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last decade. The trend may continue into the foreseeable future, and worker safety is an issue. Wildfire smoke can severely impact the health of communities, not only personal and economical but public health issues.</p><p>Wildfire contributes to air pollution by first, emission of pollutants, and second, the production of secondary pollutants like ozone. Particulate Matter (PM) is a concern from wildfire smoke because of the short-term exposure to workers fighting the fire and communities surrounding the wildfire.</p><figure id="attachment_4529" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4529" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-4529" src="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/i-PhP9PWw-X2-300x169.jpg" alt="Wildfire Workers in Utah" width="300" height="169" srcset="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/i-PhP9PWw-X2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/i-PhP9PWw-X2-600x338.jpg 600w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/i-PhP9PWw-X2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/i-PhP9PWw-X2.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4529" class="wp-caption-text">Wildfire Workers in Utah<br />Image by <a href="https://rustlingleafdesign.com" class="broken_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scott Stringham</a></figcaption></figure><h2>Fine particles from wildfire smoke and coarse particles from ash can irritate the lungs and cause coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.</h2><p>Most healthy people will recover quickly from wildfire smoke exposure and will not suffer long-term health consequences. Certain high-risk groups, including the elderly and those with compromised immune systems or heart, lung, or other diseases, are compromised when breathing the particles.</p><p>The testing of dust particles is essential for determining the accuracy of occupational dust in a wide range of industries but is of interest in the Wildfire setting. To improve protective measures for wildfire workers, a significant push in aerosol monitoring of workers is moving to real-time monitoring of PM. Real-time monitoring measures and reports live aerosol concentration, alerting the user of dangerous exposure levels.</p><p>Currently, on the market, there are two dominant technologies when it comes to personal real-time aerosol monitoring: Optical Particle Counters (OPC) and photometers. Both technologies utilize laser as a detection source; however, each has pros and cons.</p><h2>How do they compare?</h2><p>Both OPC鈥檚 and photometers are optical instruments that do not directly measure mass but can be calibrated to the sampled aerosol鈥檚 material properties to infer it. OPC鈥檚 are designed to measure and size individual particles where photometers measure multiple particles at the same time.</p><p>Since OPC鈥檚 are sizing individual particles, the technology is independent of particle size distribution when measuring mass concentration. However, to accurately measure mass concentration, the photometer must be calibrated to a particular particle size distribution. If the sampled aerosol鈥檚 particle size distribution changes, the photometer will fall out of calibration, such as in the wildfire situation.</p><h1>AQI in Canada, Australia, and the USA</h1><p>The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a unit of measure that runs from 0 to 500. The higher the AQI value, the greater the amount of air pollution is, and therefore the more significant the effect of air pollution is on humans. Different countries have various levels of AQI.</p><p>In the United States, the following table depicts the health risks. (Reference <a href="https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AirNow</a>)</p><table class="table table-bordered"><caption style="text-align: center;"><strong>AQI Basics for Ozone and Particle Pollution</strong></caption><thead><tr style="background: #e1ebf4;"><th scope="col">Daily AQI Color</th><th scope="col">Levels of Concern</th><th scope="col">Values of Index</th><th scope="col">Description of Air Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="background: #00e400;"><td style="text-align: center;background: #00e400;"><strong>Green</strong></td><td id="good" style="text-align: center;background: #00e400;"><strong>Good</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;background: #00e400;"><strong>0 to 50</strong></td><td style="background: #00e400;"><strong>Air quality is satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.</strong></td></tr><tr style="background: yellow;"><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Yellow</strong></td><td id="mod" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Moderate</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>51 to 100</strong></td><td><strong>Air quality is acceptable. However, there may be a risk for some people, particularly those who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.</strong></td></tr><tr style="background: #ff7e00; color: white;"><td style="text-align: center;background: #ff7e00;"><strong>Orange</strong></td><td id="sens" style="text-align: center;background: #ff7e00;"><strong>Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;background: #ff7e00;"><strong>101 to 150</strong></td><td style="background: #ff7e00;"><strong>Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is less likely to be affected.</strong></td></tr><tr style="background: red; color: white;"><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Red</strong></td><td id="unh" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Unhealthy</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>151 to 200</strong></td><td><strong>Some members of the general public may experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.</strong></td></tr><tr style="background: #8f3f97; color: white;"><td style="text-align: center;background: #8f3f97;"><strong>Purple</strong></td><td id="vunh" style="text-align: center;background: #8f3f97;"><strong>Very Unhealthy</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;background: #8f3f97;"><strong>201 to 300</strong></td><td style="background: #8f3f97;"><strong>Health alert: The risk of health effects is increased for everyone.</strong></td></tr><tr style="background: #7e0023; color: white;"><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Maroon</strong></td><td id="haz" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Hazardous</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>301 and higher</strong></td><td><strong>Health warning of emergency conditions: everyone is more likely to be affected.</strong></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In Australia, the following table depicts the health risks (<a href="https://www.australianunions.org.au/bushfires_air_quality" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Australian Unions</a>)</p><figure style="width: 1006px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/actuonline/pages/6566/attachments/original/1580168396/AQI.png?1580168396" class="broken_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium lazyload" data-src="https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/actuonline/pages/6566/attachments/original/1580168396/AQI.png?1580168396" alt="Australian Union AQI" width="1006" height="512" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 1006px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1006/512;" /><noscript><img decoding="async" class="size-medium" src="https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/actuonline/pages/6566/attachments/original/1580168396/AQI.png?1580168396" alt="Australian Union AQI" width="1006" height="512" /></noscript></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">An AQI less than 50 indicates that the air quality is good. At this low level, a person can spend time outdoors and air pollution will pose very little risk to their health. As the AQI number increases, so does the risk to human health.</figcaption></figure><p>In Canada, the following table depicts the health risks. (Reference <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Health_Index_(Canada)#:~:text=Overview,the%20number%20may%20exceed%2010." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikipedia</a>)</p><table style="margin: auto; background: Black; color: white; font-size: larger;"><tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="width: 35px; height: 35px; background: #0cf;"><b>1</b></td><td style="text-align: center; width: 35px; height: 35px; background: #09c;"><b>2</b></td><td style="text-align: center; width: 35px; height: 35px; background: #069;"><b>3</b></td><td style="text-align: center; width: 35px; height: 35px; background: yellow; color: black;"><b>4</b></td><td style="height: 35px; text-align: center; width: 35px; background: #fc0; color: black;"><b>5</b></td><td style="text-align: center; width: 35px; height: 35px; background: #f93;"><b>6</b></td><td style="text-align: center; width: 35px; height: 35px; background: #f66;"><b>7</b></td><td style="text-align: center; width: 35px; height: 35px; background: red;"><b>8</b></td><td style="width: 35px; text-align: center; height: 35px; background: #c00;"><b>9</b></td><td style="width: 35px; text-align: center; height: 35px; background: #900;"><b>10</b></td><td style="text-align: center; width: 35px; height: 35px; background: #600;"><b>11+</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p><strong>Risk: </strong>Low聽<strong>(1-3) </strong>Moderate聽<strong>(4-6) </strong>High聽<strong>(7-10) </strong>Very high聽<strong>(above 10)</strong></p><p>To see the health effects in relation to PM <sub>2.5</sub> (碌g/m3)</p><figure id="attachment_4525" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4525" style="width: 1024px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-4525 size-large lazyload" data-src="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-1024x377.png" alt="Wildfire PM2.5=AQI Correlation" width="1024" height="377" data-srcset="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-1024x377.png 1024w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-600x221.png 600w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-300x111.png 300w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-768x283.png 768w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-1536x566.png 1536w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2.png 1956w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024/377;" /><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-4525 size-large" src="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-1024x377.png" alt="Wildfire PM2.5=AQI Correlation" width="1024" height="377" srcset="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-1024x377.png 1024w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-600x221.png 600w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-300x111.png 300w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-768x283.png 768w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2-1536x566.png 1536w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wildfire-PM2.5-AQI-Correlation_linear_V2.png 1956w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></noscript><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4525" class="wp-caption-text">Wildfire PM2.5=AQI Correlation</figcaption></figure><p>PM levels specified by AQI are for wildfire particulate. Most real-time instruments use Arizona Dust to calibrate the instruments. The blog and chart indicates that if we don鈥檛 calibrate the real-time instrument with the type of particles that we will measure, the percentage error could be as large as 55%.聽 In Nanozen lab, we calibrate the DustCount wildfire monitors with wildfire particulates to increase the accuracy of the Optical Particle Counter (OPC) similar way as suggested.</p><h1>Use of Real-time Respirable Dust Monitors</h1><p><a href="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2018/04/05/dust-monitors/#:~:text=The%20information%20from%20real%2Dtime,control%20technologies%20and%20work%20practices." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Real-time respirable dust monitors</a> can help in determining the health risks of wildfires by instantly providing a reading of the particle counts. Typically the Respirable Dust Monitors, like the <a href="https://nanozen.com/dustcount-9000/">Nanozen DustCount</a>, are used in both outdoor and indoor situations such as a mine or laboratory to find small particles such as silica.</p><p>According to the blog, <a href="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2018/04/05/dust-monitors/#:~:text=The%20information%20from%20real%2Dtime,control%20technologies%20and%20work%20practices." target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Use of Real-time Respirable Dust Monitors</a> by <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/about/default.html" class="broken_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>, several respirable dust monitors were tested using a controlled dust chamber. The manufacturer calibrated each monitor. ISO A1 Fine Arizona Road Dust was used, and the manufacturer calibrated each monitor. The following is the chart that demonstrates the correction factor for ISO A1 Fine Arizona Road Dust.</p><figure style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/files/2018/03/cauda3.jpg" class="broken_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium lazyload" data-src="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/files/2018/03/cauda3.jpg" alt="Correction Factor for ISO A1 Fine Arizona Road Dust" width="560" height="420" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 560/420;" /><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium" src="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/files/2018/03/cauda3.jpg" alt="Correction Factor for ISO A1 Fine Arizona Road Dust" width="560" height="420" /></noscript></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Correction Factor for ISO A1 Fine Arizona Road Dust</figcaption></figure><h1>Laboratory Testing</h1><p>In a controlled laboratory setting, a series of tests ran by<a href="https://nanozen.com"> Nanozen</a> demonstrated and were analyzed to find the differences between OPC鈥檚 and photometers.</p><p>The photometer performed well over a broader concentration range than the OPC and is more suitable in scenarios with exceedingly high dust concentrations, given that the aerosol size distribution is well-characterized.</p><p>However, the OPC, unlike the photometer, performed accurately with multiple particle size distributions. Occupational scenarios that create variation in particle size distributions, such as changing worker location, changing processes, and the presence of numerous point sources of different aerosols, would be where the OPC would excel.</p><p>The tests concluded that a photometer would need recalibration for each sampling convention where areas an OPC would not.</p><p>Field trials were then conducted particularly in a wildfire site where OPC determined the particle distribution of wildfire particulate where more than 90% of particulates are below 2 micrometers. The following chart depicts the results.</p><p>Sizes and concentrations of Wildfire particulates detected in 2018 Fire in British Columbia, Canada to help guild the setting of Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) in industrial settings.</p><figure id="attachment_4526" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4526" style="width: 371px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-4526 size-full lazyload" data-src="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Examples_of_wildire_particle_distributions.jpg" alt="Sizes and concentrations of Wildfire particulates detected in 2018 Fire in British Columbia, Canada" width="371" height="209" data-srcset="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Examples_of_wildire_particle_distributions.jpg 371w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Examples_of_wildire_particle_distributions-300x169.jpg 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 371px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 371/209;" /><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-4526 size-full" src="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Examples_of_wildire_particle_distributions.jpg" alt="Sizes and concentrations of Wildfire particulates detected in 2018 Fire in British Columbia, Canada" width="371" height="209" srcset="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Examples_of_wildire_particle_distributions.jpg 371w, https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Examples_of_wildire_particle_distributions-300x169.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px" /></noscript><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4526" class="wp-caption-text">Sizes and concentrations of Wildfire particulates detected in 2018 Fire in British Columbia, Canada</figcaption></figure><p>This blog was written by Linda Rawson, who is the founder of DynaGrace Enterprises (<a href="https://dynagrace.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dynagrace.com</a>), an authorized distributor of the <a href="https://nanozen.com/dustcount-9000/">Nanozen DustCount</a>.聽 The <a href="https://nanozen.com/dustcount-9000/">Nanozen DustCount</a> is available on the <a href="https://www.gsaadvantage.gov/advantage/ws/search/advantage_search?q=0:2nanozen&db=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GSA Schedule</a>.聽 For further information, please connect with Linda on <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lindarawson/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">LinkedIn</a>, or contact her at聽<a href="tel:18006760058">(800) 676-0058 ext 101</a>.</p><div class="post-tags"> <span class="tag-links">Tagged <a href="https://nanozen.com/tag/industrial-hygiene/" rel="tag">Industrial Hygiene</a>, <a href="https://nanozen.com/tag/occupational-health/" rel="tag">Occupational Health</a>, <a href="https://nanozen.com/tag/wildfire-safety/" rel="tag">Wildfire Safety</a></span></div></div></main><div data-elementor-type="footer" data-elementor-id="2720" class="elementor elementor-2720 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"><footer class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-50f1152a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="50f1152a" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic","_ha_eqh_enable":false}"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d6abbec" data-id="4d6abbec" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a073c65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="a073c65" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img width="300" height="90" data-src="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/white-logo-on-transparent.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-2719 lazyload" alt="" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300/90;" /><noscript><img width="300" height="90" src="https://nanozen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/white-logo-on-transparent.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-2719" alt="" /></noscript></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5a0b777b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5a0b777b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p>Founded in 2007, Nanozen Industries Inc. pioneers innovative approaches to aerosol exposure analysis for industrial workplace environments. 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