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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flag and arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prehistory and antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>7th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carolingians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carolingians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Carolingians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carolingians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_in_the_9th_to_the_11th_centuries_(864–1071)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_in_the_9th_to_the_11th_centuries_(864–1071)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Growth in the 9th to the 11th centuries (864–1071)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_in_the_9th_to_the_11th_centuries_(864–1071)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_11th_to_13th_centuries_(1071–1278)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_11th_to_13th_centuries_(1071–1278)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The 11th to 13th centuries (1071–1278)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_11th_to_13th_centuries_(1071–1278)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prosperity_in_the_12th_and_13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosperity_in_the_12th_and_13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosperity_in_the_12th_and_13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_crisis_of_the_14th_century_(1278–1384)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_crisis_of_the_14th_century_(1278–1384)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_crisis_of_the_14th_century_(1278–1384)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Burgundian_15th_century_(1384–1506)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Burgundian_15th_century_(1384–1506)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Burgundian_15th_century_(1384–1506)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_seventeen_provinces_in_the_16th_century_(1506–98)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_seventeen_provinces_in_the_16th_century_(1506–98)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_seventeen_provinces_in_the_16th_century_(1506–98)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Spanish_17th_century_(1598–1713)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Spanish_17th_century_(1598–1713)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>The Spanish 17th century (1598–1713)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Spanish_17th_century_(1598–1713)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Austrian_18th_century_(1713–89)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Austrian_18th_century_(1713–89)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>The Austrian 18th century (1713–89)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Austrian_18th_century_(1713–89)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_(1789–97)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_(1789–97)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Last years (1789–97)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_(1789–97)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Count_of_Flanders_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Count_of_Flanders_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Count of Flanders title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Count_of_Flanders_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_treaties_and_battles_which_involved_the_County_of_Flanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_treaties_and_battles_which_involved_the_County_of_Flanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Important treaties and battles which involved the County of Flanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_treaties_and_battles_which_involved_the_County_of_Flanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">County of Flanders</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="كونتية فلانديرز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونتية فلانديرز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condau_de_Flandres" title="Condau de Flandres – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Condau de Flandres" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A1u_de_Flandes" title="Condáu de Flandes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Condáu de Flandes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="ফ্ল্যান্ডার্স কাউন্টি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্ল্যান্ডার্স কাউন্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Фландрыя (графства) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фландрыя (графства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Фландрия (графство) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фландрия (графство)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontelezh_Flandrez" title="Kontelezh Flandrez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kontelezh Flandrez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_de_Flandes" title="Comtat de Flandes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comtat de Flandes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandersk%C3%A9_hrabstv%C3%AD" title="Flanderské hrabství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Flanderské hrabství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevskabet_Flandern" title="Grevskabet Flandern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grevskabet Flandern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafschaft_Flandern" title="Grafschaft Flandern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grafschaft Flandern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandria_krahvkond" title="Flandria krahvkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Flandria krahvkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κομητεία της Φλάνδρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομητεία της Φλάνδρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_de_Flandes" title="Condado de Flandes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Condado de Flandes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graflando_Flandrio" title="Graflando Flandrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Graflando Flandrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandriako_Konderria" title="Flandriako Konderria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Flandriako Konderria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کنت‌نشین فلاندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنت‌نشین فلاندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Flandre" title="Comté de Flandre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comté de Flandre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greefskip_Flaanderen" title="Greefskip Flaanderen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Greefskip Flaanderen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_de_Flandres" title="Condado de Flandres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Condado de Flandres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%80%EB%8D%B0%EB%9F%B0_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B5%AD" title="플란데런 백국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플란데런 백국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Ֆլանդրիա (կոմսություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆլանդրիա (կոմսություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="काउंटी ऑफ़ फ़्लैंडर्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काउंटी ऑफ़ फ़्लैंडर्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Flanders" title="County Flanders – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="County Flanders" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contea_delle_Fiandre" title="Contea delle Fiandre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contea delle Fiandre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="רוזנות פלנדריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוזנות פלנדריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandrijos_grafyst%C4%97" title="Flandrijos grafystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Flandrijos grafystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamand_gr%C3%B3fs%C3%A1g" title="Flamand grófság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Flamand grófság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Flanders" title="Wilayah Flanders – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilayah Flanders" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graafschap_Vlaanderen" title="Graafschap Vlaanderen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Graafschap Vlaanderen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevskapet_Flandern" title="Grevskapet Flandern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grevskapet Flandern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_d%27_Flande" title="Comté d' Flande – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Comté d' Flande" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrabstwo_Flandrii" title="Hrabstwo Flandrii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hrabstwo Flandrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_da_Flandres" title="Condado da Flandres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Condado da Flandres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitatul_Flandra" title="Comitatul Flandra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comitatul Flandra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Графство Фландрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графство Фландрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grofija_Flandrija" title="Grofija Flandrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grofija Flandrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grofovija_Flandrija" title="Grofovija Flandrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grofovija Flandrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanderin_kreivikunta" title="Flanderin kreivikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Flanderin kreivikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เคาน์ตีฟลานเดอส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคาน์ตีฟลานเดอส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandre_Kontlu%C4%9Fu" title="Flandre Kontluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Flandre Kontluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Flanders&params=51.06_N_3.72_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°04′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.06°N 3.72°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.06; 3.72</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical territory in present-day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/County_of_Flanders" title="Special:EditPage/County of Flanders">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22County+of+Flanders%22">"County of Flanders"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22County+of+Flanders%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22County+of+Flanders%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22County+of+Flanders%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22County+of+Flanders%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22County+of+Flanders%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">County of Flanders</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Graafschap Vlaanderen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comté de Flandre</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Comitatus Flandriae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">862–1797</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Flanders"><img alt="Flag of Flanders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/125px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/188px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/250px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Flanders" title="Flag of Flanders">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Flanders_(according_to_the_Gelre_Armorial).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Flanders"><img alt="Coat of arms of Flanders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coat_of_Arms_of_Flanders_%28according_to_the_Gelre_Armorial%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Flanders_%28according_to_the_Gelre_Armorial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coat_of_Arms_of_Flanders_%28according_to_the_Gelre_Armorial%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Flanders_%28according_to_the_Gelre_Armorial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coat_of_Arms_of_Flanders_%28according_to_the_Gelre_Armorial%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Flanders_%28according_to_the_Gelre_Armorial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Flanders" title="Coat of arms of Flanders"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_County_of_Flanders_(1350).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="County of Flanders, 1350, in relation to the Low Countries and the Holy Roman Empire. The county was located where the border between France and the Holy Roman Empire met the North Sea."><img alt="County of Flanders, 1350, in relation to the Low Countries and the Holy Roman Empire. The county was located where the border between France and the Holy Roman Empire met the North Sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Locator_County_of_Flanders_%281350%29.svg/250px-Locator_County_of_Flanders_%281350%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Locator_County_of_Flanders_%281350%29.svg/375px-Locator_County_of_Flanders_%281350%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Locator_County_of_Flanders_%281350%29.svg/500px-Locator_County_of_Flanders_%281350%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="3608" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">County of Flanders, 1350, in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The county was located where the border between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> met the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Flanders" title="Politics of Flanders">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudal monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 862–879 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Margrave_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders">Baldwin I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1792–1797 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>/<wbr /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fief granted to Count <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Count_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin I, Count of Flanders">Baldwin I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">862</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1797</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/20px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/30px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/40px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ename" title="Ename">Magraviate of Ename</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Banner_of_the_Burgundian_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Burgundian_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Banner_of_the_Burgundian_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Burgundian_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Banner_of_the_Burgundian_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Burgundian_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/20px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/30px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/40px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/30px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Escaut_(department)" title="Escaut (department)">Escaut (department)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_(department)" title="Lys (department)">Lys (department)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:70%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="font-size:130%;">History of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 1px 0 1px 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#996600; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae"><span style="color: white;">Belgae</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cana–<br />nefates</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi"><span style="color: white;">Chamavi</span></a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes"><span style="color: white;">Tubantes</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> <small>(55 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span> AD)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> <small>(83–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; border-top:none; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks"><span style="color: white;">Salian Franks</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; -align:top; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px"><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; -align:top; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><i>unpopulated</i><br /><small>(4th–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Saxons#Netherlands" title="Saxons"><span style="color: white;">Saxons</span></a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a><br /><small>(4th–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 0"> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a><br /><small> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th</span>–734)</small> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a> <small>(481–843)</small>—<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> <small>(800–843)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> <small>(511–687)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> <small>(843–855)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West<br />Francia</a><br /><small>(843–)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Kingdom of Lotharingia</a> <small>(855– 959)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Duchy of Lower Lorraine</a> <small>(959–)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friesland_(kleine_wapen).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/20px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/30px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/40px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="643" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisian<br />Freedom</a><br /><small>(11–16th<br />century)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg/20px-Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg/30px-Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg/40px-Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of<br />Holland</a><br /><small>(880–1432)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png/20px-Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png/30px-Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png/40px-Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="494" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht"><span class="nowrap">Bishopric of</span><br />Utrecht</a><br /><small>(695–1456)</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="615" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of<br />Brabant</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(1183–1430)</small></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/20px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/30px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/40px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Duchy of<br />Guelders</a><br /><small>(1046–1543)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Flanders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/20px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/30px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/40px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">County of<br />Flanders</a><br /><small>(862–1384)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/20px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/30px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/40px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of<br />Hainaut</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(1071–1432)</small></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Namur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arms_of_Namur.svg/20px-Arms_of_Namur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arms_of_Namur.svg/30px-Arms_of_Namur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arms_of_Namur.svg/40px-Arms_of_Namur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">County of<br />Namur</a><br /><small><span class="nowrap">(981–1421)</span></small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/20px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/30px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/40px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">P.-Bish.<br />of Liège</a><br /><br /><small><span class="nowrap">(980–1794)</span></small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="419" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of<br />Luxem-<br />bourg</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(1059–1443)</small></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 1px">  </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> <small>(1384–1482)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; padding:0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#efcccb; border:solid 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> <small>(1482–1795)</small><br />(<a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> <small>after 1543</small>) </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px">  </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statenvlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/20px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/30px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/40px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a><br /><small>(1581–1795)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a><br /><small>(1556–1714)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px">  </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg/20px-Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg/30px-Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg/40px-Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a><br /><small>(1714–1795)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; border-width:0 1px 0 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 1px 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of Belgium">United States of Belgium</a><br /><small>(1790)</small> </td> <td style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LuikVlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/20px-LuikVlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/30px-LuikVlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/40px-LuikVlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Republic of Liège">R. Liège</a><br /><small>(1789–'91)</small> </td> <td style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; border:none; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em">  </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> <small>(1795–1806)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> <small>(1806–1810)</small> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width:1px 1px 0 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br />associated with <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> <small>(1795–1804)</small><br />part of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> <small>(1804–1815)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#c1cbf2; border-width: 0 0 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Princip. of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1813–1815)</small> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1815–1830)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Developing_independence_(1815–1890)" title="History of Luxembourg">Gr D. L.</a><br /><small>(1815–)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1839–)</small> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a> <small>(1830–)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#caf5f7; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Gr D. of<br />Luxem-<br />bourg</a><br /><small>(1890–)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>County of Flanders</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and north-eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Unlike the neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, it was within the territory of the <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Flanders">counts of Flanders</a> held the most northerly part of the kingdom, and were among the original twelve <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_France#Under_the_Monarchy:_feudal_period_and_Ancien_Régime" title="Peerage of France">peers</a> of France. For centuries, the economic activity of the Flemish cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, made Flanders one of the most affluent regions in Europe, and also gave them strong international connections to trading partners. </p><p>Up to 1477, the core area under French suzerainty was west of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> and historians call this "Royal Flanders" (Dutch: <i>Kroon-Vlaanderen</i>, French: <i>Flandre royale</i>). Aside from this, the counts, from the 11th century onward, held land east of the river as a fief of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and this is referred to as "Imperial Flanders" (<i>Rijks-Vlaanderen</i> or <i>Flandre impériale</i>). From 1384, the county was politically united to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a>, and it formed the starting point for more acquisitions in the area, and the eventual creation of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>. The expansion of Flemish ("Burgundian") power deep into the Holy Roman Empire further complicated the relationship between Flanders and France, but reinforced the connections with Brabant, Hainaut, Holland and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. The link to the empire was strengthened even more when the Burgundian Netherlands came into the hands of the imperial Habsburg dynasty in 1477. Most of Flanders became part of the empire after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526#Aftermath_of_the_treaty" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Peace of Madrid</a> in 1526 and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac#Barcelona,_Cambrai,_and_Bologna" title="War of the League of Cognac">Peace of the Ladies</a> in 1529, although it came to be ruled under the Habsburg crown of Spain. The territories of the old county are now the only part of the late medieval French kingdom outside of modern-day France, Catalonia having been renounced in 1258. </p><p>By 1795 the entire <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, was acquired by France under the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, and this was recognized by treaty in 1797. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to the newly established <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Although the French Republic had avoided using the names of the great medieval counties for their administrative départements, the Dutch and Belgian regimes brought back such names, and as a consequence the two westernmost provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> region of modern Belgium are now called <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Flanders</i> originally referred to the area around <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>. It is first mentioned in the biography of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eligius" title="Saint Eligius">Saint Eligius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 590</span>–660), the <i>Vita sancti Eligii</i>. The work was written before 684 but has been known only since 725. This work mentions only the place "in Flandris". </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> etymology for <i>Flanders</i> and <i>Flemish</i> (Dutch: <i>Vlaanderen</i>, <i>Vlaams</i>) was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Maurits Gysseling</a> in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based upon an article by René Verdeyen in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this proposal, the terms <i>Flanders</i> and <i>Flemish</i> are likely derived from words derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flaumaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flaumaz">flaumaz</a></i>, meaning stream, current, flood or eddy. Based on this, it is proposed that there was a proto-Germanic term <i>*flaumdra</i> which referred to waterlogged land. According to Toorians, the strength of this proposal is that it would describe the salt marshes and mud flats of this low-lying coastal region. It was regularly inundated, before the development of dykes which started around 1050. However, a weak point of the proposal is that the Germanic wordforms which it requires are not found in any records of Dutch or its dialects. Comparison was instead based upon <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>flewen</i> and <i>flouwen</i>, and Old Norse <i>flaumr</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:County_of_Flanders_(topogaphy).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/County_of_Flanders_%28topogaphy%29.png/270px-County_of_Flanders_%28topogaphy%29.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/County_of_Flanders_%28topogaphy%29.png/405px-County_of_Flanders_%28topogaphy%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/County_of_Flanders_%28topogaphy%29.png/540px-County_of_Flanders_%28topogaphy%29.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of the county of Flanders at the end of the 14th century, the French-Imperial border marked in red</figcaption></figure> <p>The geography of the historic County of Flanders only partially overlaps with the present-day region of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> in Belgium, but even there, it extends beyond the present provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders. Some of the historic county is now part of France and the Netherlands. The land covered by the county is spread out over: </p> <ul><li>Belgium: <ul><li>two of the five Flemish provinces: <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a></li> <li>part of the Flemish province of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp (province)">Antwerp</a>: the land of <a href="/wiki/Bornem" title="Bornem">Bornem</a></li> <li>part of the Walloon province of <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainaut (province)">Hainaut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tournaisis" title="Tournaisis">Tournaisis</a> and the region around <a href="/wiki/Moeskroen" class="mw-redirect" title="Moeskroen">Moeskroen</a> (that belonged to West Flanders until 1962)</li></ul></li> <li>France: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord departement</a>) <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/French_westcorner" class="mw-redirect" title="French westcorner">French westcorner</a>: the region around <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergues" title="Bergues">Bergues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bailleul,_Nord" title="Bailleul, Nord">Bailleul</a>, an area where <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Language">Flemish</a> used to be the main language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Flanders" title="Walloon Flanders">Walloon Flanders</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard language</a>, closely related to French, was spoken.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> department): removed from Flanders in 1191 and created as independent county in 1237</li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a>, a region between Belgium and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Scheldt" title="Western Scheldt">Western Scheldt</a> in the southern part of the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, which from 1581 formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a> under control of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag_and_arms">Flag and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flag and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couronnement_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Couronnement_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg/220px-Couronnement_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Couronnement_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg/330px-Couronnement_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Couronnement_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg/440px-Couronnement_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>Count Philip (2nd from right) as swordbearer at <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a>'s coronation. The count of Flanders was one of the 12 ancient <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_France" title="Peerage of France">Peers</a> or "equals" of the King of France. (1455 panel painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a>).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Flanders" title="Coat of arms of Flanders">Coat of arms of Flanders</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Flanders" title="Coat of arms of Flanders">arms of the County of Flanders</a> were allegedly created by <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip of Alsace</a>, count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191; a climbing or rampant black lion on a gold field. In the story about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs" title="Battle of the Golden Spurs">Battle of the Golden Spurs</a>, the arms and its corresponding battlecry <i>Vlaendr'n den leeuw</i> ("Flanders, the Lion") plays a crucial role in the forming of a Flemish consciousness, which was popularised in the 19th century by the book <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_of_Flanders_(novel)" title="The Lion of Flanders (novel)"><i>De Leeuw van Vlaanderen</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience" title="Hendrik Conscience">Hendrik Conscience</a>. As a result, the arms of the county live on as arms of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Flanders" title="Coat of arms of Flanders">Flemish community</a>. </p><p>It is said that Philip of Alsace brought the lion flag with him from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, where, in 1177, he supposedly conquered it from a Saracen knight, but this is a myth. The simple fact that the lion appeared on his personal seal since 1163, when he had not yet taken one step in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, disproves it. In reality Philip was following a West-European trend. In the same period lions also appeared in the arms of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxembourg" title="County of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a> and other territories. The lion as a heraldic symbol was mostly used in border territories and neighbouring countries of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. It was in all likelihood a way of showing independence from the emperor, who used an <a href="/wiki/Reichsadler" title="Reichsadler">eagle</a> in his personal arms. In Europe the lion had been a well-known figure since Roman times, through works such as the fables of <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory and antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The future county of Flanders had been inhabited since prehistory. During the Iron Age the <a href="/wiki/Kemmelberg" title="Kemmelberg">Kemmelberg</a> formed an important Celtic settlement. During the times of Julius Caesar, the inhabitants were part of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, a collective name for all Celtic and Germanic tribes in the north of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. For Flanders in specific these were the <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> conquered the area around 54 BC and the population was partially romanised from the 1st to the 3rd century. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> that connected <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> with <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> was used as a defense perimeter. In the south the Gallo-Romanic population was able to maintain itself, while the north became a no-mans land that also suffered from regular floods from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </p><p>In the coastal and <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> areas Saxon tribes gradually appeared. For the Romans, <i>Saxon</i> was a general term, and included <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> and Erules. The coastal defense around Boulogne and <a href="/wiki/Oudenburg" title="Oudenburg">Oudenburg</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Litus Saxonicum</a></i>, remained functional until about 420. These forts were manned by Saxon soldiers. </p><p>From their base land <a href="/wiki/Toxandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxandria">Toxandria</a> the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a> further expanded into the Roman empire. The first incursion into the lands of the Atrebates was turned away in 448 at Vicus Helena. But after the murder of the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Flavius_A%C3%ABtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Aëtius">Flavius Aëtius</a> in 454 and Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinianus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianus III">Valentinianus III</a> in 455, the Salic Franks encountered hardly any resistance. From <a href="/wiki/Duisburg_(Tervuren)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duisburg (Tervuren)">Duisburg</a>, king <a href="/wiki/Chlodio" title="Chlodio">Chlodio</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, and he reached the <a href="/wiki/Somme_(river)" title="Somme (river)">Somme</a>. After his death two Salic kingdoms emerged. <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric</a> is recorded in 463 as king of Tournay and ally of the Romans against the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>. He was also administrator of the province of <a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica Secunda</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> conquered from 486 on all of Northern France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abandoned coast and Scheldt region had been partially repopulated since the 4th century by Saxons and Franks from the east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> that retained their <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples#Culture" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic culture</a> and language. In the 5th century Salic Franks settled in present-day Northern-France and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, primarily around the cities of <a href="/wiki/Courtrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtrai">Courtrai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavay" title="Bavay">Bavay</a>. They adapted to the local Gallo-Romanic population. From the 6th century on the no-mans-land farther north was filled by <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> from the Rhinelands and other Germanic groups from the Netherlands and Germany. </p><p>The first wave of immigration in the present day Flemish territory was accompanied by limited Christianisation. In the wake of the immigrants, missionaries tried to convert the heathen population, but had little success. The bishoprics were reinstated, usually with the same natural borders of the Late-Roman era; the <a href="/wiki/Silva_Carbonaria" title="Silva Carbonaria">Silva Carbonaria</a> separated the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Bishopric of Cambrai</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Bishopric of Tongeren</a>, while the Scheldt again became the border between the bishoprics of Cambrai and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tournai" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai">Tournai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vedast" title="Vedast">Vedast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_of_Tournai" title="Eleutherius of Tournai">Eleutherius of Tournai</a> were assigned to reinstate the bishoprics of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arras" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras">Arras</a> and Tournai. However, these bishoprics failed to survive independently. In the late 6th century the bishopric of Arras was connected to that of Cambrai, and at the start of the 7th century the same was done to the bishoprics of Tournai and <a href="/wiki/Noyon" title="Noyon">Noyon</a>. </p><p>At the end of the 6th century, the duchy of <a href="/wiki/Dentelin" title="Dentelin">Dentelinus</a> was created in the north of what would later constitute <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a>. The duchy presumably included the bishoprics of Boulogne, Thérouanne, Arras, Tournai, Cambrai and Noyon: thus, the northwestern region between the North Sea and the Silva Carbonaria, an area the outlines of which were very similar to the later Flanders. The duchy was primarily intended to serve as a military and strategic deterrent against Frisian and Saxon invasions, and was a cornerstone in the military defense of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian Empire</a>. In 600, <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a> (584–628) was forced to temporarily cede the duchy to <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>, but after the restoration of the Austrasian dual-monarchy in 622–623, the duchy was returned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th_century">7th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 7th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flandres_-Pagi_du_Marquisat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flandres_-Pagi_du_Marquisat.png/330px-Flandres_-Pagi_du_Marquisat.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flandres_-Pagi_du_Marquisat.png/495px-Flandres_-Pagi_du_Marquisat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flandres_-Pagi_du_Marquisat.png/660px-Flandres_-Pagi_du_Marquisat.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/pagus" class="extiw" title="fr:pagus">Pagi</a></i> i.e. "shires" of Flanders, reunion of the former marquisate of Flanders, showing all the lands subsequently reclaimed from the sea.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the 6th and the 7th century a new inflow emerged from the western <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>. This area had been <a href="/wiki/Germanised" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanised">germanised</a> in the 5th century and descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> had settled in future Flanders and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>. New groups of germanic settlers also came in from the Netherlands and Germany. Their new settlements often received the name of their germanic leader, with <i>-inga haim</i> added. -<i>Inga haim</i> meant 'the settlement of the tribe of X'. For example: <i><a href="/wiki/Petegem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Petegem (disambiguation)">Petegem</a></i> comes from <i>Petta-inga-haim</i>, which meant 'the settlement of the tribe of Petta'. </p><p>The colonisation and germanisation of Flanders took place primarily in the 6th and 7th centuries. In the 7th century the population-level had risen sufficiently to start rebuilding the religious, military and administrative infrastructure. In the area of linguistics, the situation stabilised so that a large, <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> region with a linear <a href="/wiki/Language_border" title="Language border">language border</a> could emerge in the 8th century. In <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>, which had been densely populated a long time, a language barrier had emerged in the 6th–7th century, but in the 9th century a <a href="/wiki/Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation">romanisation</a>-movement started that has continued until the present day. </p><p>The Christianisation attempts in the 6th century by bishops like <a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_of_Tournai" title="Eleutherius of Tournai">Eleutherius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedast" title="Vedast">Vedast</a> had largely failed. Thus, in the 8th century a different strategy was chosen. A new Christianisation attempt was made under influence from King <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a>. He appointed several devoted missionaries from the southern parts of his kingdom to his royal domains in the northern parts of his kingdom. The missionaries were tasked with founding monasteries and abbeys there, that were to serve as centers of Christianity in a pagan region. From these centers, the conversion of the local populace could be started. </p><p>In 649 <a href="/wiki/Audomar" title="Audomar">Audomar</a> founded an abbey at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Sithiu</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Bertin" title="Abbey of Saint Bertin">Abbey of Saint Bertin</a>) and in 680 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubertus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubertus (page does not exist)">Aubertus</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Vaast" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Vaast">Abbey of St. Vaast</a> near <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>. The Christianisation of the population was mainly the work of missionaries like <a href="/wiki/Amandus" title="Amandus">Amandus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Bavo%27s_Abbey" title="Saint Bavo's Abbey">St. Bavo's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Abbey,_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's Abbey, Ghent">St. Peter's Abbey</a> in Ghent) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eligius" title="Saint Eligius">Eligius</a> (coastal region and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>). In his <i>vita</i>, Eligius makes the first mention of the word <i>Flanders</i>, when he toured the area around 650. </p><p>During the 7th century the first <i><a href="/wiki/Gaue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaue">gaue</a></i> or <i>pagi</i> were created in the Flemish territories. <i>Gaue</i> were administrative subdivisions of the <i>civitates</i>. The <i>gaue</i> from the 7th and 8th centuries would form the basis of the county of Flanders. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournaigau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tournaigau (page does not exist)">pagus Tornacensis</a></i> dates from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 580</span>, and from the 7th century we know of the <i>pagus Cambracinsis</i> in 663, the <i>pagus Taroanensis</i> from 649 and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabantgau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabantgau (page does not exist)">pagus Bracbatensis</a></i> at the end of the century. From the 8th century we know of the <i>pagus Rodaninsis</i> from 707, the <i>pagus Gandao</i> from the first quarter of the 8th century, the <i>pagus Mempiscus</i> from 723 and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagus_Flandrensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagus Flandrensis (page does not exist)">pagus Flandrensis</a></i> from around 745. Lastly, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oosterbant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oosterbant (page does not exist)">pagus Austrebatensis</a></i> and the <i>pagus Curtracensis</i> are also counted as Merovingian <i>gaue</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carolingians">Carolingians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carolingians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotharingia-959.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lotharingia-959.svg/220px-Lotharingia-959.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lotharingia-959.svg/330px-Lotharingia-959.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lotharingia-959.svg/440px-Lotharingia-959.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3161" data-file-height="4174" /></a><figcaption>The 10th-century County of Flanders next to <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 751 the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of the Palace">Mayors of the Palace</a> succeeded in removing the Merovingians from power and obtaining the throne for themselves. The last Merovingian king, <a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a>, was placed in captivity at the later <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Bertinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint Bertinus">Abbey of Saint Bertinus</a> in St. Omer, and his long hair, a symbol of royal power, was cut off. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> succeeded his father <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> in Neustria and Austrasia, and after the death of his brother Karloman he was able to reunite the entire Frankish Empire. Though he resided in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, he spent much time travelling through his territories. In 811 he inspected the fleet that he had ordered built in Boulogne and Ghent, to protect against <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> invasions. </p><p>The region comprising future Flanders was, from an economic point of view, a flourishing region, with a series of ports along the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river: <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lambres" title="Lambres">Lambres</a> at <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Scarpe_(river)" title="Scarpe (river)">Scarpe</a> and a number of seaports: <a href="/wiki/Quentovic" title="Quentovic">Quentovic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> and Isère portus, a port at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yser" title="Yser">Yser</a>. Moreover, the region included a number of rich abbeys, such as <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Bertin" title="Abbey of Saint Bertin">Abbey of Saint Bertin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bavo%27s_Abbey" title="Saint Bavo's Abbey">Saint Bavo's Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Amand_Abbey" title="Saint-Amand Abbey">Saint-Amand Abbey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Vaast" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Vaast">Abbey of St. Vaast</a>. </p><p>Charlemagne was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>. Even during Louis' life his three sons started fighting over his heritage. They eventually concluded multiple treaties, of which the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a>, signed in 843, would be the definitive treaty. These treaties created <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>. West Francia, inherited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, included the original county of Flanders, that spanned roughly between <a href="/wiki/Oudenburg" title="Oudenburg">Oudenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aardenburg" title="Aardenburg">Aardenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torhout" title="Torhout">Torhout</a>. </p><p>After the Middle-Frankish kings died out, the rulers of the West and East-Frankish Kingdoms divided the Middle-Frankish kingdom amongst themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen" title="Treaty of Meerssen">treaty of Meerssen</a> in 870. Now Western Europe had been divided into two sides: the solid <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> (the later France) and the loose confederation of principalities of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, that would become the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>In the north these two powers were separated by the Scheldt river, which had previously separated West Francia from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>. This separation remained unchanged until the times of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_in_the_9th_to_the_11th_centuries_(864–1071)"><span id="Growth_in_the_9th_to_the_11th_centuries_.28864.E2.80.931071.29"></span>Growth in the 9th to the 11th centuries (864–1071)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Growth in the 9th to the 11th centuries (864–1071)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institution_of_Baldwin_I_Bras_de_Fer,_the_first_count_of_Flanders_by_Charles_the_Bald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Institution_of_Baldwin_I_Bras_de_Fer%2C_the_first_count_of_Flanders_by_Charles_the_Bald.jpg/220px-Institution_of_Baldwin_I_Bras_de_Fer%2C_the_first_count_of_Flanders_by_Charles_the_Bald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Institution_of_Baldwin_I_Bras_de_Fer%2C_the_first_count_of_Flanders_by_Charles_the_Bald.jpg/330px-Institution_of_Baldwin_I_Bras_de_Fer%2C_the_first_count_of_Flanders_by_Charles_the_Bald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Institution_of_Baldwin_I_Bras_de_Fer%2C_the_first_count_of_Flanders_by_Charles_the_Bald.jpg/440px-Institution_of_Baldwin_I_Bras_de_Fer%2C_the_first_count_of_Flanders_by_Charles_the_Bald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>Institution of Baldwin I, the first count of Flanders by Charles the Bald, the Frankish king.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_France_1030-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_France_1030-fr.svg/220px-Map_France_1030-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_France_1030-fr.svg/330px-Map_France_1030-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_France_1030-fr.svg/440px-Map_France_1030-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>The kingdom of France in 1030 (Flanders at top, in green.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Militarily, economically and politically, Europe went through a deep crisis. The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> invaded from the north, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Magyar</a> from the east and the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> from the south. All left trails of destruction. The central authorities of the two Frankish kingdoms were unable to organise an effective defensive, causing the population to lose faith and trust in their far-removed rulers. In the wake of this power vacuum, local powerful individuals saw their chance. Often these individuals were the descendants of people associated with <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. </p><p>The county of Flanders originated from the <a href="/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau (country subdivision)">Gau</a> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a> Flandrensis</i></span> (Dutch: <i lang="nl"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlaanderengouw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlaanderengouw (page does not exist)">Vlaanderengouw</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaanderengouw" class="extiw" title="nl:Vlaanderengouw">nl</a>]</span></i>), led by the Forestiers dynasty, who had been appointed by Charlemagne, who had made a small contribution by uniting small feudal territories in the higher parts of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flemish Valley (page does not exist)">Flemish Valley</a>. The Forestiers dynasty also strengthened the hold of the church on the relatively desolate area. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> (Count) of Flanders was <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Count_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin I, Count of Flanders">Baldwin I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who became count in 862, and a romantic anecdote is connected to this: Baldwin eloped with the daughter of the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders" title="Judith of Flanders">Judith of West Francia</a>. Judith, who had previously been married to two English kings, refused her father's command to return to him. After mediation by the pope, the Frankish king reconciled with his son-in-law, and gave him the title of margrave, and the corresponding feudal territories as dowry. Margrave was primarily a military appointment and some versions of the story theorize that King Charles made Baldwin Margrave in the hope that he would be killed by the Vikings. </p><p>Initially the French kings meant to secure the safety of the northern French border from Viking invasions with this act. The counts, however, made good use of the crisis situation by incorporating the surrounding plundered territories into the county. The counts expanded the influence of the original Flemish <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pagus</i></span> over the years over all territories south and west of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheldt river">Scheldt river</a>, including the lordship of the Four Amts, <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgraviate_of_Aalst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burgraviate of Aalst (page does not exist)">Burgraviate of Aalst</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_van_Aalst" class="extiw" title="nl:Land van Aalst">nl</a>]</span> to the east and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">County of Artois</a> to the southwest, which remained part of Flanders until it became a separate county in 1237. After that date, the county of Artois at various times still came under the dominion of the count of Flanders as a separate title, until it was absorbed by the French crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_11th_to_13th_centuries_(1071–1278)"><span id="The_11th_to_13th_centuries_.281071.E2.80.931278.29"></span>The 11th to 13th centuries (1071–1278)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The 11th to 13th centuries (1071–1278)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravensteen-Gent-(xndr).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gravensteen-Gent-%28xndr%29.jpg/220px-Gravensteen-Gent-%28xndr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gravensteen-Gent-%28xndr%29.jpg/330px-Gravensteen-Gent-%28xndr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gravensteen-Gent-%28xndr%29.jpg/440px-Gravensteen-Gent-%28xndr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gravensteen" title="Gravensteen">Gravensteen</a> at Ghent, Built by <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Alsace">Philip of Alsace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1071, <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert I, Count of Flanders">Robert I</a> became count of Flanders after his successful rebellion against his nephew <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_III,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Arnulf III, Count of Flanders">Arnulf III</a> who died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1071)" title="Battle of Cassel (1071)">battle of Cassel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201323–24,_36_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201323–24,_36-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flemish <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> in the 11th and 12th centuries were some of the most effective and well-respected knights of Europe even before the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were known to be chivalrous but lax on enforcing religious norms.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">count Robert II</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Burgundy" title="Clementia of Burgundy">Clementia of Burgundy</a> were supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_Reforms" title="Cluniac Reforms">Cluniac reform movement</a> and on October 1096 <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Robert_II_of_Flanders_on_the_First_Crusade" title="Army of Robert II of Flanders on the First Crusade">Robert left with an army</a> for the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201342,_73_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201342,_73-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the majority of Flemish nobles was absent for four years, law and order was kept thanks to the steady leadership of countess Clementia and the advocacy of bishop <a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Arras" title="Lambert of Arras">Lambert of Arras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this, the local clergy promoted the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111,_247–248_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111,_247–248-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prosperity_in_the_12th_and_13th_centuries">Prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders#House_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">House of Flanders</a> remained in power until 1119, when <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_VII_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin VII of Flanders">Baldwin VII of Flanders</a> died heirless, and the county was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Good" title="Charles the Good">Charles the Good</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders#House_of_Knýtling" title="Count of Flanders">House of Denmark</a>. He abandoned the title "Marquis of Flanders", which had been used alongside the comital style since the 10th century. The counts of Flanders were the last French lords using the title marquis, which would not be used again in France until 1504.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a short interlude under <a href="/wiki/William_Clito" title="William Clito">William Clito</a> of Normandy (1127–1128), the county went to <a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Thierry of Alsace">Thierry of Alsace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders#House_of_Alsace_or_House_of_Metz" title="Count of Flanders">House of Alsace</a>. Under Thierry (1128–1168) and his successor <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Alsace">Philip of Alsace</a>, Flanders' importance and power increased. </p><p>In the second half of the 12th century, the county went through a period of great prosperity when Philip of Alsace managed to incorporate the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Vermandois" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Vermandois">County of Vermandois</a> into Flanders through the inheritance of his wife. The territories he controlled now came to within 25 kilometers of Paris, and were larger than the territories his feudal lord, the French king, directly controlled. </p><p>During the rule of the House of Alsace, cities developed and new institutions were formed. The ports of <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium" title="Nieuwpoort, Belgium">Nieuwpoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damme" title="Damme">Damme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biervliet" title="Biervliet">Biervliet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mardijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijk">Mardijk</a> were founded, as well as <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> by Philip's brother <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew of Alsace">Matthew of Alsace</a>. Aside from colonisation, the ports also functioned to reduce the silting of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Aa_(France)" title="Aa (France)">Aa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yser" title="Yser">Yser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a>, which were endangering the accessibility of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>. Biervliet also served as a counter to Hollandic influence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_des_comt%C3%A9s_de_Flandre_et_de_Hainaut_sous_la_comtesse_Jeanne_de_Constantinople_(1200-1244).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Carte_des_comt%C3%A9s_de_Flandre_et_de_Hainaut_sous_la_comtesse_Jeanne_de_Constantinople_%281200-1244%29.png/220px-Carte_des_comt%C3%A9s_de_Flandre_et_de_Hainaut_sous_la_comtesse_Jeanne_de_Constantinople_%281200-1244%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Carte_des_comt%C3%A9s_de_Flandre_et_de_Hainaut_sous_la_comtesse_Jeanne_de_Constantinople_%281200-1244%29.png/330px-Carte_des_comt%C3%A9s_de_Flandre_et_de_Hainaut_sous_la_comtesse_Jeanne_de_Constantinople_%281200-1244%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Carte_des_comt%C3%A9s_de_Flandre_et_de_Hainaut_sous_la_comtesse_Jeanne_de_Constantinople_%281200-1244%29.png/440px-Carte_des_comt%C3%A9s_de_Flandre_et_de_Hainaut_sous_la_comtesse_Jeanne_de_Constantinople_%281200-1244%29.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Map of Flanders and Hainault after comtesse Jeanne de Constantinople (1200–1244)</figcaption></figure> <p>Trade partners included England, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> and France over sea, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and Italy over land. The wool trade with England was of special importance to the rising <a href="/wiki/Cloth_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth industry">cloth industry</a> in Flanders. The wealth of many Flemish cities (as their <a href="/wiki/Belltower" class="mw-redirect" title="Belltower">Belltowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloth_hall" title="Cloth hall">cloth halls</a> testify) came from the drapery industry. Aside from this, the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> with England and through Holland with Hamburg were also important. <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a> became the most important transit-port for French wine in the 12th century. These were the centuries of the breakthrough of the Flemish merchants, with their trade with England, the Baltic area and South-West France, as well as the land routes to the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and Italy though later only the yearly fairs of Champagne. Flanders's flourishing trading towns made it one of the most urbanised parts of Europe. </p><p>In 1194, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin I of Constantinople">Baldwin I of Constantinople</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders#House_of_Flanders_2" title="Count of Flanders">House of Hainaut</a>, succeeded the House of Alsace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_crisis_of_the_14th_century_(1278–1384)"><span id="The_crisis_of_the_14th_century_.281278.E2.80.931384.29"></span>The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1278 <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Dampierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy of Dampierre">Guy of Dampierre</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dampierre" title="House of Dampierre">House of Dampierre</a>, became count of Flanders. The king of France wanted to definitively conquer Flanders, and started the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_War_(1297%E2%80%931305)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305)">Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305)</a>. Increasingly powerful in the 12th century, the territory's autonomous urban centres were instrumental in defeating the French invasion attempt, defeating the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs" title="Battle of the Golden Spurs">Battle of the Golden Spurs</a> in 1302. But finally the French prevailed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle">battle of Mons-en-Pévèle</a> and with the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athis-sur-Orge" title="Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge">treaty of Athis-sur-Orge</a> (1305) Flanders lost Lille, Douai, and Orchies to France and had to pay exorbitant fines but retained their independence as a fief of the French kingdom. During this period, Flanders experienced a period of relative prosperity with its strong cloth industry and diverse artwork. Trade in Flanders was so extensive that statues of the Madonna and Child were made in Flanders with ivory, which was accessible only by the Indian Ocean trade networks.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-90_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-90_%28cropped%29.jpg/252px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-90_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-90_%28cropped%29.jpg/379px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-90_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-90_%28cropped%29.jpg/505px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-90_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>A Flemish lady and gentleman in the year 1400, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_de_Heere" title="Lucas de Heere">Lucas d'Heere</a> in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University_Library" title="Ghent University Library">Ghent University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however, owing to widespread European population decline following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of 1348, the disruption of trade during the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (1338–1453), and increased English cloth production. Flemish weavers had gone over to <a href="/wiki/Worstead" title="Worstead">Worstead</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Walsham" title="North Walsham">North Walsham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> in the 12th century and established the wool industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Burgundian_15th_century_(1384–1506)"><span id="The_Burgundian_15th_century_.281384.E2.80.931506.29"></span>The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wijnendale2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wijnendale2.jpg/250px-Wijnendale2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wijnendale2.jpg/375px-Wijnendale2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wijnendale2.jpg/500px-Wijnendale2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wijnendale_Castle" title="Wijnendale Castle">Wijnendale Castle</a> with a view of the 15th-century section</figcaption></figure> <p>Through his marriage with <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Dampierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret of Dampierre">Margaret of Dampierre</a> in 1369, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, made an end to the independence of Flanders. Flanders became the possession of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a>, that ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a>. In 1449 the city of <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%9353)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449–53)">Ghent revolted</a> against duke <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>. In 1453 Philip crushed the rebels at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere" title="Battle of Gavere">battle of Gavere</a>, ending the revolt. </p><p>The cities of Ghent and Bruges had previously operated virtually as city-states,<sup id="cite_ref-Koenigsberger_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koenigsberger-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> and upon the death of duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> attempted to re-assert this position by means of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Privilege" title="Great Privilege">Great Privilege</a> that they wrested from <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, Charles' daughter and successor. In 1482 this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> the new count, and her husband <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I of Austria</a> the regent. The Flemish cities staged <a href="/wiki/Flemish_revolts_against_Maximilian_of_Austria" title="Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria">two more revolts</a>, but these were ultimately subdued by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>The 1493 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Senlis" title="Treaty of Senlis">Treaty of Senlis</a> established peace between France and the Habsburgs; per the terms of the treaty, Flanders would henceforth be a territory of the Holy Roman Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_seventeen_provinces_in_the_16th_century_(1506–98)"><span id="The_seventeen_provinces_in_the_16th_century_.281506.E2.80.9398.29"></span>The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quad_Flandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Quad_Flandria.jpg/360px-Quad_Flandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Quad_Flandria.jpg/540px-Quad_Flandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Quad_Flandria.jpg/720px-Quad_Flandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3345" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Map of the county of Flanders from 1609 by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Quad" title="Matthias Quad">Matthias Quad</a>, cartographer, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bussemacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Bussemacher">Johannes Bussemacher</a>, engraver and publisher, Cologne</figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (born in the Flemish city <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>), Flanders became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian Circle</a>. The county was later involved in the <a href="/wiki/Guelders_Wars" title="Guelders Wars">Guelders Wars</a>. </p><p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1549">Pragmatic Sanction of 1549</a>, the County of Flanders was officially detached from France. It became an independent territory of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. This constitutional act made Flanders part of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a>, that constituted the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and from then on would be inherited as a whole. </p><p>The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles personally, they were the region where he spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they were also important for the treasury. Lordship transferred to the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg with <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, and after 1556 belonged to the Kings of Spain. </p><p>It was in <a href="/wiki/Steenvoorde" title="Steenvoorde">Steenvoorde</a> (In <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a>) in 1566 that the <a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a> broke loose. The Beeldenstorm spread through all of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and eventually led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> and the secession of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Seven United Netherlands">Republic of the Seven United Netherlands</a>. Originally Flanders cooperated with the northern provinces as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>, and also signed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> in 1581, but from 1579 to 1585, in the period known as the "<a href="/wiki/Calvinist_Republic_of_Ghent" title="Calvinist Republic of Ghent">Calvinist Republic of Ghent</a>", it was reconquered by the Spanish army. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Spanish_17th_century_(1598–1713)"><span id="The_Spanish_17th_century_.281598.E2.80.931713.29"></span>The Spanish 17th century (1598–1713)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Spanish 17th century (1598–1713)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hauts-de-France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hauts-de-France.svg/220px-Hauts-de-France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hauts-de-France.svg/330px-Hauts-de-France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hauts-de-France.svg/440px-Hauts-de-France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>Map of the region <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a>, with its five départements as formed in the Revolution, colored according to the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">historical provinces</a> as they existed until <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">1790</a>. These show the parts of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainault</a> as well as all of <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> conquered by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. Apart from the territories mentioned above in the text, tiny amounts of <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> also contributed to the Nord département.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#84b7ca; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a3d283; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b983; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#efb3c7; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> French Flanders</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8bd9c5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> French Hainaut</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#838a9d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e1c44a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b98ab9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Flanders stayed under Spanish control. Through the efforts of the French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, the entire southern part of Flanders was annexed by France, and became known as South-Flanders or <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a>. This situation was formalised in 1678 at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nijmegen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Austrian_18th_century_(1713–89)"><span id="The_Austrian_18th_century_.281713.E2.80.9389.29"></span>The Austrian 18th century (1713–89)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Austrian 18th century (1713–89)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Neerwinden_(1793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bataille_de_Neerwinden_%281793%29.jpg/250px-Bataille_de_Neerwinden_%281793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bataille_de_Neerwinden_%281793%29.jpg/375px-Bataille_de_Neerwinden_%281793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bataille_de_Neerwinden_%281793%29.jpg/500px-Bataille_de_Neerwinden_%281793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Austrian soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Neerwinden</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Revolutionary Wars</a>, 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>After the extinction of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs became counts of Flanders. Under <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> flourished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years_(1789–97)"><span id="Last_years_.281789.E2.80.9397.29"></span>Last years (1789–97)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Last years (1789–97)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1789 a revolution broke out against emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a>. In 1790 the county of Flanders and a separate province called <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Flanders_(1713)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Flanders (1713) (page does not exist)">West Flanders</a>, which constituted the territories given back by France to the Emperor, were two of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of Belgium">United States of Belgium</a>. Just like the other parts of the Austrian Netherlands, the county of Flanders declared its independence. This took place on the Friday-market at Ghent on 4 January 1790. The "Manifest van Vlaenderen" was drawn up by <a href="/wiki/Karel_Jozef_de_Graeve" title="Karel Jozef de Graeve">Charles-Joseph de Graeve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Raepsaet" title="Jean-Joseph Raepsaet">Jean-Joseph Raepsaet</a>. </p><p>The county of Flanders officially ceased to exist in 1795, when it was annexed by France, and divided into two <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lys_(department)" title="Lys (department)">Lys</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Escaut_(department)" title="Escaut (department)">Escaut</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a>). Austria confirmed its loss in the 1797 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> the county was not restored, and instead the two departments continued their existence as the provinces of East and West Flanders in the <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">Unitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> and later, after the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a>, in Belgium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Count_of_Flanders_title">Count of Flanders title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Count of Flanders title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1840 onwards, the title "Count of Flanders" has been appropriated by the monarchy of Belgium. As a rule it was given to the second in line of succession to the Belgian throne. The title of count of Flanders was abolished by royal decision on 16 October 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_treaties_and_battles_which_involved_the_County_of_Flanders">Important treaties and battles which involved the County of Flanders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Important treaties and battles which involved the County of Flanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1071)" title="Battle of Cassel (1071)">Battle of Cassel</a> (1071)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Axpoele" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Axpoele">Battle of Axpoele</a> in 1128</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_of_Peronne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace of Peronne (page does not exist)">Peace of Peronne</a> in 1199</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines" title="Battle of Bouvines">Battle of Bouvines</a> in 1214</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_of_Melun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace of Melun (page does not exist)">Peace of Melun</a> in 1226</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_West-Kapelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of West-Kapelle (page does not exist)">Battle of West-Kapelle</a> in 1253</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs" title="Battle of the Golden Spurs">Battle of the Golden Spurs</a> in 1302</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arke" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Arke">Battle of Arke</a> in 1303</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zierikzee" title="Battle of Zierikzee">Battle of Zierikzee</a> in 1304</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons-en-Pevele" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mons-en-Pevele">Battle of Mons-en-Pevele</a> in 1304</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athis-sur-Orge" title="Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge">Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge</a> in 1305</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1328)" title="Battle of Cassel (1328)">Battle of Cassel</a> (1328)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westrozebeke" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Westrozebeke">Battle of Westrozebeke</a> in 1382</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> from 1568 to 1648</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Ghent" title="Pacification of Ghent">Pacification of Ghent</a> in 1576</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> in 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> in 1581</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Flanders" title="History of Flanders">History of Flanders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uu.nl/en/news/medieval-flanders-was-a-cultural-crossroads-full-of-multilingualism">"Medieval Flanders was a cultural crossroads full of multilingualism - News - Utrecht University"</a>. 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Flanders+was+a+cultural+crossroads+full+of+multilingualism+-+News+-+Utrecht+University&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uu.nl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fmedieval-flanders-was-a-cultural-crossroads-full-of-multilingualism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhondtGysseling1948" class="citation cs2">Dhondt; Gysseling (1948), "Vlaanderen, oorspronkelijke ligging en etymologie", in De Smaele (ed.), <i>Album Prof. Dr. Frank Baur. Den jubilaris bij zijn zestigsten verjaardag als huldeblijk aangeboden door collega's vakgenoten en oud-leerlingen</i>, vol. I, pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>220</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vlaanderen%2C+oorspronkelijke+ligging+en+etymologie&rft.btitle=Album+Prof.+Dr.+Frank+Baur.+Den+jubilaris+bij+zijn+zestigsten+verjaardag+als+huldeblijk+aangeboden+door+collega%27s+vakgenoten+en+oud-leerlingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Dhondt&rft.au=Gysseling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span>. Cited by Toorians 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerdeyen1943" class="citation cs2">Verdeyen, René (1943), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_ver025194301_01/_ver025194301_01_0019.php">"Vlaanderen en Vlaming"</a>, <i>Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde</i>: <span class="nowrap">407–</span>479</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verslagen+en+Mededelingen+van+de+Koninklijke+Vlaamse+Academie+voor+Taal-+en+Letterkunde&rft.atitle=Vlaanderen+en+Vlaming&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E479&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Verdeyen&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F_ver025194301_01%2F_ver025194301_01_0019.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToorians2021" class="citation cs2">Toorians, Lauran (2021), "Een etymologie voor Vlaanderen, waar de wol vandaan komt", <i>Bulletin d'Information de la Société Belge d'Études Celtiques / Nieuwsbericht van het Belgisch Genootschap voor Keltische Studies</i>, <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>72</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+d%27Information+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Belge+d%27%C3%89tudes+Celtiques+%2F+Nieuwsbericht+van+het+Belgisch+Genootschap+voor+Keltische+Studies&rft.atitle=Een+etymologie+voor+Vlaanderen%2C+waar+de+wol+vandaan+komt&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Toorians&rft.aufirst=Lauran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliat-Smith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gilliat-Smith" title="Ernest Gilliat-Smith">Gilliat-Smith, Ernest</a> (2009). <i>The Story of Bruges</i>. Stoddard Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4446-6629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4446-6629-8"><bdi>978-1-4446-6629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Bruges&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Stoddard+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4446-6629-8&rft.aulast=Gilliat-Smith&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201323–24,_36-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201323–24,_36_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderputten2013">Vanderputten 2013</a>, pp. 23–24, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarl2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Harl" title="Kenneth W. Harl">Harl, Kenneth W.</a> (2023). <i>Empires of the Steppes: A History of the Nomadic Tribes Who Shaped Civilization</i>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover Square Press">Hanover Square Press</a>. pp. 263, 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-335-42927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-335-42927-8"><bdi>978-1-335-42927-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+the+Nomadic+Tribes+Who+Shaped+Civilization&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=263%2C+516&rft.pub=Hanover+Square+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-335-42927-8&rft.aulast=Harl&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLynn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLynn_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">McLynn, Frank</a> (2007). <i>Richard and John: Kings at War</i> (1st Da Capo Press ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306815799" title="Special:BookSources/9780306815799"><bdi>9780306815799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+and+John%3A+Kings+at+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.edition=1st+Da+Capo+Press&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780306815799&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201342,_73-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderputten201342,_73_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderputten2013">Vanderputten 2013</a>, pp. 42, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtt2015">Ott 2015</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111,_247–248-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtt2015111,_247–248_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtt2015">Ott 2015</a>, pp. 111, 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Arcy Jonathan D. Boulton, "Marquis/Marquisate", <i>Medieval France: An Encyclopedia</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1995), 1120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/resources/indian/">"The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation » African Studies Center – Boston University"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean+Trade%3A+A+Classroom+Simulation+%C2%BB+African+Studies+Center+%E2%80%93+Boston+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fafrica%2Foutreach%2Fresources%2Findian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=49&xywh=-2919,638,11313,6316">"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+de+tous+les+peuples+et+nations+de+la+terre+avec+leurs+habits+et+ornemens+divers%2C+tant+anciens+que+modernes%2C+diligemment+depeints+au+naturel+par+Luc+Dheere+peintre+et+sculpteur+Gantois%5Bmanuscript%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D49%26xywh%3D-2919%2C638%2C11313%2C6316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koenigsberger-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koenigsberger_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsberger2001" class="citation book cs1">Koenigsberger, H. G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2V1dbsvEWnkC"><i>Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521803304" title="Special:BookSources/9780521803304"><bdi>9780521803304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchies%2C+States+Generals+and+Parliaments%3A+The+Netherlands+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521803304&rft.aulast=Koenigsberger&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2V1dbsvEWnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earlier rulers were styled as margrave.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Graafschap Vlaanderen</i>; <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Flemish language">West Flemish</a>: <i lang="vls">Groafschap Vloandern</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Comté de Flandre</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Gysseling, M.</a> en Dhondt, J.</span> (1948): "Vlaanderen, oorspronkelijke ligging en etymologie", in <i>Album Prof. Dr. Frank Baur</i> p. 192–220, Leuven.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Gysseling, M.</a></span> (1960): <i>Toponymisch woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (voor 1226)</i>, Tongeren.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Blok" title="Dick Blok">Blok, D.P.</a> (red) <i>et al</i></span> (1977–1983): <i>Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden</i>, Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Haarlem, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-228-3800-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-228-3800-5">90-228-3800-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Blom, J.C.H., Lamberts, E., redactie</span> (2006): <i>Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden</i>, HBuitgevers, Baarn, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5574-474-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-5574-474-3">90-5574-474-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Dhondt, J.</span> (1943): <i>Korte geschiedenis van het ontstaan van het graafschap Vlaanderen van Boudewijn de IJzeren tot Robrecht den Fries</i>, Brussels – The Hague.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Dhondt, J.</span> (1941–1942): "Het ontstaan van het vorstendom Vlaanderen", <i><a href="/wiki/Belgisch_tijdschrift_voor_filologie_en_geschiedenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis">Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis</a></i>, XX, 553–572 en XXI, 53–93.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Ganshof, F.-L.</span> (1944): <i>Vlaanderen onder de eerste graven</i>, Antwerp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Nicolas, D.</span> (1992): <i>Medieval Flanders</i>, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-01679-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-01679-7">0-582-01679-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Niermeyer, J.F., Presser, J., Van Houtte, J.A.</span> (1949–1958): <i>Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden</i>, Haarlem – Antwerp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt2015" class="citation book cs1">Ott, John S. (1 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4E7DgAAQBAJ"><i>Bishops, Authority and Community in Northwestern Europe, c.1050–1150</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-36824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-36824-4"><bdi>978-1-316-36824-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bishops%2C+Authority+and+Community+in+Northwestern+Europe%2C+c.1050%E2%80%931150&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-316-36824-4&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4E7DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderputten2013" class="citation book cs1">Vanderputten, Steven (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7aehAQAAQBAJ"><i>Reform, Conflict, and the Shaping of Corporate Identities: Collected Studies on Benedictine Monasticism, 1050 - 1150</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90429-4"><bdi>978-3-643-90429-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform%2C+Conflict%2C+and+the+Shaping+of+Corporate+Identities%3A+Collected+Studies+on+Benedictine+Monasticism%2C+1050+-+1150&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90429-4&rft.aulast=Vanderputten&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7aehAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+of+Flanders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Voet, L.</span> (1942): "De graven van Vlaanderen en hun domein, 864–1191", <i>Wetenschappelijke Tijdingen</i>, VII, 25–32.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Flanders&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:County_of_Flanders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wazamar.org/Nederlanden/graafschap-vl.htm">Maps (900–1350)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519052941/http://www.nordpasdecalais.fr/reperes/France/Histoire/05/05-04.htm">Summary of the French expansionism into Flanders</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Burgundian_Circle_(1512–1797)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire1298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burgundian_Circle" title="Template:Burgundian Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Burgundian_Circle" title="Template talk:Burgundian Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burgundian_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burgundian Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Burgundian_Circle_(1512–1797)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire1298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian Circle</a> (1512–1797) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> of<br /><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Seceded 1581</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Drenthe" title="County of Drenthe">Drenthe</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Frisia" title="Lordship of Frisia">Friesland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Groningen</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Guelders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veluwe_Quarter" title="Veluwe Quarter">Veluwe Quarter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_Quarter" title="Nijmegen Quarter">Nijmegen Quarter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zutphen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Zutphen County">Zutphen</a>) <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Remained</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Guelders" title="Upper Guelders">Upper Quarter</a>) <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Mechelen" title="Lordship of Mechelen">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">Namur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg/120px-Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg/180px-Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg/240px-Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Burgundy</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.3em 0 0.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">until 1648</a>;<span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>2</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">until 1659</a>;<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>3</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Nijmegen" title="Treaties of Nijmegen">until 1678</a>. Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle of Swabia">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <b>Burgundian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Flanders_topics505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flanders_topics" title="Template:Flanders topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flanders_topics" title="Template talk:Flanders topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flanders_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flanders topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Flanders_topics505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg/23px-Flag_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg/35px-Flag_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg/45px-Flag_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="627" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Modern Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Neighbouring and<br />historical regions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Margravate of Flanders">Margravate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_Flanders" title="Romance Flanders">Romance Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Local regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Ardennes" title="Flemish Ardennes">Flemish Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campine" title="Campine">Campine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denderstreek" title="Denderstreek">Denderstreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hageland" title="Hageland">Hageland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesbaye" title="Hesbaye">Haspengouw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajottenland" title="Pajottenland">Pajottenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meetjesland" title="Meetjesland">Meetjesland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westhoek_(region)" title="Westhoek (region)">Westhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waasland" title="Waasland">Waasland</a></li> <li>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flemish_Community_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flanders in Europe"><img alt="Flanders in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flemish_Community_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg/200px-Flemish_Community_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flemish_Community_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg/300px-Flemish_Community_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flemish_Community_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg/400px-Flemish_Community_in_Belgium_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Flanders">Provinces</a><br /><span class="nobold">(and cities)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Flemish_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Flemish Region">List of municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Diamond" title="Flemish Diamond">Flemish Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Flanders" title="Politics of Flanders">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgian_elections" title="Template:Belgian elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Parliament" title="Flemish Parliament">Flemish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Government" title="Flemish Government">Flemish Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community_Commission" title="Flemish Community Commission">Community Commission (Brussels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Flanders" title="Political parties in Flanders">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Flanders" title="Minister-President of Flanders">Minister-President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Symbols and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Flanders" title="History of Flanders">history</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Vlaamse_Leeuw" title="De Vlaamse Leeuw">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Flanders" title="Coat of arms of Flanders">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Flemish_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the Flemish Community">Day of the Flemish Community</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs" title="Battle of the Golden Spurs">Guldensporenslag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_of_Flanders_(novel)" title="The Lion of Flanders (novel)">De Leeuw van Vlaanderen</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Flanders" title="Flag of Flanders">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_literature" title="Flemish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_painting" title="Flemish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Flanders" title="Education in Flanders">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Flanders" title="Science and technology in Flanders">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Flanders" title="Transport in Flanders">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Flanders" title="Agriculture in Flanders">Agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157070#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/81144814407714221224">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931412t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931412t">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Flanders&params=51.06_N_3.72_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°04′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.06°N 3.72°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.06; 3.72</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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