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Sims, Dist. Court, ED California 2019</h1></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case%3Fcase%3D16271257692780610510%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D2006%26as_ylo%3D2014%26as_yhi%3D2014">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_ab" class=""><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"><div id="gs_tbar_lt"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_sel">Read</a><a href="/scholar_case?about=16271257692780610510&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014">How cited</a></div></div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"></div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_reference_w"><div id="gs_reference">Petersen v. Sims, Dist. Court, ED California 2019</div></div><div id="gs_opinion_ccl"><div id="gs_opinion_wrapper"><div id="gs_opinion"> <center><h3 id="gsl_case_name">KYLE PETERSEN, Plaintiff,<BR/> v.<BR/> ANTHONY SIMS, JR., et al., Defendants.</h3></center> <center><a href=/scholar?scidkt=2755927830889915478&as_sdt=2&hl=en>Case No. 1:19-cv-00138-DAD-EPG.</a></center> <center><p><b>United States District Court, E.D. California.</b></p></center> <center>October 17, 2019.</center> <p>Kyle Petersen, Plaintiff, pro se.</p> <p><H2>ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO RESEND DOCUMENTS AND FOR ADDITIONAL TIME TO COMPLY WITH SCREENING ORDER</H2></p> <p><H2>(ECF No. 17)</H2></p> <p>ERICA P. GROSJEAN, Magistrate Judge.</p> <p>Plaintiff, Kyle Petersen, is proceeding <I>pro se</I> and in <I>forma pauperis</I> in this civil rights action brought pursuant to <a href=/scholar_case?case=4836406244398815814&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents,</I> 403 U.S. 388 (1971)</a>. Before the Court is Plaintiff's motion requesting that the Court reseed certain documents. (ECF No. 17.) The Court will grant the motion.</p> <p>On September 27, 2019, the Court entered a Screening Order. (ECF No. 14.) The Screening Order allows Plaintiff's Third Amended Complaint (ECF No. 9), as supplemented (ECF No. 13), to proceed against Defendants Sims and Torres for violations of Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search, and authorizes service of the Third Amended Complaint on Defendants (ECF No. 14).</p> <p>The Screening Order, along with certain forms and documents necessary for Plaintiff to prepare papers for service on Defendants, were served on Plaintiff on September 27, 2019, via mail, at the address of record for Plaintiff. On October 7, 2019, Plaintiff filed a notice of change of address. On October 15, 2019, the Screening Order and the forms and documents served on Plaintiff on September 27, 2019, were returned with the designations "undeliverable," and "unable to forward." Also on October 15, 2019, Plaintiff filed the present motion requesting the Court to resend documents ECF Nos. 9, 13, and 14, explaining that he was transferred on September 5, 2019, and was unable to obtain stamps until September 25, 2019, to submit notice to the Court of his change of address. Plaintiff also requests that if Plaintiff is under a deadline, that the deadline be extended by 30 days. The Court grants Plaintiff's motion.</p> <p>IT IS ORDERED:</p> <blockquote>1. The Clerk of Court is directed to RESEND the following to Plaintiff at his new address of record:</blockquote> <blockquote>a. A copy of the Screening Order (ECF No. 14);</blockquote> <blockquote>b. Four (4) USM-285 forms, four (4) summonses, a Notice of Submission of Documents foam, an instruction sheet, and a copy of the Third Amended Complaint filed on April 22, 2019 (ECF No. 9) and the supplement filed on August 29, 2019 (ECF No. 13);</blockquote> <blockquote>2. Plaintiff is granted an additional thirty (30) days from the date of service of this order to comply with the requirements set forth in the Screening Order (ECF No. 14); and</blockquote> <blockquote>3. Failure to comply with this order may result in the dismissal of this action.</blockquote> <p>IT IS SO ORDERED.</p> <p></p> <I>Kyle Petersen,</I> <I># 76994097</I> <I>Nevada Southern Detention Center,</I> <I>2190 E. Mesquite Ave.</I> <I>Pahrump, Nevada,</I> 89060 <I>In Pro se.</I> <p><H2>UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA</H2></p> <I>Kyle Petersen,</I> Case No.: 1:19-cv-00138-DAD-EPG Plaintiff, vs. <I>Anthony Sims, Jr., et al.</I> PLAINTIFF'S EXPLANATION OF Defendant(s), ISSUE <p><H2>INTRODUCTION</H2></p> <p>Plaintiff, <I>Kyle Petersen,</I> proceeding <I>pro se,</I> brought this lawsuit under <a href=/scholar_case?case=4836406244398815814&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971)</I>,</a> alleging that agents from the Bakersfield, California, office of Homeland Security Investigations (Hereafter, <I>HSI</I>) violated his Fourth Amendment rights.</p> <p>On or about 21 April, 2018, Plaintiff asked the court to allow him to file a motion explaining the issue so that it will aid the court in understanding his issue more clearly during the screening process. By 07 August, 2018, Plaintiff had not received a response. But since he was en route to prison and didn't know how long until he had a permanent address for the court, plaintiff decided to file the explanation and if the court chose to ignore it, they could.</p> <p><H2>EXPLANATION</H2></p> <p>On 01 April, 2017, Plaintiff was released from prison to a parole term of three years. Several days after being released Plaintiff signed his Notice and Conditions of Parole and initialed over seventy different special conditions.</p> <p>Specifically relevant to this case, Plaintiff signed a warrantless search condition that read;</p> <blockquote><I>"You, your residence, and any property under your control are subject to search and seizure by a probation officer, an agent or officer of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, or any other peace officer at any time of the day or night, with or without a warrant with or without cause."</I></blockquote> <p>On 23 May, 2017, Plaintiff's parole agent with the assistance of <I>HSI</I> conducted a parole search of the sober living home that Plaintiff lived in. It should be noted that all of the residents in the sober living home were sex offenders who were all on active parole, Plaintiff had a roommate, the doors inside the home did not lock, and everyone had access to all the rooms in the house. Prior to searching the home, parole agents handcuffed everyone who was present at the time of the search and made us stand on the stoop. During the search, a Unimax model cell phone with internet and a camera was found in Plaintiff's room. Plaintiff was not allowed to posses a cell phone with internet and a camera. Plaintiff's parole agent searched the cell phone and allegedly discovered several images of children naked. Plaintiff was placed in custody by his parole agent and booked into Kern County jail on a California Penal Code § 3056 parole hold. No charges were filed.</p> <p>On 26 May, 2017, the Unimax cell phone was forwarded to Defendant, HSI Special Agent Nicholas Tones (Hereafter, SA Tones), for forensic analysis. The same day SA Torres sent the cell phone to Defendant, HSI Special Agent and forensic specialist Anthony Sims, Jr., (Hereafter, SA Sims), to be searched without a warrant. SA Sims began the search of the Unimax cell phone that day but continued it beyond that day.</p> <p>On 01 June, 2017, Plaintiff accepted a parole violation in connection with the 23 May, 2017, parole search and his parole was <I>formally</I> revoked.</p> <p>On 15 June, 2017, SA Sims completed the forensic search of the Unimax cell phone. Plaintiff was released from his parole violation on 17 June, 2017.</p> <p>On 06 July, 2017, plaintiff was stopped by his parole agent and she confiscated a LG model cell phone with internet and a camera from him. She searched the cell phone and allegedly found several images of children naked. She placed him into custody and booked him into Kern County Jail on a California Penal Code § 3056 parole hold. Subsequently, she sent the LG cell phone to HSI for forensic analysis. No charges were filed.</p> <p>On 15 July, 2017, Plaintiff accepted a parole violation in connection with the 06 June, 2017, parole search and his parole was <I>formally</I> revoked.</p> <p>Plaintiff was released from his parole violation a few days later.</p> <p>In between 17 July, 2017, and 23 September, 2017, three more cell phones were confiscated from Plaintiff by his parole agent and sent to HSI for forensic analysis.</p> <p>On 23 September, 2017, SA Sims conducted a forensic search of the LG model cell phone from the 06 July, 2017, search and the three other cell phones that were subsequently taken.</p> <p>On 02 November, 2017, Plaintiff was indicted on federal child pornography charges in connection with the 23 May, 2017, search and the 06, July, 2017, search. Plaintiff was arrested on the charges on 13, November, 2017.</p> <p>On 08 October, 2018, Plaintiff, through his counsel, Marc Days, ESQ, filed a motion to suppress the cell phones and the evidence found on them based upon a fourth Amendment violation by HSI.</p> <p>An opposition was filed by the government followed by a reply from plaintiff.</p> <p>On 07 January, 2019, at the suppression hearing, the government, upon being told by plaintiff's parole agent that parole policy prohibited the search of a parolee after parole has been formally revoked, asked the United States District Court to postpone the hearing for three weeks to speak to SA Sims in regards to whether he had any documentation showing that the phones had not been searched after plaintiff's parole had been revoked. The court granted the extension.</p> <p>On 23 January, 2019, the government filed a non-opposition to the motion to suppress the evidence and its fruits, agreeing that the warrantless, non-consensual search of the Unimax and LG cell phones by HSI did indeed violate Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights.</p> <p>On 24 January, 2019, the United States District Court suppressed the evidence and its suits.</p> <p><H2>THE LAW</H2></p> <p>"The fourth Amendment provides in relevant part that the `right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.'" <a href=/scholar_case?case=1182929048605227129&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Collins v. Virginia, 201 L. Ed. 2d 9, 17 (2018)</I></a><I>.</I> "The `basic purpose of this Amendment,' [the Supreme Court has] recognized, `is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.'" <a href=/scholar_case?case=853695326923033538&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Carpenter v. United States, 201 L. Ed. 2d 507, 517 (2018)</I></a><I>.</I> The touchstone of the fourth amendment is reasonableness. <I>Brigham City Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403 (2006).</I> "Where a search is undertaken by law enforcement officials to discover evidence of wrongdoing, ... reasonableness generally requires the obtaining of a judicial warrant". <I>Vernonia v. </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=5294601874680736546&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646,</I></a><I> 653 0995).</I> Because the ultimate touchstone is reasonableness, certain exceptions exist. <a href=/scholar_case?case=10180465869016438897&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Flippo v. West Virginia, 528 U.S. 11, 13 (1999) (per curiam)</I></a><I>.</I></p> <p>One such exception is the fourth amendment rights of parolees and probationers. <a href=/scholar_case?case=1722065942834953866&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Samson v California, 547 U.S. 843, 850 (2006)</I></a><I>. </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=1560488013338831968&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 119 (2001)</I></a><I>.</I> Parolees and Probationers have a lower expectation of privacy by virtue of their status alone. <I>United Stated v Knights, supra, at 119.</I> Because parole is more akin to imprisonment than probation is, parolee's have a lower expectation of privacy than probationers. <a href=/scholar_case?case=1722065942834953866&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 850 (2006)</I></a><I>.</I> Parolees, however, are not totally stripped of their fourth amendment rights. <a href=/scholar_case?case=3660603753425962208&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United states v. Grandberry, 730 F.3d 968, 975</I></a><I> (</I>th <I>Cir 2013).</I> A parole search must comply with California law for it to be valid. <I>United States v. Bautista, 599 Fed. Appx. 645, 646 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2015).</I> A search cannot be conducted of a parolee's property after his parole has been <I>formally</I> revoked. <a href=/scholar_case?case=5945629584680711003&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>People v. Hunter, 140 Cal. App. 4th 1147, 1155, 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d 216, 220 (2006)</I></a><I>.</I> See also, <I>United States v. Davenport, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 30334 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2018)</I> ("California Authorities may conduct parole searches at any time up until the subject's parole is formally revoked. <I>See </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=5945629584680711003&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>People v. Hunter, 140 Cal. App. 4th 1147, 1155, 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d 216, 220 (2006)</I></a><I>.</I>").</p> <p>"<a href=/scholar_case?case=4836406244398815814&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014>Bivens [v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971),</a>] created a remedy for violations of constitutional rights committed by federal officials acting in their individual capacities. In a pragmatic Bivens action, a plaintiff seeks to impose personal liability upon a federal official based on alleged constitutional infringements he or she committed against the plaintiff." <a href=/scholar_case?case=14317081609838815180&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Consejo De Desarrollo Economico De A.C. v. United States 482 F.3d 1157, 1173 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2007)</I></a><I>.</I></p> <p>Bivens provides a cause of action against an official acting under the color of federal law. <a href=/scholar_case?case=6372972320277682246&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Pollard v. GEO Group, Inc. 607 E3d 583, 588 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2010)</I></a><I>.</I></p> <p><H2>ARGUMENT</H2></p> <p>The forensic search by HSI of the Unimax cell phone, that was conducted between 23 May, 2017, and 15 June, 2017, although the search had started prior to Plaintiff's parole being revoked continued for two weeks after Plaintiff's parole was <I>formally</I> revoked.</p> <p>The forensic search of the LG cell phone and three other cell phones, that was conducted on 23 September, 2017, took place at least a month after their perspective <I>formal</I> violations had occurred.</p> <p>This was in clear violation of California law by defendants while they acted under the color of federal law.</p> <p><H2>QUALIFIED IMMUNITY</H2></p> <p>"Qualified immunity shields federal ... officials from money damages unless a plaintiff pleads facts showing (1) that the official violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct." <a href=/scholar_case?case=7219970976227790018&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Ashcroft v. al-Kidd 179 L. Ed. 2d 1149, 1155 (2011)</I></a><I>.</I> "Although [the Supreme] `Court's caselaw does not require a case directly on point for a right to be clearly established, existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.'" <a href=/scholar_case?case=4001998420825687785&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014>Kisela v. Hughes, 200 L. Ed. 2d 449, 454 (2018) (Per Curiam)</a>. (Quoting <a href=/scholar_case?case=18088430172009734343&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014>White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548 (2018)</a>).</p> <p>Defendant's violated Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights when they conducted a warrantless search of Plaintiff's cell phones while he was not subject to his conditions of parole.</p> <p>At the time of the search California law prohibited the search of a paroles property after their parole had been <I>formally</I> revoked. <a href=/scholar_case?case=5945629584680711003&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>People v. Hunter, 140 Cal. App. 4th 1147, 1155, 45 Cal. Rptr. 3D 216, 220 (2006)</I></a><I>.</I> See also, <I>United States v. Davenport, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 30334 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2018)</I> ("California Authorities may conduct parole searches at any time up until the subject's parole is formally revoked. <I>See </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=5945629584680711003&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>People v. Hunter; 140 Cal. App. 4th 1147, 1155, 45 Cal. Rptr: 3d 216, 220 (2006)</I></a><I>.</I>"). Both <I>Hunter</I> and <I>Davenport</I> are directly on point. The Defendants, SA Torres and SA Sims, did exactly what the <I>Hunter</I> and <I>Davenport</I> prohibited; They searched Plaintiff's property (cell phones) after his parole had been <I>formally</I> revoked.</p> <p>Because the defendant's were HSI agents who worked in California, actively investigating an alleged federal crime and documented their findings in an official HSI report, they should have known applicable law prior to searching plaintiff's cell phone. Additionally, it was in their job description to search the property of suspects and because the Bakersfield parole office had a history of requesting assistance from this HSI office, they should have known applicable law prior to searching plaintiff's cell phone. In fact, because Plaintiff's cell phones were already in the defendant's custody prior to the forensic search of the device and there was no risk of the evidence being deleted or otherwise destroyed, they had no excuse not to inquire upon parole officials as to the applicable law, or to just get a warrant.</p> <p>In <I>United States v. Sullivan, 797 E3d 623 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2014),</I> although Sullivan was on parole, law enforcement obtained a warrant. In <I>United states v. Johnson, 875 E3d 1265 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2017),</I> although Johnson was on mandatory supervision (Those who are on mandatory supervision have the same fourth amendment rights as parolees, <I>United States v. Cervantes, 2017 U.S. LEXIS 18017 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2017)),</I> law enforcement obtained a warrant. Law enforcement obtained a warrant to search the property of a parolee in each of the following cases; <a href=/scholar_case?case=5959215624888325681&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Job, 871 F.3d 852 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2017)</I></a> (Warrant to conduct a search of parolee's residence); <I>United states v. Combs,</I> <I>510 Fed. Appx. 668 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 2013)</I> (Warrant to conduct a search of a parolee's storage unit).</p> <p>So it isn't unreasonable for law enforcement to go through the extra motions to get a warrant. "There's a simple way for the police to avoid many complex search and seizure problems: Get a search warrant. Had they obtained a search warrant in this case-as they could have- there would have been no suppression motion, no hearing, [no suppression, and no civil rights lawsuit]." <a href=/scholar_case?case=11545684865176861602&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Harper, 928 F.3d 894, 894 (9</I>th <I>Cir. 1991)</I></a><I>.</I></p> <p>Qualified immunity cannot protect the defendants from liability because they violated Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights by conducting a warrantless search in violation of California law that had been <I>clearly established</I> for over ten years.</p> <p><H2>STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS</H2></p> <p>Claims under <a href=/scholar_case?case=4836406244398815814&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971),</I></a> do not in and of themselves have a statute of limitations, rather the courts are to borrow from the state's personal injury statute of limitations. Napier v. United States 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20349 (E.D. Cal. 2013). California's personal injury statutes of limitations is two years. Id. see also <I>Section 335.1 of the California Code of Civil Procedure.</I></p> <p>Plaintiff's rights were allegedly violated on 23 March, 2017, and 24 September, 2017. That places the statutes of limitations at 23 March, 2019, and 24 September, 2019.</p> <p>Because Plaintiff filed the Bivens claim prior to March of 2019, and therefore his claim falls within the proscribed statutes of limitations.</p> <p><H2>CONCLUSION</H2></p> <p>This explanation is submitted to the court to assist in the screening process of the civil rights complaint. The court is free to consider all, part, or none of this explanation in determining whether the civil rights action is frivolous or not.</p> <p><H2>DECLARATION</H2></p> <p>I, Kyle Petersen, am the Plaintiff in this action and I swear, under penalty of perjury, that the foregoing is true and correct to the best of my knowledge. This Memorandum was created on 22</p> August, 2019, in Pahrump, Nevada. Respectfully Submitted, Date: 22 August, 2019. Kyle Petersen, Plaintiff, In Pro Se. <p><H2>UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA</H2></p> KYLE PETERSEN, Case No. 1:19-cv-00138-DAD-EPG Plaintiff, SCREENING ORDER v. ORDER ALLOWING PLAINTIFF'S THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT TO ANTHONY SIMS, JR., et al., PROCEED AGAINST DEFENDANTS Defendants. SIMS AND TORRES AND GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO FILE SUPPLEMENT TO COMPLAINT (ECF Nos. 9, 10) <p>Plaintiff, Kyle Petersen, is proceeding <I>pro se</I> and <I>in forma pauperis</I> in this civil rights action, pursuant to <a href=/scholar_case?case=4836406244398815814&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents,</I> 403 U.S. 388 (1971)</a>. Plaintiff commenced this action on January 31, 2019, with the filing of a Complaint. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff subsequently filed his First Amended Complaint on February 21, 2019, and lodged a Second Amended Complaint on March 25, 2019. (ECF Nos. 6, 7.) The Court screened the Second Amended Complaint, found that it failed to state a cognizable claim, and granted Plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint. (ECF No. 8.)</p> <p>Plaintiff filed his Third Amended Complaint ("TAC") on April 22, 2019. (ECF No. 9.) Plaintiff also filed a request to file a supplemental memorandum regarding his TAC (ECF No. 10) and subsequently filed a supplemental memorandum (ECF No. 13), which the Court interprets as a supplement to the TAC.</p> <p>The TAC brings claims against Department of Homeland Security agents Anthony Sims, Jr., and Nicholas Torres for violation of Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search. The Court has screened the TAC, including the supplement to the TAC. Viewing the allegations in the TAC and supplement liberally and in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds, for purposes of screening, that Plaintiff has stated cognizable Fourth Amendment claims against Defendants Sims and Torres.</p> <p><H2>I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT</H2></p> <p>Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), in any case in which a plaintiff is proceeding <I>in forma pauperis,</I> the Court must conduct a review of the complaint to determine whether it "state[s] a claim on which relief may be granted," is "frivolous or malicious," or "seek[s] monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief." If the Court determines that the complaint fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted, it must be dismissed. <I>Id.</I> Similarly, if the Court determines the complaint is frivolous or malicious, it must be dismissed. <I>Id.</I> An action is deemed to be frivolous if it is "of little weight or importance: having no basis in law or fact" and malicious if it was filed with the "intention or desire to harm another." <a href=/scholar_case?case=4587610061218866288&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Andrews v. King,</I> 398 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 2005)</a>. Leave to amend may be granted to the extent that the deficiencies of the complaint can be cured by amendment. <a href=/scholar_case?case=66889864514949868&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Cato v. United States,</I> 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995)</a>.</p> <p>A complaint must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. . . ." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." <a href=/scholar_case?case=16725752296468120395&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Ashcroft v. Iqbal,</I> 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)</a> (citing <a href=/scholar_case?case=913703117340005992&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,</I> 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)</a>). Plaintiff must set forth "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim that is plausible on its face.'" <a href=/scholar_case?case=16725752296468120395&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Iqbal,</I> 556 U.S. at 663</a> (quoting <a href=/scholar_case?case=913703117340005992&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Twombly,</I> 550 U.S. at 555</a>). While factual allegations are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. <I>Id.</I> at 678.</p> <p>In determining whether a complaint states an actionable claim, the Court must accept the allegations in the complaint as true, <a href=/scholar_case?case=2649252193792748658&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Trs. of Rex Hospital,</I> 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976),</a> construe <I>pro se</I> pleadings liberally in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, <a href=/scholar_case?case=8335099897228143164&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Resnick v. Hayes,</I> 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000),</a> and resolve all doubts in the Plaintiff's favor. <a href=/scholar_case?case=14862609783616946166&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Jenkins v. McKeithen,</I> 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969)</a>. Pleadings of <I>pro se</I> plaintiffs "must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers." <a href=/scholar_case?case=4906815554465744761&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Hebbe v. Pliler,</I> 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010)</a> (holding that <I>pro se</I> complaints should continue to be liberally construed after <I>Iqbal</I>).</p> <p><H2>II. <I>BIVENS</I> ACTIONS</H2></p> <p>A <I>Bivens</I> action is the federal analog to suits brought against state officials under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. <a href=/scholar_case?case=6689115667049175879&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Hartman v. Moore,</I> 547 U.S. 250 (2006)</a>. The basis of a <I>Bivens</I> action is some illegal or inappropriate conduct on the part of a federal official or agent that violates a clearly established constitutional right. <a href=/scholar_case?case=6096910040768070944&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Baiser v. Department of Justice, Office of U.S. Trustee,</I> 327 F.3d 903, 909 (9th Cir. 2003)</a>.</p> <p>"To state a claim for relief under <I>Bivens,</I> a plaintiff must allege that a federal officer deprived him of his constitutional rights." <a href=/scholar_case?case=632265429923120539&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Serra v. Lappin,</I> 600 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2010)</a> (citing <a href=/scholar_case?case=3105258126417378454&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Schearz v. United States,</I> 234 F.3d 428, 432 (9th Cir. 2000)</a>. A <I>Bivens</I> claim is only available against officers in their individual capacities. <a href=/scholar_case?case=8141937228616486915&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Morgan v. United States,</I> 323 F.3d 776, 780 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003)</a>; <a href=/scholar_case?case=5097912128077936987&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Vaccaro v. Dobre,</I> 81 F.3d 854, 857 (9th Cir. 1996)</a>. "A plaintiff must plead more than a merely negligent act by a federal official in order to state a colorable claim under <a href=/scholar_case?case=9177563829222802724&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Bivens.</I>" <I>O'Neal v. Eu,</I> 866 F.2d 314, 314 (9th Cir. 1988)</a>. A plaintiff must allege facts linking each named defendant to the violation of his rights. <a href=/scholar_case?case=16725752296468120395&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Iqbal,</I> 556 U.S. at 676</a>; <a href=/scholar_case?case=15775789987104431994&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Simmons v. Navajo County, Ariz.,</I> 609 F.3d 1011, 1020-21 (9th Cir. 2010)</a>; <a href=/scholar_case?case=11334045764686597813&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Ewing v. City of Stockton,</I> 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009)</a>; <a href=/scholar_case?case=13991265379816056974&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Jones v. Williams,</I> 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002)</a>. The factual allegations must be sufficient to state a plausible claim for relief, and the mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting this plausibility standard. <a href=/scholar_case?case=16725752296468120395&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Iqbal,</I> 556 U.S. at 678-79</a>.</p> <p><H2>III. REQUEST TO FILE A MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF THE TAC</H2></p> <p>Plaintiff filed a request on May 9, 2019, seeking permission to file a memorandum of points and authorities to assist the Court in understanding Plaintiff's claims. (ECF No. 10.) Plaintiff subsequently filed a document providing the additional explanation that Plaintiff sought to provide to the Court. (ECF No. 13.)</p> <p>Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d), which addresses supplemental pleadings, provides:</p> <blockquote>On motion and reasonable notice, the court may, on just terms, permit a party to serve a supplemental pleading setting out any transaction, occurrence, or event that happened after the date of the pleading supplemented. The court may permit supplementation even though the original pleading is defective in stating a claim or defense. . . .</blockquote> <p>Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d).</p> <p>Local Rule 220, also applicable to supplemental pleadings, provides:</p> <blockquote>Unless prior approval to the contrary is obtained from the Court, every pleading to which an amendment or supplement is permitted as a matter of right or has been allowed by court order shall be retyped and filed so that it is complete in itself without reference to the prior or superseded pleading. No pleading shall be deemed amended or supplemented until this Rule has been complied with. All changed pleadings shall contain copies of all exhibits referred to in the changed pleading. Permission may be obtained from the Court, if desired, for the removal of any exhibit or exhibits attached to a superseded pleading, in order that the same may be attached to the changed pleading.</blockquote> <p>Local Rule 220.</p> <p>Plaintiff has not provided a single complaint that is complete in itself without reference to any prior or superseded pleading as required under Rule 220. Further, the events that Plaintiff sets forth in the supplemental document did not occur after the date the TAC was filed. Thus, Plaintiff's supplement does not fall within the supplemental pleadings allowed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d). Nonetheless, to expedite the screening process, the Court will exercise its discretion and grant Plaintiff's request to file the supplemental document (ECF No. 10), and will treat Plaintiff's TAC (ECF No. 9) as supplemented by the supplemental document (ECF No. 13).</p> <p>As discussed below, the Court finds, for purposes of screening, that the TAC (ECF Nos. 9, 13) states cognizable claims against Defendants Sims and Torres for violation of the Fourth Amendment, and will allow the case to proceed on those claims.</p> <p><H2>IV. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS OF THE THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT</H2></p> <p>Plaintiff alleges that on April 1, 2017, Plaintiff was released from prison to a parole term of three years. (ECF No. 13.) As part of his parole, Plaintiff signed a notice and conditions of parole, which included the following condition:</p> <blockquote>You, your residence, and any property under your control are subject to search and seizure by a probation officer, an agent or officer of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, or any other peace officer at any time of the day or night, with or without a warrant with or without cause.</blockquote> <p>(<I>Id.</I> at 2.) Plaintiff was also prohibited from possessing a cell phone with internet or a camera. (<I>Id.</I>)</p> <p><H2>A. Seizure and Search of Unimax Cell Phone</H2></p> <p>On May 23, 2017, Plaintiff's parole agent, with the assistance of agents from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Investigations ("HSI"), conducted a warrantless parole search of the sober living home in which Plaintiff was living. During the search, a Unimax cell phone with internet and a camera was found in Plaintiff's room. (ECF No. 13 at 2.) Plaintiff's parole agent searched the Unimax cell phone and allegedly found "several images of children naked." Plaintiff was placed in custody and booked into Kern County jail on a parole hold. (<I>Id.</I>)</p> <p>On May 26, 2017, the Unimax cell phone was forwarded to HSI Special Agent, Defendant Nicholas Torres, for forensic analysis. On that same day, Defendant Torres forwarded the cell phone to HSI Special Agent, Defendant Anthony Sims, Jr., who is a forensic specialist, for a warrantless search of the cell phone. (<I>Id.;</I> ECF No. 9 at 3.) Defendant Sims began the warrantless search of the cell phone on May 26, 2017, and continued that search through June 16, 2017. (ECF No. 9 at 3; ECF No. 13 at 3.) On June 1, 2017, before the search was completed, Plaintiff's parole was formally revoked in connection with the May 23, 2017, parole search. (ECF No. 13 at 3.) Thus, Defendant Sims completed his search of the cell phone after Plaintiff's parole was formally revoked.</p> <p><H2>B. Seizure and Search of LG Cell Phone</H2></p> <p>Plaintiff was released back onto parole on June 17, 2017. Shortly thereafter, on July 6, 2017, Plaintiff was stopped by his parole agent and she seized from Plaintiff an LG cell phone with internet and a camera. (ECF No. 9 at 4; ECF No. 13 at 3.) The parole agent allegedly found images of children naked on the LG cell phone. She placed Plaintiff into custody and booked him into the Kern County Jail on a parole hold. (ECF No. 13 at 3.) The parole agent sent the LG cell phone to HSI for forensic analysis. On July 14, 2017, Plaintiff's parole was formally revoked in connection with the July 6, 2017, parole search. (<I>Id.</I>) Plaintiff was released from his parole violation a few days later. On September 25, 2017, long after Plaintiff's parole had been revoked in connection with the July 6, 2017, parole search, Defendant Sims conducted a warrantless forensic search of the LG cell phone seized from Plaintiff during the July 6, 2017, search.</p> <p><H2>C. Seizure and Search of Three Additional Cell Phones</H2></p> <p>Between July 17, 2017, and September 23, 2017, Plaintiff's parole agent seized three additional cell phones from Plaintiff. (ECF No. 9 at 4; ECF No. 13 at 3.) All three of these cell phones were sent to Defendant Sims for forensic analysis. On September 25, 2017, Defendant Sims conducted a forensic search of these cell phones. (<I>Ibid.</I>) This search was conducted after Plaintiff's parole had been formally revoked in relation to the parole search that led to the seizure of the phones. (<I>Ibid.</I>)</p> <p><H2>D. Federal Indictment</H2></p> <p>On November 2, 2017, Plaintiff was indicted on federal child pornography charges in connection with the Unimax and LG cell phones seized during the May 23, 2017, and July 6, 2017, parole searches. (ECF No. 13 at 3; <I>see United States v. Peterson,</I> Case No. 17-cr-00255-LJO-SKO ("Criminal Case")<sup><a href="#[1]" name="r[1]" class="gsl_hash">[1]</a></sup>.) Plaintiff was arrested on those charges on November 13, 2017. (ECF No. 13 at 3-4.) On October 8, 2018, Plaintiff, represented by counsel, filed a motion to suppress the Unimax and LG cell phones and the evidence found on them, claiming that HSI violated Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights by searching the cell phones after Plaintiff's parole had been formally revoked. (ECF No. 13 at 4; Criminal Case ECF No. 24.) Although the government initially opposed the motion (Criminal Case ECF No. 25), after further investigation, the government filed a non-opposition to the motion to suppress. (ECF No. 13 at 4; Criminal Case ECF No. 33.) The U.S. District Court therefore granted the motion to suppress, and suppressed the evidence obtained by HSI from the cell phones seized on May 23, 2017 (the Unimax) and July 6, 2017 (the LG). (ECF No. 13 at 4; Criminal Case ECF No. 35.)</p> <p><H2>V. EVALUATION OF PLAINTIFF'S COMPLAINT</H2></p> <p><H2>A. <a href=/scholar_case?case=8197947172835648464&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Heck v. Humphrey,</I> 512 U.S. 477 (1994)</a></H2></p> <p>Under <a href=/scholar_case?case=8197947172835648464&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Heck v. Humphrey,</I> 512 U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994),</a> to recover damages for "harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid," a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence was reversed, expunged, or otherwise invalidated. The favorable termination rule laid out in <I>Heck</I> preserves the rule that claims which, if successful, would necessarily imply the invalidity of a conviction or sentence, must be brought by way of a petition for writ of habeas corpus. <a href=/scholar_case?case=479722077374285569&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Muhammad v. Close,</I> 540 U.S. 749, 750-751 (2004)</a>. <I>Heck</I> also applies to <I>Bivens</I> actions. <a href=/scholar_case?case=10553913600794597762&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Martin v. Sias,</I> 88 F.3d 774, 775 (9th Cir. 1996)</a>.</p> <p>Here, a criminal proceeding arose out of the evidence obtained during the search of the seized Unimax and LG cell phones. However, as noted above, the court in the criminal proceeding suppressed evidence that was obtained during HSI searches of these cell phones. (ECF No. 13 at 4; Criminal Case ECF No. 35.) Thus, to the extent Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment claims in this <I>Bivens</I> action relate to the Unimax and LG cell phones, success in this <I>Bivens</I> action would not necessarily imply the invalidity of any conviction or sentence that resulted in the related criminal proceeding. Accordingly, for purposes of screening, the Court finds that <I>Heck</I> does not bar Plaintiff's claims related to Defendants' searches of the Unimax and LG cell phones seized from Plaintiff on May 23, 2017, and July 6, 2017, respectively. <I>See </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=8197947172835648464&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Heck,</I> 512 U.S. at 487</a> (If the court "determines that the plaintiff's action, even if successful, will <I>not</I> demonstrate the invalidity of any outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the action should be allowed to proceed, in the absence of some other bar to the suit." (footnotes omitted)).</p> <p>As to the other three cell phones seized by the parole agent between July 17, 2017, and September 23, 2017, there is no indication that the seizure of these cell phones gave rise to any criminal proceedings and the Court will assume, for purposes of screening only, that they did not. Based on this assumption, the Court finds that <I>Heck</I> does not bar Plaintiff's claims related to Defendants' searches of the three cell phones seized from Plaintiff between July 17 and September 23, 2017. <I>See </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=8197947172835648464&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Heck,</I> 512 U.S. at 487</a>.</p> <p><H2>B. Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment Claim</H2></p> <p>The Fourth Amendment provides:</p> <blockquote>The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.</blockquote> <p>U.S. Const. amend. IV.</p> <p>"[T]he ultimate touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is `reasonableness,'" and thus, "[w]here a search is undertaken by law enforcement officials to discover evidence of criminal wrongdoing, . . . reasonableness generally requires the obtaining of a judicial warrant." <a href=/scholar_case?case=8132273445572991924&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Riley v. California,</I> 573 U.S. 373, 381-82 (2014)</a> (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). "In the absence of a warrant, a search is reasonable only if it falls within a specific exception to the warrant requirement." <I>Id.</I> at 382.</p> <p>In <I>Riley,</I> the Supreme Court held that a warrant is generally required to search a cell phone seized incident to arrest.<sup><a href="#[2]" name="r[2]" class="gsl_hash">[2]</a></sup> <a href=/scholar_case?case=8132273445572991924&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014>573 U.S. at 401, 403</a>. In so holding, the Supreme Court recognized that modern cell phones are "a pervasive and insistent part of daily life" with "vast quantities of personal information" that "hold for many Americans `the privacies of life.'" <I>Id.</I> at 385, 386, 403 (quoting <a href=/scholar_case?case=9067527596654000149&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Boyd v. United States,</I> 116 U.S. 616, 630 (1886)</a>). "The fact that technology now allows an individual to carry such information in his hand does not make the information any less worthy of the protection for which the Founders fought." <a href=/scholar_case?case=8132273445572991924&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Riley,</I> 573 U.S. at 403</a>.</p> <p>The Ninth Circuit has held that the reasoning in <I>Riley</I> applies to warrantless, suspicionless searches of probationers' cell phones, <a href=/scholar_case?case=11647844797839194724&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Lara,</I> 815 F.3d 605, 612 (9th Cir. 2016),</a> but has declined to extend <I>Riley</I> to parolees, <a href=/scholar_case?case=9324027561197774445&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Johnson,</I> 875 F.3d 1265, 1273-76 (9th Cir. 2017)</a>; <I>cf. </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=4577771698284465294&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Korte,</I> 918 F.3d 750, 756 (9th Cir. 2019)</a> (holding that warrantless placement of GPS tracker on parolee's car did not violate Fourth Amendment).</p> <p>In declining to extend <I>Riley</I> to parolees, the Ninth Circuit explained that "status as a parolee significantly diminishes one's privacy interests as compared to the average citizen." <a href=/scholar_case?case=9324027561197774445&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Johnson,</I> 875 F.3d at 1273</a>. "`[P]arole is an established variation on imprisonment of convicted criminals' and granted only `on the condition that the prisoner abide by certain rules during the balance of the sentence.' Parolees are thus subject to various state-imposed intrusions on their privacy, including mandatory drug tests, meetings with parole officers, and travel restrictions." <I>Id.</I> (quoting <a href=/scholar_case?case=1722065942834953866&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Samson v. California,</I> 547 U.S. 843, 850, 851 (2006)</a>). "California law also specifically provides that all parolees shall be `subject to search or seizure by a probation or parole officer or other peace officer at any time of the day or night, with or without a search warrant or with or without cause.'" <a href=/scholar_case?case=9324027561197774445&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Johnson,</I> 875 F.3d at 1274</a>. Thus, despite the importance of cell phone privacy, and the amount and character of data that can be contained in or accessed through it, "and the corresponding intrusiveness of a cell phone search," a warrantless search of a parolee's cell phone pursuant to applicable state law is not unreasonable and does not violate the Fourth Amendment. <I>See id.</I> at 1274-75.</p> <p>However, a parole search is reasonable and proper only if it complies with applicable state law. <a href=/scholar_case?case=1048275182628164845&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Garcia-Cruz,</I> 978 F.2d 537, 541 (9th Cir. 1992)</a> ("A parole search is proper if conducted in a manner consistent with state law."). "Only after the meaning and scope of a [parole] search clause are determined, under state law, does the federal Fourth Amendment analysis begin." <a href=/scholar_case?case=1136070310822184224&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. King,</I> 736 F.3d 805, 807 n.3 (9th Cir. 2013)</a>.</p> <p>Here, the TAC alleges that Defendants' search of his cell phone occurred in violation of California state law. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that the search of each of the cell phones occurred <I>after</I> Plaintiff's parole had been formally revoked in relation to that cell phone, that the searches therefore violated California law regarding parole searches, and that, accordingly, the searches violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment.</p> <p>Under California law, a parolee is "subject to search or seizure by a probation or parole officer or other peace officer at any time of the day or night, with or without a search warrant or with or without cause." Cal. Penal Code § 3067(b)(3). Plaintiff also signed a warrantless search condition of parole that provided that he, his residence, and any property under his control "are subject to search and seizure by a probation officer, an agent or officer of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, or any other peace officer at any time of the day or night, with or without a warrant with or without cause." (ECF No. 13 at 2.) Further, Plaintiff admits that he was not allowed to possess a cell phone with internet and a camera, and that the seized cell phones had both. Plaintiff thus does not challenge the searches of the cell phones by the parole officer, all of which occurred prior to formal revocation of Plaintiff's parole. Rather, Plaintiff is challenging only the searches of his cell phones that occurred <I>after</I> his parole was formally revoked.</p> <p>Under California law, a parole search is authorized only until parole has been formally revoked. <I>See </I><a href=/scholar_case?case=5945629584680711003&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>People v. Hunter,</I> 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d 216, 219-220 (Ct. App. 2006)</a> ("a parole search is authorized until parole is formally revoked"); <I>see also United States v. Davenport,</I> 752 F. App'x 476, 479 (9th Cir.), <I>cert. denied,</I> 139 S. Ct. 2651 (2019) ("California authorities may conduct parole searches at any time up until the subject's parole is formally revoked.") (citing <a href=/scholar_case?case=5945629584680711003&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>Hunter,</I> 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 221</a>). Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated the Fourth Amendment because they searched the cell phones <I>after</I> Plaintiff's parole had been formally revoked. Specifically, according to Plaintiff, Defendants conducted a search of the Unimax cell phone seized on May 23, 2017, <I>after</I> Plaintiff's parole was formally revoked on June 1, 2017; Defendants conducted a search of the LG cell phone seized on July 6, 2017, <I>after</I> Plaintiff's parole was formally revoked on July 14, 2017; and Defendants conducted a search of three other cell phones seized between July 17, 2017, and September 23, 2017, only <I>after</I> Plaintiff's parole was formally revoked in connection with those seizures.</p> <p>Viewing Plaintiff's allegations liberally and in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, and for purposes of screening only, the Court finds that Plaintiff has stated a cognizable claim against Defendants for violation of the Fourth Amendment in connection with the searches of Plaintiff's cell phones that occurred <I>after</I> Plaintiff's parole was formally revoked.</p> <p><H2>VI. CONCLUSION AND ORDER</H2></p> <p>The Court has screened Plaintiff's Third Amended Complaint (ECF Nos. 9, 13) and finds that it states cognizable claims against Defendant Anthony Sims and Defendant Nicholas Torres for violation of Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search. As these are the only claims Plaintiff brought in the Third Amended Complaint, the Court will authorize service of the Complaint on Defendants. Accordingly,</p> <p>IT IS ORDERED that:</p> <blockquote>1. Plaintiff's request for permission to file a memorandum of points of authorities (ECF No. 10), which the Court interprets as a request to supplement the Third Amended Complaint, is GRANTED and the Third Amended Complaint (ECF No. 9) is deemed to be supplemented by and to include the supplement filed by Plaintiff on August 29, 2019 (ECF No. 13);</blockquote> <blockquote>2. Service of the Third Amended Complaint (ECF Nos. 9, 13) is appropriate for the following defendants:</blockquote> <blockquote>a. Anthony Sims, Jr., Forensic Specialist and Special Agent at U.S. Department of Homeland Security Investigations, in or about May 2017 through September 2017;</blockquote> <blockquote>b. Nicholas Torres, Special Agent at U.S. Department of Homeland Security Investigations, in or about May 2017 through September 2017;</blockquote> <blockquote>3. The Clerk of Court shall SEND Plaintiff four (4) USM-285 forms, four (4) summonses, a Notice of Submission of Documents form, an instruction sheet, and a copy of the Third Amended Complaint filed on April 22, 2019 (ECF No. 9) and the supplement filed on August 29, 2019 (ECF No. 13);</blockquote> <blockquote>4. Within thirty (30) days from the date of service of this order, Plaintiff shall complete the attached Notice of Submission of Documents and submit the completed Notice to the Court with the following documents:</blockquote> <blockquote>a. A completed summons for Anthony Sims, Jr., and for Nicholas Torres;</blockquote> <blockquote>b. A completed USM-285 form for Anthony Sims, Jr., and for Nicholas Torres;</blockquote> <blockquote>c. Two completed USM-285 forms for the United States of America (one for the civil-process clerk at the United States attorney's office and one for the Attorney General of the United States at Washington, D.C.), <I>see</I> Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(i)(1)(A)(ii) & (B);</blockquote> <blockquote>d. Two completed summonses for the United States of America; and</blockquote> <blockquote>e. Five (5) copies of the endorsed Third Amended Complaint filed on April 22, 2019 (ECF No. 9) and the supplement filed on August 29, 2019 (ECF No. 13);</blockquote> <blockquote>5. Plaintiff need not attempt service on the defendants and need not request waiver of service. Upon receipt of the above-described documents, the Court will direct the United States Marshals Service to serve the above-named defendants pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 without payment of costs; and</blockquote> <blockquote>6. Failure to comply with this order may result in the dismissal of this action.</blockquote> <p>IT IS SO ORDERED.</p> Dated: September 26, 2019 ______________________________ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE <p><H2>INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING FORM USM-285</H2></p> <p>After the court has issued an order granting your application to proceed without prepayment of fees and directing that service of process be made by the United States Marshal, you must complete an original USM-285 form for <I>each individual defendant named in your action.</I></p> <blockquote>1. PLAINTIFF: Print your name.</blockquote> <blockquote>2. Print the complete case number listed on your complaint.</blockquote> <blockquote>3. DEFENDANT: Print the name of one defendant on each separate form.</blockquote> <blockquote>4. TYPE OF PROCESS: Print "Summons and Complaint."</blockquote> <blockquote>5. SERVE AT: Enter the name and address for service of one defendant on each individual USM-285 form.</blockquote> <blockquote>6. SEND NOTICE OF SERVICE TO REQUESTER AT: Enter your name and mailing address.</blockquote> <blockquote>7. NUMBER OF PROCESS TO BE SERVED WITH THIS FORM — 285: 1.</blockquote> <blockquote>8. NUMBER OF PARTIES TO BE SERVED IN THIS CASE: Enter the number of defendants you have named in your suit.</blockquote> <blockquote>9. CHECK FOR SERVICE ON U.S.A.: Check ONLY if the defendant listed on the form is an entity of the U.S. Government.</blockquote> <blockquote>10. Sign and date the form, check the box marked "PLAINTIFF" and enter your telephone number (if one is available).</blockquote> <p>[] If you are the plaintiff and are currently incarcerated, you must return the completed USM-285 forms to the Clerk's Office at 2500 Tulare Street, Room 1501, Fresno, CA 93721, together with the following:</p> <blockquote>1. An original Summons for each defendant to be served;</blockquote> <blockquote>2. A file-endorsed copy of the complaint to be served on each individual defendant;</blockquote> <blockquote>3. A copy of the order directing service by the U.S. Marshal to be served on each individual defendant;</blockquote> <blockquote>4. One copy of the complaint and one copy of the order directing service for the U.S. Marshal's file.</blockquote> <blockquote>5. The completed "Notice of Submission of Documents" form enclosed herewith.</blockquote> <blockquote>PLEASE NOTE that only the defendants against whom the court has determined you have a cognizable claim will be served.</blockquote> <p>[] If you are the plaintiff in pro per, you must return the completed USM-285 forms to the Clerk's Office at 2500 Tulare Street, Room 1501, Fresno, CA 93721, together with the following:</p> <blockquote>1. An original Summons for each defendant to be served;</blockquote> <blockquote>2. A copy of each summons to be served on each individual defendant;</blockquote> <blockquote>3. A copy of the complaint to be served on each individual defendant;</blockquote> <blockquote>4. A copy of the order directing service by the U.S. Marshal to be served on each individual defendant;</blockquote> <blockquote>5. One copy of each summons, one copy of the complaint and one copy of the order directing service for the U.S. Marshal's file.</blockquote> <p><H2>IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA</H2></p> _________________________, Plaintiff(s), No. 1:___-cv-______________ vs. _________________________, NOTICE OF SUBMISSION, OF DOCUMENTS Defendant(s).) <p>Plaintiff hereby submits the following documents in compliance with the court's order filed __________________.</p> <blockquote>______ completed USM-285 forms</blockquote> <blockquote>______ copies of the complaint/amended complaint</blockquote> <blockquote>______ completed Summons forms</blockquote> DATED:_______________ __________________________ Signature of Plaintiff <p>TO BE COMPLETED BY THE CLERK:</p> <p>The above documents were forwarded to U.S. Marshal</p> on:_____________________ by ___________________________________. Date Deputy Clerk <p><H2>INSTRUCTIONS FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS BY U.S. MARSHAL</H2></p> <p>Please type or print legibly, insuring readability of all copies. DO NOT DETACH ANY COPIES. Submit one complete set of this form (USM-285) and one copy of each writ for each individual, company, corporation, etc., to be served or property to be seized or condemned. The applicable fees for such service(s) (T28, USC Sec. 1921 establishes the fees for service of process by the U.S. Marshal) may be required prior to said service.</p> <p>For service of any process upon an officer or agent of the United States Government, submit a copy of the writ and a set of Form USM-285 for each officer or agent upon whom service is desired. Submit three (3) additional copies of the writs for service upon the Government of the United States. The U.S. Marshal will serve one (1) upon the U.S. Attorney and will forward two (2) to the Attorney General of the United States. (When the applicable box is checked, completion of the final signature block by the U.S. Marshal or his Deputy always certifies service on the U.S. Attorney and the Attorney General, regardless of whether other defendants on the writ were served.) Failure to provide any of the copies will delay service of the writ.</p> <p>Complete all entries above the double line. Mark all applicable check boxes and use the "Special Instructions" to advise of any information that will assist the U.S. Marshal in expediting service.</p> <p>If more than one writ and USM-285 is submitted on a single case, the U.S. Marshal will receipt for all of them on the first USM-285. You will receive for your records the last (No. 5) "Acknowledgment of Receipt" copy for all the USM-285 forms you submit. When the writ is served, you will receive the No. 3 Notice of Service copy. This copy will be identical to the return to the Clerk of the Court.</p> <p>Upon completion of all services (if the Marshals fees were not requested or tendered in advance or if additional fees are indicated), you will receive a "Billing Statement" (copy 4 of USM-285) from the United States Marshal. (NOTE: Copy 4 should be returned, by you, to the U.S. Marshal, together with your payment of the amount owed.</p> <p>Additional supplies of the USM-285 may be obtained from the Clerk of the U.S. District Court or U.S. Marshal, without cost.</p> <p></p> <small><p><a href="#r[1]" name="[1]" class="gsl_hash">[1]</a> The Court may take judicial notice of its own records in other cases, <a href=/scholar_case?case=12641660944635500971&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014><I>United States v. Wilson,</I> 631 F.2d 118, 119 (9th Cir. 1980)</a>. The Court takes judicial notice of <I>United States v. Peterson,</I> No. 1:17-cr-00255-LJO-SKO, which is the related criminal case that Plaintiff refers to in his TAC (<I>see</I> ECF No. 13).</p> <p><a href="#r[2]" name="[2]" class="gsl_hash">[2]</a> <I>Riley</I> noted, however, that "even though the search incident to arrest exception does not apply to cell phones, other case-specific exceptions may still justify a warrantless search of a particular phone." <a href=/scholar_case?case=8132273445572991924&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014>573 U.S. at 401-02</a>. <I>Riley</I> specifically discussed the availability of the exigent circumstances exception, which provides that a warrantless search may be justified by "[s]uch exigencies [as] the need to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence in individual cases, to pursue a fleeing suspect, and to assist persons who are seriously injured or are threatened with imminent injury." <I>Id.</I> at 402.</p> </small> <p id="gs_dont_print">Save trees - read court opinions online on Google Scholar.</p></div></div></div><script>!function(){var w=window.innerWidth||0,h=window.innerHeight||0,m;if(w<600)m="ph";else if(w<982)m="ta";else if(w<1126||h<590)m="sm";else m="lg";new Image().src="/scholar_url?ws="+w+"x"+h+"/"+m+"&oi=case";}();</script></div></div></div></body></html>