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data-ssr="true">._featuredHeadingStyles_1n7vr_1{font-size:1rem!important;font-weight:600;line-height:1.375rem}._customLogoStyle_1n7vr_7{max-height:90px}._lgImageWrapper_1n7vr_11{max-height:100px}._customSearchBox_1n7vr_15 input{caret-color:#97999b!important}._customSearch_1n7vr_15{background-color:transparent}._mobilePosition_1n7vr_23{bottom:42px;right:5px}@supports (font:-apple-system-body) and (-webkit-appearance:none){._mobilePosition_1n7vr_23{bottom:40px}}._searchPosition_1n7vr_33{margin-top:-3.5rem}._customSearchBox_1n7vr_15{position:absolute;right:0;top:-5px;z-index:0}._customSearchBox_1n7vr_15 div input{background-color:#f7f8f9;width:300px}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){._customSearchBox_1n7vr_15 div input{width:320px}}@media (min-width:425px) and (max-width:767px){._customSearchBox_1n7vr_15 div input{width:400px}}@media (min-width:321px) and (max-width:424px){._customSearchBox_1n7vr_15 div input{width:350px}}@media (max-width:320px){._customSearchBox_1n7vr_15 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axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__postTitle___3kCK9"><h1 class="heading-6 axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__postTitle___3kCK9 axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__editorialHeader___2AnA8">Overhead Costs in Business: Types and Examples</h1></div></div><div class="margin-2-t margin-3-b position-relative hidden-sm-down axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__headerImageContainer___B9UPX"><img id="headerImage" alt="Young female employee at the health food store, organizing products, doing inventory check up and organizing the online orders from the shop website" class="axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__headerImage___GzQQI" src="https://icm.aexp-static.com/content/dam/contenthub/us/en/ach-images/2024/01/Overhead.Costs_header.jpg?imwidth=968"/><div class="margin-auto-l-xs-up pad-2-t hidden-md-down axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__socialShareTools___2ta4Y"><div 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class="axp-forum-social-share-tools__ForumSocialShareTools__emailIcon___4lnRI icon dls-icon dls-icon-email dls-bright-blue"></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div class="pad-0-l container col-md-8 margin-center"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-8 axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__authorDetails___1SPJY"><div><div id="headerAuthor" class="pad-1-tb"><div><div class="flex flex-align-items-center flex-wrap axp-forum-author__Author__authorBio___ki2Yq" data-bti-module-name="axp-forum-author" data-bti-module-variant="bio"><div id="headerAuthor"><div><a class="" href="/en-us/business/trends-and-insights/authors/americanexpress/"><span id="authorName" class="heading-3 dls-accent-blue-02">American Express</span></a></div><div id="authorCompany" class="axp-forum-author__Author__simpleText___1Iu81"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pad-0-l container col-md-8 margin-center"><div class="margin-1-r-sm-down row"><div id="articleSummary" class="pad-1-l margin-3-tb axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__summarySection___fSrf2"><div class="dls-white text-align-center col-md-3 col-sm-5 heading-5 pad-0-t margin-2-b-xl-down axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__textOverlayFontOverrides___3jeD_">Summary</div><div class="dls-bright-blue pad-3-r-md-up pad-1-r axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__blueUnderline___1KIUu axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialHeader__summaryText___176Hi"><p>Learn about business overhead, including various types of overhead costs, how to calculate them, what an overhead rate is, and different rate formulas.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="editorialBody" class="container pad-t-sm-down pad-0-l" data-bti-module-name="axp-forum-editorial-body"><div class="row"><div class=" axp-forum-editorial-body__editorial__postBodyPadding___2aORD pad-2-lr-sm-down col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 "><div id="editorialPostContent" class="axp-forum-editorial-body__editorial__postContent___2LwVN axp-forum-editorial-body__blockquote__postContent___5SNSe editorialContent pad-3-b"><h2 class="display-none"></h2><h3 class="display-none"></h3><h4 class="display-none"></h4><h5 class="display-none"></h5><h6 class="display-none"></h6><ul class="display-none"></ul><ol class="display-none"></ol><p>For most small businesses, reducing overhead costs is a good way to help deliver <a href="https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/business/trends-and-insights/articles/how-to-calculate-operating-profit-margin" title="better profit margins">better profit margins</a>. But before reducing overheads, business leaders should understand what they are and how they relate to business efficiency. </p> <p>Read on to find out what overhead costs are, how to calculate them, and how to identify potential reductions that could help boost the bottom line. </p> <h2><b>What Are Overhead Costs? </b></h2> <p>Overhead costs are all the costs a business incurs that aren’t directly involved with producing goods or services. Different types of businesses incur different overhead expenses. For example, a manufacturer’s overhead includes the cost of its accounting team, but excludes direct costs to make the products, such as raw materials and direct manufacturing labor. At a professionals services firm, the salaries of the accountants who serve clients are direct costs, while the rent on the office building are considered overhead.</p> <p>Although every business has different overheads, some common overhead costs include:</p> <ul> <li>Office rental</li> <li>Business insurance</li> <li>Administrative salaries</li> <li>Professional services </li> <li>Utilities</li> <li>Travel</li> </ul> <h2><b>What Are the Different Types of Overheads? </b></h2> <p>There are three main types of overhead costs: fixed, variable, and semi-variable. These categories reflect how the cost is tied to the output of a business’s goods or services.</p> <h3>Fixed Costs </h3> <p>A fixed cost is one that remains steady, regardless of whether the business is delivering one unit or 100,000 units. Examples include rent, business insurance, or salaries. These overheads can be easier to budget for, as they do not typically fluctuate from one financial period to the next. However, higher fixed costs can create a larger and less flexible cost burden that must be covered before a business makes a profit.</p> <h3>Variable Costs </h3> <p>Variable costs are proportional to business activity. While administrative staff salaries are a fixed cost since they must be paid regardless of output, some types of labor costs can be classified as variable. For example, hourly wages, freelance sub-contracted labor wages, workers who only get paid commission, and overtime wages are all considered variable costs because these costs are dependent on production and sales. Other variable costs include business-related travel, shipping to customers, and utilities. </p> <p>By their nature, variable costs may go down as business activity declines, but that’s not a desired outcome. Increasing profitability by trimming variable overhead costs tends to require changes in methods or increases in efficiency. For example, during periods of rising utility prices, companies may want to monitor energy overheads to find areas to cut costs, such as investing in more efficient office electronics, lighting options, or heating and cooling systems. Another option may be to consider a hybrid employee model in which employees work from home for part of the week, thereby cutting utility costs. </p> <h3>Semi-variable Costs </h3> <p>A semi-variable overhead cost has a fixed component and a variable component. For example, a business phone plan may have a fixed monthly price, but if workers on a business trip exceed the allotted data limit, extra costs may incur. Another example would be a business requiring extra cleaning services above the standard monthly cost – perhaps after a large conference, for instance. </p> <blockquote>By regularly tracking changes in overhead, both as raw figures and allocated to other business metrics like sales revenue, decision makers can quickly spot troubling trends. </blockquote> <h2>Examples of Overhead Costs </h2> <p>Different companies can have different overheads depending on the nature of their industry and work. </p> <p>Let’s look at Consultologists, a hypothetical consulting firm that provides writing and marketing services to clients in scientific and technical communities. The company’s main overheads are rent, utilities, and office equipment. Recently, Consultologists faced a significant increase in overheads because of a rise in rent costs. Due to the highly competitive industry in Consultologists’ region, it could not pass these higher costs onto customers without losing business, so decision makers were forced to look for areas to reduce overhead. </p> <p>To solve this problem, Consultologists relocated to a shared office space, complete with furniture and an “all-in” fee that included utilities, energy, and rent all in one lower monthly payment than before. Not only does the company now have more affordable month-to-month expenses, but more predictable expenses that make it easier for the financial team to budget and forecast.</p> <h2><b>How to Calculate Overhead Costs </b></h2> <p>To calculate overhead costs, try to start by making a list of all indirect business expenses for the given financial period, usually a year, by combing through the company’s accounts payable disbursements and bank accounts. Try to be sure to include all fixed, variable, and semi-variable overhead costs.</p> <p>To find your average monthly overhead, add all overhead costs for the year and divide that number by 12. </p> <h2>How to Calculate Overhead Cost Per Unit </h2> <p>Many businesses express overhead costs as “per unit” by comparing overhead expenses with production volume. This figure is often used to inform <a href="https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/business/trends-and-insights/articles/factors-to-consider-in-your-pricing-strategy-scott-allen/" title="pricing strategies">pricing strategies</a> and production schedules. This overhead cost per unit is a blended standard of historical fixed, variable, and semi-variable costs and is especially useful for budgeting and forecasting.</p> <p>Say a furniture company makes and sells $100 tables. Its direct costs (raw materials, manufacturing, design, labor) are $30 per table, yielding a $70 direct profit. However, to get a more holistic measure for the overall costs of running the business, the business should calculate the overhead cost of each unit produced. </p> <p>The formula to calculate overhead cost per unit is: </p> <h3>Overhead Cost Per Unit = Total Overhead Cost / Number of Units Produced</h3> <p>Let’s say the furniture company has annual overheads of $50,000 and during that period produces 10,000 tables. The overhead cost per unit would be the total overhead cost ($50,000) divided by the number of units (10,000 tables), yielding a $5 overhead cost per unit. The business can then calculate the true cost of producing each table by adding each unit’s direct costs ($30) and its overhead costs ($5) to get a total of $35. This means a more realistic profit for each table is $65 ($100 – $35). </p> <h2><b>How to Calculate Overhead Cost Per Employee </b></h2> <p>In some industries, companies might want to calculate the overhead cost per employee, perhaps to make staffing decisions, analyze team profitability, set prices, or make budgeting decisions.</p> <p>A simple way to do so is to add together all overhead costs for a certain period. Then divide the total overhead for that period by the number of employees. </p> <p>For example, let’s say a service business has a total overhead cost of $50,000 per month and 10 employees. The overhead cost per employee would be $5,000 ($50,000 / 10 employees). The business can use this figure to determine whether it makes sense to hire another employee – if the costs outweigh the benefits in terms of productivity and revenue generation, for instance, it may not be worth it. While overhead cost per employee can be a useful figure on its own, it’s important to consider it in combination with direct costs for the same period to help get a more comprehensive view of your business’s financial situation.</p> <h2><b>What Is the Overhead Rate? </b></h2> <p>The overhead rate is a metric most often used to measure overhead expenses as a percentage of sales revenue. The overhead rate is important for budget planning and to identify if overheads are eating into sales revenue.</p> <p>By tracking overhead rates over time, businesses can quickly catch increases when they start cutting into margins. For example, if a business notices that its overheads increased from 20% to 30% of sales revenue over a few months, it can take steps to identify why and then find ways to trim costs or increase sales before that percentage climbs higher.</p> <h3><b>How to Calculate Overhead Rate </b></h3> <p>To calculate the overhead rate, divide the overhead cost by sales and multiply by 100. </p> <h3>Overhead Rate = (Total Overhead Costs / Total Sales) x 100</h3> <p>For example, say an ice cream factory makes $325,000 in monthly sales revenue. For the same monthly period, its overhead costs total $175,000. This means the ice cream factory’s overhead rate is 54% ($175,000 / $325,000 x 100 = 54%). In other words, the company is spending $0.54 on overhead for every $1 in sales. </p> <h2>The Bottom Line</h2> <p>Overheads may rarely stay exactly the same month to month, especially for businesses with many variable costs. But by regularly tracking changes in overhead, both as raw figures and allocated to other business metrics like sales revenue, decision makers can quickly spot troubling trends. This proactive approach can make it easier to reduce overhead costs when needed, helping to maximize profits.</p> <p><i>Photo: Getty Images</i></p></div></div></div></div><p id="publishedDate" class="pad-2-t-md-down pad-0-b margin-1-b axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialContainer__simpleText___3k46m"><b>Published: </b><span>January 04, 2024</span></p><p id="updatedDate" class="pad-0-b margin-2-b axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialContainer__simpleText___3k46m"><b>Updated: </b><span>January 10, 2024</span></p><div class="container"><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 margin-2-t text-align-right undefined axp-forum-editorial-container__EditorialContainer__removeOffset___3nG6_"><div class="axp-forum-social-share-tools__ForumSocialShareTools__btiShareTools___3vRql " data-bti-module-name="axp-forum-social-share-tools"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--twitter 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/business/trends-and-insights/articles/overhead-costs-in-business-types-and-examples/"},"headline":"Overhead Costs in Business: Types and Examples","articleSection":["Cash Flow","Managing Money","Accounts Receivable Payable"],"description":"Learn about business overhead, including various types of overhead costs, how to calculate them, what an overhead rate is, and different rate formulas.","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://icm.aexp-static.com/content/dam/contenthub/us/en/ach-images/2024/01/Overhead.Costs_header.jpg"},"datePublished":"2024-01-04T16:16:43-05:00","dateModified":"2024-01-10T09:16:15-05:00","keywords":[],"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"American Express"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"American Express","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject ","url":"https://icm.aexp-static.com/content/dam/contenthub/us/en/images/design-elements/AXP_BlueBoxLogo.jpg"}},"articleBody":"For most small businesses, reducing overhead costs is a good way to help deliver better profit margins. But before reducing overheads, business leaders should understand what they are and how they relate to business efficiency. \nRead on to find out what overhead costs are, how to calculate them, and how to identify potential reductions that could help boost the bottom line. \nWhat Are Overhead Costs? \nOverhead costs are all the costs a business incurs that aren’t directly involved with producing goods or services. Different types of businesses incur different overhead expenses. For example, a manufacturer’s overhead includes the cost of its accounting team, but excludes direct costs to make the products, such as raw materials and direct manufacturing labor. At a professionals services firm, the salaries of the accountants who serve clients are direct costs, while the rent on the office building are considered overhead.\nAlthough every business has different overheads, some common overhead costs include:\n\nOffice rental\nBusiness insurance\nAdministrative salaries\nProfessional services \nUtilities\nTravel\n\nWhat Are the Different Types of Overheads? \nThere are three main types of overhead costs: fixed, variable, and semi-variable. These categories reflect how the cost is tied to the output of a business’s goods or services.\nFixed Costs \nA fixed cost is one that remains steady, regardless of whether the business is delivering one unit or 100,000 units. Examples include rent, business insurance, or salaries. These overheads can be easier to budget for, as they do not typically fluctuate from one financial period to the next. However, higher fixed costs can create a larger and less flexible cost burden that must be covered before a business makes a profit.\nVariable Costs \nVariable costs are proportional to business activity. While administrative staff salaries are a fixed cost since they must be paid regardless of output, some types of labor costs can be classified as variable. For example, hourly wages, freelance sub-contracted labor wages, workers who only get paid commission, and overtime wages are all considered variable costs because these costs are dependent on production and sales. Other variable costs include business-related travel, shipping to customers, and utilities. \nBy their nature, variable costs may go down as business activity declines, but that’s not a desired outcome. Increasing profitability by trimming variable overhead costs tends to require changes in methods or increases in efficiency. For example, during periods of rising utility prices, companies may want to monitor energy overheads to find areas to cut costs, such as investing in more efficient office electronics, lighting options, or heating and cooling systems. Another option may be to consider a hybrid employee model in which employees work from home for part of the week, thereby cutting utility costs. \nSemi-variable Costs \nA semi-variable overhead cost has a fixed component and a variable component. For example, a business phone plan may have a fixed monthly price, but if workers on a business trip exceed the allotted data limit, extra costs may incur. Another example would be a business requiring extra cleaning services above the standard monthly cost – perhaps after a large conference, for instance. \nBy regularly tracking changes in overhead, both as raw figures and allocated to other business metrics like sales revenue, decision makers can quickly spot troubling trends. \nExamples of Overhead Costs \nDifferent companies can have different overheads depending on the nature of their industry and work. \nLet’s look at Consultologists, a hypothetical consulting firm that provides writing and marketing services to clients in scientific and technical communities. The company’s main overheads are rent, utilities, and office equipment. Recently, Consultologists faced a significant increase in overheads because of a rise in rent costs. Due to the highly competitive industry in Consultologists’ region, it could not pass these higher costs onto customers without losing business, so decision makers were forced to look for areas to reduce overhead. \nTo solve this problem, Consultologists relocated to a shared office space, complete with furniture and an “all-in” fee that included utilities, energy, and rent all in one lower monthly payment than before. Not only does the company now have more affordable month-to-month expenses, but more predictable expenses that make it easier for the financial team to budget and forecast.\nHow to Calculate Overhead Costs \nTo calculate overhead costs, try to start by making a list of all indirect business expenses for the given financial period, usually a year, by combing through the company’s accounts payable disbursements and bank accounts. Try to be sure to include all fixed, variable, and semi-variable overhead costs.\nTo find your average monthly overhead, add all overhead costs for the year and divide that number by 12. \nHow to Calculate Overhead Cost Per Unit \nMany businesses express overhead costs as “per unit” by comparing overhead expenses with production volume. This figure is often used to inform pricing strategies and production schedules. This overhead cost per unit is a blended standard of historical fixed, variable, and semi-variable costs and is especially useful for budgeting and forecasting.\nSay a furniture company makes and sells $100 tables. Its direct costs (raw materials, manufacturing, design, labor) are $30 per table, yielding a $70 direct profit. However, to get a more holistic measure for the overall costs of running the business, the business should calculate the overhead cost of each unit produced. \nThe formula to calculate overhead cost per unit is: \nOverhead Cost Per Unit = Total Overhead Cost / Number of Units Produced\nLet’s say the furniture company has annual overheads of $50,000 and during that period produces 10,000 tables. The overhead cost per unit would be the total overhead cost ($50,000) divided by the number of units (10,000 tables), yielding a $5 overhead cost per unit. The business can then calculate the true cost of producing each table by adding each unit’s direct costs ($30) and its overhead costs ($5) to get a total of $35. This means a more realistic profit for each table is $65 ($100 – $35). \nHow to Calculate Overhead Cost Per Employee \nIn some industries, companies might want to calculate the overhead cost per employee, perhaps to make staffing decisions, analyze team profitability, set prices, or make budgeting decisions.\nA simple way to do so is to add together all overhead costs for a certain period. Then divide the total overhead for that period by the number of employees. \nFor example, let’s say a service business has a total overhead cost of $50,000 per month and 10 employees. The overhead cost per employee would be $5,000 ($50,000 / 10 employees). The business can use this figure to determine whether it makes sense to hire another employee – if the costs outweigh the benefits in terms of productivity and revenue generation, for instance, it may not be worth it. While overhead cost per employee can be a useful figure on its own, it’s important to consider it in combination with direct costs for the same period to help get a more comprehensive view of your business’s financial situation.\nWhat Is the Overhead Rate? \nThe overhead rate is a metric most often used to measure overhead expenses as a percentage of sales revenue. The overhead rate is important for budget planning and to identify if overheads are eating into sales revenue.\nBy tracking overhead rates over time, businesses can quickly catch increases when they start cutting into margins. For example, if a business notices that its overheads increased from 20% to 30% of sales revenue over a few months, it can take steps to identify why and then find ways to trim costs or increase sales before that percentage climbs higher.\nHow to Calculate Overhead Rate \nTo calculate the overhead rate, divide the overhead cost by sales and multiply by 100. \nOverhead Rate = (Total Overhead Costs / Total Sales) x 100\nFor example, say an ice cream factory makes $325,000 in monthly sales revenue. For the same monthly period, its overhead costs total $175,000. This means the ice cream factory’s overhead rate is 54% ($175,000 / $325,000 x 100 = 54%). In other words, the company is spending $0.54 on overhead for every $1 in sales. \nThe Bottom Line\nOverheads may rarely stay exactly the same month to month, especially for businesses with many variable costs. 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