CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Swedes - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"826cdfc5-9828-4718-99ef-ba06038fb659","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Swedes","wgTitle":"Swedes","wgCurRevisionId":1281861427,"wgRevisionId":1281861427,"wgArticleId":29380512,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the EasyTimeline extension","Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)","CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2025","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles with excerpts","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010","Pages with Swedish IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008","Ethnic groups in Sweden","Swedish people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Swedes","wgRelevantArticleId":29380512,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q165192","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.timeline.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.timeline.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/1200px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="621"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/800px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="414"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/640px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="331"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Swedes - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Swedes rootpage-Swedes skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swedes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swedes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swedes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swedes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_Age_and_Vendel_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_Age_and_Vendel_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Migration Age and Vendel Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_Age_and_Vendel_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_and_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_and_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Viking and Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_and_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Kingdom of Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Cultural advances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_institutions_in_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_institutions_in_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Feudal institutions in Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_institutions_in_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Swedish Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>World Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Post-war era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_Swedish_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_Swedish_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline of Swedish history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_Swedish_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swedes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swede_(volk)" title="Swede (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swede (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سويديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سويديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecos" title="Suecos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Suecos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шведал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Шведал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7lil%C9%99r" title="İsveçlilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveçlilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="سوئدلی‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوئدلی‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Шведы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шведы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Швэды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Швэды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Шведи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шведи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ve%C4%91ani" title="Šveđani – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šveđani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecs" title="Suecs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suecs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dov%C3%A9" title="Švédové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švédové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swediaid" title="Swediaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swediaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskere" title="Svenskere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svenskere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweden_(Ethnie)" title="Schweden (Ethnie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweden (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootslased" title="Rootslased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rootslased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Σουηδοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουηδοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_sueco" title="Pueblo sueco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo sueco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedoj" title="Svedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediar" title="Suediar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suediar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="سوئدی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوئدی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A9dois_(peuple)" title="Suédois (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suédois (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sualannaigh" title="Sualannaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sualannaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_sueco" title="Pobo sueco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo sueco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EB%8D%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="스웨덴인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스웨덴인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շվեդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ve%C4%91ani" title="Šveđani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šveđani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Swedia" title="Orang Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Шведаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шведаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedesi" title="Svedesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svedesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שוודים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוודים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="შვედები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შვედები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шведтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шведтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шведдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шведдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zviedri" title="Zviedri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zviedri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedai" title="Švedai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švedai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwede_(vouk)" title="Zwede (vouk) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwede (vouk)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9dek" title="Svédek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Svédek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Швеѓани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Швеѓани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="შვედეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შვედეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سويديين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سويديين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Sweden" title="Orang Sweden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Sweden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweden_(volk)" title="Zweden (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zweden (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="スウェーデン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スウェーデン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Шведаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шведаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensker" title="Svensker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svensker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskar" title="Svenskar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svenskar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvedlar" title="Shvedlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shvedlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%89%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سويډنيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سويډنيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwedzi" title="Szwedzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szwedzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecos" title="Suecos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suecos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedezi" title="Suedezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suedezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Шведы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шведы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шведтар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Шведтар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadish_fowk" title="Swadish fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Swadish fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedez%C3%ABt" title="Suedezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Suedezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9di" title="Švédi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Švédi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedi" title="Švedi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Švedi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwedy" title="Szwedy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szwedy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Швеђани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Швеђани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ve%C4%91ani" title="Šveđani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šveđani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruotsalaiset" title="Ruotsalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruotsalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskar" title="Svenskar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svenskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சுவீடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவீடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шведлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шведлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวสวีเดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวสวีเดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7liler" title="İsveçliler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsveçliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Шведи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шведи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n" title="Người Thụy Điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Thụy Điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E4%BA%BA" title="瑞典人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑞典人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E4%BA%BA" title="瑞典人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑞典人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ved%C4%81" title="Švedā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švedā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E4%BA%BA" title="瑞典人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞典人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Swedia" title="Jolma Swedia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Swedia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Swedes" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Swedes" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swedes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swedes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Swedes" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Swedes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&oldid=1281861427" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Swedes&id=1281861427&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwedes"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwedes"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Swedes&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Sweden" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Swedes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165192" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to Sweden</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group native to Sweden. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Swede_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Swede (disambiguation)">Swede</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a specific analysis of the population of Sweden, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics of Sweden</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Swedes<br /><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">svenskar</i></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 13 million<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span><span class="nowrap">      </span> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8 million <div class="center"><small>Other significant population centers:</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b>Swedish citizens abroad</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 546,000<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">[c]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hedlund2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedlund2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedish diaspora</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4.5–5 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">4,347,703 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2013; ancestry)</span><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_ACS-09-1yr-B04003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_ACS-09-1yr-B04003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />29,000 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Swedish citizens)</span><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_ACS-09-1yr-B04003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_ACS-09-1yr-B04003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">341,845 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011</a>; ancestry</span><sup id="cite_ref-Swedes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />26,000 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(sole ancestry)</span><small></small><sup id="cite_ref-Swedes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 290,000 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2008)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">[d]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hedlund2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedlund2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Norway"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">36,887<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–90,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">46,699 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2021; ancestry)</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">23,000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">20,385<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">16,620<sup id="cite_ref-Statistikbanken_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistikbanken-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Thailand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<sup id="cite_ref-Little_Stockholm_rising_in_Hua_Hin_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_Stockholm_rising_in_Hua_Hin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,400<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">6,800<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Belgium"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">4,600<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">3,233<sup id="cite_ref-Tuttitalia.it_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuttitalia.it-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,560<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Turkey"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,300<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Ireland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,800<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,775<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,420<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Luxembourg"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/60px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,600<sup id="cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,911 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2018; ancestry)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2018_Census_ethnic_group_profiles:_Swedish_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_Census_ethnic_group_profiles:_Swedish-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div class="center"><b>Swedish minorities with a longer history</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">811 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census,_volume_2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census,_volume_2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2022)</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> Christianity<br />(<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-svenskakyrkan_2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svenskakyrkan_2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>For further details, see <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Religion in Sweden</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^a</a></b></span> The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations who claim Swedish ancestry worldwide and as such might be misleading or exaggerated.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^b</a></b></span> This figure overlaps with those listed under diaspora as most Swedish citizens have emigrated to those countries listed lower in the infobox.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^c</a></b> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora#Finland" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedish diaspora § Finland</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_diaspora&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <i>Swedish-speaking Finns</i> or <i>Finland-Swedes</i> form a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a> in Finland. The characteristic of this minority is debated: while some see it as an ethnic group of its own<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some view it purely as a linguistic minority.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group includes about 265,000 people, comprising 5.10% of the population of mainland Finland, or 5.50%<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if the 26,000 inhabitants of Åland are included (there are also about 60,000 Swedish-speaking Finns currently resident in Sweden). It has been presented that the ethnic group can also be perceived as a distinct Swedish-speaking nationality in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also 9,000 Swedish citizens living in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Swedes</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">svenskar</i>), or <b>Swedish people</b>, are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, who share a common ancestry, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">language</a>. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">in particular</a>, neighboring <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, where they are an officially recognized minority,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">[d]</a></sup> with Swedish being one of the official languages of the country, and with a substantial <a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">diaspora</a> in other countries, especially the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Sweden" title="Name of Sweden">Name of Sweden</a></div> <p>The English term "Swede" has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> or Middle <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, the term is <i>svensk</i>, which is from the name of <i><a href="/wiki/Svear" class="mw-redirect" title="Svear">svear</a></i> (or Swedes), the people who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Svealand" title="Svealand">Svealand</a> in eastern central <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were listed as <i>Suiones</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' history <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> from the first century AD. The term is believed to have been derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronominal</a> root, <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*s(w)e</span></span>, as the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>suus</i>. The word may have meant "one's own (tribesmen)". The same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, preserved to this day in the name <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pokorny_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pokorny-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of Sweden</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Scandinavian prehistory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scandinavia-12th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Scandinavia-12th_century.png/250px-Scandinavia-12th_century.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Scandinavia-12th_century.png/330px-Scandinavia-12th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Scandinavia-12th_century.png/500px-Scandinavia-12th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Sweden in the 12th century. <a href="/wiki/Svealand" title="Svealand">Svealand</a> in yellow, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a> in blue and <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> in green. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fbe764; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4e4d9e; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Geat" class="mw-redirect" title="Geat">Geats</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#92b78b; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Scandinavians</a>, Swedes are considered to have descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_Axe_culture" title="Battle Axe culture">Battle Axe culture</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Pitted_Ware_culture" title="Pitted Ware culture">Pitted Ware culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the first century AD there is no written evidence and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe" title="Archaeology of Northern Europe">historiography is based solely on various forms of archeology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a> is thought to have originated in the arrival of the Battle Axe culture in Scandinavia<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Germanic tribal societies of Scandinavia were thereafter surprisingly stable for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger of the Battle Axe and Pitted Ware cultures eventually gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a>. Like other <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a> likely emerged as a distinct ethnic group during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiviksgraven_slab_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kiviksgraven_slab_1.jpg/250px-Kiviksgraven_slab_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kiviksgraven_slab_1.jpg/330px-Kiviksgraven_slab_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kiviksgraven_slab_1.jpg/500px-Kiviksgraven_slab_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Stone slab from <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Grave" title="The King's Grave">The King's Grave</a> in southern Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, 1400 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Swedes enters written proto-history with the <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> in 98 AD. In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania#XLIV" class="extiw" title="s:Germania">Germania 44, 45</a> he mentions the Swedes (<i><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Suiones</a></i>) as a powerful tribe (<i>distinguished not merely for their arms and men, but for their powerful fleets</i>) with ships that had a <a href="/wiki/Prow" class="mw-redirect" title="Prow">prow</a> in both ends (<a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a>). Which kings (<i>kuningaz</i>) ruled these Suiones is unknown, but <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> presents a long line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. As for literacy in Sweden itself, the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runic script</a> was in use among the south Scandinavian elite by at least the second century AD, but all that has survived from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artefacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> at the time, a language ancestral to Swedish and other <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_Age_and_Vendel_Period">Migration Age and Vendel Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migration Age and Vendel Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The migration age in Sweden is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">extreme weather events of 535–536</a> which is believed to have shaken Scandinavian society to its core. As much as 50% of the population of Scandinavia is thought to have died as a result and the emerging <a href="/wiki/Vendel_Period" title="Vendel Period">Vendel Period</a> shows an increased militarization of society.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several areas with rich burial gifts have been found, including well-preserved boat inhumation graves at <a href="/wiki/Vendel" title="Vendel">Vendel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valsg%C3%A4rde" title="Valsgärde">Valsgärde</a>, and tumuli at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>. These were used for several generations. Some of the riches were probably acquired through the control of mining districts and the production of iron. The rulers had troops of mounted elite warriors with costly armour. Graves of mounted warriors have been found with stirrups and saddle ornaments of birds of prey in gilded bronze with encrusted garnets. The <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a> very similar to helmets in Gamla Uppsala, Vendel and Valsgärde shows that the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> elite had extensive contacts with Swedish elite.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg/220px-Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg/330px-Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg/440px-Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>The Vendel I helmet, at the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the sixth century <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> named two tribes, which he calls the <i>Suehans</i> and the <i>Suetidi</i>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a>. The Suehans, he says, have very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe (<i>alia vero gens ibi moratur Suehans, quae velud Thyringi equis utuntur eximiis</i>). The Icelander <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> (1179–1241) wrote of the sixth-century Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Adils" class="mw-redirect" title="Adils">Adils</a> (Eadgils) that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market. Then Jordanes names the <i>Suetidi</i> which is considered to be the Latin form of <i><a href="/wiki/Svitjod" class="mw-redirect" title="Svitjod">Svitjod</a></i>. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men—together with the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Dani</a>, who were of the same stock. Later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Originating in semi-legendary Scandza (believed to be somewhere in modern <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a>, Sweden), a <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> population had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> before the second century AD. They reaching <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a>. In the fifth and sixth centuries, they became divided as the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, and established powerful successor-states of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and Italy respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a> communities appear to have survived intact in the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> until the late-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_and_Middle_Ages">Viking and Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viking and Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">History of Sweden (800–1521)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_Sweden" title="Consolidation of Sweden">Consolidation of Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_the_victorious.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Eric_the_victorious.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric the Victorious</a> praying to <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>; 1895 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Nystr%C3%B6m" title="Jenny Nyström">Jenny Nyström</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikings_exploration_and_territories-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vikings_exploration_and_territories-en.svg/250px-Vikings_exploration_and_territories-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vikings_exploration_and_territories-en.svg/375px-Vikings_exploration_and_territories-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vikings_exploration_and_territories-en.svg/500px-Vikings_exploration_and_territories-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> expeditions (red): going into eastern Europe were Swedish Vikings</figcaption></figure><p> The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> lasted roughly between the eighth and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Swedish Vikings and <a href="/wiki/Gutar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutar">Gutar</a> mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Ukraine the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and further as far as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Their routes passed <a href="/wiki/The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">through the Dnieper</a> down south to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, on which they did numerous raids. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian guard">varangian guard</a>. The Swedish Vikings, called "<a href="/wiki/Rus_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (people)">Rus</a>" are also believed to be the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a>. The Arabic traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a> described these Vikings as following: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Itil</a>. I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as date palms, blond and ruddy; they wear neither tunics nor caftans, but the men wear a garment which covers one side of the body and leaves a hand free. Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> The adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> in Sweden, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greece_Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece Runestones">Greece Runestones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Runestones">Varangian Runestones</a>. There was also considerable participation in expeditions westwards, which are commemorated on stones such as the <a href="/wiki/England_Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="England Runestones">England Runestones</a>. The last major Swedish Viking expedition appears to have been the ill-fated expedition of <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a> to <a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Serkland</a>, the region south-east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Its members are commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvar Runestones">Ingvar Runestones</a>, none of which mentions any survivor. What happened to the crew is unknown, but it is believed that they died of sickness. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not known when and how the 'kingdom of Sweden' was born, but the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">list of Swedish monarchs</a> is drawn from the first kings who ruled both <a href="/wiki/Svealand" title="Svealand">Svealand</a> (Sweden) and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a> (Gothia) as one province with <a href="/wiki/Erik_Segers%C3%A4ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Segersäll">Erik the Victorious</a>. Sweden and Gothia were two separate nations long before that into antiquity. It is not known how long they existed, but <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> described semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Swedish-Geatish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Geatish wars">Swedish-Geatish wars</a> in the sixth century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_advances">Cultural advances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultural advances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early stages of the Viking Age, a centre of trade in northern Europe developed at <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6,_Eker%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Björkö, Ekerö">Björkö</a>, not far from where Stockholm was later constructed, in mid-latitude Sweden. Birka was founded around 750 AD as a trading port by a king or merchants trying to control trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birka was the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> link in the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_trade_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper trade route">Dnieper Trade Route</a> through <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> (<i>Aldeigja</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod</a> (<i>Holmsgard</i>) to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was abandoned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 975</span>, around the same time <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a> was founded as a Christian town some 35 km to the northeast. It has been estimated that the population in Viking Age Birka was between 500 and 1000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological finds indicate that Birka was still wealthy in the 9th and 10th centuries. Thousands of graves, coins, jewelry and other luxury items have been found there.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Ansgar" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ansgar">St. Ansgar</a> is usually credited for introducing Christianity in 829, but the new religion did not begin to fully replace <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> until the 12th century. During the 11th century, Christianity became the most prevalent religion, and from 1050 Sweden is counted as a Christian nation. The period between 1100 and 1400 was characterized by internal power struggles and competition among the Nordic kingdoms. Swedish kings also began to expand the Swedish-controlled territory in Finland, creating conflicts with the Rus who no longer had any connection with Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feudal_institutions_in_Sweden">Feudal institutions in Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feudal institutions in Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for the province of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a>, on the southernmost tip of Sweden which was under Danish control during this time, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> never developed in Sweden as it did in the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the peasantry remained largely a class of free farmers throughout most of Swedish history. <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralldom</a>) was not common in Sweden,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and what slavery there was tended to be driven out of existence by the spread of Christianity, the difficulty in obtaining slaves from the lands east of the Baltic Sea, and by the development of cities before the 16th century<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, both slavery and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> were abolished altogether by a decree of King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_IV_Eriksson" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus IV Eriksson">Magnus IV Eriksson</a> in 1335. Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry and some became laborers in the towns. Still, Sweden remained a poor and economically backward country in which barter was the means of exchange. For instance, the farmers of the province of <a href="/wiki/Dalsland" title="Dalsland">Dalsland</a> would transport their butter to the mining districts of Sweden and exchange it there for iron, which they would then take down to the coast and trade the iron for fish they needed for food while the iron would be shipped abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Vasa_i_Mora.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gustav_Vasa_i_Mora.jpeg/250px-Gustav_Vasa_i_Mora.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gustav_Vasa_i_Mora.jpeg/330px-Gustav_Vasa_i_Mora.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gustav_Vasa_i_Mora.jpeg/500px-Gustav_Vasa_i_Mora.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a> in Dalarna. After the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_War_of_Liberation" title="Swedish War of Liberation">Swedish War of Liberation</a> Sweden was a free nation again in 1523 after 126 years of the Danish-dominated <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>; idealized depiction by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gustaf_Sandberg" title="Johan Gustaf Sandberg">Johan Gustaf Sandberg</a>, 1836</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1397, Sweden joined Norway and Denmark to form the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union monarch <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a> ordered a massacre in 1520 of Swedish nobles at Stockholm. This came to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Stockholm_blood_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm blood bath">Stockholm blood bath</a>" and stirred the Swedish nobility to new resistance and, on 6 June (now Sweden's national holiday) in 1523, they made <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a> their king.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes considered as the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_modern_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of modern Sweden">foundation of modern Sweden</a>. Shortly afterwards he rejected <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and led Sweden into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Economically, Gustav Vasa broke the monopoly of the Hanseatic League over Swedish Baltic Sea trade.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hanseatic League had been officially formed at <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> on <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">the sea coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Northern Germany</a> in 1356. The Hanseatic League sought civil and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> privileges from the princes and royalty of the countries and cities along the coasts of the Baltic Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange they offered a certain amount of protection. Having their own navy the Hansa were able to sweep the Baltic Sea free of pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The privileges obtained by the Hansa included assurances that only Hansa citizens would be allowed to trade from the ports where they were located. They also sought agreement to be free of all customs and taxes. With these concessions, Lübeck merchants flocked to Stockholm, Sweden and soon came to dominate the economic life of that city and made the port city of Stockholm into the leading commercial and industrial city of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Hanseatic trade two-thirds of Stockholm's imports consisted of textiles and one third of salt. Exports from Sweden consisted of iron and copper.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Swedes began to resent the monopoly trading position of the Hansa (mostly German citizens) and to resent the income they felt they lost to the Hansa. Consequently, when Gustav Vasa or <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I">Gustav I</a> broke the monopoly power of the Hanseatic League he was regarded as a hero to the Swedish people. History now views Gustav I as the father of the modern Swedish nation. The foundations laid by Gustav would take time to develop. Furthermore, when Sweden did develop and freed itself from the Hanseatic League and entered its golden era, the fact that the peasantry had traditionally been free meant that more of the economic benefits flowed back to them rather than going to a feudal landowning class.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not the case in other countries of Europe like Poland where the peasantry was still bound by serfdom and a strong feudalistic land owning system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_Empire">Swedish Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Swedish Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/250px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/330px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/500px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> between 1560 and 1815</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">History of Sweden (1611–1648)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish overseas colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden and the Great Northern War">Sweden and the Great Northern War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Monarchy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute Monarchy in Sweden">Absolute Monarchy in Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union between Sweden and Norway</a></div> <p>During the 17th century Sweden emerged as a European <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">great power</a>. Before the emergence of the Swedish Empire, Sweden was a very poor and scarcely populated country on the fringe of European civilization, with no significant power or reputation. Sweden rose to prominence on a continental scale during the tenure of king <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, seizing territories from Russia and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a> in multiple conflicts, including the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. </p><p>During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden conquered approximately half of the Holy Roman states. Gustav Adolphus planned to become the new <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, ruling over a united Scandinavia and the Holy Roman states, but he died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a> in 1632. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen</a>, Sweden's only significant military defeat of the war, pro-Swedish sentiment among the German states faded. These German provinces excluded themselves from Swedish power one by one, leaving Sweden with only a few northern German territories: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a>. The Swedish armies may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_history_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern history of Germany">Germany</a>, one-third of all German towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Population-HLS_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-HLS-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of the 17th century Sweden was the third largest country in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X of Sweden">Charles X</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">treaty of Roskilde</a> in 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-HayesPSH_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HayesPSH-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation of Sweden's success during this period is credited to <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I">Gustav I</a>'s major changes on the Swedish economy in the 16th century, and his introduction of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GusEB_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GusEB-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, Sweden was engaged in many wars, for example with the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> with both sides competing for territories of today's <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, with the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Battle of Kircholm</a> being one of the highlights.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-third of the Finnish population died in the devastating <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> that struck the country in 1696.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famine also hit Sweden, killing roughly 10% of Sweden's population.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedes conducted a series of invasions into the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>. After more than half a century of almost constant warfare, the Swedish economy had deteriorated. It became the lifetime task of Charles' son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a>, to rebuild the economy and refit the army. His legacy to his son, the coming ruler of Sweden <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a>, was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army and a great fleet. Sweden's largest threat at this time, Russia, had a larger army but was far behind in both equipment and training. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(Carl_Wahlbom)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5779" data-file-height="3923" /></a><figcaption>Death of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav II Adolf">Gustav II Adolf</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a> in 1700, one of the first battles of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, the Russian army was so severely decimated that Sweden had an open chance to invade Russia. However, Charles did not pursue the Russian army, instead turning against Poland–Lithuania and defeating the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus II">Augustus II</a> and his Saxon allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kliszow" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kliszow">Battle of Kliszow</a> in 1702. This gave Russia time to rebuild and modernize its army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the success of invading Poland, Charles decided to make an invasion attempt of Russia which ended in a decisive Russian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709. After a long march exposed to <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">cossack</a> raids, Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> techniques and <a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">the extremely cold winter of 1709</a>, the Swedes stood weakened with a shattered morale and enormously outnumbered against the Russian army at Poltava. The defeat meant the beginning of the end for the Swedish Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/220px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/330px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg/440px-Marten%27s_Poltava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709. In the years following Poltava, Russia occupied all the Swedish annexations on the Baltic coast and even Finland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles XII attempted to invade Norway 1716; however, he was shot dead at <a href="/wiki/Fredriksten" title="Fredriksten">Fredriksten fortress</a> in 1718. The Swedes were not militarily defeated at Fredriksten, but the whole structure and organization of the Norwegian campaign fell apart with the king's death, and the army withdrew.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Forced to cede large areas of land in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> in 1721, Sweden also lost its place as an empire and as the dominant state on the Baltic Sea. With Sweden's lost influence, Russia emerged as an empire and became one of Europe's dominant nations. As the war finally ended in 1721, Sweden had lost an estimated 200,000 men, 150,000 of those from the area of present-day Sweden and 50,000 from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland#17th_century" title="History of Finland">Finnish</a> part of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, Sweden did not have enough resources to maintain its territories outside Scandinavia, and most of them were lost, culminating with the 1809 loss of eastern Sweden to Russia which became the highly autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In interest of reestablishing Swedish dominance in the Baltic Sea, Sweden allied itself against its traditional ally and benefactor, France, in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Sweden's role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> gave it the authority to force Denmark-Norway, an ally of France, to cede Norway to the King of Sweden on 14 January 1814 in exchange for northern German provinces, at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>. The Norwegian attempts to keep their status as a sovereign state were rejected by the Swedish king, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a>. He launched a military campaign against Norway on 27 July 1814, ending in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a>, which forced Norway into a <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">personal union</a> with Sweden under the Swedish crown, which lasted until 1905. The 1814 campaign was the last war in which Sweden participated as a combatant.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_2014_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization of Sweden">Modernization of Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_emigration_to_the_United_States" title="Swedish emigration to the United States">Swedish emigration to the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farewell_to_home,_G%C3%B6teborg,_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905.jpg/250px-Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905.jpg/330px-Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905.jpg/500px-Farewell_to_home%2C_G%C3%B6teborg%2C_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Swedish emigrants boarding ship in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>There was a significant population increase during the 18th and 19th centuries, which the writer <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Esaias Tegnér</a> in 1833 attributed to "peace, <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-MagocsiOntario1999_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagocsiOntario1999-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1750 and 1850, the population in Sweden doubled. Sweden was hit by the last natural caused famine in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867-1869" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish famine of 1867-1869">Famine of 1867-69</a> killed thousands in Sweden. According to some scholars, mass emigration to America became the only way to prevent famine and rebellion; over 1% of the population emigrated annually during the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Einhorn_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einhorn-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Sweden remained poor, retaining a nearly entirely agricultural economy even as Denmark and Western European countries began to industrialize.<sup id="cite_ref-Einhorn_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einhorn-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many looked towards America for a better life during this time. It is believed that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million Swedes moved to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, more Swedes lived in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> (Sweden's second largest city).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Swedish immigrants moved to the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, with a large population in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, with a few others moving to other parts of the United States and Canada. </p><p>Despite the slow rate of industrialization into the 19th century, many important changes were taking place in the agrarian economy because of innovations and the large population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Koblik9-10_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koblik9-10-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These innovations included government-sponsored programs of <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a>, aggressive exploitation of agricultural lands, and the introduction of new crops such as the potato.<sup id="cite_ref-Koblik9-10_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koblik9-10-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Swedish peasantry had never been enserfed as elsewhere in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Swedish farming culture began to take on a critical role in the Swedish political process, which has continued through modern times with modern Agrarian party (now called the Centre Party).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialized economy that exists today.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong grassroots movements sprung up in Sweden during the latter half of the 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> groups, and independent religious groups), creating a strong foundation of democratic principles. In 1889 The Swedish Social Democratic Party was founded. These movements precipitated Sweden's migration into a modern parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of World War I. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> progressed during the 20th century, people gradually began moving into cities to work in factories and became involved in <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> unions. A communist revolution was avoided in 1917, following the re-introduction of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a>, and the country saw comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratic</a> reforms under the joint Liberal-Social Democrat cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Nils_Ed%C3%A9n" title="Nils Edén">Nils Edén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a>, with universal and equal suffrage to both houses of parliament enacted for men in 1918 and for women in 1919. The reforms were widely accepted by King <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf V of Sweden">Gustaf V</a>, who had previously ousted <a href="/wiki/Karl_Staaff" title="Karl Staaff">Karl Staaff</a>'s elected Liberal government in the <a href="/wiki/Courtyard_Crisis" title="Courtyard Crisis">Courtyard Crisis</a> because of differences in defence policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars">World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG/220px-Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG/330px-Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG/440px-Swedish_soldier_during_ww2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Swedish soldier during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden remained officially neutral during World War I and most of World War II, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> when it declared itself <a href="/wiki/Non-belligerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-belligerant">non-belligerant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's neutrality during the rest of the war has also been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Koblik303-313_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koblik303-313-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden was under German influence for much of the war, as ties to the rest of the world were cut off through blockades.<sup id="cite_ref-Koblik303-313_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koblik303-313-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish government felt that it was in no position to openly contest Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-NB313-319_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB313-319-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore made some concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden also supplied steel and machined parts to Germany throughout the war. However, Sweden supported Norwegian resistance, and in 1943 helped rescue Danish Jews from deportation to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p433_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p433-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden also supported Finland in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> with volunteers and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r538_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r538-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the end of the war, Sweden began to play a role in humanitarian efforts and many refugees, among them many Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe, were saved partly because of the Swedish involvement in rescue missions at the internment camps and partly because Sweden served as a haven for refugees, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NB313-319_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB313-319-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, internal and external critics have argued that Sweden could have done more to resist the Nazi war effort, even if risking occupation although doing so would likely have resulted in even greater number of casualties and prevented many humanitarian efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-NB313-319_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB313-319-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_era">Post-war era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-war era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweden was officially a neutral country and remained outside <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw pact">Warsaw pact</a> membership during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, but privately Sweden's leadership had strong ties with the United States and other western governments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the war, Sweden took advantage of an intact industrial base, social stability and its natural resources to expand its industry to supply the rebuilding of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-NB335-339_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB335-339-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden was part of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and participated in the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (<a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>). During most of the post-war era, the country was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a> largely in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="Swedish Trade Union Confederation">trade unions</a> and industry. The government actively pursued an internationally competitive manufacturing sector of primarily large corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-svensteinmo_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svensteinmo-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Sweden joined the European Union in 1995 and signed the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden, like countries around the globe, entered a period of economic decline and upheaval, following the oil embargoes of 1973–74 and 1978–79.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s pillars of Swedish industry were massively restructured. Shipbuilding was discontinued, wood pulp was integrated into modernized paper production, the steel industry was concentrated and specialized, and mechanical engineering was robotized.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1970 and 1990 the overall tax burden rose by over 10%, and the growth was low compared to other countries in Western Europe. The marginal income tax for workers reached over 80%<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Eventually government spent over half of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>. Sweden GDP per capita ranking declined during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-svensteinmo_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svensteinmo-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (1989–present)">History of Sweden (1989–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIMG_5456_(4735649602).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg/250px-DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg/330px-DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg/500px-DIMG_5456_%284735649602%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Swedes celebrating <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>A bursting <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> bubble caused by inadequate controls on lending combined with an international recession and a policy switch from anti-unemployment policies to anti-inflationary policies resulted in a fiscal crisis in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden's GDP declined by around 5%. In 1992, there was a run on the currency, with the central bank briefly increasing interest to 500%.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The response of the government was to cut spending and institute a multitude of reforms to improve Sweden's competitiveness, among them reducing the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatising</a> public services and goods. Much of the political establishment promoted EU membership, and the Swedish referendum passed with 52% in favour of joining the EU on 13 November 1994. Sweden joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on 1 January 1995. </p><p>After over 200 years of neutrality, Sweden joined NATO on 7 March 2024, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l861_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l861-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden has had extensive cooperation with other European countries in the area of defence technology and defence industry. Among others, Swedish companies export weapons that are used by the American military in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden also has a long history of participating in international military operations, including most recently, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where Swedish troops are under NATO command, and in EU sponsored peacekeeping operations in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Sweden held the chair of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> from 1 July to 31 December 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_Swedish_history">Timeline of Swedish history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Timeline_of_Prehistoric_Sweden&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Timeline of Swedish history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_5x2krlawtom6btt05jn0cvwvnr79y9z"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sweden" coords="673,299,781,320" title="Sweden" alt="Sweden" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Swedish_history" coords="621,279,718,300" title="Early Swedish history" alt="Early Swedish history" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Migration_Period" coords="588,239,713,260" title="Migration Period" alt="Migration Period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Viking_Age" coords="620,219,712,240" title="Viking Age" alt="Viking Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Vendel_era" coords="607,199,699,220" title="Vendel era" alt="Vendel era" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" coords="593,179,723,200" title="Germanic Iron Age" alt="Germanic Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" coords="565,159,679,180" title="Roman Iron Age" alt="Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pre%2DRoman_Iron_Age" coords="526,139,662,160" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age" alt="Pre-Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" coords="449,99,580,120" title="Nordic Bronze Age" alt="Nordic Bronze Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neolithic" coords="332,79,418,100" title="Neolithic" alt="Neolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mesolithic" coords="152,59,244,80" title="Mesolithic" alt="Mesolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" coords="39,39,170,60" title="Upper Paleolithic" alt="Upper Paleolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" coords="228,19,353,40" title="Nordic Stone Age" alt="Nordic Stone Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Litorina_age" coords="170,-1,272,20" title="Litorina age" alt="Litorina age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ancylus_age" coords="7,-1,104,20" title="Ancylus age" alt="Ancylus age" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_5x2krlawtom6btt05jn0cvwvnr79y9z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/5x2krlawtom6btt05jn0cvwvnr79y9z.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/250px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/500px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption> The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:<br /> <b>North Germanic languages</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00CED1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007ffe; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003f7f; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></div> <b>West Germanic languages</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D2691E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffa500; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> English</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E2BD00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF435; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ADFF2F; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></div> Dots indicate areas where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common.</figcaption></figure> <p>The native language of nearly all Swedes is <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> (<i>svenska</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈsvɛ̂nːska]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Sv-svenska.ogg\/Sv-svenska.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-svenska.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Sv-svenska.ogg/Sv-svenska.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-svenska.ogg" title="File:Sv-svenska.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> language, spoken by approximately 10 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along its coast and on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> islands. It is, to a considerable extent, <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible languages">mutually intelligible</a> with <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and to a lesser extent with spoken <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> (see especially "<a href="/wiki/Danish_language#Classification" title="Danish language">Classification</a>"). Along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, the common language of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> living in Scandinavia during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Era</a>. It is the largest of the North Germanic languages by numbers of speakers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a>, used by most Swedish people, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> descended from the older rural <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> still exist, the spoken and <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> is uniform and standardized. Some dialects differ considerably from the standard language in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> and are not always mutually intelligible with Standard Swedish. These dialects are confined to rural areas and are spoken primarily by small numbers of people with low <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>. Though not facing imminent <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinction</a>, such dialects have been in decline during the past century, despite the fact that they are well researched and their use is often encouraged by local authorities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms showed a noticeable <a href="/wiki/Genetic_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic affinity">genetic affinity</a> between Swedes and other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-hpgl.stanford.edu_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpgl.stanford.edu-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patrilineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineage">Paternally</a>, through their <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups">Y-DNA haplogroups</a>, the Swedes are quite diverse and show strongly of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I1_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup I1d1</a> at over 40% of the population tested in different studies, followed by <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b1a2a1a1</a> with over 20% each and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)">haplogroup N1c1</a> with over 5% at different regional variance. The rest are within haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E3b" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E3b">E1b1b1</a> and other less common ones.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Provided link doesn't show clear percentages of haplogroups (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matrilineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineage">Maternally</a>, through their <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mtDNA haplogroups</a>, the Swedes show very strongly of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">haplogroup H</a> at 25–30%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">haplogroup U</a> at a 10% or more, with <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">haplogroup J</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a> at around 5% each.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedish diaspora</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Countries with significant Swedish population and descendants. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sweden</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005066ff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008cadff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00d2f4ff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> + 10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3f0ffff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> + 1,000</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11-07-30-helsinki-by-RalfR-63.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/11-07-30-helsinki-by-RalfR-63.jpg/250px-11-07-30-helsinki-by-RalfR-63.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/11-07-30-helsinki-by-RalfR-63.jpg/330px-11-07-30-helsinki-by-RalfR-63.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/11-07-30-helsinki-by-RalfR-63.jpg/500px-11-07-30-helsinki-by-RalfR-63.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual Finnish-Swedish <a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Finland" title="Road signs in Finland">road signs in Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The largest area inhabited by Swedes, as well as the earliest known original area inhabited by their linguistic ancestors, is in the country of Sweden, situated on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> and the islands adjacent to it, situated west of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>. The Swedish-speaking people living in near-coastal areas on the north-eastern and eastern side of the Baltic Sea also have a long history of continuous settlement, which in some of these areas possibly started about a <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> ago<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These people include the Swedish-speakers in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Finland" title="Mainland Finland">mainland Finland</a> – speaking a Swedish dialect commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a> (finlandssvenska which is part of the East-Swedish dialect group) and the almost exclusively Swedish-speaking population of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> speaking in a manner closer to the adjacent dialects in Sweden than to adjacent dialects of Finland Swedish. <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> also had an important <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonians">Swedish minority</a> which persisted for about 650 years on <a href="/wiki/Aiboland" title="Aiboland">the coast and isles</a>. Smaller groups of historical descendants of 18th–20th-century Swedish emigrants who still retain varying aspects of Swedish identity to this day can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a>) and in Ukraine. </p><p>Currently, Swedes tend to emigrate mostly to the Nordic neighbour countries (Norway, Denmark, Finland), English speaking countries (United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand), Spain, France and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Kingdom of Sweden had a much larger territory, especially during "The Era of Great Power" (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>) in 1611–1718. Finland was a part of Sweden until 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-Svenskfinland_2019_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svenskfinland_2019-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since there was no separate Finnish nationality at those times, it is not unusual that sources predating 1809 refer both to Swedes and Finns as "Swedes". This is particularly the case with <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a>, where some of the Swedish settlers were of Finnish origin. </p><p>Questionnaire surveys of Swedish embassies conducted by Swedes Worldwide, a non-profit organization, have shown a steady growth of Swedes living outside Sweden. The 2022 survey indicates an approximate 685,000 Swedes living abroad, up from 660,000 in 2015 and 546,000 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-SVIV2022_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVIV2022-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Swedish citizens living abroad: Top-30 countries 2011–2022 <sup id="cite_ref-SVIV2022_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVIV2022-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td>100,000</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>179,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td>90,000</td> <td>90,000</td> <td>104,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>90,000</td> <td>90,000</td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway</td> <td>80,000</td> <td>90,000</td> <td>39,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>30,000</td> <td>30,000</td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>18,000</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>22,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland</td> <td>13,000</td> <td>15,000</td> <td>17,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark</td> <td>13,000</td> <td>15,000</td> <td>17,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>17,000</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>16,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>12,000</td> <td>15,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>8,000</td> <td>11,000</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iraq</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>500</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands</td> <td>5,500</td> <td>6,500</td> <td>8,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>5,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3,500</td> <td>5,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>5,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Arab Emirates</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>20,000</td> <td>4,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2,000</td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3,500</td> <td>3,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>3,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>2,000</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland</td> <td>3,500</td> <td>3,500</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>3.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>500</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swedes">List of Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_actors" title="List of Swedish actors">List of Swedish actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_film_directors" title="List of Swedish film directors">List of Swedish film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedes_in_music" title="List of Swedes in music">List of Swedish musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_scientists" title="List of Swedish scientists">List of Swedish scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_sportspeople" title="List of Swedish sportspeople">List of Swedish sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Germanic peoples">List of Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Australian">Swedish Australian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hedlund2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hedlund2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedlund2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewa Hedlund (2011) "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issuu.com/swedesabroad/docs/utvandrare.nu">Utvandrare.nu – Från emigrant till global svensk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020064149/http://www.issuu.com/swedesabroad/docs/utvandrare.nu">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Föreningen svenskar i världen. p. 42 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-979795-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-979795-0-4">978-91-979795-0-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_ACS-09-1yr-B04003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_ACS-09-1yr-B04003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_ACS-09-1yr-B04003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, U.S. Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150215231840/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"American FactFinder – Results"</a>. <i>Factfinder2.census.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Factfinder2.census.gov&rft.atitle=American+FactFinder+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=U.S.+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_09_1YR_B04003%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swedes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swedes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0">"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190955/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0%20">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+National+Household+Survey%3A+Data+tables&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FTABID%3D2%26LANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D1118296%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105396%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26D1%3D0%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D0%26D4%3D0%26D5%3D0%26D6%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRapo" class="citation web cs1">Rapo, Markus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2008/vaerak_2008_2009-03-27_tie_001_fi.html">"Tilastokeskus – Väestörakenne 2008"</a>. <i>tilastokeskus.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409152023/http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2008/vaerak_2008_2009-03-27_tie_001_fi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tilastokeskus.fi&rft.atitle=Tilastokeskus+%E2%80%93+V%C3%A4est%C3%B6rakenne+2008&rft.aulast=Rapo&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftilastokeskus.fi%2Ftil%2Fvaerak%2F2008%2Fvaerak_2008_2009-03-27_tie_001_fi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://londonsvenskar.com/about-us/">"About us"</a>. <i>Londonsvenskar.com</i>. LondonSwedes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413205046/https://www.londonsvenskar.com/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>Approximately 100 000 Swedes live in London and the UK, with about 500 000 Swedish tourists visiting the UK capital annually.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Londonsvenskar.com&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flondonsvenskar.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/saveselections.asp">Personer med innvandringsbakgrunn, etter innvandringskategori, landbakgrunn og kjønn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020063802/https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/saveselections.asp">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SSB, retrieved 13 July 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224102330/http://www.utlandsjobb.nu/landsfakta/fakta-om-norge/">"Fakta om Norge"</a>. <i>Utlandsjobb.nu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlandsjobb.nu/landsfakta/fakta-om-norge/">the original</a> on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>90 000 svenskar bor i Norge</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utlandsjobb.nu&rft.atitle=Fakta+om+Norge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utlandsjobb.nu%2Flandsfakta%2Ffakta-om-norge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/2407_AUS">"unknown title"</a>. 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=unknown+title&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2021%2F2407_AUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span> Reports 46,699 people of Swedish Ancestry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/suede/relations-bilaterales/">"Relations bilatérales entre la Suède et la France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218153223/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/suede/relations-bilaterales/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relations+bilat%C3%A9rales+entre+la+Su%C3%A8de+et+la+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdossiers-pays%2Fsuede%2Frelations-bilaterales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/suede/presentation-de-la-suede/">"Présentation de la Suède"</a>. <i>France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033645/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/suede/presentation-de-la-suede/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Diplomatie+%3A+%3A+Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Europe+et+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+de+la+Su%C3%A8de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdossiers-pays%2Fsuede%2Fpresentation-de-la-suede%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224170836/http://www.utlandsjobb.nu/landsfakta/fakta-om-tyskland/">"Fakta om Tyskland"</a>. <i>Utlandsjobb.nu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlandsjobb.nu/landsfakta/fakta-om-tyskland/">the original</a> on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>23 000 svenskar bor i Tyskland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utlandsjobb.nu&rft.atitle=Fakta+om+Tyskland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utlandsjobb.nu%2Flandsfakta%2Ffakta-om-tyskland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000010.px">"TablaPx"</a>. <i>Ine.es</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525083953/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F&file=00000010.px">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ine.es&rft.atitle=TablaPx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fjaxi%2FDatos.htm%3Fpath%3D%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F%26file%3D00000010.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistikbanken-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistikbanken_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/Graphics/MapAnalyser.asp?Maintable=FOLK1C&PLanguage=0&HERKOMST=TOT&IELAND=5120&OMR%C3%85DE=000&K%C3%98N=TOT&ALDER=IALT">"Map Analyser"</a>. <i>Statistikbanken</i> (in Danish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922014157/https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/Graphics/MapAnalyser.asp?Maintable=FOLK1C&PLanguage=0&HERKOMST=TOT&IELAND=5120&OMR%C3%85DE=000&K%C3%98N=TOT&ALDER=IALT">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistikbanken&rft.atitle=Map+Analyser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikbanken.dk%2Fstatbank5a%2FGraphics%2FMapAnalyser.asp%3FMaintable%3DFOLK1C%26PLanguage%3D0%26HERKOMST%3DTOT%26IELAND%3D5120%26OMR%25C3%2585DE%3D000%26K%25C3%2598N%3DTOT%26ALDER%3DIALT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little_Stockholm_rising_in_Hua_Hin-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Little_Stockholm_rising_in_Hua_Hin_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1195557/little-stockholm-rising-in-hua-hin">"Swedes in Thailand"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101717/https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1195557/little-stockholm-rising-in-hua-hin">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Swedes+in+Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Flife%2Fsocial-and-lifestyle%2F1195557%2Flittle-stockholm-rising-in-hua-hin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2020.pdf">"SEFSTAT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320102358/https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SEFSTAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsefstat.sef.pt%2FDocs%2FRifa2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portugalresident.com/portugals-swedish-nhr-pensioners-get-the-bad-news/">"Portugal's Swedish NHR pensioners get the bad news"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528091345/https://www.portugalresident.com/portugals-swedish-nhr-pensioners-get-the-bad-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portugal%27s+Swedish+NHR+pensioners+get+the+bad+news&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portugalresident.com%2Fportugals-swedish-nhr-pensioners-get-the-bad-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_people_-_Joshua_Project_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15148">"Swedish people"</a>. <i>Joshua Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921041817/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15148">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Swedish+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F15148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuttitalia.it-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuttitalia.it_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/svezia/">"statistiche e distribuzione per regione"</a>. <i>Tuttitalia.it</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208183255/https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/svezia/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuttitalia.it&rft.atitle=statistiche+e+distribuzione+per+regione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Fstatistiche%2Fcittadini-stranieri%2Fsvezia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809205152/https://www.wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/czy-szwedzi-uciekaja-do-polski-dane-i-statystki-urzedow/90x3qqh.amp/">"Czy Szwedzi uciekają do Polski? Liczba przybywających osób od lat utrzymuje się na stałym poziomie"</a> [Are the Swedes fleeing to Poland? The number of people arriving has remained steady for years]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/czy-szwedzi-uciekaja-do-polski-dane-i-statystki-urzedow/90x3qqh.amp/">the original</a> on 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czy+Szwedzi+uciekaj%C4%85+do+Polski%3F+Liczba+przybywaj%C4%85cych+os%C3%B3b+od+lat+utrzymuje+si%C4%99+na+sta%C5%82ym+poziomie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fswiat%2Fczy-szwedzi-uciekaja-do-polski-dane-i-statystki-urzedow%2F90x3qqh.amp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&tclass1=000001060399&tclass2val=0&metadata=1&data=1">"在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）"</a> [Statistics on foreign residents (formerly registered statistics on foreigners)] (in Japanese). 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%88%E6%97%A7%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-stat.go.jp%2Fstat-search%2Ffiles%3Fpage%3D1%26layout%3Ddatalist%26toukei%3D00250012%26tstat%3D000001018034%26cycle%3D1%26tclass1%3D000001060399%26tclass2val%3D0%26metadata%3D1%26data%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigration.go.kr/immigration/1569/subview.do?enc=Zm5jdDF8QEB8JTJGYmJzJTJGaW1taWdyYXRpb24lMkYyMjclMkY1ODg3MTIlMkZhcnRjbFZpZXcuZG8lM0ZwYXNzd29yZCUzRCUyNnJnc0JnbmRlU3RyJTNEJTI2YmJzQ2xTZXElM0QlMjZyZ3NFbmRkZVN0ciUzRCUyNmlzVmlld01pbmUlM0RmYWxzZSUyNnBhZ2UlM0QxJTI2YmJzT3BlbldyZFNlcSUzRCUyNnNyY2hDb2x1bW4lM0QlMjZzcmNoV3JkJTNEJTI2">"2024년 9월 출입국외국인정책 통계월보）"</a> [2024 September Immigration and Foreigner Policy Statistics Monthly Report] (in Korean). 21 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024%EB%85%84+9%EC%9B%94+%EC%B6%9C%EC%9E%85%EA%B5%AD%EC%99%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85+%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%9B%94%EB%B3%B4%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2024-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigration.go.kr%2Fimmigration%2F1569%2Fsubview.do%3Fenc%3DZm5jdDF8QEB8JTJGYmJzJTJGaW1taWdyYXRpb24lMkYyMjclMkY1ODg3MTIlMkZhcnRjbFZpZXcuZG8lM0ZwYXNzd29yZCUzRCUyNnJnc0JnbmRlU3RyJTNEJTI2YmJzQ2xTZXElM0QlMjZyZ3NFbmRkZVN0ciUzRCUyNmlzVmlld01pbmUlM0RmYWxzZSUyNnBhZ2UlM0QxJTI2YmJzT3BlbldyZFNlcSUzRCUyNnNyY2hDb2x1bW4lM0QlMjZzcmNoV3JkJTNEJTI2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018_Census_ethnic_group_profiles:_Swedish-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2018_Census_ethnic_group_profiles:_Swedish_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/swedish">"2018 Census ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ"</a>. <i>www.stats.govt.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927140317/https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/swedish">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=2018+Census+ethnic+group+summaries+%26%23124%3B+Stats+NZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Ftools%2F2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries%2Fswedish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census,_volume_2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census,_volume_2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21428/table/tableViewLayout2."><i>2000 population and housing census</i></a> (in Estonian and English). Vol. 2. Statistikaamet (Statistical Office of Estonia). 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9985-74-202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9985-74-202-0"><bdi>978-9985-74-202-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101648/https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21428">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2000+population+and+housing+census&rft.pub=Statistikaamet+%28Statistical+Office+of+Estonia%29&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9985-74-202-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel%2FRL21428%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalitska2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Malitska, Julia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1092923/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><i>Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-century Black Sea Steppe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörn University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-87843-93-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-87843-93-8"><bdi>978-91-87843-93-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313012041/https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1092923/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Negotiating+Imperial+Rule+Colonists+and+Marriage+in+the+Nineteenth-century+Black+Sea+Steppe&rft.inst=S%C3%B6dert%C3%B6rn+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-91-87843-93-8&rft.aulast=Malitska&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1092923%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svenskakyrkan_2015-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-svenskakyrkan_2015_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik">"Statistik"</a>. <i>Svenskakyrkan.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101191748/https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenskakyrkan.se&rft.atitle=Statistik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskakyrkan.se%2Fstatistik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and ancestry (Allardt and Starck, 1981; Bhopal, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26471">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331150133/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26471">Archived</a> 31 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>...As language is actually the basic or even the only criterion that distinguishes these two groups from each other, it is more correct to speak of Finnish-speakers and Swedish-speakers in Finland instead of Finns and Finland Swedes. Nowadays the most common English term denoting the latter group is 'the Swedish-speaking Finns'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011104110/http://www.stat.fi/tk/tp/tasku/taskue_vaesto.html">"Population and Society"</a>. <i>www.stat.fi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat.fi&rft.atitle=Population+and+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The identity of the Swedish[-speaking] minority [in Finland] is however clearly Finnish (Allardt 1997:110). But their identity is twofold: They are both Finland Swedes and Finns (Ivars 1987). (Die Identität der schwedischen Minderheit ist jedoch eindeutig finnisch (Allardt 1997:110). Ihre Identität ist aber doppelt: sie sind sowohl Finnlandschweden als auch Finnen (Ivars 1987).) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021229101429/http://www.linguistik-online.de/3_00/saari.html">Saari, Mirja: Schwedisch als die zweite Nationalsprache Finnlands</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tore Modeen, <i>The cultural rights of the Swedish ethnic group in Finland</i> (Europa Ethnica, 3–4 1999, jg.56)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/swede">"the definition of Swede"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304081813/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/swede">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+Swede&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fswede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=2/38/208.html">"OSA – Om svar anhålles"</a>. <i>g3.spraakdata.gu.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101446/https://www2.saob.se/?filenr=2/38/208.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=g3.spraakdata.gu.se&rft.atitle=OSA+%E2%80%93+Om+svar+anh%C3%A5lles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg3.spraakdata.gu.se%2Fsaob%2Fshow.phtml%3Ffilenr%3D2%2F38%2F208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=2/38/152.html">"OSA – Om svar anhålles"</a>. <i>g3.spraakdata.gu.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101452/https://www2.saob.se/?filenr=2/38/152.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=g3.spraakdata.gu.se&rft.atitle=OSA+%E2%80%93+Om+svar+anh%C3%A5lles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg3.spraakdata.gu.se%2Fsaob%2Fshow.phtml%3Ffilenr%3D2%2F38%2F152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noreen, A. <i>Nordens äldsta folk- och ortnamn</i> (i Fornvännen 1920 sid 32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pokorny-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pokorny_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613010656/http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?flags=eygtnrl&single=1&basename=/data/ie/pokorny&text_recno=1653&root=leiden">"Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch [Pokorny] : Query result"</a>. 13 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?flags=eygtnrl&single=1&basename=/data/ie/pokorny&text_recno=1653&root=leiden">the original</a> on 13 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indogermanisches+Etymologisches+Woerterbuch+%5BPokorny%5D+%3A+Query+result&rft.date=2011-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieed.nl%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresponse.cgi%3Fflags%3Deygtnrl%26single%3D1%26basename%3D%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpokorny%26text_recno%3D1653%26root%3Dleiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svetym/1003.html">"915 (Svensk etymologisk ordbok)"</a>. <i>Runeberg.org</i>. 16 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810200817/http://runeberg.org/svetym/1003.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Runeberg.org&rft.atitle=915+%28Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok%29&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvetym%2F1003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalmström2015" class="citation journal cs1">Malmström, Helena (19 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275881">"Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>370</b> (1660). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>: 20130373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0373">10.1098/rstb.2013.0373</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275881">4275881</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25487325">25487325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Ancient+mitochondrial+DNA+from+the+northern+fringe+of+the+Neolithic+farming+expansion+in+Europe+sheds+light+on+the+dispersion+process&rft.volume=370&rft.issue=1660&rft.pages=20130373&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4275881%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25487325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0373&rft.aulast=Malmstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4275881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aubin, Hermann. "History of Europe: Barbarian migrations and invasions The Germans and Huns". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). pp. 830–831. Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438129181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig. "History of Europe: The Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ström, Folke: Nordisk Hedendom, Studentlitteratur, Lund 2005, ISBN 91-44-00551-2 (first published 1961) among others, refer to the climate change theory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEriksson2016" class="citation news cs1">Eriksson, Benny (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/mytisk-extremvinter-visade-sig-stamma/">"Mytisk extremvinter visade sig stämma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">SVT</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101447/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/mytisk-extremvinter-visade-sig-stamma">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT&rft.atitle=Mytisk+extremvinter+visade+sig+st%C3%A4mma&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft.aulast=Eriksson&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Fvetenskap%2Fmytisk-extremvinter-visade-sig-stamma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert (1974). Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries. London: Victor Gollancz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239637/Goth">Goth (people)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502205218/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239637/Goth">Archived</a> 2 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingemar Nordgren (2004). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wZYqf3G45cC&pg=PA520">The Well Spring of the Goths: About the Gothic Peoples in the Nordic Countries and on the Continent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101715/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wZYqf3G45cC&pg=PA520">Archived</a> 17 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". iUniverse. p. 520 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-33648-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-33648-5">0-595-33648-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411203629/http://www.bartleby.com/65/sw/Sweden.html">"Sweden"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Sixth ed.). bartleby.com. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/sw/Sweden.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweden&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=bartleby.com&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fsw%2FSweden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from: Gwyn Jones. <i>A History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280134-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280134-1">0-19-280134-1</a>. Page 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriceArciniGustinDrenzel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Price, T. Douglas; Arcini, Caroline; Gustin, Ingrid; Drenzel, Leena; Kalmring, Sven (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.10.002">"Isotopes and human burials at Viking Age Birka and the Mälaren region, east central Sweden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Anthropological_Archaeology" title="Journal of Anthropological Archaeology">Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</a></i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.10.002">10.1016/j.jaa.2017.10.002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Isotopes+and+human+burials+at+Viking+Age+Birka+and+the+M%C3%A4laren+region%2C+east+central+Sweden&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.10.002&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=T.+Douglas&rft.au=Arcini%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Gustin%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Drenzel%2C+Leena&rft.au=Kalmring%2C+Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jaa.2017.10.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2006 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Article "Birca".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersson (1975), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagge, Sverre (2005) "The Scandinavian Kingdoms". In <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Eds. <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">Rosamond McKitterick</a> et al. Cambridge University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36289-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36289-X">0-521-36289-X</a>, p. 724: "Swedish expansion in Finland led to conflicts with Rus', which were temporarily brought to an end by a peace treaty in 1323, dividing the Karelian peninsula and the northern areas between the two countries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin D. Scott, <i>Sweden: The Nation's History</i> (University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, 1977) p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfcj/0106.html">Träldom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009184001/http://runeberg.org/nfcj/0106.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 30. Tromsdalstind – Urakami /159–160, 1920. (In Swedish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009181105/https://www.so-rummet.se/fakta-artiklar/sverige-under-medeltiden-:del-3-av-3-kalmarunionens-tid.">"Artikelarkiv"</a>. <i>SO-rummet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.so-rummet.se/fakta-artiklar/sverige-under-medeltiden-:del-3-av-3-kalmarunionens-tid.">the original</a> on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SO-rummet&rft.atitle=Artikelarkiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.so-rummet.se%2Ffakta-artiklar%2Fsverige-under-medeltiden-%3Adel-3-av-3-kalmarunionens-tid.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow, <i>Europe in the Middle Ages</i> (Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich, Inc.: New York, 1976) p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John B. Wolfe, <i>The Emergence of European Civilization</i> (Harper & Row Pub.: New York, 1962) pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population-HLS-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Population-HLS_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/population_thirty_years_war.htm">"Population"</a>. History Learningsite. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520062802/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/population_thirty_years_war.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population&rft.pub=History+Learningsite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fpopulation_thirty_years_war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HayesPSH-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HayesPSH_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "A Political and Social History of Modern Europe V.1./Hayes..." Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1882–1964), <i>Title: A Political and Social History of Modern Europe V.1.</i>, 2002-12-08, Project Gutenberg, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext04/7hsr110.htm">Infomot-7hsr110</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117105207/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext04/7hsr110.htm">Archived</a> 17 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Sweden's largest territorial extent lasted from 1319 to 1343 with <a href="/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus IV of Sweden">Magnus Eriksson</a> ruling all of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">traditional lands of Sweden</a> and Norway.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GusEB-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GusEB_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Gustav I Vasa – Britannica Concise" (biography), <i>Britannica Concise</i>, 2007, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366349/Gustav-I-Vasa">EBConcise-Gustav-I-Vasa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621135137/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366349/Gustav-I-Vasa">Archived</a> 21 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614093403/http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/kircholm_27_sept.htm">"Battle of Kircholm 1605"</a>. Kismeta.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/kircholm_27_sept.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Kircholm+1605&rft.pub=Kismeta.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kismeta.com%2FdiGrasse%2Fimages%2Fkircholm_27_sept.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm">Finland and the Swedish Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009181052/http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Source: <i>U.S. Library of Congress</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Ewan, Janay Nugent (2008) "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oOCfHxQDtwC&pg=PA153">Finding the family in medieval and early modern Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101736/https://books.google.com/books?id=6oOCfHxQDtwC&pg=PA153">Archived</a> 17 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 153 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-6049-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-6049-4">0-7546-6049-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530021358/http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/slsoldat.htm">"Indelta soldater – Indelningsverket (UTF-8)"</a>. <i>Algonet.se</i>. 30 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/slsoldat.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algonet.se&rft.atitle=Indelta+soldater+%E2%80%93+Indelningsverket+%28UTF-8%29&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.algonet.se%2F~hogman%2Fslsoldat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Local_2014-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Local_2014_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20140815/sweden-celebrates-200-years-of-peace/">"Sweden celebrates 200 years of peace"</a>. <i>The Local Sweden</i>. 15 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101444/https://www.thelocal.se/20140815/sweden-celebrates-200-years-of-peace">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Local+Sweden&rft.atitle=Sweden+celebrates+200+years+of+peace&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20140815%2Fsweden-celebrates-200-years-of-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagocsiOntario1999-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MagocsiOntario1999_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagocsiMulticultural_History_Society_of_Ontario1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a>; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999), <i>Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</i>, University of Minnesota Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-2938-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Multicultural+History+Society+of+Ontario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einhorn-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Einhorn_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Einhorn_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Einhorn, Eric and John Logue (1989). <i>Modern Welfare States: Politics and Policies in Social</i> <i>Democratic Scandinavia</i>. Praeger Publishers, p. 9: "Though Denmark, where industrialization had begun in the 1850s, was reasonably prosperous by the end of the nineteenth century, both Sweden and Norway were terribly poor. Only the safety valve of mass emigration to America prevented famine and rebellion. At the peak of emigration in the 1880s, over 1% of the total population of both countries emigrated annually."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koblik, Steven (1975). <i>Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence 1750–1970</i>, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 8–9, "In economic and social terms the eighteenth century was more a transitional than a revolutionary period. Sweden was, in light of contemporary Western European standards, a relatively poor but stable country. [...] It has been estimated that 75–80% of the population was involved in agricultural pursuits during the late eighteenth century. One hundred years later, the corresponding figure was still 72%."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einhorn, Eric and John Logue (1989), p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeijbom1996" class="citation web cs1">Beijbom, Ulf (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205113944/http://americanwest.com/swedemigr/pages/emigra.htm">"European emigration: A Review of Swedish Emigration to America"</a>. Americanwest.com (Courtesy The House of Emigrants, Växjö, Sweden). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanwest.com/swedemigr/pages/emigra.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+emigration%3A+A+Review+of+Swedish+Emigration+to+America&rft.pub=Americanwest.com+%28Courtesy+The+House+of+Emigrants%2C+V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6%2C+Sweden%29&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Beijbom&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanwest.com%2Fswedemigr%2Fpages%2Femigra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koblik9-10-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik9-10_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik9-10_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koblik, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29865/Sweden#403810.hook">Sweden: Social and economic conditions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530024645/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29865/Sweden#403810.hook">Archived</a> 30 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2007). In<i> Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koblik, p. 11: "The agrarian revolution in Sweden is of fundamental importance for Sweden's modern development. Throughout Swedish history the countryside has taken an unusually important role in comparison with other European states."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koblik, p. 90. "It is usually suggested that between 1870 and 1914 Sweden emerged from its primarily agrarian economic system into a modern industrial economy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirdmanlundbergBjörkman2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hirdman, Yvonne; lundberg, Urban; Björkman, jennytitle=Sveriges Historia 1920-1965 (2012). <i>Sveriges historia, 1920-1965</i> (in Swedish). Norstedts. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789113023908" title="Special:BookSources/9789113023908"><bdi>9789113023908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+historia%2C+1920-1965&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Norstedts&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789113023908&rft.aulast=Hirdman&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft.au=lundberg%2C+Urban&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rkman%2C+jennytitle%3DSveriges+Historia+1920-1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koblik303-313-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik303-313_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koblik303-313_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koblik, pp. 303–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordstrom, p. 315: "Sweden's government attempted to maintain at least a semblance of neutrality while it bent to the demands of the prevailing side in the struggle. Although effective in preserving the country's sovereignty, this approach generated criticism at home from many who believed the threat to Sweden was less serious than the government claimed, problems with the warring powers, ill feelings among its neighbours, and frequent criticism in the postwar period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB313-319-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB313-319_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB313-319_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB313-319_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordstrom, pp. 313–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZubicky1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zubicky, Sioma (1997). <i>Med förintelsen i bagaget</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier Carlsen. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-638-3436-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-638-3436-7"><bdi>91-638-3436-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Med+f%C3%B6rintelsen+i+bagaget&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Bonnier+Carlsen&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=91-638-3436-7&rft.aulast=Zubicky&rft.aufirst=Sioma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p433-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p433_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2023" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Laura (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20231002-gilleleje-denmarks-seaside-town-that-saved-danish-jews">"The town that stood up to the Nazis"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+town+that+stood+up+to+the+Nazis&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20231002-gilleleje-denmarks-seaside-town-that-saved-danish-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r538-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r538_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPashakhanlouBerenskötter2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pashakhanlou, Arash Heydarian; Berenskötter, Felix (2021). "Friends in war: Sweden between solidarity and self-help, 1939–1945". <i>Cooperation and Conflict</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010836720904389">10.1177/0010836720904389</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-8367">0010-8367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperation+and+Conflict&rft.atitle=Friends+in+war%3A+Sweden+between+solidarity+and+self-help%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010836720904389&rft.issn=0010-8367&rft.aulast=Pashakhanlou&rft.aufirst=Arash+Heydarian&rft.au=Berensk%C3%B6tter%2C+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB335-339-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB335-339_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordstrom, pp. 335–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svensteinmo-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-svensteinmo_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-svensteinmo_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Globalization and Taxation: Challenges to the Swedish Welfare State</i>. By Sven Steinmo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordstrom, p. 344: "During the last twenty-five years of the century a host of problems plagued the economies of Norden and the West. Although many were present before, the 1973 and 1980 global oil crises acted as catalysts in bringing them to the fore."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krantz, Olle and Lennart Schön. 2007. Swedish Historical National Accounts, 1800–2000. Lund: Almqvist and Wiksell International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Englund, P. 1990. "Financial deregulation in Sweden." European Economic Review 34 (2–3): 385–393. Korpi TBD. Meidner, R. 1997. "The Swedish model in an era of mass unemployment." Economic and Industrial Democracy 18 (1): 87–97. Olsen, Gregg M. 1999. "Half empty or half full? The Swedish welfare state in transition." Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology, 36 (2): 241–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084954/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1025624.html">"Sweden's 'Crazy' 500% Interest Rate; Fails to Faze Most Citizens, Businesses; Hike Seen as Short-Term Move to Protect Krona From Devaluation"</a>. Highbeam.com. 18 September 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1025624.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden%27s+%27Crazy%27+500%25+Interest+Rate%3B+Fails+to+Faze+Most+Citizens%2C+Businesses%3B+Hike+Seen+as+Short-Term+Move+to+Protect+Krona+From+Devaluation&rft.pub=Highbeam.com&rft.date=1992-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1025624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLars_JonungJaakko_KianderPentti_Vartia2009" class="citation book cs1">Lars Jonung; Jaakko Kiander; Pentti Vartia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFh9qk0wBYC&pg=PA44"><i>The Great Financial Crisis in Finland and Sweden</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-305-1"><bdi>978-1-84844-305-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101653/https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFh9qk0wBYC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Financial+Crisis+in+Finland+and+Sweden&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-305-1&rft.au=Lars+Jonung&rft.au=Jaakko+Kiander&rft.au=Pentti+Vartia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxFh9qk0wBYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l861-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l861_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/sweden-set-become-natos-32nd-member-pm-visits-washington-2024-03-07/">"Sweden joins NATO as war in Ukraine prompts security rethink"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Sweden+joins+NATO+as+war+in+Ukraine+prompts+security+rethink&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fsweden-set-become-natos-32nd-member-pm-visits-washington-2024-03-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Local" class="citation web cs1">The Local. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061216110045/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=3013&date=20060207">"New Swedish weapon in Iraq"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=3013&date=20060207">the original</a> on 16 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Swedish+weapon+in+Iraq&rft.au=The+Local&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2Farticle.php%3FID%3D3013%26date%3D20060207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speakers-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speakers_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=swe">"Ethnologue report for Swedish"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923204250/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=swe">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Swedish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dswe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span> gives the number of 8,789,835, but is based on data from 1986. Sweden has currently a population of 9.2 Mio (2008 census), and there are about 290,000 native speakers of Swedish in Finland <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">"Statistics Finland – Population Structure"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611010801/https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Finland+%E2%80%93+Population+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span> (based on data from 2007), leading to an estimate of about 9 to 10 Mio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hpgl.stanford.edu-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hpgl.stanford.edu_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060758/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf">"Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Different+genetic+components+in+the+Norwegian+population+revealed+by+the+analysis+of+mtDNA+and+Y+chromosome+polymorphisms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpgl.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2FEJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040728005528/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf">"Haplogroups of the World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scs.uiuc.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scs.uiuc.edu&rft.atitle=Haplogroups+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.uiuc.edu%2F~mcdonald%2FWorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100630164631/http://www.sviv.se/index.php/publisher/news/action/summary/frmArticleID/575/singlearticle/1/">"Flest svenskar tros bo i USA, Norge och Finland. Därefter följer Danmark, Storbritannien, Spanien och Tyskland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sviv.se/index.php/publisher/news/action/summary/frmArticleID/575/singlearticle/1/">the original</a> on 30 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flest+svenskar+tros+bo+i+USA%2C+Norge+och+Finland.+D%C3%A4refter+f%C3%B6ljer+Danmark%2C+Storbritannien%2C+Spanien+och+Tyskland.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sviv.se%2Findex.php%2Fpublisher%2Fnews%2Faction%2Fsummary%2FfrmArticleID%2F575%2Fsinglearticle%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svenskfinland_2019-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svenskfinland_2019_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskfinland.fi/history/">"The history of the Finland- Swedes"</a>. <i>Svenskfinland</i>. 6 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707141516/https://www.svenskfinland.fi/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenskfinland&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+Finland-+Swedes&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskfinland.fi%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVIV2022-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SVIV2022_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SVIV2022_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709211435/https://www.sviv.se/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Kartlaggning-2022_Svenskar-i-varlden.pdf">"Svenskar i världen – Kartläggning 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sviv.se/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Kartlaggning-2022_Svenskar-i-varlden.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svenskar+i+v%C3%A4rlden+%E2%80%93+Kartl%C3%A4ggning+2022.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sviv.se%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F07%2FKartlaggning-2022_Svenskar-i-varlden.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226020554/http://www.visitsweden.com/Default____34593.aspx">VisitSweden</a>—Sweden's official website for tourism and travel information</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sweden_articles405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sweden_topics" title="Template talk:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sweden_articles405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">800–1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">1523–1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">Rise to become Great Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1756" title="Coup of 1756">Coup of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_Crisis_(1768)" title="December Crisis (1768)">December Crisis (1768)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1772" title="Revolution of 1772">Revolution of 1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Gustavian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1809" title="Coup of 1809">Coup of 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869" title="Swedish famine of 1867–1869">Famine of 1867–1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century" title="Sweden during the late 19th century">Modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden" title="Industrialization of Sweden">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II_(timeline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden during World War II (timeline)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Sweden (1945–1967)">1945–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)" title="History of Sweden (1967–1991)">1967–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">Since 1991</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of cities in Sweden">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Sweden">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Sweden" title="Forests of Sweden">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sweden" title="List of islands of Sweden">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Sweden" title="List of lakes of Sweden">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Sweden" title="List of metropolitan areas in Sweden">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sweden" title="List of national parks of Sweden">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sweden" title="List of rivers of Sweden">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden" title="Wildlife of Sweden">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sweden" title="Administrative divisions of Sweden">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sweden" title="Human rights in Sweden">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden" title="Government agencies in Sweden">State agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sweden" title="Law of Sweden">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_neutrality" title="Swedish neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden" title="List of political parties in Sweden">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sweden" title="Agriculture in Sweden">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Sweden" title="Income inequality in Sweden">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Krona <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_labour_movement" title="Swedish labour movement">Labour unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehn%E2%80%93Meidner_model" title="Rehn–Meidner model">Rehn–Meidner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Stockholm" title="Nasdaq Stockholm">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sweden" title="Rail transport in Sweden">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sweden" title="Tourism in Sweden">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sweden" title="Category:Society of Sweden">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sweden" title="Crime in Sweden">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Sweden">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Sweden" title="Homelessness in Sweden">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sweden" title="Human trafficking in Sweden">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden" title="Prostitution in Sweden">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_gamla,_du_fria" title="Du gamla, du fria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art" title="Swedish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_Sweden" title="Coffee in Sweden">Coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_fashion" title="Swedish fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Sweden" title="Irreligion in Sweden">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden" title="Public holidays in Sweden">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden" title="Sport in Sweden">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sweden" title="Outline of Sweden">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sweden" title="Category:Sweden">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedes&oldid=1281861427">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedes&oldid=1281861427</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Sweden" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Sweden">Ethnic groups in Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_people" title="Category:Swedish people">Swedish people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension" title="Category:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)">CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Estonian-language_sources_(et)" title="Category:CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)">CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2025">Use dmy dates from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Indo-European-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text">Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Swedish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Swedish IPA">Pages with Swedish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 March 2025, at 22:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swedes</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>76 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-5vbc9","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.302","walltime":"1.681","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14411,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":246470,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41424,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":267417,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1431.724 1 -total"," 28.12% 402.553 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.57% 337.492 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 14.40% 206.111 43 Template:Cite_web"," 10.75% 153.924 1 Template:Sweden_topics"," 10.52% 150.648 1 Template:Country_topics"," 9.82% 140.540 13 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.26% 118.218 13 Template:Fix"," 6.38% 91.286 1 Template:Lang"," 6.25% 89.464 1 Template:Timeline_of_Prehistoric_Sweden"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.720","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19759873,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-s4zj2","timestamp":"20250330204448","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Swedes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165192","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165192","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-10T18:34:08Z","dateModified":"2025-03-22T22:59:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9b\/Map_of_the_Swedish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg","headline":"ethnic group in Northern Europe"}</script> </body> </html>