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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_and_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paleogeography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleogeography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleogeography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleooceanography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleooceanography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Paleooceanography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleooceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Triassic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Triassic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early Triassic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Triassic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Triassic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Triassic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle Triassic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Triassic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Triassic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Triassic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Late Triassic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Triassic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Land plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytoplankton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytoplankton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Phytoplankton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytoplankton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Marine invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archosauromorphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archosauromorphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Archosauromorphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archosauromorphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Marine reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Other reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synapsids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synapsids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Synapsids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synapsids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lagerstätten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lagerstätten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lagerstätten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lagerstätten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triassic–Jurassic_extinction_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triassic–Jurassic_extinction_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triassic–Jurassic_extinction_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Triassic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias_(Geologie)" title="Trias (Geologie) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Trias (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="العصر الثلاثي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الثلاثي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triasico" title="Triasico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Triasico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A1sicu" title="Triásicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Triásicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Trias dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trias dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="ট্রায়াসিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রায়াসিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias-k%C3%AD" title="Trias-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Trias-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Трыясавы перыяд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыясавы перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Трыяс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трыяс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Триас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Триас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijas" title="Trijas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trijas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triaseg" title="Triaseg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Triaseg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A0sic" title="Triàsic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Triàsic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triasig" title="Triasig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Triasig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias_(Geologie)" title="Trias (Geologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trias (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triias" title="Triias – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Triias" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τριαδική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τριαδική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A1sico" title="Triásico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Triásico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triaso" title="Triaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Triaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triasiko" title="Triasiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Triasiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تریاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%A9imhse_Thriasach" title="An Tréimhse Thriasach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tréimhse Thriasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A1sico" title="Triásico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Triásico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="트라이아스기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라이아스기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տրիասի ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրիասի ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="ट्राइऐसिक कल्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्राइऐसिक कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijas" title="Trijas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trijas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triaso" title="Triaso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Triaso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADast%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Tríastímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tríastímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassico" title="Triassico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Triassico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1" title="טריאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ტრიასული სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიასული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Триас дәуірі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Триас дәуірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Триас мезгили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Триас мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassicum" title="Triassicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Triassicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triass" title="Triass – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Triass" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triasas" title="Triasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Triasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triasica" title="Triasica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Triasica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A1sz" title="Triász – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Triász" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тријас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тријас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ട്രയാസ്സിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രയാസ്സിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تریاس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تریاس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83ng-di%C4%95k-g%C4%AB" title="Săng-diĕk-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Săng-diĕk-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="တြာယာဆီက်ယုဂ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တြာယာဆီက်ယုဂ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="रक्ताश्म युग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रक्ताश्म युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%B3%E7%B4%80" title="三畳紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三畳紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias_(Geologii)" title="Trias (Geologii) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Trias (Geologii)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Triassic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias_sistemasi" title="Trias sistemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trias sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ٹرائیسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹرائیسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A0ssich" title="Triàssich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Triàssich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias_(Geologie)" title="Trias (Geologie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Trias (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%A1ssico" title="Triássico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Triássico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triasic" title="Triasic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Triasic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimsaq%27aytu_Unaq" title="Kimsaq'aytu Unaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kimsaq'aytu Unaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Триасовый период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Триасовый период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Триас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Триас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Triassic" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Triassic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddexaad" title="Saddexaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saddexaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тријас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тријас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijas" title="Trijas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trijas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias_(period%C3%A9)" title="Trias (periodé) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Trias (periodé)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triaskausi" title="Triaskausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Triaskausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias" title="Trias – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trias" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triasiko" title="Triasiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Triasiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="டிராசிக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டிராசிக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Триас – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Триас" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ยุคไทรแอสซิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคไทรแอสซิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%85%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B5_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%BE_%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%AD%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎤᏂᎾᏅᎪᏥᎵ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏂᎾᏅᎪᏥᎵ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triyas" title="Triyas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Triyas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Тріасовий період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тріасовий період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三叠纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_Tr%C3%AD%C3%A1s%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Ìgbà Tríásíkì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Tríásíkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" title="三疊紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三疊紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First period of the Mesozoic Era 252–201 million years ago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(129,43,146);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Triassic</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">251.902 ± 0.024 – 201.4 ± 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:135.74086153846px; width:15.092984615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_225_Ma_(Norian_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_225_Ma_%28Norian_Age%29.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_225_Ma_%28Norian_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_225_Ma_%28Norian_Age%29.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_225_Ma_%28Norian_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_225_Ma_%28Norian_Age%29.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_225_Ma_%28Norian_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth as it appeared 225 million years ago during the Late Triassic Epoch</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:25.65em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:38em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−255 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.62em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−250 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.94em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−245 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.60em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−240 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−235 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.24em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−230 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−225 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.22em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−220 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−215 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.54em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−210 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.19em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−205 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.85em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−200 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:9.5em;height:38em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:0.000em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Pz</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:35.889em;left:0.000em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.945em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(240,64,40);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:1.140em;width:8.360em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian"><span style="color:white">Permian</span></a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(129,43,146);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:33.778em;left:1.140em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">Triassic</span></a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(52,178,201);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:1.140em;width:8.360em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic"><span style="color:white">Jurassic</span></a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:0.000em;width:9.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(152,57,153);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.744em;height:3.145em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.572em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Early</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(177,104,177);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:6.722em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.361em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Middle</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(189,140,195);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:23.811em;left:2.280em;width:1.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.906em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Late</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:0.000em;width:9.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(176,81,165);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.744em;height:2.675em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.338em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian"><span style="color:white">Olenekian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(164,70,159);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.420em;height:0.370em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan"><span style="color:white">Induan</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(188,117,183);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.266em;height:3.378em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.689em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian"><span style="color:white">Anisian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(201,131,191);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:3.344em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.672em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian"><span style="color:white">Ladinian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(201,155,203);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.233em;height:6.688em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.344em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian"><span style="color:">Carnian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(214,170,211);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.860em;height:12.274em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.137em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian"><span style="color:">Norian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(227,185,219);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:4.749em;left:3.420em;width:6.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.374em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian"><span style="color:">Rhaetian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.922em;height:0.033em;left:3.230em;width:6.270em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:0.033em;left:0.000em;width:9.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:0.067em;left:0.950em;width:8.550em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.033em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:9.405em;width:0.095em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:38em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.889em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:34.216em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Olenekian#Smithian–Spathian_boundary_event" title="Olenekian">Smithian–Spathian boundary event</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.915em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_episode" title="Carnian pluvial episode">Carnian pluvial episode</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.942em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">Full recovery of woody trees<sup id="cite_ref-McElwain2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElwain2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.935em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">Coals return<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:27.928em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">Scleractinian</a><br />corals & calcified sponges<sup id="cite_ref-Payne2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:2.111em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:11.475em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_Reservoir#Impact_crater" title="Manicouagan Reservoir">Manicouagan impact</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:22.5em"><b>Subdivision of the Triassic according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><br />Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">First appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hindeodus" title="Hindeodus">Hindeodus parvus</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triassic&params=31.0798_N_119.7058_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°04′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°42′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.0798°N 119.7058°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.0798; 119.7058</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2001<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">First appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonite</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Psiloceras" title="Psiloceras">Psiloceras spelae tirolicum</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Kuhjoch section, <a href="/wiki/Karwendel" title="Karwendel">Karwendel mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Calcareous_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Calcareous Alps">Northern Calcareous Alps</a>, Austria<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triassic&params=47.4839_N_11.5306_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°29′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°31′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.4839°N 11.5306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.4839; 11.5306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2010<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Triassic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">try-<span style="font-size:90%">ASS</span>-ik</i></a>; sometimes symbolized <b>🝈</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic period">geologic period</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">system</a> which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> Period 251.902 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Mya</a>), to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Period 201.4 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2023_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era</a> and the seventh period of the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic Eon</a>. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>. </p><p>The Triassic began in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, which left the Earth's biosphere impoverished; it was well into the middle of the Triassic before life recovered its former diversity. Three categories of organisms can be distinguished in the Triassic record: survivors from the extinction event, new groups that flourished briefly, and other new groups that went on to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> Era. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">Reptiles</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>, were the chief terrestrial vertebrates during this time. A specialized group of archosaurs, called <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, first appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period.<sup id="cite_ref-Brusatte_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusatte-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archosaurs that became dominant in this period were primarily <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">pseudosuchians</a>, relatives and ancestors of modern <a href="/wiki/Crocodilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilians">crocodilians</a>, while some archosaurs specialized in flight, the first time among vertebrates, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaurs">pterosaurs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Therapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsids">Therapsids</a>, the dominant vertebrates of the preceding Permian period, saw a brief surge in diversification in the Triassic, with <a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">dicynodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">cynodonts</a> quickly becoming dominant, but they declined throughout the period with the majority becoming extinct by the end. However, the first stem-group <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mammaliamorpha" title="Mammaliamorpha">mammaliamorphs</a>), themselves a specialized subgroup of cynodonts, appeared during the Triassic & would survive the extinction event, allowing them to radiate during the Jurassic. <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> were primarily represented by the <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">temnospondyls</a>, giant aquatic predators that had survived the end-Permian extinction and saw a new burst of diversification in the Triassic, before going extinct by the end; however, early crown-group <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">lissamphibians</a> (including stem-group <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> & <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a>) also became more common during the Triassic and survived the extinction event. The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">neopterygian</a> fish, including early <a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">holosteans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleosts</a>, appeared near the beginning of the Triassic, and quickly diversified to become among the dominant groups of fish in both freshwater and marine habitats. </p><p>The vast <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> dominated the globe during the Triassic, but in the latest Triassic (<a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a>) and Early Jurassic it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses: <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> to the south. The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and dry,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with deserts spanning much of Pangaea's interior. However, the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to drift apart. The end of the period was marked by yet another major mass extinction, the <a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a>, that wiped out many groups, including most pseudosuchians, and allowed dinosaurs to assume dominance in the Jurassic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Triassic was named in 1834 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Alberti" title="Friedrich August von Alberti">Friedrich August von Alberti</a>, after a succession of three distinct rock layers (Greek <i lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τριάς">triás</a></i> meaning 'triad') that are widespread in southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: the lower <a href="/wiki/Buntsandstein" title="Buntsandstein">Buntsandstein</a> (colourful <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a><i>)</i>, the middle <a href="/wiki/Muschelkalk" title="Muschelkalk">Muschelkalk</a> (shell-bearing <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>) and the upper <a href="/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper">Keuper</a> (coloured <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtroda_Sandstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Triassic sandstone (Buntsandstein) near Stadtroda, Germany"><img alt="Early Triassic sandstone (Buntsandstein) near Stadtroda, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stadtroda_Sandstein.jpg/160px-Stadtroda_Sandstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stadtroda_Sandstein.jpg/240px-Stadtroda_Sandstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stadtroda_Sandstein.jpg/320px-Stadtroda_Sandstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> sandstone (Buntsandstein) near <a href="/wiki/Stadtroda" title="Stadtroda">Stadtroda</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obere_Schaumkalkbank_am_Altenberg_bei_D%C3%B6rzbach_280308.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle Triassic Muschelkalk (shell-bearing limestone) near Dörzbach, Germany"><img alt="Middle Triassic Muschelkalk (shell-bearing limestone) near Dörzbach, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Obere_Schaumkalkbank_am_Altenberg_bei_D%C3%B6rzbach_280308.jpg/160px-Obere_Schaumkalkbank_am_Altenberg_bei_D%C3%B6rzbach_280308.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Obere_Schaumkalkbank_am_Altenberg_bei_D%C3%B6rzbach_280308.jpg/240px-Obere_Schaumkalkbank_am_Altenberg_bei_D%C3%B6rzbach_280308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Obere_Schaumkalkbank_am_Altenberg_bei_D%C3%B6rzbach_280308.jpg/320px-Obere_Schaumkalkbank_am_Altenberg_bei_D%C3%B6rzbach_280308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a> Muschelkalk (shell-bearing limestone) near <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rzbach" title="Dörzbach">Dörzbach</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirnbergaufschluss.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Triassic Steigerwald Formation and overlying Hassberge Formation in Schönbuch, Germany"><img alt="Late Triassic Steigerwald Formation and overlying Hassberge Formation in Schönbuch, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kirnbergaufschluss.JPG/161px-Kirnbergaufschluss.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kirnbergaufschluss.JPG/241px-Kirnbergaufschluss.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kirnbergaufschluss.JPG/321px-Kirnbergaufschluss.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steigerwald_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steigerwald Formation (page does not exist)">Steigerwald Formation</a> and overlying <a href="/wiki/Hassberge_Formation" title="Hassberge Formation">Hassberge Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbuch" title="Schönbuch">Schönbuch</a>, Germany</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_subdivisions">Dating and subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating and subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a>, the Triassic is usually divided into <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epochs</a>, and the corresponding rocks are referred to as Lower, Middle, or Upper Triassic. The <a href="/wiki/Faunal_stages" class="mw-redirect" title="Faunal stages">faunal stages</a> from the youngest to oldest are: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Series/Epoch </th> <th>Faunal stage </th> <th>Time span </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(189,140,195);"><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic"><span style="color:white"><b>Upper/Late Triassic</b> (Tr3)</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: rgb(227,185,219);"><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian"><span style="color:">Rhaetian</span></a> </td> <td>(208.5 – 201.4 ± 0.2 Mya) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(214,170,211);"><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian"><span style="color:">Norian</span></a> </td> <td>(227 – 208.5 Mya) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(201,155,203);"><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian"><span style="color:">Carnian</span></a> </td> <td>(237 – 227 Mya) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(177,104,177)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic"><span style="color:white"><b>Middle Triassic</b> (Tr2)</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: rgb(201,131,191);"><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian"><span style="color:white">Ladinian</span></a> </td> <td>(242 – 237 Mya) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(188,117,183);"><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian"><span style="color:white">Anisian</span></a> </td> <td>(247.2 – 242 Mya) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(152,57,153);"><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic"><span style="color:white"><b>Lower/Early Triassic</b> (Scythian)</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: rgb(176,81,165);"><a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian"><span style="color:white">Olenekian</span></a> </td> <td>(251.2 – 247.2 Mya) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(164,70,159);"><a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan"><span style="color:white">Induan</span></a> </td> <td>(251.902 ± 0.024 – 251.2 Mya) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeography">Paleogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paleogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:230_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/230_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png/350px-230_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/230_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png/525px-230_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/230_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png/700px-230_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>View of the Tethys area during the Ladinian stage (230 Ma)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangaea_(230_million_years_ago).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pangaea_%28230_million_years_ago%29.png/350px-Pangaea_%28230_million_years_ago%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pangaea_%28230_million_years_ago%29.png/525px-Pangaea_%28230_million_years_ago%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Pangaea_%28230_million_years_ago%29.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>230 Ma continental reconstruction</figcaption></figure><p>During the Triassic, almost all the Earth's land mass was concentrated into a single <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">entire land</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ForteKustatscherPreto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForteKustatscherPreto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This supercontinent was more-or-less centered on the equator and extended between the poles, though it did drift northwards as the period progressed. Southern Pangea, also known as <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, was made up by closely-appressed cratons corresponding to modern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. North Pangea, also known as Laurussia or <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>, corresponds to modern-day <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and the fragmented predecessors of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The western edge of Pangea lay at the margin of an enormous ocean, <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">entire sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which roughly corresponds to the modern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Practically all deep-ocean crust present during the Triassic has been recycled through the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of oceanic plates, so very little is known about the open ocean from this time period. Most information on Panthalassan geology and marine life is derived from <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> and rare seafloor sediments <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accreted</a> onto surrounding land masses, such as present-day Japan and western North America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> The eastern edge of Pangea was encroached upon by a pair of extensive oceanic basins: The <a href="/wiki/Neotethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotethys">Neo-Tethys</a> (or simply Tethys) and <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys Oceans</a>. These extended from China to Iberia, hosting abundant marine life along their shallow tropical peripheries. They were divided from each other by a long string of microcontinents known as the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_terranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian terranes">Cimmerian terranes</a>. Cimmerian crust had detached from Gondwana in the early Permian and drifted northwards during the Triassic, enlarging the Neo-Tethys Ocean which formed in their wake. At the same time, they forced the Paleo-Tethys Ocean to shrink as it was being subducted under Asia. By the end of the Triassic, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean occupied a small area and the Cimmerian terranes began to collide with southern Asia. This collision, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Orogeny" title="Cimmerian Orogeny">Cimmerian Orogeny</a>, continued into the Jurassic and <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to produce a chain of mountain ranges stretching from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cocks-2016-2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocks-2016-2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(1)Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg/220px-%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg/330px-%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg/440px-%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> lies on Triassic <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> and sandstones. Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney belong to the Triassic <a href="/wiki/Sydney_sandstone" title="Sydney sandstone">Sydney sandstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Pangaea was fractured by widespread faulting and rift basins during the Triassic—especially late in that period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a> that marks the initial break-up of Pangaea, which separated eastern North America from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, are of Late Triassic age; in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, these thick sediments comprise the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Supergroup" title="Newark Supergroup">Newark Supergroup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rift basins are also common in South America, Europe, and Africa. Terrestrial environments are particularly well-represented in the South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-dinopedia-african_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinopedia-african-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia, central Europe, and the southwest United States. Terrestrial Triassic <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphy</a> is mostly based on terrestrial and freshwater tetrapods, as well as <a href="/wiki/Conchostracans" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchostracans">conchostracans</a> ("clam shrimps"), a type of fast-breeding crustacean which lived in lakes and hypersaline environments. </p><p>Because a supercontinent has less shoreline compared to a series of smaller continents, Triassic marine deposits are relatively uncommon on a global scale. A major exception is in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, where the Triassic was first studied. The northeastern margin of Gondwana was a stable <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margin</a> along the Neo-Tethys Ocean, and marine sediments have been preserved in parts of northern India and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cocks-2016-2016_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocks-2016-2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Triassic <a href="/wiki/Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplains</a> are thought to have formed in what is now Norway and southern Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-Karna1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karna1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remnants of this peneplain can be traced as a tilted <a href="/wiki/Summit_accordance" title="Summit accordance">summit accordance</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_West_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish West Coast (page does not exist)">Swedish West Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karna1993_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karna1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern Norway Triassic peneplains may have been buried in sediments to be then <a href="/wiki/Exhumation_(geology)" title="Exhumation (geology)">re-exposed</a> as coastal plains called <a href="/wiki/Strandflat" title="Strandflat">strandflats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Odleivetal2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odleivetal2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dating of <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite clay</a> from a strandflat of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8mlo" title="Bømlo">Bømlo</a>, southern Norway, have shown that landscape there became weathered in Late Triassic times (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 210 million years ago) with the landscape likely also being shaped during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredinetal2017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredinetal2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleooceanography">Paleooceanography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paleooceanography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eustatic_sea_level" title="Eustatic sea level">Eustatic sea level</a> in the Triassic was consistently low compared to the other geological periods. The beginning of the Triassic was around present sea level, rising to about 10–20 metres (33–66 ft) above present-day sea level during the Early and Middle Triassic. Sea level rise accelerated in the Ladinian, culminating with a sea level up to 50 metres (164 ft) above present-day levels during the Carnian. Sea level began to decline in the Norian, reaching a low of 50 metres (164 ft) below present sea level during the mid-Rhaetian. Low global sea levels persisted into the earliest Jurassic. The long-term sea level trend is superimposed by 22 sea level drop events widespread in the geologic record, mostly of minor (less than 25-metre (82 ft)) and medium (25–75-metre (82–246 ft)) magnitudes. A lack of evidence for Triassic continental ice sheets suggest that glacial eustasy is unlikely to be the cause of these changes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Triassic continental interior climate was generally hot and dry, so that typical deposits are <a href="/wiki/Red_beds" title="Red beds">red bed</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a>. There is no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciation</a> at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles. Pangaea's large size limited the moderating effect of the global ocean; its <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> was highly seasonal, with very hot summers and cold winters.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley,_452-3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley,_452-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong contrast between the Pangea supercontinent and the global ocean triggered intense cross-equatorial <a href="/wiki/Monsoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoons">monsoons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley,_452-3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley,_452-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pangean_megamonsoon" title="Pangean megamonsoon">Pangean megamonsoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Triassic may have mostly been a dry period, but evidence exists that it was punctuated by several episodes of increased rainfall in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the Tethys Sea and its surrounding land.<sup id="cite_ref-Pretoetal2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pretoetal2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sediments and fossils suggestive of a more humid climate are known from the Anisian to Ladinian of the Tethysian domain, and from the Carnian and Rhaetian of a larger area that includes also the Boreal domain (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> Islands), the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> continent, the South <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> block and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The best-studied of such episodes of humid climate, and probably the most intense and widespread, was the <a href="/wiki/Carnian_Pluvial_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnian Pluvial Event">Carnian Pluvial Event</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Triassic">Early Triassic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Triassic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Early Triassic was the hottest portion of the entire Phanerozoic, seeing as it occurred during and immediately after the discharge of titanic volumes of greenhouse gases from the Siberian Traps. The Early Triassic began with the Permian-Triassic Thermal Maximum (PTTM) and was followed by the brief Dienerian Cooling (DC) from 251 to 249 Ma, which was in turn followed by the Latest Smithian Thermal Maximum (LSTT) around 249 to 248 Ma. During the Latest Olenekian Cooling (LOC), from 248 to 247 Ma, temperatures cooled by about 6 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Triassic">Middle Triassic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Triassic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Middle Triassic was cooler than the Early Triassic, with temperatures falling over most of the Anisian, with the exception of a warming spike in the latter portion of the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 242 to 233 Ma, the Ladinian-Carnian Cooling (LCC) ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Triassic">Late Triassic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late Triassic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the Carnian, global temperatures continued to be relatively cool.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruption of the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province around 234 Ma caused abrupt global warming, terminating the cooling trend of the LCC.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This warming was responsible for the Carnian Pluvial Event and resulted in an episode of widespread global humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPE ushered in the Mid-Carnian Warm Interval (MCWI), which lasted from 234 to 227 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Carnian-Norian boundary occurred a positive <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> excursion believed to signify an increase in organic carbon burial.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 227 to 217 Ma, there was a relatively cool period known as the Early Norian Cool Interval (ENCI), after which occurred the Mid-Norian Warm Interval (MNWI) from 217 to 209 Ma. The MNWI was briefly interrupted around 214 Ma by a cooling possibly related to the <a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_Impact_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicouagan Impact Crater">Manicouagan impact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 212 Ma, a 10 Myr eccentricity maximum caused a paludification of Pangaea and a reduction in the size of arid climatic zones.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rhaetian Cool Interval (RCI) lasted from 209 to 201 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the terminus of the Triassic, there was an extreme warming event referred to as the End-Triassic Thermal Event (ETTE), which was responsible for the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherRobertScotese_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherRobertScotese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bubbles of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in basaltic rocks dating back to the end of the Triassic indicate that volcanic activity from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province helped trigger climate change in the ETTE.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b15_s0826b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Meyers_b15_s0826b.jpg/170px-Meyers_b15_s0826b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Meyers_b15_s0826b.jpg/255px-Meyers_b15_s0826b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Meyers_b15_s0826b.jpg/340px-Meyers_b15_s0826b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Triassic flora as depicted in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon" title="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">Meyers Konversations-Lexikon</a></i></span> (1885–90)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_plants">Land plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Early Triassic, <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophytes</a>, particularly those of the order <a href="/wiki/Isoetales" title="Isoetales">Isoetales</a> (which contains living <a href="/wiki/Quillwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Quillwort">quillworts</a>), rose to prominence due to the environmental instability following the Permian-Triassic extinction, with one particularly notable example being the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pleuromeia" title="Pleuromeia">Pleuromeia</a>,</i> which grew in columnar like fashion, sometimes reaching a height of 2 metres (6.6 ft). The relevance of lycophytes declined from the Middle Triassic onwards, following the return of more stable environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While having first appeared during the Permian, the extinct seed plant group <a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a> first became a prominent element in global floras during the Late Triassic, a position they would hold for much of the Mesozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Southern Hemisphere landmasses of Gondwana, the tree <i><a href="/wiki/Dicroidium" title="Dicroidium">Dicroidium</a></i>, an extinct "<a href="/wiki/Seed_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed fern">seed fern</a>" belong to the order <a href="/wiki/Corystospermales" class="mw-redirect" title="Corystospermales">Corystospermales</a> was a dominant element in forest habitats across the region during the Middle-Late Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Late Triassic, the <a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a> (which today are represented by only a single species, <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i>) underwent considerable diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conifers were abundant during the Triassic, and included the <a href="/wiki/Voltziales" title="Voltziales">Voltziales</a> (which contains various lineages, probably including those ancestral to modern conifers),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the extinct family <a href="/wiki/Cheirolepidiaceae" title="Cheirolepidiaceae">Cheirolepidiaceae</a>, which first appeared in the Late Triassic, and would be prominent throughout most of the rest of the Mesozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal">Coal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prospect_Hill_Monterey_Pine_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prospect_Hill_Monterey_Pine_Forest.jpg/260px-Prospect_Hill_Monterey_Pine_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prospect_Hill_Monterey_Pine_Forest.jpg/390px-Prospect_Hill_Monterey_Pine_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prospect_Hill_Monterey_Pine_Forest.jpg/520px-Prospect_Hill_Monterey_Pine_Forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2782" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Immediately above the Permian–Triassic boundary the <a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">glossopteris</a> flora was suddenly<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely displaced by an <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>-wide coniferous flora.</figcaption></figure> <p>No known <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits date from the start of the Triassic Period. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> "coal gap" and can be seen as part of the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1996a_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1996a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible explanations for the coal gap include sharp drops in sea level at the time of the Permo-Triassic boundary;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acid rain from the Siberian Traps eruptions or from an impact event that overwhelmed acidic swamps; climate shift to a greenhouse climate that was too hot and dry for peat accumulation; evolution of fungi or herbivores that were more destructive of wetlands; the extinction of all plants adapted to peat swamps, with a hiatus of several million years before new plant species evolved that were adapted to peat swamps;<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1996a_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1996a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or soil anoxia as oxygen levels plummeted.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phytoplankton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Permian extinction, <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (red and green algae) had been the major marine <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplanktons</a> since about 659–645 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when they replaced marine planktonic <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, which first appeared about 800 million years ago, as the dominant phytoplankton in the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Triassic, <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis#Secondary_endosymbiosis" title="Symbiogenesis">secondary endosymbiotic</a> algae became the most important plankton.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triassic_Utah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Triassic_Utah.JPG/260px-Triassic_Utah.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Triassic_Utah.JPG/390px-Triassic_Utah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Triassic_Utah.JPG/520px-Triassic_Utah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Middle Triassic marginal marine sequence, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marine invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine environments</a>, new modern types of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> appeared in the Early Triassic, forming small patches of <a href="/wiki/Reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reefs">reefs</a> of modest extent compared to the great reef systems of <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> or modern times. At the end of the Carnian, a reef crisis occurred in South China.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Serpulidae" title="Serpulidae">Serpulids</a> appeared in the Middle Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-VinnMutvei2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VinnMutvei2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microconchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Microconchids">Microconchids</a> were abundant. The shelled <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a> recovered, diversifying from a single line that survived the Permian extinction. Bivalves began to rapidly diversify during the Middle Triassic, becoming highly abundant in the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquatic insects rapidly diversified during the Middle Triassic, with this time interval representing a crucial diversification for <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a>, the clade containing the majority of modern insect species.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birgeria_recon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birgeria_recon.jpg/250px-Birgeria_recon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birgeria_recon.jpg/375px-Birgeria_recon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birgeria_recon.jpg/500px-Birgeria_recon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Birgeria" title="Birgeria">Birgeria</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/End-Permian_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="End-Permian mass extinction">Permian-Triassic mass extinction event</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> fauna was remarkably uniform, with many <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> exhibiting a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romano2016_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano2016-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">Coelacanths</a> show their highest post-<a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygians" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinopterygians">Ray-finned fishes</a> (actinopterygians) went through a remarkable diversification in the beginning of the Triassic, leading to peak diversity during the Middle Triassic; however, the pattern of this diversification is still not well understood due to a <a href="/wiki/Megabias" title="Megabias">taphonomic megabias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Stem-group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-group">stem-group</a> <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleosts</a> appeared during the Triassic (teleosts are by far the most diverse group of fish today).<sup id="cite_ref-Romano2016_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano2016-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predatory actinopterygians such as <a href="/wiki/Saurichthys" title="Saurichthys">saurichthyids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birgeria" title="Birgeria">birgeriids</a>, some of which grew over 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in length, appeared in the Early Triassic and became widespread and successful during the period as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Romano17_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano17-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakes and rivers were populated by <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a> (Dipnoi), such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratodus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratodus (genus)">Ceratodus</a></i>, which are mainly known from the dental plates, abundant in the fossils record.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hybodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybodonts">Hybodonts</a>, a group of shark-like <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fish</a>, were dominant in both freshwater and marine environments throughout the Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Last survivors of the mainly <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" title="Eugeneodontida">Eugeneodontida</a> are known from the Early Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastodonsaurus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mastodonsaurus3.jpg/170px-Mastodonsaurus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mastodonsaurus3.jpg/255px-Mastodonsaurus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mastodonsaurus3.jpg/340px-Mastodonsaurus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the Triassic amphibian <a href="/wiki/Mastodonsaurus" title="Mastodonsaurus">Mastodonsaurus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">Temnospondyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> were among those groups that survived the Permian–Triassic extinction. Once abundant in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, the terrestrial species had mostly died out during the extinction event. The Triassic survivors were aquatic or semi-aquatic, and were represented by <i><a href="/wiki/Tupilakosaurus" title="Tupilakosaurus">Tupilakosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thabanchuia" title="Thabanchuia">Thabanchuia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiosauridae" title="Branchiosauridae">Branchiosauridae</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Micropholis_(amphibian)" title="Micropholis (amphibian)">Micropholis</a></i>, all of which died out in Early Triassic, and the successful <a href="/wiki/Stereospondyli" title="Stereospondyli">Stereospondyli</a>, with survivors into the Cretaceous Period. The largest Triassic stereospondyls, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mastodonsaurus" title="Mastodonsaurus">Mastodonsaurus</a>,</i> were up to 4 to 6 metres (13 to 20 ft) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some lineages (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Trematosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematosaur">trematosaurs</a>) flourished briefly in the Early Triassic, while others (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Capitosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitosaur">capitosaurs</a>) remained successful throughout the whole period, or only came to prominence in the Late Triassic (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Plagiosaurus" title="Plagiosaurus">Plagiosaurus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Metoposaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Metoposaur">metoposaurs</a>). </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibians</a> (modern amphibians) appear in the Triassic, with the progenitors of the first <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> already present by the Early Triassic. However, the group as a whole did not become common until the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, when the temnospondyls had become very rare. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a>, stem-amniotes that gave rise to the amniotes, disappeared in the Triassic, but two water-dwelling groups survived: <a href="/wiki/Embolomeri" title="Embolomeri">Embolomeri</a> that only survived into the early part of the period, and the <a href="/wiki/Chroniosuchia" title="Chroniosuchia">Chroniosuchia</a>, which survived until the end of the Triassic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archosauromorphs">Archosauromorphs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Archosauromorphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Permian–Triassic extinction devastated terrestrial life. Biodiversity rebounded as the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer organisms">surviving species</a> repopulated empty terrain, but these were short-lived. Diverse communities with complex <a href="/wiki/Food-web" class="mw-redirect" title="Food-web">food-web</a> structures took 30 million years to reestablish.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EVOLUTION_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVOLUTION-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorph</a> reptiles, which had already appeared and diversified to an extent in the Permian Period, exploded in diversity as an <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> in response to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. By the Early Triassic, several major archosauromorph groups had appeared. Long-necked, lizard-like early archosauromorphs were known as <a href="/wiki/Protorosauria" title="Protorosauria">protorosaurs</a>, which is likely a paraphyletic group rather than a true clade. <a href="/wiki/Tanystropheidae" title="Tanystropheidae">Tanystropheids</a> were a family of protorosaurs which elevated their neck size to extremes, with the largest genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tanystropheus" title="Tanystropheus">Tanystropheus</a></i> having a neck longer than its body. The protorosaur family <a href="/wiki/Sharovipterygidae" title="Sharovipterygidae">Sharovipterygidae</a> used their elongated hindlimbs for gliding. Other archosauromorphs, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhynchosaur" title="Rhynchosaur">rhynchosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allokotosauria" title="Allokotosauria">allokotosaurs</a>, were mostly stocky-bodied herbivores with specialized jaw structures. </p><p>Rhynchosaurs, barrel-gutted herbivores, thrived for only a short period of time, becoming extinct about 220 million years ago. They were exceptionally abundant in the middle of the Triassic, as the primary large herbivores in many Carnian-age ecosystems. They sheared plants with premaxillary beaks and plates along the upper jaw with multiple rows of teeth. Allokotosaurs were iguana-like reptiles, including <i><a href="/wiki/Trilophosaurus" title="Trilophosaurus">Trilophosaurus</a></i> (a common Late Triassic reptile with three-crowned teeth), <i><a href="/wiki/Teraterpeton" title="Teraterpeton">Teraterpeton</a></i> (which had a long beak-like snout), and <i><a href="/wiki/Shringasaurus" title="Shringasaurus">Shringasaurus</a></i> (a horned herbivore which reached a body length of 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft)). </p><p>One group of archosauromorphs, the <a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">archosauriforms</a>, were distinguished by their active predatory lifestyle, with serrated teeth and upright limb postures. Archosauriforms were diverse in the Triassic, including various terrestrial and semiaquatic predators of all shapes and sizes. The large-headed and robust <a href="/wiki/Erythrosuchidae" title="Erythrosuchidae">erythrosuchids</a> were among the dominant carnivores in the early Triassic. <a href="/wiki/Phytosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytosaurs">Phytosaurs</a> were a particularly common group which prospered during the Late Triassic. These long-snouted and semiaquatic predators resemble living crocodiles and probably had a similar lifestyle, hunting for fish and small reptiles around the water's edge. However, this resemblance is only superficial and is a prime-case of convergent evolution. </p><p>True <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> appeared in the early Triassic, splitting into two branches: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a> (the ancestors to birds) and <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">Pseudosuchia</a> (the ancestors to crocodilians). Avemetatarsalians were a minor component of their ecosystems, but eventually produced the earliest <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> in the Late Triassic. Early long-tailed pterosaurs appeared in the Norian and quickly spread worldwide. Triassic dinosaurs evolved in the Carnian and include early sauropodomorphs and theropods. Most Triassic dinosaurs were small predators and only a few were common, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i>, which was 1 to 2 metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft) long. Triassic <a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">sauropodomorphs</a> primarily inhabited cooler regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large predator <i><a href="/wiki/Smok_(archosaur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smok (archosaur)">Smok</a></i> was most likely also an archosaur, but it is uncertain if it was a primitive dinosaur or a pseudosuchian. </p><p>Pseudosuchians were far more ecologically dominant in the Triassic, including large herbivores (such as <a href="/wiki/Aetosaur" title="Aetosaur">aetosaurs</a>), large carnivores ("<a href="/wiki/Rauisuchia" title="Rauisuchia">rauisuchians</a>"), and the first <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylomorphs">crocodylomorphs</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Sphenosuchia" title="Sphenosuchia">sphenosuchians</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Aetosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetosaurs">Aetosaurs</a> were heavily-armored reptiles that were common during the last 30 million years of the Late Triassic until they died out at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Most aetosaurs were herbivorous and fed on low-growing plants, but some may have eaten meat. "<a href="/wiki/Rauisuchia" title="Rauisuchia">rauisuchians</a>" (formally known as <a href="/wiki/Paracrocodylomorpha" title="Paracrocodylomorpha">paracrocodylomorphs</a>) were the keystone predators of most Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Over 25 species have been found, including giant quadrupedal hunters, sleek bipedal omnivores, and lumbering beasts with deep sails on their backs. They probably occupied the large-predator niche later filled by theropods. "Rauisuchians" were ancestral to small, lightly-built crocodylomorphs, the only pseudosuchians which survived into the Jurassic. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanystropheus_NT_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanystropheus, a long-necked tanystropheid"><img alt="Tanystropheus, a long-necked tanystropheid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tanystropheus_NT_small.jpg/120px-Tanystropheus_NT_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tanystropheus_NT_small.jpg/180px-Tanystropheus_NT_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tanystropheus_NT_small.jpg/240px-Tanystropheus_NT_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tanystropheus" title="Tanystropheus">Tanystropheus</a>,</i> a long-necked <a href="/wiki/Tanystropheidae" title="Tanystropheidae">tanystropheid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proterosuchus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proterosuchus, a crocodile-like early archosauriform from the Early Triassic"><img alt="Proterosuchus, a crocodile-like early archosauriform from the Early Triassic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Proterosuchus_BW.jpg/120px-Proterosuchus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Proterosuchus_BW.jpg/180px-Proterosuchus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Proterosuchus_BW.jpg/240px-Proterosuchus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Proterosuchus" title="Proterosuchus">Proterosuchus</a></i>, a crocodile-like early archosauriform from the Early Triassic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Staurikosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staurikosaurus, one of the earliest dinosaurs, a member of the Triassic family Herrerasauridae"><img alt="Staurikosaurus, one of the earliest dinosaurs, a member of the Triassic family Herrerasauridae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Staurikosaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Staurikosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Staurikosaurus_BW.jpg/180px-Staurikosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Staurikosaurus_BW.jpg/240px-Staurikosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Staurikosaurus" title="Staurikosaurus">Staurikosaurus</a>,</i> one of the earliest dinosaurs, a member of the Triassic family <a href="/wiki/Herrerasauridae" title="Herrerasauridae">Herrerasauridae</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Postosuchus_kirkpatricki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postosuchus, a rauisuchid which was an apex predator in parts of Late Triassic North America"><img alt="Postosuchus, a rauisuchid which was an apex predator in parts of Late Triassic North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Postosuchus_kirkpatricki.jpg/120px-Postosuchus_kirkpatricki.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Postosuchus_kirkpatricki.jpg/180px-Postosuchus_kirkpatricki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Postosuchus_kirkpatricki.jpg/240px-Postosuchus_kirkpatricki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Postosuchus" title="Postosuchus">Postosuchus</a>,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Rauisuchidae" title="Rauisuchidae">rauisuchid</a> which was an <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a> in parts of Late Triassic North America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sellosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plateosaurus was one of the largest of early sauropodomorphs, or "prosauropods", of the Late Triassic"><img alt="Plateosaurus was one of the largest of early sauropodomorphs, or "prosauropods", of the Late Triassic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sellosaurus.jpg/120px-Sellosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sellosaurus.jpg/180px-Sellosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sellosaurus.jpg/240px-Sellosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i> was one of the largest of early <a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodomorph">sauropodomorphs</a>, or "prosauropods", of the Late Triassic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelophysis_size_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coelophysis was one of the most abundant theropod dinosaurs in the Late Triassic"><img alt="Coelophysis was one of the most abundant theropod dinosaurs in the Late Triassic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coelophysis_size_flipped.jpg/120px-Coelophysis_size_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coelophysis_size_flipped.jpg/180px-Coelophysis_size_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coelophysis_size_flipped.jpg/240px-Coelophysis_size_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i> was one of the most abundant theropod dinosaurs in the Late Triassic</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_reptiles">Marine reptiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marine reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png/260px-Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png/390px-Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png/520px-Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Marine vertebrate apex predators of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a> (Middle Triassic)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There were many types of marine reptiles. These included the <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">Sauropterygia</a>, which featured <a href="/wiki/Pachypleurosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachypleurosaurus">pachypleurosaurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nothosaur" title="Nothosaur">nothosaurs</a> (both common during the Middle Triassic, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a> region), <a href="/wiki/Placodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodont">placodonts</a>, the earliest known herbivorous marine reptile <a href="/wiki/Atopodentatus" title="Atopodentatus">Atopodentatus</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a>. The first of the lizardlike <a href="/wiki/Thalattosauria" title="Thalattosauria">Thalattosauria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askeptosaurus" title="Askeptosaurus">askeptosaurs</a>) and the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">ichthyopterygians</a>, which appeared in <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> seas, soon diversified. By the Middle Triassic, some ichthyopterygians were achieving very large body masses.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_reptiles">Other reptiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among other reptiles, the earliest <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, like <i><a href="/wiki/Proganochelys" title="Proganochelys">Proganochelys</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Proterochersis" title="Proterochersis">Proterochersis</a></i>, appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> Age (Stage) of the Late Triassic Period. The <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">Sphenodontia</a>, are first found in the fossil record of the earlier Carnian Age, though the earliest lepidosauromorphs likely occurred in the Permian. The <a href="/wiki/Procolophonidae" title="Procolophonidae">Procolophonidae</a>, the last surviving <a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">parareptiles</a>, were an important group of small lizard-like herbivores. The <a href="/wiki/Drepanosaur" title="Drepanosaur">drepanosaurs</a> were a clade of unusual, chameleon-like arboreal reptiles with birdlike heads and specialised claws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synapsids">Synapsids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Synapsids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsid</a> groups survived into the Triassic: <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>. The cynodont <i><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus" title="Cynognathus">Cynognathus</a></i> was a characteristic top predator in the <a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">kannemeyeriiform</a> dicynodonts and <a href="/wiki/Gomphodontia" title="Gomphodontia">gomphodont</a> cynodonts remained important <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> during much of the period. Therocephalians included both large predators (<i><a href="/wiki/Moschorhinus" title="Moschorhinus">Moschorhinus</a></i>) and herbivorous forms (<a href="/wiki/Bauriidae" title="Bauriidae">bauriids</a>) until their extinction midway through the period. <a href="/wiki/Ecteniniidae" title="Ecteniniidae">Ecteniniid</a> cynodonts played a role as large-sized, cursorial predators in the Late Triassic. During the <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> (early part of the Late Triassic), some advanced cynodonts gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals#From_cynodonts_to_crown_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">first mammals</a>. </p><p>During the Triassic, archosaurs displaced therapsids as the largest and most ecologically prolific terrestrial amniotes. This "Triassic Takeover" may have contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">evolution of mammals</a> by forcing the surviving therapsids and their <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">mammaliaform</a> successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_bottleneck" title="Nocturnal bottleneck">Nocturnal life</a> may have forced the mammaliaforms to develop fur and a higher <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RubenJones2000FurAndFeathers_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubenJones2000FurAndFeathers-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lystrosaurus was a widespread dicynodont and the most common land vertebrate during the Early Triassic, after animal life had been greatly diminished"><img alt="Lystrosaurus was a widespread dicynodont and the most common land vertebrate during the Early Triassic, after animal life had been greatly diminished" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/180px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/240px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i> was a widespread dicynodont and the most common land vertebrate during the Early Triassic, after animal life had been greatly diminished</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynognathus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cynognathus was a carnivorous mammal-like cynodont from the Early Triassic."><img alt="Cynognathus was a carnivorous mammal-like cynodont from the Early Triassic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/120px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/180px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/240px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus" title="Cynognathus">Cynognathus</a></i> was a carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">mammal-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodont</a> from the Early Triassic.</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lagerstätten"><span id="Lagerst.C3.A4tten"></span>Lagerstätten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lagerstätten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerstätten">lagerstätten</a> (high-quality fossil beds), the <a href="/wiki/Dienerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dienerian">Dienerian</a> aged <a href="/wiki/Guiyang_biota" title="Guiyang biota">Guiyang biota</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the earliest <a href="/wiki/Spathian" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathian">Spathian</a> aged <a href="/wiki/Paris_biota" title="Paris biota">Paris biota</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stand out due to their exceptional preservation and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a>. They represent the earliest lagerstätten of the Mesozoic era and provide insight into the biotic recovery from the <a href="/wiki/Permian-Triassic_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian-Triassic mass extinction">Permian-Triassic mass extinction</a> event. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a> lagerstätte, now in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lugano" title="Lake Lugano">Lake Lugano</a> region of northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, was in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a> times a <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a> behind reefs with an <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> bottom layer, so there were no scavengers and little turbulence to disturb fossilization, a situation that can be compared to the better-known Jurassic <a href="/wiki/Solnhofen_Limestone" title="Solnhofen Limestone">Solnhofen Limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Lagerstätte">lagerstätte</a>. The remains of fish and various marine reptiles (including the common <a href="/wiki/Pachypleurosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachypleurosaur">pachypleurosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neusticosaurus" title="Neusticosaurus">Neusticosaurus</a></i>, and the bizarre long-necked <a href="/wiki/Archosauromorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauromorph">archosauromorph</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tanystropheus" title="Tanystropheus">Tanystropheus</a></i>), along with some terrestrial forms like <i><a href="/wiki/Ticinosuchus" title="Ticinosuchus">Ticinosuchus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Macrocnemus" title="Macrocnemus">Macrocnemus</a></i>, have been recovered from this locality. All these fossils date from the <a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian">Ladinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">ages</a> (about 242 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> ago). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triassic–Jurassic_extinction_event"><span id="Triassic.E2.80.93Jurassic_extinction_event"></span>Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extinction_Intensity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Extinction_Intensity.svg/260px-Extinction_Intensity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Extinction_Intensity.svg/390px-Extinction_Intensity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Extinction_Intensity.svg/520px-Extinction_Intensity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The mass extinction event is marked by 'End Tr'</figcaption></figure> <p>The Triassic Period ended with a mass extinction, which was particularly severe in the oceans; the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a> disappeared, as did all the marine reptiles except <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a>. Invertebrates like <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>) were severely affected. In the oceans, 22% of marine families and possibly about half of marine genera went missing. </p><p>Though the end-Triassic extinction event was not equally devastating in all terrestrial ecosystems, several important clades of <a href="/wiki/Crurotarsi" title="Crurotarsi">crurotarsans</a> (large archosaurian reptiles previously grouped together as the <a href="/wiki/Thecodontia" title="Thecodontia">thecodonts</a>) disappeared, as did most of the large labyrinthodont amphibians, groups of small reptiles, and most synapsids. Some of the early, primitive dinosaurs also became extinct, but more adaptive ones survived to evolve into the Jurassic. Surviving plants that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world included modern conifers and cycadeoids. </p><p>The cause of the Late Triassic extinction is uncertain. It was accompanied by huge <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> eruptions that occurred as the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart about 202 to 191 million years ago (40Ar/39Ar dates),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlantic_Magmatic_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Atlantic Magmatic Province">Central Atlantic Magmatic Province</a> (CAMP),<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the largest known inland volcanic events since the planet had first cooled and stabilized. Other possible but less likely causes for the extinction events include global cooling or even a <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolide</a> impact, for which an impact crater containing <a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_Reservoir" title="Manicouagan Reservoir">Manicouagan Reservoir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, has been singled out. However, the Manicouagan impact melt has been dated to 214±1 Mya. The date of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary has also been more accurately fixed recently, at 201.4 Mya. Both dates are gaining accuracy by using more accurate forms of radiometric dating, in particular the decay of uranium to lead in zircons formed at time of the impact. So, the evidence suggests the Manicouagan impact preceded the end of the Triassic by approximately 10±2 Ma. It could not therefore be the immediate cause of the observed mass extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrified_Forest_National_Park-Rainbow_Forest_Museum-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Petrified_Forest_National_Park-Rainbow_Forest_Museum-1.jpg/220px-Petrified_Forest_National_Park-Rainbow_Forest_Museum-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Petrified_Forest_National_Park-Rainbow_Forest_Museum-1.jpg/330px-Petrified_Forest_National_Park-Rainbow_Forest_Museum-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Petrified_Forest_National_Park-Rainbow_Forest_Museum-1.jpg/440px-Petrified_Forest_National_Park-Rainbow_Forest_Museum-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a Triassic Period phytosaur found in the Petrified Forest National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of Late Triassic extinctions is disputed. Some studies suggest that there are at least two periods of extinction towards the end of the Triassic, separated by 12 to 17 million years. But arguing against this is a recent study of North American faunas. In the <a href="/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park" title="Petrified Forest National Park">Petrified Forest</a> of northeast Arizona there is a unique sequence of late Carnian-early Norian terrestrial sediments. An analysis in 2002 found no significant change in the paleoenvironment.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phytosaur" title="Phytosaur">Phytosaurs</a>, the most common fossils there, experienced a change-over only at the genus level, and the number of species remained the same. Some <a href="/wiki/Aetosaur" title="Aetosaur">aetosaurs</a>, the next most common tetrapods, and early dinosaurs, passed through unchanged. However, both phytosaurs and aetosaurs were among the groups of archosaur reptiles completely wiped out by the end-Triassic extinction event. </p><p>It seems likely then that there was some sort of end-Carnian extinction, when several herbivorous archosauromorph groups died out, while the large herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannemeyeriidae">kannemeyeriid</a> dicynodonts and the <a href="/wiki/Traversodontidae" title="Traversodontidae">traversodont</a> cynodonts—were much reduced in the northern half of Pangaea (<a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>). </p><p>These extinctions within the Triassic and at its end allowed the dinosaurs to expand into many niches that had become unoccupied. Dinosaurs became increasingly dominant, abundant and diverse, and remained that way for the next 150 million years. The true "Age of Dinosaurs" is during the following Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, rather than the Triassic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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International Commission on Stratigraphy. June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Stratigraphic+Chart&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2023-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriassic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahney,_S.Benton,_M.J.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898">"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>275</b> (1636): 759–765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370">10.1098/rspb.2007.1370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898">2596898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198148">18198148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Recovery+from+the+most+profound+mass+extinction+of+all+time&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1636&rft.pages=759-765&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2596898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18198148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370&rft.au=Sahney%2C+S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2596898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriassic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brusatte-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brusatte_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusatteBentonRutaLloyd2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brusatte, S. L.; Benton, M. J.; Ruta, M.; Lloyd, G. T. (2008-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140624204033/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Benton/reprints/2008Science.pdf">"Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>321</b> (5895): 1485–1488. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321.1485B">2008Sci...321.1485B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161833">10.1126/science.1161833</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F00556baf-6575-44d9-af39-bdd0b072ad2b">20.500.11820/00556baf-6575-44d9-af39-bdd0b072ad2b</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18787166">18787166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13393888">13393888</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Benton/reprints/2008Science.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Superiority%2C+Competition%2C+and+Opportunism+in+the+Evolutionary+Radiation+of+Dinosaurs&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5895&rft.pages=1485-1488&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F00556baf-6575-44d9-af39-bdd0b072ad2b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13393888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321.1485B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18787166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1161833&rft.aulast=Brusatte&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Ruta%2C+M.&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+G.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk%2FBenton%2Freprints%2F2008Science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriassic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072805/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121018-triassic-extinctions-hot-global-warming-science-environment/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Lethally Hot' Earth Was Devoid of Life – Could It Happen Again?"</a>. <i>nationalgeographic.com</i>. 19 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121018-triassic-extinctions-hot-global-warming-science-environment/">the original</a> on October 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalgeographic.com&rft.atitle=%27Lethally+Hot%27+Earth+Was+Devoid+of+Life+%E2%80%93+Could+It+Happen+Again%3F&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F10%2F121018-triassic-extinctions-hot-global-warming-science-environment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriassic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich von Alberti, <i>Beitrag zu einer Monographie des bunten Sandsteins, Muschelkalks und Keupers, und die Verbindung dieser Gebilde zu einer Formation</i> [Contribution to a monograph on the colored sandstone, shell limestone and mudstone, and the joining of these structures into one formation] (Stuttgart and Tübingen, (Germany): J. G. Cotta, 1834). Alberti coined the term "Trias" on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ie27AAAAIAAJ/page/n347">page 324</a> :<br />"… bunter Sandstein, Muschelkalk und Keuper das Resultat einer Periode, ihre Versteinerungen, um mich der Worte E. de Beaumont's zu bedeinen, die Thermometer einer geologischen Epoche seyen, … also die bis jezt beobachtete Trennung dieser Gebilde in 3 Formationen nicht angemessen, und es mehr dem Begriffe Formation entsprechend sey, sie zu einer Formation, welche ich vorläufig <i>Trias</i> nennen will, zu verbinden."<br />( … colored sandstone, shell limestone, and mudstone are the result of a period; their fossils are, to avail myself of the words of E. de Beaumont, the thermometer of a geologic epoch; … thus the separation of these structures into 3 formations, which has been maintained until now, isn't appropriate, and it is more consistent with the concept of "formation" to join them into one formation, which for now I will name "trias".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForteKustatscherPreto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ForteKustatscherPreto_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForteKustatscherPreto2022" class="citation journal cs1">Forte, Giuseppa; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Preto, Nereo (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018222002681">"Carbon (δ13C) isotope variations indicate climate shifts and reflect plant habitats in the Middle Triassic (Anisian, Pelsonian) succession at Kühwiesenkopf / Monte Prà della Vacca (Dolomites, Northeast Italy)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>601</b>: 111098. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPP...60111098F">2022PPP...60111098F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111098">10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249483335">249483335</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Carbon+%28%CE%B413C%29+isotope+variations+indicate+climate+shifts+and+reflect+plant+habitats+in+the+Middle+Triassic+%28Anisian%2C+Pelsonian%29+succession+at+K%C3%BChwiesenkopf+%2F+Monte+Pr%C3%A0+della+Vacca+%28Dolomites%2C+Northeast+Italy%29&rft.volume=601&rft.pages=111098&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249483335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111098&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PPP...60111098F&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Giuseppa&rft.au=Kustatscher%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Preto%2C+Nereo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018222002681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriassic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazaheri-JohariRoghiCaggiatiKustatscher2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mazaheri-Johari, Mina; Roghi, Guido; Caggiati, Marcello; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Ghasemi-Nejad, Ebrahim; Zanchi, Andrea; Gianolla, Piero (15 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018221005629">"Disentangling climate signal from tectonic forcing: The Triassic Aghdarband Basin (Turan Domain, Iran)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>586</b>: 110777. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPP...58610777M">2022PPP...58610777M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2021.110777">10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110777</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10281%2F338795">10281/338795</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244696034">244696034</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, pp. 618–620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodych & Dunning, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031106231251/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_42936.htm">"No Significant Nonmarine Carnian-Norian (Late Triassic) Extinction Event: Evidence From Petrified Forest National Park"</a>. <i>gsa.confex.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2003-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gsa.confex.com&rft.atitle=No+Significant+Nonmarine+Carnian-Norian+%28Late+Triassic%29+Extinction+Event%3A+Evidence+From+Petrified+Forest+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsa.confex.com%2Fgsa%2F2002AM%2Ffinalprogram%2Fabstract_42936.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriassic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Emiliani" title="Cesare Emiliani">Emiliani, Cesare</a>. (1992). <i>Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, & the Evolution of Life & the Environment</i>. Cambridge University Press. (Paperback Edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40949-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40949-7">0-521-40949-7</a>)</li> <li>Ogg, Jim; June, 2004, <i>Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/gssp.htm">Stratigraphy.org</a>, Accessed April 30, 2006</li> <li>Stanley, Steven M. <i>Earth System History.</i> New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2882-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2882-6">0-7167-2882-6</a></li> <li>Sues, Hans-Dieter & Fraser, Nicholas C. <i>Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition</i> New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Series: Critical Moments and Perspectives in Earth History and Paleobiology. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13522-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13522-1">978-0-231-13522-1</a></li> <li>van Andel, Tjeerd, (1985) 1994, <i>New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Change</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Triassic_System" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Triassic System">Triassic System</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210044546/http://palaeos.com/mesozoic/triassic/triassic.htm">Overall introduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222224358/http://rainbow.ldgo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/9.html">'The Triassic world'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallery.in-tch.com/~earthhistory/triassic%20page%201.html">Douglas Henderson's illustrations of Triassic animals</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801065542/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/triassic/triextict.htm">Paleofiles page on the Triassic extinctions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-lieven.com/erdzeitalter/trias/trias.htm">Examples of Triassic Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809123734/https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?triassic">Triassic (chronostratigraphy scale)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Triassic_footer" title="Template talk:Triassic footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Triassic_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Triassic footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Triassic_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Triassic Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Lower/Early Triassic</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Upper/Late Triassic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian">Ladinian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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