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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_orbits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_orbits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Low orbits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_orbits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_and_elliptical_orbits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_and_elliptical_orbits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>High and elliptical orbits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_and_elliptical_orbits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deceleration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deceleration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deceleration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deceleration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceleration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceleration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Acceleration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceleration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternatives to rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Astrodynamics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.85em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/60px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/90px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/120px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics"><span style="font-size:110%;">Orbital mechanics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of periapsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">Orbital nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_anomaly" title="True anomaly">True anomaly</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types of <a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem" title="Two-body problem">two-body orbits</a> by <br />eccentricity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li></ul> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_orbit" title="Transfer orbit">Transfer orbit</a> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:90%"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-elliptic_transfer" title="Bi-elliptic transfer">Bi-elliptic transfer orbit</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Parabolic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">Hyperbolic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_trajectory" title="Radial trajectory">Radial orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Decaying orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_friction" title="Dynamical friction">Dynamical friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_equation" title="Kepler's equation">Kepler's equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">Orbital velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-viva_equation" title="Vis-viva equation">Vis-viva equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics"><span style="font-size:110%;">Celestial mechanics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Gravitational influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">Barycenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">Perturbations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem">N-body orbits</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrangian points</a> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:90%"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">Halo orbits</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapunov_stability" title="Lyapunov stability">Lyapunov orbits</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering"><span style="font-size:110%;">Engineering and efficiency</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Preflight engineering</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_ratio" title="Mass ratio">Mass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_fraction" title="Payload fraction">Payload fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propellant_mass_fraction" title="Propellant mass fraction">Propellant mass fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation" title="Tsiolkovsky rocket equation">Tsiolkovsky rocket equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Efficiency measures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Propulsive maneuvers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">Orbital maneuver</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orbit insertion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrodynamics" title="Template:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrodynamics" title="Template talk:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrodynamics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> an <b>orbit insertion</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">orbital maneuver</a> which adjusts a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>’s trajectory, allowing entry into an <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>, or other celestial body.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An orbit insertion maneuver involves either deceleration from a speed in excess of the respective body's <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a>, or acceleration to it from a lower speed. </p><p>When the result is a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_orbit" title="Transfer orbit">transfer orbit</a>, e.g. a <i>descent orbit insertion,</i> the maneuver is an <a href="/wiki/Orbit_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbit injection">orbit injection</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_types">Orbit types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Orbit types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orbits are periodic or quasi-periodic trajectories, usually around a central <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body">celestial body</a> like the Earth or the Sun. They may also be trajectories around <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a> locations in a multi-body system like the <a href="/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth–Moon system">Earth–Moon system</a>. (For example, NASA used a <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a> for the <a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a> mission.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_orbits">Low orbits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Low orbits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low orbits are trajectories deep within the 'gravitational well' of a central body. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_lunar_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low lunar orbit">low lunar orbit</a>. Insertion into a low orbit can require substantial deceleration with respect to the central body or, for launch from a planetary surface, substantial acceleration to reach <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_and_elliptical_orbits">High and elliptical orbits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: High and elliptical orbits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Higher energy orbits like <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> are often reached via elliptical <a href="/wiki/Transfer_orbit" title="Transfer orbit">transfer orbits</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deceleration">Deceleration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deceleration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One type of orbit insertion is used when capturing into orbit around a celestial body. </p> <dl><dt>Rocket propulsion</dt></dl> <p>Excess speed of an interplanetary transfer orbit is typically shed with a <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> firing known as an orbit insertion burn. For such a maneuver, the spacecraft's engine is used to slow its velocity relative to the target body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, each successful <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> lunar landing mission first used <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a> propulsion to enter low lunar orbit. </p> <dl><dt>Low thrust insertion</dt></dl> <p>For some arrival trajectories, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver#Low_thrust_propulsion" title="Orbital maneuver">low thrust propulsion</a> is sufficient to achieve orbit insertion. The <a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a> spacecraft used this approach first, in 1991. </p> <dl><dt>Other techniques</dt></dl> <p>Another technique, used when the destination body has a tangible atmosphere, is called <a href="/wiki/Aerocapture" title="Aerocapture">aerocapture</a>, which can use the friction of the atmospheric drag to slow down a spacecraft enough to get into orbit. This is very risky, however, and it has never been tested for an orbit insertion. Generally the orbit insertion deceleration is performed with the main engine so that the spacecraft gets into a highly elliptical “capture orbit” and only later the apocenter can be lowered with further decelerations, or even using the atmospheric drag in a controlled way, called <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a>, to lower the apocenter and circularize the orbit while minimizing the use of onboard fuel. To date, only a handful of NASA and ESA missions have performed aerobraking (<a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a>, ...).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acceleration">Acceleration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acceleration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second type of orbit insertion is used for newly launched <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> and other spacecraft. The majority of space <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> used today can only launch a payload into a very narrow range of orbits. The angle relative to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and maximum altitude of these orbits are constrained by the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">rocket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget#Launch.2Flanding" title="Delta-v budget">launch site</a> used. Given this limitation, most payloads are first launched into a transfer orbit, where an additional thrust maneuver is required to circularize the elliptical orbit which results from the initial space launch. The key difference between this kind of maneuver and powered trans-planetary orbit insertion is the significantly lesser change in velocity required to raise or circularize an existing planetary orbit, versus canceling out the considerable velocity of interplanetary cruise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_to_rockets">Alternatives to rockets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternatives to rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although current orbit insertion maneuvers require precisely timed burns of conventional chemical rockets, some headway has been made towards the use of alternative means of stabilizing orbits, such as <a href="/wiki/Ion_thruster" title="Ion thruster">ion thrusters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine" title="Plasma propulsion engine">plasma propulsion engines</a> to achieve the same result using less fuel over a longer period of time. In addition, research into the use of electrically conducting <a href="/wiki/Space_tether" title="Space tether">space tethers</a> to magnetically repel the Earth's magnetic field has shown some promise, which would virtually eliminate the need for fuel altogether. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_capture" title="Ballistic capture">Ballistic capture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322031028/http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/02144/spacecraft/orbit.htm">"Orbital Insertion"</a>. <i>Thinkquest.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/02144/spacecraft/orbit.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thinkquest.org&rft.atitle=Orbital+Insertion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F03oct%2F02144%2Fspacecraft%2Forbit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbit+insertion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomy.com/~/link.aspx?_id=8d44e60f-5911-4e5a-ae09-158e39ad8655">"MESSENGER poised for Mercury orbit insertion"</a>. <i>Astronomy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy.com&rft.atitle=MESSENGER+poised+for+Mercury+orbit+insertion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomy.com%2F~%2Flink.aspx%3F_id%3D8d44e60f-5911-4e5a-ae09-158e39ad8655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbit+insertion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807131644/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/17918/1/99-1368.pdf">"AEROBRAKING AT VENUS AND MARS: A COMPARISON OF THE MAGELLAN AND MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR AEROBRAKING PHASES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA JPL</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/17918/1/99-1368.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+JPL&rft.atitle=AEROBRAKING+AT+VENUS+AND+MARS%3A+A+COMPARISON+OF+THE+MAGELLAN+AND+MARS+GLOBAL+SURVEYOR+AEROBRAKING+PHASES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrs-new.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2014%2F17918%2F1%2F99-1368.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbit+insertion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&oldid=1247129835">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbit_insertion&oldid=1247129835</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Category:Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight_concepts" title="Category:Spaceflight concepts">Spaceflight concepts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 23:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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