類感召<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:59</sup>。求雨時需敬禱<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A8%B7" title="社稷">社稷</a>山川和各季主神,調節陰陽。求雨儀式包括祈禱、獻祭、舞蹈、觀察蝦蟆的反應、關閉城門及疏通水渠等。求雨時要實行季節性的禁令,如春季不得砍伐樹木,秋季不得鑄造金屬。巫師有時會被置於烈日下暴曬,以期他們能帶來雨水。人們要興建祭壇,祭壇規格與壇上絲綢的顏色按季節有所不同,其後將祭品獻給當季的主神。巫師要穿著與季節相應的衣服,祈禱齋戒,多次跪拜<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:182</sup>,然後祝禱。接著人們要<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E9%BE%8D" title="舞龍">舞龍</a>,不同季節,覆蓋龍的布料顏色、龍的大小與數量、舞龍之人的年齡都有差別。例如夏天是成年人舞龍,冬天則是老人舞龍。官員要參加齋戒。蛤蟆要放在水池中,因下雨時蛤蟆會呱呱叫,人們希望牠們能帶來雨水。人們要關閉城邑南門,並疏浚水道。雨水來到時人們要馬上獻上供品。止雨儀式與求雨的相似,要阻塞所有水道,禁止婦人進入市集,縣官要穿上顏色正確的衣服,主持齋戒、祈禱和獻上祭品。止雨儀式中要擊鼓三天,祝禱懇求陰陽與上天憐恤<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:183</sup>。擊鼓時毋須歌唱,音樂停止時整個儀式亦告結束。此外祭壇要用紅綢圍繞十圈<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:184</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文學"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>文學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:文學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒撰有《士不遇賦》,抒發懷才不遇之感,自己一生寧可寂寂無名,也未曾屈意從人,追逐名利;從<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%B7" title="伯夷">伯夷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%94%E9%BD%8A" title="叔齊">叔齊</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E5%8E%9F" title="屈原">屈原</a>,正直廉潔之士命運皆是如此<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:116-117</sup>。賦中思想與《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="公羊傳">公羊傳</a>》與《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="易經">易經</a>》有關<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:67</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E6%B7%B5%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="陶淵明">陶淵明</a>受董仲舒《士不遇賦》的啟發而作《感士不遇賦》;<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E4%BF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="歐陽修">歐陽修</a>讚賞董仲舒的文章可與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E8%AA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="賈誼">賈誼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%A6%82" title="司馬相如">司馬相如</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="揚雄">揚雄</a>媲美<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:116、74</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="傳說"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E8.AA.AA"></span>傳說</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:傳說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>東漢時傳說,董仲舒曾誦經以扺禦巫師的詛呪,結果巫師反受其害而死<sup id="cite_ref-戴_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-戴-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:464</sup>。東漢時<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B6%E4%B9%A6" title="谶书">讖書</a>記載,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>曾說「董仲舒,亂我書」。西晉時相傳,董仲舒撰有《李少君家錄》<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:84、90</sup>,方士<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%B0%91%E5%90%9B" title="李少君">李少君</a>曾讓董仲舒服食藥物。《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%AC%E9%9B%9C%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="西京雜記">西京雜記</a>》記載,董仲舒夢見蛟龍入懷後,便寫出《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:55、88</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影響"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Dong_Zhongshu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tomb_of_Dong_Zhongshu.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Dong_Zhongshu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tomb_of_Dong_Zhongshu.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Dong_Zhongshu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tomb_of_Dong_Zhongshu.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Dong_Zhongshu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西安">西安</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%91%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="碑林區">碑林區</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%A2%93" title="董仲舒墓">董仲舒墓</a></figcaption></figure> <p>董仲舒貢獻在於「儒學官學化」,確立<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經學">經學</a>地位,建議將<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>定於一尊,斥退儒家以外的百家,其主張獲<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>採納<sup id="cite_ref-深a_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深a-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:26、22</sup>,促進漢武帝時期儒學的興盛及主流化,罷黜百家,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%B0%8A%E5%84%92%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="獨尊儒術">獨尊儒術</a>,使儒家成為國家的正統教義<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:16、149-150</sup>,令儒學國教化,成為新的統治思想,結束漢武帝初期的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%82%BA_(%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="無為 (道家)">無為</a>之治<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:12、123</sup>。儒家經典成為官學主要內容<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:13</sup>,之後欲謀仕途者限於儒生,奠定儒學為國教的地位,成為以後約兩千年皇帝制度的基本政策<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:150、180</sup>,獨尊儒學,抑黜百家的情況一直維持至1905年<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:4</sup>。漢武帝採取董仲舒所構想實行教化的政策,建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E4%B8%BE" title="察举">察舉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E5%BB%89" title="孝廉">孝廉</a>制及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="博士弟子">博士弟子</a>制。孝廉制及博士弟子制使漢朝每年都固定任用一定人數的儒生,儒家思想便傳播和普及,滲透至社會之中<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:180、178</sup>。(<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%83%9F%E4%B8%80" title="鲁惟一">魯惟一</a><sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42</sup>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="福井重雅" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="福井重雅"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%95%E9%87%8D%E9%9B%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="福井重雅(页面不存在)">福井重雅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">(</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%95%E9%87%8D%E9%9B%85" class="extiw" title="ja:福井重雅"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">福井重雅</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">)</span></span></span>則認為,董仲舒對漢武帝一朝的政策措施影響不大<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:153-154</sup>。)<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%83%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢元帝">漢元帝</a>接受董仲舒的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>論,期望透過仁政和教化,調和陰陽乃至消除災異。董仲舒以天人關係將皇帝視為從事教化的聖王之觀點,西漢中晚期以後成為中國政治思想的典範,直到二十世紀皇帝制度垮台<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:179-180</sup>。 </p><p>董仲舒最先把<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>之說引導入<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>思想,推動陰陽五行之說的發展<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:136</sup>,使陰陽學說成為儒家思想要素<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經學">經學</a>方面,漢代官員都倣效董仲舒,援引《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="春秋 (书)">春秋</a>》先例作為法律權威,使嚴苛的法律顯得人性化<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:252</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%B7" title="司馬遷">司馬遷</a>受董仲舒思想影響,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="史記">史記</a>.高祖本紀》「三王之道若循環,終而復始」之說,源自董仲舒。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉向</a>採納了董仲舒對災異的看法<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:59、298、60</sup>。西漢末年,漢朝的禮制和祭祀接受了董仲舒的主張和理念,前31年,漢朝訂立對<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>的祭祀之禮,這種<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9" title="祭天">祭天</a>儀式一直持續到1911年。董仲舒的災異論,為漢代和後世官員確立了通過解釋災異以責問皇帝、表達異議的方式<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:252-253</sup>。董仲舒的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱">三綱</a>說,在後世發展成「綱常名教」的理論<sup id="cite_ref-馮_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:87</sup>。中唐時期,崇尚古學的士人不少都效法董仲舒的著作<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:72</sup>。宋代<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">理學</a>受到董仲舒影響,董仲舒屢用「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86_(%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6)" title="天理 (儒家)">天理</a>」一詞,而宋學的理論體系亦著重陰陽五行,和董仲舒一樣主張<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="天人合一">天人合一</a>之說<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:215、224</sup>。董仲舒影響了南宋<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="陳亮">陳亮</a>,啟發了清末康有為發展出社會維新的理論,視董仲舒之說為儒家的政治綱領<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:78、332</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="評價與地位"><span id=".E8.A9.95.E5.83.B9.E8.88.87.E5.9C.B0.E4.BD.8D"></span>評價與地位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:評價與地位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>董仲舒被視為漢代<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>最重要的人物,第一大儒,當時儒家思想的代表和領袖<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1、14、5</sup>,漢代儒學的創立者。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>經過<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%A2%93" title="董仲舒墓">董仲舒墓</a>時特地下馬步行,以表敬意。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%88%90%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢成帝">漢成帝</a>時<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%95%B6" title="平當">平當</a>稱董仲舒為「大儒」<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:41、53、59</sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%86" class="mw-redirect" title="劉歆">劉歆</a>稱讚他是學術領袖。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>讚揚董仲舒於仁義道德和治國方面的言論,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%AC%A6" title="王符">王符</a>稱讚董仲舒言行舉止合乎道德規範而非追求物質豐足<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:60、66-67</sup>。三國時,董仲舒受公認為品德高尚而備受尊崇。<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E6%B7%B5%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="陶淵明">陶淵明</a>感嘆董仲舒雖有才能卻在仕途上始終不得志。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E6%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="范曄">范曄</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="後漢書">後漢書</a>》把董仲舒的天分和能力與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E8%AA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="賈誼">賈誼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉向</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="揚雄">揚雄</a>相提並論<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:64、69、63</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E4%BF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="歐陽修">歐陽修</a>認為董仲舒平息異端的成就可媲美<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97" title="宋神宗">宋神宗</a>稱讚董仲舒為古代少有既有學識又有寫作天分的君子<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:73-74</sup>。南宋<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a>讚賞董仲舒是「醇儒」<sup id="cite_ref-鄧_1-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:214</sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%9C%87_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="黄震 (哲学家)">黃震</a>讚賞董仲舒在漢唐諸儒中最為出色。在元明清三代,董仲舒都甚受尊崇,從1330年起,董仲舒可與其他儒家先賢一樣配享<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="孔廟">孔廟</a>;1466年,明朝追封董仲舒為「廣川伯」<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:74-76</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>尊稱他是最偉大的儒家學者,<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9" title="胡適">胡適</a>認為他是「漢代儒家思想的最具代表性人物」<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:7-8</sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>則批評董仲舒促使<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>禁止<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>以外諸家之學,妨礙中國學術思想發展,導致學術沉滯。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="新文化運動">新文化運動</a>開始以後,這種批評尤其流行<sup id="cite_ref-深_2-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-深-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:5、150</sup>。董仲舒因其「迷信思想」與助長專制權力而受到斥責<sup id="cite_ref-桂_4-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-桂-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:4</sup>,在1974年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E6%89%B9%E5%AD%94%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="批林批孔運動">批林批孔運動</a>中,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA" title="林彪">林彪</a>被批評為是董仲舒的忠實支持者,而董仲舒的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三綱五常">三綱五常</a>說,則受批判為被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%BB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="地主階級">地主階級</a>用來壓迫中國人民<sup id="cite_ref-魯_3-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魯-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>參考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:參考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-鄧-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-0"><sup><b>1.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-1"><sup><b>1.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-2"><sup><b>1.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-3"><sup><b>1.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-4"><sup><b>1.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-5"><sup><b>1.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-6"><sup><b>1.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-7"><sup><b>1.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-8"><sup><b>1.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-9"><sup><b>1.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-10"><sup><b>1.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-11"><sup><b>1.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-12"><sup><b>1.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-13"><sup><b>1.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-14"><sup><b>1.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-15"><sup><b>1.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-16"><sup><b>1.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-17"><sup><b>1.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-18"><sup><b>1.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-19"><sup><b>1.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-20"><sup><b>1.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-21"><sup><b>1.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-22"><sup><b>1.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-23"><sup><b>1.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-24"><sup><b>1.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-25"><sup><b>1.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-26"><sup><b>1.26</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-27"><sup><b>1.27</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-28"><sup><b>1.28</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-29"><sup><b>1.29</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-30"><sup><b>1.30</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-31"><sup><b>1.31</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-32"><sup><b>1.32</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-33"><sup><b>1.33</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-34"><sup><b>1.34</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-35"><sup><b>1.35</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-36"><sup><b>1.36</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-37"><sup><b>1.37</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-38"><sup><b>1.38</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-39"><sup><b>1.39</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-40"><sup><b>1.40</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-41"><sup><b>1.41</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-42"><sup><b>1.42</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-43"><sup><b>1.43</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-44"><sup><b>1.44</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-45"><sup><b>1.45</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-46"><sup><b>1.46</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-47"><sup><b>1.47</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-48"><sup><b>1.48</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-49"><sup><b>1.49</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-50"><sup><b>1.50</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-51"><sup><b>1.51</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-52"><sup><b>1.52</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-53"><sup><b>1.53</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-54"><sup><b>1.54</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-55"><sup><b>1.55</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-56"><sup><b>1.56</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-57"><sup><b>1.57</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-58"><sup><b>1.58</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄧_1-59"><sup><b>1.59</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">鄧紅. 《董仲舒思想研究》. 台北: 文津出版社. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789576688652" title="Special:网络书源/9789576688652"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789576688652</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E9%84%A7%E7%B4%85&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789576688652&amp;rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%87%E6%B4%A5%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-深-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-0"><sup><b>2.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-1"><sup><b>2.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-2"><sup><b>2.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-3"><sup><b>2.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-4"><sup><b>2.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-5"><sup><b>2.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-6"><sup><b>2.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-7"><sup><b>2.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-8"><sup><b>2.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-9"><sup><b>2.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-10"><sup><b>2.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-11"><sup><b>2.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-12"><sup><b>2.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-13"><sup><b>2.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-14"><sup><b>2.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-15"><sup><b>2.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-16"><sup><b>2.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-17"><sup><b>2.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-18"><sup><b>2.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-19"><sup><b>2.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-20"><sup><b>2.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-21"><sup><b>2.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-22"><sup><b>2.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-23"><sup><b>2.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-24"><sup><b>2.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-25"><sup><b>2.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-26"><sup><b>2.26</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-27"><sup><b>2.27</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-28"><sup><b>2.28</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-29"><sup><b>2.29</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-30"><sup><b>2.30</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-31"><sup><b>2.31</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-32"><sup><b>2.32</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-33"><sup><b>2.33</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-34"><sup><b>2.34</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-35"><sup><b>2.35</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-36"><sup><b>2.36</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-37"><sup><b>2.37</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-38"><sup><b>2.38</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-39"><sup><b>2.39</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-40"><sup><b>2.40</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-41"><sup><b>2.41</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-42"><sup><b>2.42</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-43"><sup><b>2.43</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-44"><sup><b>2.44</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-45"><sup><b>2.45</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-46"><sup><b>2.46</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-47"><sup><b>2.47</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-48"><sup><b>2.48</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-49"><sup><b>2.49</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-50"><sup><b>2.50</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-51"><sup><b>2.51</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-52"><sup><b>2.52</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-53"><sup><b>2.53</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-54"><sup><b>2.54</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深_2-55"><sup><b>2.55</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">深川真樹. 《影響中國命運的答卷——董仲舒〈賢良對策〉與儒學的興盛》. 台北: 萬卷樓圖書股份有限公司. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789864782215" title="Special:网络书源/9789864782215"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789864782215</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E6%B7%B1%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%9F%E6%A8%B9&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%AD%94%E5%8D%B7%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%8A%3B%7D-%E8%B3%A2%E8%89%AF%E5%B0%8D%E7%AD%96-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%89%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%8B%3B%7D-%E8%88%87%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E8%88%88%E7%9B%9B%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789864782215&amp;rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&amp;rft.pub=%E8%90%AC%E5%8D%B7%E6%A8%93%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-魯-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-0"><sup><b>3.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-1"><sup><b>3.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-2"><sup><b>3.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-3"><sup><b>3.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-4"><sup><b>3.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-5"><sup><b>3.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-6"><sup><b>3.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-7"><sup><b>3.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-8"><sup><b>3.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-9"><sup><b>3.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-10"><sup><b>3.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-11"><sup><b>3.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-12"><sup><b>3.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-13"><sup><b>3.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-14"><sup><b>3.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-15"><sup><b>3.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-16"><sup><b>3.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-17"><sup><b>3.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-18"><sup><b>3.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-19"><sup><b>3.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-20"><sup><b>3.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-21"><sup><b>3.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-22"><sup><b>3.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-23"><sup><b>3.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-24"><sup><b>3.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-25"><sup><b>3.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-26"><sup><b>3.26</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-27"><sup><b>3.27</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-28"><sup><b>3.28</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-29"><sup><b>3.29</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-30"><sup><b>3.30</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-31"><sup><b>3.31</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-32"><sup><b>3.32</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-33"><sup><b>3.33</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-34"><sup><b>3.34</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-35"><sup><b>3.35</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-36"><sup><b>3.36</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-37"><sup><b>3.37</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-38"><sup><b>3.38</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-39"><sup><b>3.39</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-40"><sup><b>3.40</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-41"><sup><b>3.41</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-42"><sup><b>3.42</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-43"><sup><b>3.43</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魯_3-44"><sup><b>3.44</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%83%9F%E4%B8%80" title="鲁惟一">魯惟一</a>. 《董仲舒:「儒家」遺產與〈春秋繁露〉》. 戚軒銘等譯. 香港: 中華書局(香港)有限公司. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789888488483" title="Special:网络书源/9789888488483"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789888488483</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E9%AD%AF%E6%83%9F%E4%B8%80&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E3%80%8D%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2%E8%88%87-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%8A%3B%7D-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%89%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%8B%3B%7D-%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789888488483&amp;rft.place=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80%EF%BC%88%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%EF%BC%89%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-桂-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-0"><sup><b>4.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-1"><sup><b>4.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-2"><sup><b>4.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-3"><sup><b>4.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-4"><sup><b>4.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-5"><sup><b>4.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-6"><sup><b>4.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-7"><sup><b>4.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-8"><sup><b>4.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-9"><sup><b>4.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-10"><sup><b>4.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-11"><sup><b>4.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-12"><sup><b>4.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-13"><sup><b>4.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-14"><sup><b>4.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-15"><sup><b>4.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-16"><sup><b>4.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-17"><sup><b>4.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-18"><sup><b>4.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-19"><sup><b>4.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-20"><sup><b>4.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-21"><sup><b>4.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-22"><sup><b>4.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-23"><sup><b>4.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-24"><sup><b>4.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-25"><sup><b>4.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-26"><sup><b>4.26</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-27"><sup><b>4.27</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-28"><sup><b>4.28</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-29"><sup><b>4.29</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂_4-30"><sup><b>4.30</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">桂思卓(Sarah A. Queen). 《从编年史到经典:董仲舒的春秋诠释学》. 朱騰譯. 北京: 中國政法大學出版社. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787562035688" title="Special:网络书源/9787562035688"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787562035688</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E6%A1%82%E6%80%9D%E5%8D%93%EF%BC%88Sarah+A.+Queen%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BB%8E%E7%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%88%B0%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%9A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%9A%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9787562035688&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-戶-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-戶_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-戶_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-戶_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-戶_5-3"><sup><b>5.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E5%B7%9D%E8%8A%B3%E9%83%8E" title="户川芳郎">戶川芳郎</a>. 《古代中国的思想》. 姜鎮慶譯. 北京: 北京大學出版社. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7301024800" title="Special:网络书源/7301024800"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;7301024800</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E6%88%B6%E5%B7%9D%E8%8A%B3%E9%83%8E&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=7301024800&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-深c-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-深c_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">深川真樹. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A2021136315">《〈春秋繁露〉五行諸篇與董仲舒有多少關聯?》</a>. 《漢學研究通訊》. 2021, <b>40</b> (2): 1–10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0253-2875"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0253-2875</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192359/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A2021136315">存档</a>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D--%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%8A%3B%7D-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%89%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%8B%3B%7D-%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E8%AB%B8%E7%AF%87%E8%88%87%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91%E9%97%9C%E8%81%AF%EF%BC%9F-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E6%B7%B1%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%9F%E6%A8%B9&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0253-2875&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=1-10&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA2021136315&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-宇-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-3"><sup><b>7.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-4"><sup><b>7.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-5"><sup><b>7.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-6"><sup><b>7.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇_7-7"><sup><b>7.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">宇佐美一博. 《董仲舒的政治思想——关于君权的强化和抑制》. 曹峰 (编). 《日本学者论中国哲学史》. 郭茵譯. 上海: 華東師範大學出版社. 2010: 92–105. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787561783276" title="Special:网络书源/9787561783276"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787561783276</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%90%9B%E6%9D%83%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E5%AE%87%E4%BD%90%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%9A&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9787561783276&amp;rft.pages=92-105&amp;rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&amp;rft.pub=%E8%8F%AF%E6%9D%B1%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-齋-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-齋_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">齋木哲郎. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpssd.cn/Literature/articleinfo?id=666223300&amp;synUpdateType=&amp;type=journalArticle&amp;nav=1&amp;langType=1&amp;typename=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0">《关于〈春秋繁露〉的伪书说》</a>. 《衡水學院學報》. 2015, <b>17</b> (5): 22–26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-2065"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1673-2065</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192400/https://www.ncpssd.cn/Literature/articleinfo?id=666223300&amp;synUpdateType=&amp;type=journalArticle&amp;nav=1&amp;langType=1&amp;typename=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0">存档</a>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%8A%3B%7D-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%89%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%8B%3B%7D-%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%AA%E4%B9%A6%E8%AF%B4-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E9%BD%8B%E6%9C%A8%E5%93%B2%E9%83%8E&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1673-2065&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=22-26&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpssd.cn%2FLiterature%2Farticleinfo%3Fid%3D666223300%26synUpdateType%3D%26type%3DjournalArticle%26nav%3D1%26langType%3D1%26typename%3D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%2588%258A%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%25AB%25A0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-鄧b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-鄧b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">鄧紅. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpssd.cn/Literature/articleinfo?id=HSXYXB2021006009&amp;synUpdateType=&amp;type=journalArticle&amp;nav=1&amp;langType=1&amp;typename=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0">《〈春秋繁露〉辨伪三流派论》</a>. 《衡水學院學報》. 2021, <b>23</b> (6): 21–30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-2065"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1673-2065</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192401/https://www.ncpssd.cn/Literature/articleinfo?id=HSXYXB2021006009&amp;synUpdateType=&amp;type=journalArticle&amp;nav=1&amp;langType=1&amp;typename=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0">存档</a>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D--%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%8A%3B%7D-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%89%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%8B%3B%7D-%E8%BE%A8%E4%BC%AA%E4%B8%89%E6%B5%81%E6%B4%BE%E8%AE%BA-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E9%84%A7%E7%B4%85&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1673-2065&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=21-30&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpssd.cn%2FLiterature%2Farticleinfo%3Fid%3DHSXYXB2021006009%26synUpdateType%3D%26type%3DjournalArticle%26nav%3D1%26langType%3D1%26typename%3D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%2588%258A%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%25AB%25A0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-深d-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-深d_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深d_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深d_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深d_10-3"><sup><b>10.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">深川真樹. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A17015819">《論董仲舒〈賢良對策〉之思想系統——董仲舒思想之基礎性研究》</a>. 《揭諦》. 2017, <b>32</b>: 43–95 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192515/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A17015819">存档</a>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%AB%96%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E3%80%88%E8%B3%A2%E8%89%AF%E5%B0%8D%E7%AD%96%E3%80%89%E4%B9%8B%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E4%B9%8B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E6%B7%B1%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%9F%E6%A8%B9&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%8F%AD%E8%AB%A6%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=43-95&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA17015819&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-桂b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-桂b_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂b_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂b_11-2"><sup><b>11.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">薩拉·奎因(桂思卓,Sarah A. Queen). 《董仲舒和黄老思想》. <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E9%BC%93%E6%87%89" title="陳鼓應">陳鼓應</a> (编). 《道家文化研究》第三輯. 王少聞譯. 上海: 上海古籍出版社. 1993: 285–296. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787532516315" title="Special:网络书源/9787532516315"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787532516315</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%8E%E5%9B%A0%EF%BC%88%E6%A1%82%E6%80%9D%E5%8D%93%EF%BC%8CSarah+A.+Queen%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E8%BC%AF&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9787532516315&amp;rft.pages=285-296&amp;rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-馮_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮_12-3"><sup><b>12.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮_12-4"><sup><b>12.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮_12-5"><sup><b>12.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AE%E5%8F%8B%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="馮友蘭">馮友蘭</a>. 《中国哲学史新编》中卷. 北京: 人民出版社. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100190428" title="Special:网络书源/9787100190428"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787100190428</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E5%8F%8B%E8%98%AD&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%B0%E7%BC%96%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B7&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9787100190428&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-池-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-池_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-池_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="池田知久" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="池田知久"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="池田知久(页面不存在)">池田知久</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">(</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85" class="extiw" title="ja:池田知久"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">池田知久</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">)</span></span></span>. 《中国古代的天人相关论——董仲舒的情况》. <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E9%9B%84%E4%B8%89" title="溝口雄三">溝口雄三</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B3%B6%E6%AF%85" title="小島毅">小島毅</a> (编). 《中国的思维世界》. 田人隆譯. 南京: 江蘇人民出版社. 2006: 46–97. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787214043771" title="Special:网络书源/9787214043771"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787214043771</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85%22+data-lang-code%3D%22ja%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3E%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%85%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9787214043771&amp;rft.pages=46-97&amp;rft.place=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-普-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-普_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-普_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">普鳴(Michael Puett). 《成神:早期中国的宇宙论、祭祀与自我神化》. 張常煊等譯. 北京: 三聯書店. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787108066848" title="Special:网络书源/9787108066848"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787108066848</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E6%99%AE%E9%B3%B4%EF%BC%88Michael+Puett%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%88%90%E7%A5%9E%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%81%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80%E4%B8%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E7%A5%9E%E5%8C%96%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9787108066848&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%89%E8%81%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-鄺-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-鄺_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄺_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-鄺_15-2"><sup><b>15.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">鄺芷人. 《陰陽五行及其體系》. 台北: 文津出版社. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789576684975" title="Special:网络书源/9789576684975"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789576684975</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E9%84%BA%E8%8A%B7%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789576684975&amp;rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%87%E6%B4%A5%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-宇a-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-宇a_16-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇a_16-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇a_16-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇a_16-3"><sup><b>16.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇a_16-4"><sup><b>16.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宇a_16-5"><sup><b>16.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">宇佐美一博. 《董仲舒研究——从气及养生思想说起》. 劉柏林 (编). 《中日学者中国学论文集:中岛敏夫教授汉学研究五十年志念文集》. 王建譯. 上海: 復旦大學出版社. 2006: 88–100. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787309051469" title="Special:网络书源/9787309051469"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787309051469</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BB%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E8%AF%B4%E8%B5%B7-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E5%AE%87%E4%BD%90%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%9A&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%B2%9B%E6%95%8F%E5%A4%AB%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%BF%97%E5%BF%B5%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9787309051469&amp;rft.pages=88-100&amp;rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&amp;rft.pub=%E5%BE%A9%E6%97%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-鄧a-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-鄧a_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">鄧紅. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpssd.cn/Literature/articleinfo?id=HSXYXB2023005010&amp;synUpdateType=&amp;type=journalArticle&amp;nav=1&amp;langType=1&amp;typename=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0">《董仲舒〈春秋繁露.治水五行〉研究》</a>. 《衡水學院學報》. 2023, <b>25</b> (5): 27–34 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-2065"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1673-2065</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192401/https://www.ncpssd.cn/Literature/articleinfo?id=HSXYXB2023005010&amp;synUpdateType=&amp;type=journalArticle&amp;nav=1&amp;langType=1&amp;typename=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0">存档</a>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%8A%3B%7D-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%EF%BC%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%89%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%8B%3B%7D-%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E9%84%A7%E7%B4%85&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1673-2065&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=27-34&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpssd.cn%2FLiterature%2Farticleinfo%3Fid%3DHSXYXB2023005010%26synUpdateType%3D%26type%3DjournalArticle%26nav%3D1%26langType%3D1%26typename%3D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%2588%258A%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%25AB%25A0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-深b-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-2"><sup><b>18.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-3"><sup><b>18.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-4"><sup><b>18.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-5"><sup><b>18.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-6"><sup><b>18.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-深b_18-7"><sup><b>18.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">深川真樹. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A2022342507">《由「正心」至「王道終」——董仲舒論「治身」與「治國」》</a>. 《哲學論集》. 2022, <b>55</b>: 1–27 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192516/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A2022342507">存档</a>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E7%94%B1%E3%80%8C%E6%AD%A3%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D%E8%87%B3%E3%80%8C%E7%8E%8B%E9%81%93%E7%B5%82%E3%80%8D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8C%E6%B2%BB%E8%BA%AB%E3%80%8D%E8%88%87%E3%80%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%8B%E3%80%8D-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E6%B7%B1%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%9F%E6%A8%B9&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=1-27&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA2022342507&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-張-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-張_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">張祥龍. 《拒秦兴汉和应对佛教的儒家哲学:从董仲舒到陆象山》. 桂林: 廣西師範大學出版社. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787549518418" title="Special:网络书源/9787549518418"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787549518418</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E7%A5%A5%E9%BE%8D&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%8B%92%E7%A7%A6%E5%85%B4%E6%B1%89%E5%92%8C%E5%BA%94%E5%AF%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E5%88%B0%E9%99%86%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%B1%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9787549518418&amp;rft.place=%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97&amp;rft.pub=%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-李-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-李_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-李_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李峰. 《早期中國社會和文化史概論》. 劉曉霞譯. 台北: 國立臺灣大學出版中心. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789863503781" title="Special:网络书源/9789863503781"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789863503781</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%B3%B0&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2%E6%A6%82%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789863503781&amp;rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&amp;rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-桂a-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-桂a_21-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂a_21-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-桂a_21-2"><sup><b>21.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">桂思卓(Sarah A. Queen). 《论董仲舒的人君无为思想》. <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E9%BC%93%E6%87%89" title="陳鼓應">陳鼓應</a> (编). 《道家文化研究》第十四輯. 徐英等譯. 北京: 三聯書店. 1998: 353–363. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7108011158" title="Special:网络书源/7108011158"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;7108011158</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%AE%BA%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%9B%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BA%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E6%A1%82%E6%80%9D%E5%8D%93%EF%BC%88Sarah+A.+Queen%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E8%BC%AF&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=7108011158&amp;rft.pages=353-363&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%89%E8%81%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-宋-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-宋_22-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋_22-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋_22-2"><sup><b>22.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋_22-3"><sup><b>22.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋_22-4"><sup><b>22.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋_22-5"><sup><b>22.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">宋榮培. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceaworld.org/rxlw/content.aspx?nodeid=146&amp;page=ContentPage&amp;contentid=1954">《董仲舒的历史哲学:董氏春秋学的历史哲学意义及其局限》</a>. 國際儒家生態聯盟. 2013-06-24 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-17</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192442/http://www.iceaworld.org/rxlw/content.aspx?nodeid=146&amp;page=ContentPage&amp;contentid=1954">存档</a>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E5%AE%8B%E6%A6%AE%E5%9F%B9&amp;rft.btitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%9A%E8%91%A3%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%B1%80%E9%99%90-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.date=2013-06-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceaworld.org%2Frxlw%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D146%26page%3DContentPage%26contentid%3D1954&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-楊-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-楊_23-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-楊_23-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-楊_23-2"><sup><b>23.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">楊懋春. 《中國社會思想史》. 台北: 幼獅文化事業公司. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9575301668" title="Special:网络书源/9575301668"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9575301668</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E6%87%8B%E6%98%A5&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9575301668&amp;rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&amp;rft.pub=%E5%B9%BC%E7%8D%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-莊-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-莊_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">莊兵. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lit.ncu.edu.tw/ncujoh/word/11527282018.pdf">《董仲舒「孝經義」考辨》</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《中央大學人文學報》. 2010, <b>42</b>: 1–43 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1993-9167"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1993-9167</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29905%2FJCUT.201004.0001"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.29905/JCUT.201004.0001</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192404/https://lit.ncu.edu.tw/ncujoh/word/11527282018.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2024-10-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E3%80%8C%E5%AD%9D%E7%B6%93%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D%E8%80%83%E8%BE%A8-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E8%8E%8A%E5%85%B5&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1993-9167&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=1-43&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flit.ncu.edu.tw%2Fncujoh%2Fword%2F11527282018.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29905%2FJCUT.201004.0001&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-柳-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-柳_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%AD%98%E4%BB%81" title="柳存仁">柳存仁</a>. 《董仲舒與〈春秋〉》. 《和風堂新文集》上冊. 台北: 新文豐出版公司. 1997: 61–113. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571717104" title="Special:网络书源/9789571717104"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789571717104</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E8%88%87-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%88%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%8A%3B%7D-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%89%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%89%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%8B%3B%7D--%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E6%9F%B3%E5%AD%98%E4%BB%81&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%92%8C%E9%A2%A8%E5%A0%82%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%8A&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9789571717104&amp;rft.pages=61-113&amp;rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E8%B1%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-關-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-關_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">關口順. 《董仲舒的气的思想》. 小野澤精一等 (编). 《气的思想:中国自然观和人的观念的发展》. 李慶譯. 上海: 上海人民出版社. 2007: 150–167. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787208121867" title="Special:网络书源/9787208121867"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787208121867</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92&amp;rft.atitle=-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8A%3Bzh-tw%3A%E3%80%88%3B%7D-%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3-%7Bzh-cn%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-my%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-sg%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-hk%3A%E3%80%8B%3Bzh-mo%3A%E3%80%8B%3B+zh-tw%3A%E3%80%89%3B%7D-&amp;rft.au=%E9%97%9C%E5%8F%A3%E9%A0%86&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%A7%82%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9787208121867&amp;rft.pages=150-167&amp;rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-深f-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-深f_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">深川真樹. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpssd.cn/Literature/articleinfo?id=XSYJ2023003005&amp;synUpdateType=&amp;type=journalArticle&amp;nav=1&amp;langType=1&amp;typename=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0">《董仲舒是否反对〈公羊〉义——以“齐灭纪”相关经传诠释为论》</a>. 《學術研究》. 2023, <b>3</b>: 33–40 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1000-7326"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1000-7326</span></a>. 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