CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Aerobraking - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f5fc58ed-c974-4016-9fb7-8fff2910fd47","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Aerobraking","wgTitle":"Aerobraking","wgCurRevisionId":1225503161,"wgRevisionId":1225503161,"wgArticleId":140289,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Spacecraft propulsion","Spaceflight","Atmospheric entry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Aerobraking","wgRelevantArticleId":140289,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16353","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MRO_Aerobrake.jpg/1200px-MRO_Aerobrake.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="933"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MRO_Aerobrake.jpg/800px-MRO_Aerobrake.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="622"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MRO_Aerobrake.jpg/640px-MRO_Aerobrake.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="498"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Aerobraking - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Aerobraking rootpage-Aerobraking skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aerobraking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aerobraking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aerobraking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aerobraking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Related methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spacecraft missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerobraking_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerobraking_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aerobraking in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerobraking_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerodynamic_braking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerodynamic_braking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aerodynamic braking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerodynamic_braking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerobraking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="كبح جوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبح جوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofrenada" title="Aerofrenada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aerofrenada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aerobraking" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4renbremsung" title="Atmosphärenbremsung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atmosphärenbremsung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofrenado" title="Aerofrenado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aerofrenado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ترمز اتمسفری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمز اتمسفری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rofreinage" title="Aérofreinage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aérofreinage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofreada" title="Aerofreada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aerofreada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%96%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%B9" title="에어로브레이킹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에어로브레이킹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengereman_udara" title="Pengereman udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengereman udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofrenaggio" title="Aerofrenaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aerofrenaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בלימה אטמוספירית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלימה אטמוספירית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobremz%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Aerobremzēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aerobremzēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveg%C5%91f%C3%A9kez%C3%A9s" title="Levegőfékezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levegőfékezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aerobraking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E5%8A%9B%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD" title="空力ブレーキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空力ブレーキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamowanie_aerodynamiczne" title="Hamowanie aerodynamiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hamowanie aerodynamiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofrenagem" title="Aerofrenagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aerofrenagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aerobraking" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Аерокочење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аерокочење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmajarrutus" title="Ilmajarrutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmajarrutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4rsbromsning" title="Atmosfärsbromsning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atmosfärsbromsning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%88%B6%E5%8B%95" title="大氣制動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大氣制動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16353#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aerobraking" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aerobraking"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aerobraking"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Aerobraking" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Aerobraking" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&oldid=1225503161" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Aerobraking&id=1225503161&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAerobraking"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAerobraking"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aerobraking&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aerobraking" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16353" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Air brake (aeronautics)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spaceflight maneuver</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRO_Aerobrake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MRO_Aerobrake.jpg/300px-MRO_Aerobrake.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MRO_Aerobrake.jpg/450px-MRO_Aerobrake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MRO_Aerobrake.jpg/600px-MRO_Aerobrake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5444" /></a><figcaption>An artist's conception of aerobraking with the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Animation_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/300px-Animation_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Animation_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/450px-Animation_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Animation_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>An example of Aerobraking<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aerobraking</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">maneuver</a> that reduces the high point of an <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a>) by flying the vehicle through the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> at the low point of the orbit (<a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a>). The resulting <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> slows the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. Aerobraking is used when a spacecraft requires a low orbit after arriving at a body with an atmosphere, as it requires less fuel than using <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a> to slow down. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an interplanetary vehicle arrives at its destination, it must reduce its <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> to achieve orbit or to land. To reach a low, near-<a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">circular orbit</a> around a body with substantial <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> (as is required for many scientific studies), the required velocity changes can be on the order of kilometers per second. Using propulsion, the <a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation" title="Tsiolkovsky rocket equation">rocket equation</a> dictates that a large fraction of the spacecraft mass must consist of fuel. This reduces the science payload and/or requires a large and expensive rocket. Provided the target body has an atmosphere, aerobraking can be used to reduce fuel requirements. The use of a relatively small burn allows the spacecraft to enter an elongated <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">elliptic orbit</a>. Aerobraking then shortens the orbit into a circle. If the atmosphere is thick enough, a single pass can be sufficient to adjust the orbit. However, aerobraking typically requires multiple orbits higher in the atmosphere. This reduces the effects of <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">frictional</a> heating, unpredictable turbulence effects, atmospheric composition, and temperature. </p><p>Aerobraking done this way allows sufficient time after each pass to measure the velocity change and make corrections for the next pass. Achieving the final orbit may take over six <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">months</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and may require hundreds of passes through the atmosphere. After the last pass, if the spacecraft shall stay in orbit, it must be given more <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> via rocket engines in order to raise the <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> above the atmosphere. If the craft shall land, it must lose kinetic energy, also via rocket engines. </p><p>The kinetic energy <a href="/wiki/Dissipated" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissipated">dissipated</a> by aerobraking is converted to <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, meaning that spacecraft must dissipate this heat. The spacecraft must have sufficient surface area and structural strength to produce and survive the required drag, The temperatures and pressures associated with aerobraking are not as severe as those of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">atmospheric reentry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aerocapture" title="Aerocapture">aerocapture</a>. Simulations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> aerobraking use a <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> limit of 0.35 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a> per square meter with a spacecraft cross section of about 37 m<sup>2</sup>, equate to a maximum drag force of about 7.4 N, and a maximum expected <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> as 170 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force density (i.e. pressure), roughly 0.2 N per square meter,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was exerted on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i> during aerobraking is comparable to the aerodynamic resistance of moving at 0.6 m/s (2.16 km/h) at sea level on Earth, approximately the amount experienced when walking slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding spacecraft navigation, <a href="/wiki/Moriba_Jah" title="Moriba Jah">Moriba Jah</a> was the first to demonstrate the ability to process Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data collected on board the spacecraft, during aerobraking, using an unscented <a href="/wiki/Kalman_Filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalman Filter">Kalman Filter</a> to statistically infer the spacecraft's trajectory independent of ground-based measurement data. Jah did this using actual IMU data from <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>. Moreover, this was the first use of an unscented <a href="/wiki/Kalman_Filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalman Filter">Kalman Filter</a> to determine the orbit of an anthropogenic space object about another planet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method, which could be used to automate aerobraking navigation, is called Inertial Measurements for Aeroassisted Navigation (IMAN)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jah won a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Space Act Award for this work. </p><p>Many spacecraft use solar panels to power their operations. The panels can be used to refine aerobraking to reduce the number of required orbits. The panels rotate according to an AI-powered algorithm to increase/reduce drag and can reduce arrival times from months to weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_methods">Related methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aerocapture" title="Aerocapture">Aerocapture</a> is a related but more extreme method in which no initial orbit-injection burn is performed. Instead, the spacecraft plunges deeply into the atmosphere without an initial insertion burn, and emerges from this single pass in the atmosphere with an apoapsis near that of the desired orbit. Several small correction burns are then used to raise the periapsis and perform final adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-captureRisk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-captureRisk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method was originally planned for the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i> orbiter,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the significant design impacts proved too costly.<sup id="cite_ref-captureRisk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-captureRisk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another related technique is that of <a href="/wiki/Aerogravity_assist" title="Aerogravity assist">aerogravity assist</a>, in which the spacecraft flies through the upper atmosphere and uses <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">aerodynamic lift</a> instead of drag at the point of closest approach. If correctly oriented, this can increase the deflection angle above that of a pure <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a>, resulting in a larger <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft_missions">Spacecraft missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spacecraft missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_2001_Mars_Odyssey_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Animation_of_2001_Mars_Odyssey_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/220px-Animation_of_2001_Mars_Odyssey_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Animation_of_2001_Mars_Odyssey_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/330px-Animation_of_2001_Mars_Odyssey_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Animation_of_2001_Mars_Odyssey_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/440px-Animation_of_2001_Mars_Odyssey_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <i>2001 Mars Odyssey</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory around <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> from 24 October 2001 to 24 October 2002<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  <i>2001 Mars Odyssey</i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/220px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/330px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/440px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption> Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory around Mars<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span>  Mars</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span>  ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter </span></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the theory of aerobraking is well developed, using the technique is difficult because a very detailed knowledge of the character of the target planet's atmosphere is needed in order to plan the maneuver correctly. Currently, the deceleration is monitored during each maneuver and plans are modified accordingly. Since no spacecraft can yet aerobrake safely on its own, this requires constant attention from both human controllers and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a>. This is particularly true near the end of the process, when the drag passes are relatively close together (only about 2 hours apart for Mars).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> NASA has used aerobraking four times to modify a spacecraft's orbit to one with lower energy, reduced apoapsis altitude, and smaller orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-NTRS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTRS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 March 1991, aerobraking was demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a> spacecraft. This was the first aerobraking maneuver by a deep space probe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a> (a.k.a. MUSES-A) was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Institute of Space and Astronautical Science</a> (ISAS) of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiten flew by the Earth at an altitude of 125.5 km over the Pacific at 11.0 km/s. Atmospheric drag lowered the velocity by 1.712 m/s and the apogee altitude by 8665 km.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another aerobraking maneuver was conducted on 30 March. </p><p>In May 1993, aerobraking was used during the extended <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venusian</a> mission of the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan spacecraft"><i>Magellan</i> spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lyons_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyons-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used to circularize the orbit of the spacecraft in order to increase the precision of the measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity field">gravity field</a>. The entire gravity field was mapped from the circular orbit during a 243-day cycle of the extended mission. During the termination phase of the mission, a "windmill experiment" was performed: Atmospheric molecular pressure exerts a torque via the windmill-sail-like oriented solar cell wings, the necessary counter-torque to keep the probe from spinning is measured.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i> (MGS) orbiter was the first spacecraft to use aerobraking as the main planned technique of orbit adjustment. The MGS used the data gathered from the <i>Magellan</i> mission to Venus to plan its aerobraking technique. The spacecraft used its <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a>" to control its passage through the tenuous upper atmosphere of Mars and lower the <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> of its orbit over the course of many months. Unfortunately, a structural failure shortly after launch severely damaged one of the MGS's solar panels and necessitated a higher aerobraking altitude (and hence one third the force) than <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/sci/aerobrake/SFMech.html">originally planned</a>, significantly extending the time required to attain the desired orbit. More recently, aerobraking was used by the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> spacecraft, in both cases without incident. </p><p>In 2014, an aerobraking experiment was successfully performed on a test basis near the end of the mission of the ESA probe <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017–2018, the ESA ExoMars <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> performed aerobraking at Mars to reduce the apocentre of the orbit, being the first operational aerobraking for a European mission.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> is a future mission by <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>, which is proposed to use aerobraking to reduce its <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scimag-isro-20170217_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scimag-isro-20170217-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerobraking_in_fiction">Aerobraking in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aerobraking in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s 1948 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Cadet" title="Space Cadet">Space Cadet</a></i>, aerobraking is used to save fuel while slowing the spacecraft <i>Aes Triplex</i> for an unplanned extended mission and landing on Venus, during a transit from the Asteroid Belt to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft <i>Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov</i> in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s 1982 novel <i><a href="/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two" title="2010: Odyssey Two">2010: Odyssey Two</a></i> and its <a href="/wiki/2010_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 (film)">1984 film adaptation</a> uses aerobraking in the upper layers of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s atmosphere to establish itself at the L<sub>1</sub> <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian point</a> of the Jupiter – <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> system. </p><p>In the 2004 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Odyssey:_Voyage_to_the_Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets">Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets</a></i> the crew of the international spacecraft Pegasus perform an aerobraking manoeuvre in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter's upper atmosphere</a> to slow them down enough to enter Jovian orbit. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Darkness_(Stargate_Universe)" title="Darkness (Stargate Universe)">fourth episode</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_Universe" title="Stargate Universe">Stargate Universe</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient (Stargate)">Ancient</a> ship <i>Destiny</i> suffers an almost complete loss of power and must use aerobraking to change course. The 2009 episode ends in a cliffhanger with <i>Destiny</i> headed directly toward a star. </p><p>In the space simulation sandbox game <i><a href="/wiki/Kerbal_Space_Program" title="Kerbal Space Program">Kerbal Space Program</a></i>, this is a common method of reducing a craft's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a>. It is sometimes humorously referred to as "aero<a href="/wiki/Structural_integrity_and_failure" title="Structural integrity and failure">breaking</a>", because the high drag sometimes causes large crafts to split in several parts. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s Mars trilogy, the <i>Ares</i> spaceship carrying the first hundred humans to arrive on Mars uses aerobraking to enter into orbit around the planet. Later in the books, as an effort to thicken the atmosphere, scientists bring an asteroid into aerobraking in order to vaporize it and release its contents into the atmosphere. </p><p>In the 2014 film <i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a></i>, astronaut pilot Cooper uses aerobraking to save fuel and slow the spacecraft Ranger upon exiting the wormhole to arrive in orbit above the first planet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerodynamic_braking">Aerodynamic braking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aerodynamic braking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Air brake (aeronautics)</a></div> <p>Aerodynamic braking is a method used in landing aircraft to assist the wheel brakes in stopping the plane. It is often used for short runway landings or when conditions are wet, icy or slippery. Aerodynamic braking is performed immediately after the rear wheels (main mounts) touch down, but before the nose wheel drops. The pilot begins to pull back on the stick, applying elevator pressure to hold the nose high. The nose-high attitude exposes more of the craft's surface-area to the flow of air, which produces greater <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, helping to slow the plane. The raised elevators also cause air to push down on the rear of the craft, forcing the rear wheels harder against the ground, which aids the wheel brakes by helping to prevent skidding. The pilot will usually continue to hold back on the stick even after the elevators lose their authority, and the nose wheel drops, to keep added pressure on the rear wheels. </p><p>Aerodynamic braking is a common braking technique during landing, which can also help to protect the wheel brakes and tires from excess wear, or from locking up and sending the craft sliding out of control. It is often used by private pilots, commercial planes, fighter aircraft, and was used by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a> during landings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F22_Raptor_landing_and_aerodynamic_braking.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An F-22 Raptor landing at Elmendorf AFB, demonstrating aerodynamic braking."><img alt="An F-22 Raptor landing at Elmendorf AFB, demonstrating aerodynamic braking." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/F22_Raptor_landing_and_aerodynamic_braking.JPG/255px-F22_Raptor_landing_and_aerodynamic_braking.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/F22_Raptor_landing_and_aerodynamic_braking.JPG/383px-F22_Raptor_landing_and_aerodynamic_braking.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/F22_Raptor_landing_and_aerodynamic_braking.JPG/510px-F22_Raptor_landing_and_aerodynamic_braking.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An F-22 Raptor landing at <a href="/wiki/Elmendorf_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmendorf AFB">Elmendorf AFB</a>, demonstrating aerodynamic braking.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerodynamic braking in Space Shuttle landings."><img alt="Aerodynamic braking in Space Shuttle landings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg/254px-Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg/381px-Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg/508px-Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerodynamic braking in Space Shuttle landings.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerocapture" title="Aerocapture">Aerocapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost-glide" class="mw-redirect" title="Boost-glide">Boost-glide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithobraking" title="Lithobraking">Lithobraking</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aerobraking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aerobraking">Aerobraking</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJill_L._Hanna_PrinceScott_A._Striepe" class="citation web cs1">Jill L. Hanna Prince & Scott A. Striepe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320204425/http://grctechlib.grc.nasa.gov/public/Digital/sg/MarsScout/Langley_trajectory_MRO.pdf">"NASA LANGLEY TRAJECTORY SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES FOR MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA Langley Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grctechlib.grc.nasa.gov/public/Digital/sg/MarsScout/Langley_trajectory_MRO.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+LANGLEY+TRAJECTORY+SIMULATION+AND+ANALYSIS+CAPABILITIES+FOR+MARS+RECONNAISSANCE+ORBITER&rft.pub=NASA+Langley+Research+Center&rft.au=Jill+L.+Hanna+Prince&rft.au=Scott+A.+Striepe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrctechlib.grc.nasa.gov%2Fpublic%2FDigital%2Fsg%2FMarsScout%2FLangley_trajectory_MRO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/mars/features/aero-97g.html">"Aerobreaking"</a>. <i>www.spacedaily.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spacedaily.com&rft.atitle=Aerobreaking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Fmars%2Ffeatures%2Faero-97g.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/mars/mro/060310moi.html">"Spaceflight Now | Destination Mars | Spacecraft enters orbit around Mars"</a>. <i>spaceflightnow.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spaceflightnow.com&rft.atitle=Spaceflight+Now+%26%23124%3B+Destination+Mars+%26%23124%3B+Spacecraft+enters+orbit+around+Mars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2Fmars%2Fmro%2F060310moi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriba_K._JahMichael_LisanoPenina_AxelradGeorge_H._Born2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moriba K. Jah; Michael Lisano; <a href="/wiki/Penina_Axelrad" title="Penina Axelrad">Penina Axelrad</a> & George H. Born (2008). "Mars Aerobraking Spacecraft State Estimation By Processing Inertial Measurement Unit Data". <i>Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics</i>. <b>31</b> (6). AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics: 1802–1812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGCD...31.1802J">2008JGCD...31.1802J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F1.24304">10.2514/1.24304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Guidance%2C+Control%2C+and+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Mars+Aerobraking+Spacecraft+State+Estimation+By+Processing+Inertial+Measurement+Unit+Data&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1802-1812&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F1.24304&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGCD...31.1802J&rft.au=Moriba+K.+Jah&rft.au=Michael+Lisano&rft.au=Penina+Axelrad&rft.au=George+H.+Born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriba_K._Jah2007" class="citation web cs1">Moriba K. Jah (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/pub/techbriefs/software/2350">"Inertial Measurements for Aero-Assisted Navigation NPO-43677"</a>. Tech Briefs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inertial+Measurements+for+Aero-Assisted+Navigation+NPO-43677&rft.pub=Tech+Briefs&rft.date=2007-09&rft.au=Moriba+K.+Jah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techbriefs.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Ftb%2Fpub%2Ftechbriefs%2Fsoftware%2F2350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickler2022" class="citation web cs1">Strickler, Jordan (2022-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zmescience.com/science/new-ai-improves-orbit-entry-for-mars-satellites/">"New AI improves orbit entry for Mars satellites"</a>. <i>ZME Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZME+Science&rft.atitle=New+AI+improves+orbit+entry+for+Mars+satellites&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Strickler&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zmescience.com%2Fscience%2Fnew-ai-improves-orbit-entry-for-mars-satellites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-captureRisk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-captureRisk_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-captureRisk_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercy,_T.K.Bright,_E.Torres,_A.O.2005" class="citation web cs1">Percy, T.K.; Bright, E. & Torres, A.O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050207424_2005207086.pdf">"Assessing the Relative Risk of Aerocapture Using Probabilistic Risk Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assessing+the+Relative+Risk+of+Aerocapture+Using+Probabilistic+Risk+Assessment&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Percy%2C+T.K.&rft.au=Bright%2C+E.&rft.au=Torres%2C+A.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20050207424_2005207086.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/1997/97-260.txt">"SCIENCE TEAM AND INSTRUMENTS SELECTED FOR MARS SURVEYOR 2001 MISSIONS"</a>. 6 November 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCIENCE+TEAM+AND+INSTRUMENTS+SELECTED+FOR+MARS+SURVEYOR+2001+MISSIONS&rft.date=1997-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F1997%2F97-260.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRonald,_Angus_D.Randolph,_James_E.1990" class="citation conference cs1">McRonald, Angus D.; Randolph, James E. (Jan 8–11, 1990). "Hypersonic maneuvering to provide planetary gravity assist". <i>AIAA-1990-539, 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting</i>. Reno, NV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Hypersonic+maneuvering+to+provide+planetary+gravity+assist&rft.btitle=AIAA-1990-539%2C+28th+Aerospace+Sciences+Meeting&rft.place=Reno%2C+NV&rft.date=1990-01-08%2F1990-01-11&rft.au=McRonald%2C+Angus+D.&rft.au=Randolph%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTRS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NTRS_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince,_Jill_L._H.Powell,_Richard_W.Murri,_Dan" class="citation web cs1">Prince, Jill L. H.; Powell, Richard W.; Murri, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110014523_2011015083.pdf">"Autonomous Aerobraking: A Design, Development, and Feasibility Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA Langley Research Center</i>. NASA Technical Reports Server<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Langley+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Autonomous+Aerobraking%3A+A+Design%2C+Development%2C+and+Feasibility+Study&rft.au=Prince%2C+Jill+L.+H.&rft.au=Powell%2C+Richard+W.&rft.au=Murri%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20110014523_2011015083.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=MUSES-A&Letter=M&Display=ReadMore">"Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925050610/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=MUSES-A&Letter=M&Display=ReadMore">Archived</a> 2008-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Asif A. Siddiqi, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History No. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kawaguchi, T. Icbikawa, T. Nishimura, K. Uesugi, L. Efron, J. Ellis, P. R. Menon and B. Tucker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ion.org/search/view_abstract.cfm?jp=p&idno=4975">"Navigation for Muses-A (HITEN) Aerobraking in the Earth's Atmosphere – Preliminary Report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226175151/http://www.ion.org/search/view_abstract.cfm?jp=p&idno=4975">Archived</a> December 26, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation June 10–12, 1991, pp.17–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/muses-a.htm">"Muses A (Hiten)"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=Muses+A+%28Hiten%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Fmuses-a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lyons-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lyons_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonsSaundersGriffith1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lyons, Daniel T.; Saunders, R. Stephen; Griffith, Douglas G. (1 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/009457659500032U">"The Magellan Venus mapping mission: Aerobraking operations"</a>. <i>Acta Astronautica</i>. <b>35</b> (9): 669–676. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AcAau..35..669L">1995AcAau..35..669L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0094-5765%2895%2900032-U">10.1016/0094-5765(95)00032-U</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5765">0094-5765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=The+Magellan+Venus+mapping+mission%3A+Aerobraking+operations&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=669-676&rft.date=1995-05-01&rft.issn=0094-5765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0094-5765%2895%2900032-U&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995AcAau..35..669L&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+R.+Stephen&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Douglas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F009457659500032U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/prmgnwind.html">"Magellan Begins Windmill Experiment"</a>. <i>www2.jpl.nasa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Magellan+Begins+Windmill+Experiment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmagellan%2Fprmgnwind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.esa.int/rocketscience/2014/05/16/surfing-an-alien-atmosphere/">"Surfing an alien atmosphere"</a>. <i>ESA.int</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.int&rft.atitle=Surfing+an+alien+atmosphere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.esa.int%2Frocketscience%2F2014%2F05%2F16%2Fsurfing-an-alien-atmosphere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Venus_Express_rises_again">"Venus Express rises again"</a>. <i>ESA.int</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.int&rft.atitle=Venus+Express+rises+again&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FVenus_Express%2FVenus_Express_rises_again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/59989-surfing-complete">"ESA - Robotic Exploration of Mars - Surfing complete"</a>. <i>exploration.esa.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exploration.esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+-+Robotic+Exploration+of+Mars+-+Surfing+complete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexploration.esa.int%2Fweb%2Fmars%2F-%2F59989-surfing-complete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scimag-isro-20170217-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scimag-isro-20170217_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagla2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bagla, Pallava (17 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus">"India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">AAAS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal0781">10.1126/science.aal0781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013133934/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=India+eyes+a+return+to+Mars+and+a+first+run+at+Venus&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aal0781&rft.aulast=Bagla&rft.aufirst=Pallava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Findia-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Heinlein2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Heinlein (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dyGMXCbryAC"><i>Space Cadet</i></a>. Tom Doherty Associates. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-1253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-1253-2"><bdi>978-1-4299-1253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Cadet&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-1253-2&rft.au=Robert+A.+Heinlein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dyGMXCbryAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Airplane Flying Handbook</i> By the Federal Aviation Administration – Skyhorse Publishing 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610045750/http://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/sb03.html">"Publications"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/sb03.html">the original</a> on 2016-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aopa.org%2Fasf%2Fpublications%2Fsb03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobraking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics</i> By S. Biswas – Kluwer Academic Publishing 2000 Page 28</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/sci/aerobrake/SFMech.html">JPL aerobraking report for MGS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040821230232/http://english.uindy.edu/dynes/red_mars/aerobraking2.pdf">An Explanation of How Aerobraking Works</a> (PDF)</li> <li>Hoffman, S. (August 20–22, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860029706">A comparison of aerobraking and aerocapture vehicles for interplanetary missions</a>. AIAA and AAS, Astrodynamics Conference. Seattle, Washington: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 25 p.. Retrieved 2007-07-31.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maglev" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maglev" title="Template:Maglev"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maglev" title="Template talk:Maglev"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maglev" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maglev"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maglev" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">Linear induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">Magnetic levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">Electromagnetic suspension</a> (EMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">Electrodynamic suspension</a> (EDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Guideway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_bearing" title="Magnetic bearing">Magnetic bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">Servomechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current_brake" title="Eddy current brake">Eddy current brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">Lift-to-drag ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">High Speed Surface Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_loop" title="Launch loop">Launch loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTram" title="StarTram">StarTram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_S1_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line S1 (Beijing Subway)">Beijing line S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-Rail_Link" title="Air-Rail Link">Birmingham Maglev</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California%E2%80%93Nevada_Interstate_Maglev" title="California–Nevada Interstate Maglev">California–Nevada Interstate Maglev</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev_Express" title="Changsha Maglev Express">Changsha Maglev Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Bahn" title="M-Bahn">M-Bahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Maglev" title="Northeast Maglev">Northeast Maglev</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University_maglev" title="Old Dominion University maglev">ODU maglev</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Maglev_Tourist_Line" title="Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line">Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Hangzhou_maglev_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Hangzhou maglev line">Shanghai–Hangzhou Maglev Line</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UK_Ultraspeed" title="UK Ultraspeed">UK Ultraspeed</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport Accidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lathen_train_collision" title="Lathen train collision">Lathen train collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div><small>Proposals in italics</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&oldid=1225503161">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&oldid=1225503161</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Category:Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atmospheric_entry" title="Category:Atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 May 2024, at 20:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerobraking&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5nd9x","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.476","walltime":"0.609","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1852,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":48952,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1415,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":84700,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 540.431 1 -total"," 34.48% 186.317 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.93% 123.901 14 Template:Cite_web"," 14.27% 77.116 1 Template:Maglev"," 13.89% 75.071 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.24% 66.157 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.59% 51.801 1 Template:Commons_category"," 9.13% 49.362 1 Template:Sister_project"," 8.67% 46.861 1 Template:Side_box"," 7.17% 38.755 1 Template:Distinguish"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.291","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7592430,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dtnhv","timestamp":"20241122141007","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aerobraking","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerobraking","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16353","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16353","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-26T05:40:04Z","dateModified":"2024-05-24T20:47:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e9\/MRO_Aerobrake.jpg","headline":"spaceflight maneuver that uses the atmosphere of an astronomical object to lower its orbit"}</script> </body> </html>